identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
038B8790FFADFFCEFF66FCBCFB3CF87D.text	038B8790FFADFFCEFF66FCBCFB3CF87D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Califorctenus	<div><p>Califorctenus new genus</p><p>Type species. Califorctenus cacachilensis sp. nov. here designated.</p><p>Included taxa. Only the type species, Califorctenus cacachilensis sp. nov.</p><p>Etymology. The genus name is derived from the combination of “Califor” in reference to the word “ California ” and “ Ctenus ”. The gender is masculine.</p><p>Diagnosis. Califorctenus gen. nov. resembles species of Amauropelma, Thoriosa and Trogloctenus by the morphology of the epigynum, with laterally elongated median fields that are curved dorsally to form a pocket (Fig. 6B) and basas lateral projections of the epigynum (Fig. 6A). Califorctenus gen. nov. can be distinguished from them by the morphology of the male palp, with embolus cylindrical and elongated, locking lobes of embolus positioned retrolaterally and median apophysis cup-shaped and elongated.</p><p>Description. Ecribellate ctenids. Large-size spiders, 18.9–27.0 mm total length. Carapace piriform. Thoracic region without marks and with a long and deep thoracic groove. Ocular area slightly elevated with anterior border black and hyaline setae between the eyes and the same color as the thoracic region. Ocular area with eight eyes arranged in the ctenoid pattern 2-4-2 (Fig. 3D); PME and PLE eyes on black tubercles. Chelicerae robust with three promarginal teeth and four retromarginal teeth and two, one or none intermarginal denticles (Figs. 3E, 4A). Labium longer than wide, with notches in the base of each side and with a row of black and long setae in the anterior margin. Sternum and endites longer than wide. Trochanters of all legs deeply notched. Legs with spines. Tibia I and II with five pairs of ventral spines. Metatarsus I and II with three pairs of ventral spines. Ventral scopulae on tarsi and metatarsi denser in females and scarce in males. Tarsi with capsulate tarsal organ (Fig. 4D) and two pectinate claws each with 2 to 5 teeth and dense claw tufts. Trichobothria base with seven grooves (Fig. 4C). Female pedipalp claw pectinate with eight pairs of teeth (Fig. 4 E-F). Opisthosoma oval without dorsal pattern. Embolus a long whip originating on the basal part of tegulum and with locking lobes retrolaterally (Fig. 5A). Conductor laminar, hyaline and curved supporting the embolus tip (Fig. 5 A–C). Subtegulum prolateral and tegulum with a basal membranous area. Long median apophysis with cup shape at tip (Fig. 5 A–B). Tibia with an apical RTA and ventral tibia process; RTA divided into basal and apical branches (visible in lateral view.). Apical branch longer and projecting almost like a "T" in ventral view (Fig. 5 A–B, D). Epigynum a sclerotized single plate, wider than long, with a narrow bulging median sector, wide sclerotized ovoid lobes, round lateral sector and wide lateral process, copulatory openings located laterally. Dorsally with thick copulatory ducts and wide copulatory pockets. Spermathecae ovoid and long fertilization ducts originating at the lateral base of the spermathecae (Fig. 6 A–D).</p><p>Distribution. Califorctenus gen. nov. is found in México in the state of Baja California Sur.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038B8790FFADFFCEFF66FCBCFB3CF87D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Jimenez, María Luisa;Berrian, James Edwin;Polotow, Daniele;Palacios-Cardiel, Carlos	Jimenez, María Luisa, Berrian, James Edwin, Polotow, Daniele, Palacios-Cardiel, Carlos (2017): Description of Califorctenus (Cteninae, Ctenidae, Araneae), a new spider genus from Mexico. Zootaxa 4238 (1): 97-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4238.1.7
