taxonID	type	description	language	source
038A87D11A366E7EB840CC43FAFFFD6D.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Rostrum prominent, well-developed. Cephalothorax without fenestra dorsalis. Body subcylindrical in cross-section, with prominent obtusely angled flexure at pleonite 1, appearing obtusely bent in lateral view. Free pereonites length subequal, shorter than pleonites. Pleonites 1 – 5 lower midlateral surface with vertical or near vertical row of minute spines; pleonite 6 lower mid-lateral surface with arcuate row of prominent spines. Pleonite 6 longer than twice length of pleonite 5. Telson dorsoventrally compressed; longer than wide, subquadrate; posterior margin and posterior half of lateral margin spinose. Antennal peduncles unarmed. Scaphocerite with lateral spine. Thoracopod 1 (maxilliped) with epipods. Thoracopod 7 with exopod. Uropodal endopod about two-thirds length of exopod; exopod with row of fixed spines proximal to diaraesis.	en	Ahyong, Shane T., Schwentner, Martin, Richter, Stefan (2017): The Tasmanian Lake Shrimps, Paranaspides Smith, 1908 (Crustacea, Syncarida, Anaspidesidae). Records of the Australian Museum 69 (4): 259-275, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1679, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1679
038A87D11A366E7EB840CC43FAFFFD6D.taxon	description	Description. Body subcylindrical in cross-section; prominent, obtuse flexure at pleonite 1. Rostrum triangular, apex blunt, slightly deflexed ventrally; few distal setae, arising submarginally. Head (cephalothorax) comprising fused cephalon and pereonite 1; cervical groove distinct; dorsal organ present on dorsal midline anterior to cervical groove; midlateral surface posterior to cervical groove with shallow diagonal groove. Pereonites 2 – 8 length slightly increasing posteriorly, subparallel, shorter than pleonites. Female gonopore (spermatheca) on pereonite 8 sternum between coxae; bulbous, directed anteriorly, anterior surface with genital orifice as narrow transverse slit. Pleonite 1 enlarged, wedge-shaped in lateral view, dorsal margin rounded, forming prominent, obtuse flexure; longer than pleonite 2. Pleonites 2 – 5 length subequal; subparallel, dorsal margin straight. Pleonites 1 – 5 lower lateral tergal surface with vertical row of minute, close-set spines. Pleura 1 – 5 rounded; pleuron 1 margin unarmed, those of 2 – 5 posteriorly multispinose. Pleonites 1 – 2 upper posterior tergal margins unarmed, of pleonites 3 – 5 multispinose. Pleonite 6 longer than twice length of pleonite 5; lower midlateral surface of integument with arcuate row of prominent, well-spaced posteriorly directed spines, extending from slightly below mid-height almost to ventral surface; upper posterior margin multispinose; posterolateral angle spinose; posteroventral angle anterior to uropod articulation multispinose. Pleonal sternites 3 – 5 with low, broadly curved to truncate median processes between pleopod bases. Telson elongate, subquadrate, dorsoventrally compressed, with low, broad median prominence proximally; posterior margin truncate to slightly concave; posterior margin and posterior half of lateral margins prominently spinose, lengths uneven. Eyes pedunculate; cornea well-developed, rounded, distinctly wider than peduncle, dorsoventrally compressed; peduncle slightly longer than cornea, distally divergent. Antennular peduncle 3 - articulate, unarmed, dorsoventrally compressed; article 1 with statocyst, longer than article 2; article 2 longer than article 3, with rounded distomesial lappet; biflagellate, mesial (= accessory) flagellum shorter than lateral, similar in both sexes. Antenna uniflagellate, flagellum slightly shorter than lateral antennular flagellum; protopod 2 - articulate, coxa with splayed row of spines on lateral margin, basis with 2 lateral spines; exopod (scaphocerite) laminar, longer than wide, subovate, reaching end of antennular peduncle, distinct lateral spine, mesial and distal margin setose to base of lateral spine; endopod peduncle 2 - articulate, unarmed, proximal article longer than distal article. Labrum with shallow proximal constriction; distal margin slightly concave, finely setose. Mandibular corpus (apophysis) robust; molar process and incisor process well-developed; molar with elongate, ovate, triturating surface, surrounded by spiniform setae; incisor process diagonal to axis of mandibular corpus. Left incisor process with 8 triangular teeth in sinuous row, proximal tooth largest; proximally with spine row between proximal incisor tooth and molar process. Right incisor process similar to left except with 6 triangular teeth, proximalmost tooth usually apically bifid, widely separated from adjacent tooth. Palp 3 - articulate, setose, article 1 short, subquadrate, with 2 setae, article 2 slender, longer than articles 1 and 3. Paragnaths widely separated by deep V-shaped incision, without lobes, distal half finely setose, especially mesially. Maxillule with 2 endites; proximal endite distally setose; distal endite spinose distally, lateral surface with small conical palp. Maxilla with 4 endites, proximal 2 endites with plumose setae, distal 2 endites densely arrayed with serrulate setae. Thoracopods 1 – 8 protopod with coxa, basis, preischium, ischium, merus, carpus, propodus and dactylus; flexure at carpus-merus articulation. Thoracopod 1 (maxilliped) coxa mesial margin with setose coxal endites, lateral margin with 2 lamellar epipods, proximal wider than distal; basis with slender, flattened, liguliform exopod; coxa-basis demarcation often ill-defined; preischium rectangular, more than quadruple length of quadrate ischium, expanded mesially, projecting beyond mesial margin of ischium; merus slightly tapering distally, distinctly longer than ischium; carpus triangular, longer than high, half length of merus; propodus slender, as long as merus; dactylus short, terminating in slender claw, with 2 slender movable spines on either side. Thoracopods 2 – 8 (pereopods) as ambulatory legs. Thoracopods 2 – 6 structurally similar, distal 4 articles with tufts of setae, primarily along flexor margins, dactylus strongly setose; thoracopods 4 – 5 longest; coxa lateral margin with 2 ovate, lamelliform epipods, proximal epipod more pointed distally than distal epipod; coxa mesial margin in adult females with setose endite; basis short, partially fused with preischium; exopod articulating with lateral margin of basis, with elongate basal article and setose multi-annulate flagellum; ischium about as long as basis-preischium; merus elongate, slightly tapering distally, about twice ischium length; carpus triangular, longer than high, about half merus length or slightly less; propodus elongate, slender, shorter than merus; dactylus short, terminating in long, slender claw, with slender movable spine on lateral side, 2 movable spines on mesial side. Thoracopod 7 similar to thoracopods 2 – 6 except epipods proportionally more slender; exopod a single narrow lamella; dactylus with movable spine on either side. Thoracopod 8 structurally similar to preceding thoracopods but lacking epipods or exopod; basis and preischium indistinguishably fused; longer than thoracopod 7; dactylus with movable spine on either side. Pleopods 1 – 5 exopod long, slender, setose, multi-annulate. Pleopods 1 – 2 endopod always present; unmodified endopod ovate, lamellar, short, length subequal to first exopod annulation in females and juvenile males; endopod always present on pleopods 3, present or absent on pleopods 4 – 5; adult male pleopods 1 – 2 endopod modified