038B8790FFACFFC3FF66FF68FE6FFE3E.text	038B8790FFACFFC3FF66FF68FE6FFE3E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Califorctenus cacachilensis	<div><p>Califorctenus cacachilensis new species</p><p>Figures 3–6</p><p>Holotype. Male: MEXICO : Baja California Sur, Municipality of La Paz, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-110.063614&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=24.121944" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -110.063614/lat 24.121944)">Sierra</a> de las <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-110.063614&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=24.121944" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -110.063614/lat 24.121944)">Cacachilas</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-110.063614&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=24.121944" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -110.063614/lat 24.121944)">Los Pisos</a> (24°07’19” N, 110°03’49”W, 551 m. a.s.l.). 19. X.2014, C. Palacios and J. Maya (CARCIB 0027).</p><p>Etymology. The specific name is a noun in apposition taken from the type locality.</p><p>Diagnosis. By the characters of the genus.</p><p>Description. Male (holotype). Coloration. Carapace brown covered with setae and with scattered dark marks. Chelicerae the same color as the carapace, with numerous long and stiff setae in front face, red condyles and stridulatory file occupy almost the internal face (Fig. 4B). Promargin of chelicerae with three teeth, the median almost twice as high as the laterals; retromargin with four similar sized teeth and one, two or none intermarginal denticles present between retrolateral teeth (Figs. 3E, 4A). Endites (1.5/2.7) brown, darker on mesal face. Labium (1.3/1.4) dark brown. Sternum (3.6/4.3) dirty yellow with black setae. Legs slightly darker than the carapace but the tarsi dark brown. Opistosoma dirty yellow covered with numerous dorsal, erect black and yellow hyaline setae, venter dark. Spinnerets dirty yellow with dark setae and black setae in their apical part. Habitus: Total length 23.1; carapace length 11.9, width 9.8; clypeus high 0.3. Eyes diameter: AME 0.4, ALE 0.5, PME 0.7, PLE 0.6, AME- AME 0 2, AME-ALE 0.3, PME-PME 0.3, PME-PLE 0.5, AME-PLE 1.0, AME-PME 0.1. MOQ, front width 2.5, back width 3.1. Leg lengths: I-femur 12.5/patella 4.9/tibia13.0/metatarsus11.1/tarsus 5.5/total 47.0; II 11.9/4.8/ 12.3/9.9/4.9/43.8; III 11.1/4.9/8.4/9.2/4.8/38.4; IV 13.8/5.0/12.9/14.6/5.6/51.9. Legs spination: Femur I d1-1-1, p1- 1-1-1, r1-1-1-1, v0; tibia I d0, p1-1, r1-1, v2-2 -2-2-2; metatarsus I d0, p1-1, r1-1, v2-2 -2. Femur II d1-1-1, p1-1-1- 1-1, r1-1-1-1, v0; tibia II d0, p1, r1-1, v2-2 -2-2-2; metatarso II d0, p1-1, r1-1-1, v2-2 -2. Femur III d1-1-1, p1-1-1- 1-1, r1-1-1-1, v0; tibia III d1, p1-1, r1-1-1, v2-2 -2-2; metatarsus III d0, p1-1-1, r1-1-1, v2-2 -2. Femur IV d1-1-1, p1-1-1, r1-1-1,v0; tibia IV d1-1-1, p1-1, r1-1, v2-2 -2; metatarsus IV d0, p1-1-1, r1-1-1-, v2-2 -2-2. Leg formula: 4- 1-2-3.</p><p>Allotype. Female (CARCIB 0156). With ocular area darker and without black marks, with hyaline, thick and long setae between the eyes, chelicerae with many thick hyaline setae, promargin with three teeth and retromargin with four teeth and one intermarginal denticle. Endites (2.2/3.7), labium (2.1/2.5) and sternum (5.1/5.7) as in the male. Legs with two claws with two or three teeth. Pedipalp claw with eight pairs of teeth (Fig. 4 E-F). Opisthosoma with two small dorsal sclerites. Habitus. Total length 27.0, carapace length 14.4, wide 11.9; clypeus length1.1. Eyes diameter: AME 0.5, ALE 0.5, PME 0.8, PLE 0.6, AME-AME 0.2, AME-ALE 0.8, PME-PME 0.4,PME, PLE 0.9, AME-PLE 1.2, AME-PME 0.4, MOQ, front width 3.1, back with 3.8. Leg lengths: I-13.8/6.2/ 13.1/10.3/4.6/48.0; II-12.3/6.3/11.9/9.4/4.0/43.9; III-11.3/5.0/8.9/7.6/4.4/37.2; IV-13.1/5.4/12.5/13.4/4.8/49.2.Legs spination: Femur I d1-1-1, p1-1-1, r1-1-1-1, v0; tibia I d0, p0, r0, v2-2 -2-2-2; metatarso I d0, p0, r0, v2-2 -2. Femur II d1-1-1, p1-1-1-1, r1-1-1-1, v0; tibia II d0, p0, r0, v2-2 -2-2-2; metatarsus II d0, p0, r0, v2-2 -2. Femur III d1-1-1, p1-1-1-1, r1-1-1-1, v0; tibia III d1-1-1,p1-1, r1-1, v2-2 -2; metatarsus III d1, p1-1-1, r1-1-1, v2-2 -2. Femur IV d1-1- 1, p1-1-1, r1, v0; tibia IV d1-1-1, p1-1, r1-1, v2-2 -2; metatarsus IV d0, p1-1-1, r1-1-1, v1-1 -1. Leg formula: 4-1-2- 3.</p><p>Variation. Male and females specimens present similar coloration as the types. Chelicerae in some males (CARCIB 0157-0160, 0204) with one or no denticles in retromargin, legs with two claws, each with two to five teeth. Total body length in males (n=3): 16.9-18.5, length 9.6-10.0, wide 7.8-8.1, clypeus high 0.3-0.4. Leg length: I-7.5–10.9/2.6–4.6/7.8–12.1/7.0–10.0/3.9–4.8/28.8–42.4; II 9.9–10.0/4.1–4.8/9.4–10.0/8.3–8.8/3.8–4.4/35.5–38.0; III 9.3–9.6/3.6–3.8/7.3–7.4/6.4–7.6/3.5–3.8/30.7–31.9; IV11.5–11.9/3.8–4.4/10.2–11.5/12.4–13.3/4.5–4.8/42.4– 45.9. Total body length in females (n=1): 24.6, carapace length 13.1, wide 9.9, clypeus high 0.9. Leg lengths: I- 11.5/6.2/13.1/10.3/4.6/45.7; II 11.3/5.5/7.3/8.5/3.8/36.4; III 10.0/4.3/10.9/8.6/4.1/37.9; IV 1 2.9/4.9/11.2/12.0/4.6/ 45.6.