as copulatory structures (petasma). Adult male pleopod 1 elongate, directed anteriorly, reaching beyond thoracopod 8 coxa; slender proximally, expanded distally, hollowed mesially, deepest near midlength; distally bluntly rounded to subtruncate, lateral margin thin, lamellate; dorsomesial margin with short row of retinacula near midlength and distally; proximo-mesial surface with long scattered setae and spinules; midventral margin bluntly triangular, incurved mesially; left and right pleopods united by retinacula, together forming scoop-like structure. Male pleopod 2 endopod of 2 articles, slightly longer than pleopod 1, directed anteriorly, reaching to thoracopod 8 coxa; proximal article slightly longer than distal article, mesial proximal margin with row of retinacula; distal article straight, mesially hollowed, with short scattered spinules, apex blunt. Uropods forming tail-fan with telson. Uropodal exopod elongate, spatulate, distolateral spine row of fixed graded spines; indistinct, partial diaeresis extending from base of distalmost spine; spine row preceded by straight margin; mesial margin and lateral margin distal to spine row setose. Uropodal endopod distinctly shorter than exopod, reaching to distal two-thirds of exopod; mesial margin to distal half of lateral margin setose.	en	Ahyong, Shane T., Schwentner, Martin, Richter, Stefan (2017): The Tasmanian Lake Shrimps, Paranaspides Smith, 1908 (Crustacea, Syncarida, Anaspidesidae). Records of the Australian Museum 69 (4): 259-275, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1679, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1679
038A87D11A366E7EB840CC43FAFFFD6D.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Paranaspides is readily distinguished from Anaspides and Allanspides by the distinct flexure at pleonite 1, the presence of a vertical row of minute spines on the lower midlateral surface of pleonites 1 – 5, an arcuate row of prominent spines on the midlateral surface of pleonite 6, a spinose basal antennal article, a more pronounced distomesial lobe on the maxilliped ischium, absence of sexually dimorphic antennules, a proportionally larger, more elongate scaphocerite, presence of the triangular ventromesial lobe of the male pleopod 1 endopod, a rectangular versus polygonal or linguiform telson, and more elongate uropods. In other respects, Anaspides and Paranaspides closely agree. Note that Ahyong (2016) inadvertently described Anaspides as having a 3 - articulate antennal protopod; both Anaspides and Paranaspides have only two free protopod articles. Like Anaspides, Paranaspides further differs from Allanaspides by lacking the fenestra dorsalis on the cephalothorax. When first described, Paranaspides immediately attracted controversy with its apparent possession of a biramous mandibular palp, a feature otherwise unknown in malacostracans (Smith 1908, 1909 b; Hansen, 1925). Gordon (1961), however, showed Smith’s mandibular observations to be based on an aberrant specimen; the palp of P. lacustris is uniramous and 3 - articulate as in Anaspides. Phylogenetic analyses indicate a close relationship between Anaspides and Paranaspides, as sister groups or with the latter possibly even nested within the former (Jarman & Elliott, 2000). Species of Paranaspides differ ecologically from those of Anaspides and Allanaspides, which are epibenthic and pholeteric, respectively. Instead, species of Paranaspides are frequently natatory and occur only in association with aquatic vegetation, amongst and above which they freely swim. Some morphological differences between Paranaspides and other anaspidesid genera, such as the enlarged scaphocerite and more elongated uropods may relate to the primarily pelagic or natatory rather than benthic habits of other anaspidesids. Subsequent to Smith’s (1908, 1909 b) accounts of Paranaspides lacustris, other studies have examined pleonal musculature (Daniel, 1931), functional morphology and excretion (Cannon & Manton, 1929; Manton, 1930, 1931), internal reproductive organs and the alimentary canal (Nicholls & Spargo, 1932), ommatidial structure (Richter, 1999) and cuticular sclerites (Kutschera et al., 2015).	en	Ahyong, Shane T., Schwentner, Martin, Richter, Stefan (2017): The Tasmanian Lake Shrimps, Paranaspides Smith, 1908 (Crustacea, Syncarida, Anaspidesidae). Records of the Australian Museum 69 (4): 259-275, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1679, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1679
038A87D11A376E75BA05CE4CFEFCFA1D.taxon	description	Figs 1 – 4, 9 A, 10	en	Ahyong, Shane T., Schwentner, Martin, Richter, Stefan (2017): The Tasmanian Lake Shrimps, Paranaspides Smith, 1908 (Crustacea, Syncarida, Anaspidesidae). Records of the Australian Museum 69 (4): 259-275, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1679, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1679
038A87D11A376E75BA05CE4CFEFCFA1D.taxon	materials_examined	Other material examined. Great Lake: QVM 10: 8080, 4 ♂♂ (12 – 13 mm), Great Lake, coll. Evans, 1939; USNM 29140, 1 ♂ (15 mm), Great Lake, coll. F. R. Schram, 26 May 1980; USNM 60112, 2 ♂♂ (13 – 15 mm), 4 ♀♀ (12 – 18 mm), Great Lake, coll. W. M. Tattersall, 1914; AM P 8766, 2 ♂♂ (14 – 15 mm), 1 ♀ (16 mm), Great Lake, pres. J. J. Flynn; AM P 56372, 1 ♂ (15 mm), 1 ♀ (20 mm), 1 juvenile ♀ (10 mm), Great Lake, # 327, coll. J. W. Evans; WAM C 58159, 11 ♂♂ (12 – 14 mm), 46 juvenile ♂♂ (9 – 11 mm), 2 ♀♀ (13 mm), 102 juvenile ♀♀ (9 – 13 mm), N end Great Lake, dredged near old shore line, coll. G. Nicholls, 25 Jan 1947; WAM C 58163, 2 ♂♂ (11 – 12 mm), Great Lake, coll. G. Nicholls; WAM C 11776, 1 ♀ (11 mm), NW corner Great Lake, coll. “ H. D. ”, 1 Feb 1945; WAM C 11777, 1 ♂ (11 mm), Brandum Bay [41 ° 48.0 ' S 146 ° 41.0 ' E], coll. G. Nicholls, 26 Jan 1947; WAM C 11795, 1 ♂ (11 mm), 1 ♀ (11 mm), Brownie Bay, Brandum Bay [41 ° 49.84 ' S 146 ° 41.09 ' E], coll. G. Nicholls, 26 Jan 1947; WAM C 11779, 1 ♂ (18 mm), 3 ♀♀ (17 – 22 mm), N end Breona [41 ° 47 ' S 146 ° 42 ' E], near old shore line, coll. G. Nicholls, 25 Jan 1947; WAM C 11778, 4 juvenile ♂♂ (10 – 11 mm), 1 ♀ (22 mm), 10 juvenile ♀ (9 – 11 mm), Brownie Bay [41 ° 49.84 ' S 146 ° 41.09 ' E], dredged, 12 – 15 feet, coll. G. Nicholls, 26 Jan 1947; QVM 10: 49146, 1 ♀ (6 mm), Brandum Bay [41 ° 48.0 ' S 146 ° 41.0 ' E], level 2, coll. W. Fulton, 4 Dec 1976; QVM 10: 49147, 1 ♂ (13 mm), Brandum Bay [41 ° 48.0 ' S 146 ° 41.0 ' E], level 2, coll. W. Fulton, 31 Mar 1975; QVM 10: 49148, 1 ♂ (17 mm), Brandum Bay, level 2, [41 ° 48.0 ' S 146 ° 41.0 ' E], coll. W. Fulton, 2 Jun 1975; QVM 10: 49149, 1 ♀ (c. 8 mm, poor condition), Brandum Bay, level 2, [41 ° 48.0 ' S 146 ° 41.0 ' E], coll. W. Fulton, 27 Jan 1975; WAM C 58155, 1 ♂ (10 mm), 1 juvenile ♀ (9 mm), Beckett Bay, S end of Great Lake [41 ° 58.06 ' S 146 ° 44.80 ' E], 1933; QVM 10: 49150, 2 ♂♂ (14 – 17 mm), Swan Bay [41 ° 58.43 ' S 146 ° 41.56 ' E], level 2, coll. W. Fulton, 31 Mar 1975; QVM 10: 49151, 1 ♂ (17 mm), 1 ♀ (21 mm), Swan Bay [41 ° 58.28 ' S 146 ° 41.55 ' E], from weed on anchor (Chara sp.), 30 ft, coll. W. Fulton, 7 Nov 1975; AM P 100405, 2 ♀♀ (16 – 20 mm), Swan Bay, # 2, from Nitella bed, 6.3 – 6.7 m, 41 ° 56 ' 16 " S 146 ° 41 ' 12 " E, on SCUBA, coll. M. Reinhardt & C. Hoepel, 8 March 2017; ZSRO CR 20, 2 ♀♀ (16 – 17 mm), Swan Bay, # 2, from Nitella bed, 6.3 – 6.7 m, 41 ° 56 ' 16 " S 146 ° 41 ' 12 " E, on SCUBA, coll. M. Reinhardt & C. Hoepel, 8 March 2017; AM P 100406, 2 ♀♀ (13 – 16 mm), Swan Bay, # 3, from Nitella & Chara bed, 7.0 – 7.3 m, 41 ° 59 ' 14 " S 146 ° 41 ' 16 " E, on SCUBA, 8 