</p><p>Paratypes: MEXICO: Baja California Sur: Municipality of La Paz, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-110.11444&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=24.211111" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -110.11444/lat 24.211111)">Sierra</a> de las <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-110.11444&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=24.211111" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -110.11444/lat 24.211111)">Cacachilas</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-110.11444&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=24.211111" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -110.11444/lat 24.211111)">Los Pisos</a>, (24°12’40” N, 110°06’52” W, 545 m. a.s.l.). 19. X.2014, C. Palacios and J. Maya, one female (CARCIB 0157) ; same locality, 16. X.2014, J. H. Valdéz-Villavicencio, C.R. Mahrdt, B.D. Hollingsworth &amp; M. A. Stepek, one male (CARCIB 1058); same locality (24.12’21”N, 110°06’35”W, 568.14 m). 16. X.2014, M.A. Wall &amp; J. E. Berrian, one male (CARCIB 0204). Municipality of Los Cabos, Biosphere Reserve Sierra La Laguna, Boca de la Sierra (23°38’59”N, 119°81’91”W, 311.4m 17.XI-2014) J. H. Valdéz-Villavicencio, C.R. Mahrdt, B.D. Hollingsworth &amp; M. A, Stepek, one male (CARCIB 1059); same locality and collectors, one female (CARCIB 0160). Municipality of La Paz, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-110.08833&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=23.658611" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -110.08833/lat 23.658611)">Biosphere Reserve Sierra La Laguna</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-110.08833&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=23.658611" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -110.08833/lat 23.658611)">Arroyo La Junta</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-110.08833&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=23.658611" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -110.08833/lat 23.658611)">Casa Verde</a> mines (23o39'31"N, 110o5'18"W, 529m. a.s.l.), 7.XII.2015, M.A. Wall &amp; J.E. Berrian, one male (SDNHM 072696), and one immature (SDNHM 072705) ; Municipality of La Paz, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-110.08139&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=23.663334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -110.08139/lat 23.663334)">Biosphere Reserve Sierra La Laguna</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-110.08139&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=23.663334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -110.08139/lat 23.663334)">Arroyo La Junta</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-110.08139&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=23.663334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -110.08139/lat 23.663334)">Rancho Pareicitos</a> (23o39'48"N, 110o4'53"W, 477m. a.s.l.), 4.XII.2015, M.A. Wall &amp; J.E. Berrian, one immature (SDNHM 072598) ; Municipality of La Paz, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-110.09028&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=23.66" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -110.09028/lat 23.66)">Biosphere Reserve Sierra La Laguna</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-110.09028&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=23.66" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -110.09028/lat 23.66)">Arroyo La Junta</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-110.09028&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=23.66" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -110.09028/lat 23.66)">Casa Verde</a> camp (23o39'36"N, 110o5'25"W, 530m. a.s.l.), 5.XII.2015, M.A. Wall &amp; J.E. Berrian, one male (SDNHM 072696) .</p><p>Remarks. Live specimens have brown carapace and legs with numerous grey setae, opisthosoma covered with yellow and white setae (Fig. 3 A–B).