March 2017; ZSRO CR 21, 3 ♀♀, Swan Bay, # 3, from Nitella & Chara bed, 7.0 – 7.3 m, 41 ° 59 ' 14 " S 146 ° 41 ' 16 " E, on SCUBA, 8 March 2017; AM P 100408, 2 ♂♂ (14 – 15 mm), 1 ♀ (15 mm), Tods Corner, # 1, off northeastern shore, 41 ° 57 ' 24 " S 146 ° 47 ' 18 " E, 6.3 – 7 m, sparse Chara beds, 11 March 2017; AM P 100410, 1 ♀ (18 mm), Tods Corner, # 2, off western shore, 41 ° 57 ' 30 " S 146 ° 47 ' 02 " E, 3 – 4 m, dense Chara beds, 11 March 2017; AM P 100411, 2 ♂♂ (15 mm), 5 ♀♀ (14 – 17 mm), Tods Corner, # 2, off western shore, 41 ° 57 ' 30 " S 146 ° 47 ' 02 " E, 3 – 4 m, dense Chara beds, 11 March 2017; ZSRO CR 22, 4 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀, Tods Corner, # 2, off western shore, 41 ° 57 ' 30 " S 146 ° 47 ' 02 " E, 3 – 4 m, dense Chara beds, 11 March 2017. Shannon Lagoon: AM P 11898, 3 ♂♂ (20 – 22 mm), Shannon Lagoon at Miena, [41 ° 59.25 ' S 146 ° 44.04 ' E], coll. J. Waterhouse; QVM 10: 49160, 8 ♂♂ (12 – 15 mm), 9 ♀♀ (14 – 16 mm), Shannon Lagoon, [42 ° 00.86 ' S 146 ° 44.30 ' E], coll. W. Fulton, 3 Mar 1973; QVM 10: 49060, 3 ♂♂ (c. 9 – 10 mm, poor condition), 5 ♀♀ (c. 7 – 10 mm, poor condition), Shannon Lagoon, [41 ° 59.50 ' S 146 ° 44.33 ' E], coll. J. H. Wilson, 30 Jan 1965; AM P 99513, 1 ♀ (19 mm), Shannon Lagoon, 41 ° 59 ' 10.53 " S 146 ° 44 ' 16.9 " E, 3 m, weeds, 1015 m asl, coll. S. Jarman; NMV J 37892, 7 ♂♂ (16 – 20 mm), 5 ♀♀ (18 – 20 mm), Shannon Lagoon, 42 ° S 146 ° E, coll. B. Knott, 16 November 1972.	en	Ahyong, Shane T., Schwentner, Martin, Richter, Stefan (2017): The Tasmanian Lake Shrimps, Paranaspides Smith, 1908 (Crustacea, Syncarida, Anaspidesidae). Records of the Australian Museum 69 (4): 259-275, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1679, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1679
038A87D11A376E75BA05CE4CFEFCFA1D.taxon	description	Description. Pleonite 6 lower midlateral surface with arcuate row of 2 – 5 (usually 4) prominent, well-spaced spines; posterolateral angle bispinous (rarely unispinous); posteroventral angle anterior to uropod articulation with cluster of 7 – 13 spines. Antennule mesial (accessory) flagellum about 0.2 – 0.3 × body length (24 articles in figured male); lateral flagellum 0.5 – 0.7 × body length (58 articles in figured male). Antennal flagellum 0.5 – 0.7 × body length (47 articles in figured male); protopod coxa with splayed row of 6 – 8 spines on lateral margin, basis with 2 (rarely 3) lateral spines. Labrum anterior proximal surface swollen medially, usually with median point. Thoracopod 1 (maxilliped) merus length 2.5 – 3.0 × width. Pleopod 3 endopod always present; pleopod 4 endopod usually present; pleopod 5 endopod absent. Adult male pleopod 1 margin of dorsodistal half concave. Male pleopod 2 endopod distal article with straight distoventral surface. Uropodal protopod with cluster of 2 or 3 posterolateral spines. Uropodal exopod elongate, spatulate; lateral margin between incurved anterolateral margin and distolateral spine row, straight or faintly or faintly concave, with 0 – 6 minute widely spaced setae; spine row of 8 – 10 fixed graded spines; spine row length 0.3 × length of straight portion of preceding exopod margin. Colour in life (Fig. 9 A). Body transparent, covered in dull red and brown chromatophores forming diffuse transverse bands across pereon and pleon; cephalothorax with red brown patch on lateral surface behind cervical groove. Antennular peduncle article 1 transparent with scattered spots and dark midline; article 2 transparent with longitudinal brown patches; article 3 solid dark brown. Scaphocerite transparent. Eyestalks red-brown. Pereopods and pleopods translucent pale brown. Tailfan transparent with scattered brown spots, densest distally. M easurements. Male (n = 121) 6 – 22 mm; female (n = 183) 6 – 22 mm. Fulton (1982) reported specimens up to 25 mm body length.	en	Ahyong, Shane T., Schwentner, Martin, Richter, Stefan (2017): The Tasmanian Lake Shrimps, Paranaspides Smith, 1908 (Crustacea, Syncarida, Anaspidesidae). Records of the Australian Museum 69 (4): 259-275, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1679, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1679
038A87D11A376E75BA05CE4CFEFCFA1D.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Paranaspides lacustris Smith, 1908, was described based on specimens dredged from Great Lake and subsequently discovered in Shannon and Penstock Lagoons (artificially created during the 1920 – 30 s) and connected to the south end of the lake (Evans, 1942; Nicholls, 1947). Paranaspides lacustris was also thought to occur in Arthurs Lake, Woods Lake and the Lake River adjacent to the dam outflow at Woods Lake (Fulton, 1982), but these are referrable to P. williamsi sp. nov. Distinctions between P. lacustris and P. williamsi are discussed under the account of the latter. To fix the identity of P. lacustris, an adult male syntype (11 mm) from Great Lake is herein selected as the lectotype to fix the identity of the species; the remaining syntypes thus become paralectotypes. Significantly, the paralectotype series includes an 8 mm juvenile of Anaspides richardsoni Ahyong, 2016, evidently overlooked by Smith (1908), but representing the first confirmed record of the genus from Great Lake. The occurrence of Anaspides in Great Lake itself has often been questioned (e. g., Nicholls, 1947; Williams, 1965; O’Brien, 1990) so the present specimen of A. richardsoni, collected together with P. lacustris, demonstrates that Anaspides was at least a transient resident of the lake. Whether Anaspides still occurs there remains to be determined. Morphological variation in P. lacustris is minor; meristic differences in spination usually vary allometrically, with the smallest specimens having fewest spines. The smallest juveniles (c. 6 mm) lack lateral spines on the telson, the pleopod 1 – 2 endopods are present as tiny buds and the pleopod 3 – 5 endopods are absent. By c. 8 mm, the lateral telson spines are present, the pleopod 1 – 2 endopods are evident (albeit as yet unmodified in males) and the pleopod 3 – 4 endopods appear. The relative length of the spine row on the uropodal exopod is stable across the size range, though the number of spines and relative length of the distal spine changes with body size: five spines are present at 6 mm body length, with the distal spine overreaching the apex of the exopod; by 9 mm, eight or more spines are present with the distal spine reaching the end of the exopod; and above 9 mm, the distal spine distinctly falls short of the end of the exopod. Maturity in both sexes appears to be reached at 10 – 11 mm body length. The adult male pleopod 1 endopod of P. lacustris is concave on the upper margin of the distal half, usually with a bluntly rounded apex. In some males, however, the distal pleopod 1 endopod margin is produced to a triangular lobe. The adult complement of pleopod endopods is variable and overlaps that of P. williamsi, being always present on pleopod 3, variable on pleopod 4 and always absent on pleopod 5. In P. williamsi, the pleopod 3 – 4 endopods are present, but variable on pleopod 5. Although yet to be studied in detail, the life cycle of P. lacustris is apparently univoltine, with a single reproductive event and little overlap between year classes. Spawning is believed to take place in summer and hatching in winter, with individuals living for up to 18 months (Williams, 1965; Fulton, 1982).	en	Ahyong, Shane T., Schwentner, Martin, Richter, Stefan (2017): The Tasmanian Lake Shrimps, Paranaspides Smith, 1908 (Crustacea, Syncarida, Anaspidesidae). Records of the Australian Museum 69 (4): 259-275, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1679, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1679