</p><p>Natural history. Califorctenus cacachilensis sp. nov. is primarily a cavernicolous spider, as most specimens were collected or observed in mine shafts. The first specimens, however, were discovered in October 2013 in a grotto carved into a bluff by spring water flow at Rancho Las Canoas in the Sierra de Las Cacachilas. Two specimens were collected from a crevice in a split boulder in the grotto's ceiling. Most of the remaining specimens were collected in an abandoned mine shaft at Los Pisos in the Sierra Cacachilas where individuals were observed on the upper mine walls and ceiling. Other shaft occupants included Loxosceles baja Gertsch &amp; Ennik, 1983 ( Baja recluse spider) on shaft floor and lower walls, Pholcidae (cellar spiders), Blattodea (roaches) on shaft walls, Anaxyrus punctatus Baird &amp; Girard, 1852 (red spotted toad), Petrosaurus thalassinus (Cope, 1863) (San Lucan banded rock lizard), and resident bats.</p><p>During a survey in the Arroyo La Junta area of the Biosphere Reserve Sierra La Laguna in December 2015, a second population of C. cacachilensis sp. nov. was discovered in three shallow abandoned mine shafts as well as in a small concrete-lined basin with a corrugated metal cover at a small ranch.</p><p>The habitat type surrounding the mines and other localities is Arid Tropical Forest and localities range between 529 m and 568 m in elevation, with mean annual temperature 25–27°C and mean annual precipitation 130–150 mm. The peak activity period for arthropods in Arid Tropical Forest tends to be in the fall during and immediately after monsoonal rains. Though active Califorctenus individuals have been observed through the year, most adult specimens have been found during the fall trips. Females reared to maturity produced egg sacs during fall months and in both cases died within about two weeks after laying. Females anchored their egg sac to a corner or to one side of their terrarium (Fig. 3C). Unfortunately, in both cases the development of eggs was not completed because they were dried out and hardened or spoiled.</p><p>Distribution. Known only from the Sierra de Las Cacachilas near La Paz and the eastern and northern areas of the Biosphere Reserve Sierra La Laguna.</p><p>Discussion. The results indicate that C. cacachilensis, from Mexico, is closely related to three other genera: the Afrotropical Thoriosa and Trogloctenus and the Australasian Amauropelma, in a well-supported clade (Fig. 1A), although without resolution of the internal clades in the strict consensus. This clade belongs to Cteninae, a large subfamily of Ctenidae spiders, with worldwide distribution. Califorctenus presents at least one character that could relate this genus to Acantheinae, another Ctenidae subfamily: the presence of four cheliceral teeth, with the basal one distant from the remaining three. Nevertheless, the reciprocal illumination of all the other characters indicated that the teeth distribution is probably just a reversion to a primitive state and the most parsimonious result is its position within Cteninae.</p><p>Califorctenus, Amauropelma, Thoriosa and Trogloctenus share a very similar epigynal morphology. In contrast, the male palp of Califorctenus presents several characteristics that can relate it to other Cteninae genera other than to this clade, as the absence of cymbial apophysis, absence of a membranous tegular projection and elongated median apophysis. This set of characteristics can be the reason for the basal positon of Califorctenus among this clade (Figs 1 B–D). Another noteworthy characteristic among these genera is that both Califorctenus and Trogloctenus are subterraneous dwellers, living in both natural cavities and caves, as well in human-made mines or constructions.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038B8790FFACFFC3FF66FF68FE6FFE3E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Jimenez, María Luisa;Berrian, James Edwin;Polotow, Daniele;Palacios-Cardiel, Carlos	Jimenez, María Luisa, Berrian, James Edwin, Polotow, Daniele, Palacios-Cardiel, Carlos (2017): Description of Califorctenus (Cteninae, Ctenidae, Araneae), a new spider genus from Mexico. Zootaxa 4238 (1): 97-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4238.1.7