038A87D11A376E75BA05CE4CFEFCFA1D.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Known only from Great Lake, Shannon Lagoon and Penstock Lagoon; 0.2 – 10 m depth; 1040 m above sea level.	en	Ahyong, Shane T., Schwentner, Martin, Richter, Stefan (2017): The Tasmanian Lake Shrimps, Paranaspides Smith, 1908 (Crustacea, Syncarida, Anaspidesidae). Records of the Australian Museum 69 (4): 259-275, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1679, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1679
038A87D11A3C6E73B860C8CAFA3FFCA3.taxon	description	Figs 4 – 8, 9 B, 10	en	Ahyong, Shane T., Schwentner, Martin, Richter, Stefan (2017): The Tasmanian Lake Shrimps, Paranaspides Smith, 1908 (Crustacea, Syncarida, Anaspidesidae). Records of the Australian Museum 69 (4): 259-275, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1679, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1679
038A87D11A3C6E73B860C8CAFA3FFCA3.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype: TMAG G 8244, male (12 mm), Arthurs Lake, Pumphouse Bay, near pumping station, 41 ° 59 ' 16.3 " S 146 ° 51 ' 44.8 " E, netted from weeds, <1 m, coll. S. Richter & C. Wirkner, 28 February 2006. Paratypes: AM P 99963, 3 ♂♂ (11 – 12 mm), 6 ♀♀ (13 – 14 mm), collected with holotype; AM P 100414, 3 ♀♀ (11 – 12 mm), Pumphouse Bay, near pumping station, 41 ° 59 ' 15 " S 146 ° 51 ' 42 " E, Nitella beds, 0.7 m, light trap, coll. S. Ahyong, C. Hoepel, M. Reinhardt, S. Richter, 10 March 2017; QVM 10: 49058, 1 ♀ (15 mm), southern East Lake, Arthurs Lake [41 ° 59.30 ' S 146 ° 57.19 ' E], coll. W. Fulton, 17 May 1977. Other material examined. Arthurs Lake: AM P 100413, 4 ♂♂ (11 mm), 1 ♀ (11 mm), Pumphouse Bay, near pumping station, 41 ° 59 ' 15 " S 146 ° 51 ' 42 " E, Nitella beds, 0.2 – 0.7 m, hand net, coll. S. Ahyong, C. Hoepel, M. Reinhardt, S. Richter, 8 March 2017; ZSRO CR 23, 3 ♂♂ (12 – 13 mm), 2 ♀♀ (11 – 12 mm), Pumphouse Bay, near pumping station, 41 ° 59 ' 15 " S 146 ° 51 ' 42 " E, Nitella beds, 0.2 – 0.7 m, netted, coll. S. Ahyong, C. Hoepel, M. Reinhardt, S. Richter, 8 March 2017; QVM: 10: 49059, 1 damaged ♂, 1 ♀ (15 mm), 1 exoskeleton, Sand Lake, Arthurs Lake [41 ° 56.46 ' S 146 ° 57.88 ' E], coll. W. Fulton, 29 June 1977; QVM 10: 49057, 1 ♂ (16 mm), 2 damaged ♀♀, southern East Lake, Arthurs Lake [41 ° 59.30 ' S 146 ° 57.19 ' E], coll. W. Fulton, 19 April 1977. Woods Lake: QVM 10: 49161, 10 ♂♂ (14 – 16 mm), 10 ♀♀ (13 – 16 mm), west shore Woods Lake, [42 ° 05.50 ' S 146 ° 59.82 ' E], coll. W. Fulton, 22 July 1977.	en	Ahyong, Shane T., Schwentner, Martin, Richter, Stefan (2017): The Tasmanian Lake Shrimps, Paranaspides Smith, 1908 (Crustacea, Syncarida, Anaspidesidae). Records of the Australian Museum 69 (4): 259-275, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1679, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1679
038A87D11A3C6E73B860C8CAFA3FFCA3.taxon	description	Description. Pleonite 6 lower mid-lateral surface with arcuate row of 3 – 5 (usually 4) prominent, well-spaced spines; posterolateral angle bispinous (rarely unispinous); posteroventral angle anterior to uropod articulation with cluster of 6 – 14 spines. Antennule mesial (accessory) flagellum 0.1 – 0.2 × body length (17 articles in holotype); lateral flagellum 0.4 × body length (42 articles in holotype). Antennal flagellum 0.3 – 0.4 × body length (40 articles in holotype); protopod coxa with splayed row of 6 – 9 spines on lateral margin, basis with 2 lateral spines. Labrum anterior proximal surface swollen medially, without median point. Thoracopod 1 (maxilliped) merus slightly tapering distally, length twice length of ischium. Pleopods 3 – 4 endopod always present in adults; pleopod 5 endopod rarely present. Adult male pleopod 1 margin of dorsodistal half straight to faintly concave. Male pleopod 2 endopod distal article with distoventral surface broadly concave. Uropodal protopod with cluster of 1 – 4 posterolateral spines. Uropodal exopod elongate, spatulate; lateral margin between incurved anterolateral margin and distolateral spine row, straight or faintly or faintly concave, with 0 – 7 minute, widely spaced setae; distolateral spine row of 9 – 14 fixed graded spines; spine row length 0.4 – 0.7 × length of straight portion of preceding exopod margin. Colour in life (Fig. 9 B). Body transparent, covered in dull red and brown chromatophores forming diffuse transverse bands across pereon and pleon, most pronounced and darkest across pereonites 2 – 3, 7 and anterior half of pleonite 6; with dark-brown; cephalothorax with red brown patch on lateral surface behind cervical groove. Antennular peduncle article 1 transparent with scattered spots and dark midline; article 2 transparent with longitudinal brown midline and brown mesial margin; article 3 transparent, with partial pigmentation. Scaphocerite transparent. Eyestalks red brown. Pereopods and pleopods translucent pale brown. Tailfan transparent with scattered brown spots, densest distally. Measurements. Male (n = 23) 11 – 16 mm; female (n = 26) 11 – 16 mm.	en	Ahyong, Shane T., Schwentner, Martin, Richter, Stefan (2017): The Tasmanian Lake Shrimps, Paranaspides Smith, 1908 (Crustacea, Syncarida, Anaspidesidae). Records of the Australian Museum 69 (4): 259-275, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1679, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1679
038A87D11A3C6E73B860C8CAFA3FFCA3.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Paranaspides williamsi sp. nov. differs from P. lacustris in the following features: the proportionally shorter merus of the maxilliped (length twice the width in the new species versus 2.5 – 3 times length in P. lacustris), the proportionally longer spine row on the uropodal exopod (about half or longer versus one-third length of the preceding straight, unarmed lateral margin), and subtle differences in the adult male pleopods 1 and 2. The adult male pleopod 1 distodorsal margin is straight or, at most, faintly concave in P. williamsi, rather than noticeably to strongly concave in P. lacustris. The distoventral margin of the distal article of adult male pleopod 2 is concave in P. williamsi, straight in P. lacustris. In both species of Paranaspides, the number of pleopodal endopods is variable and overlapping, but with different ranges. In P. lacustris, the pleopodal endopods are usually present on pleopods 1 – 4, but may be absent on pleopod 4, even in adults. In P. williamsi, endopods are present on pleopods 1 – 4, and in one specimen, also on pleopod 5 (damaged adult male, QVM 10: 49050). Both P. lacustris and P. williamsi appear to mature at a similar size (c. 10 – 11 mm), although they differ in maximum known body length (25 mm versus 16 mm, respectively). Whether this size difference reflects reality or limited sampling remains to be determined. Colour-in-life (Fig. 9) is similar between P. williamsi and P. lacustris, though in the latter, the distal article of the antennular peduncle is solid dark brown versus being partially pigmented, and transverse banding is uniform rather than darkest and most pronounced on pereonites 2 – 3 and 7, and on pleonite 6. The distributions of the two species of Paranaspides precisely parallel those of a cognate pair of freshwater fishes, Paragalaxias, distributed in Great Lake-Shannon Lagoon- Penstock Lagoon (Paragalaxias eleotroides McDowall & Fulton, 1978) and Arthurs Lake-Woods Lake-Lake River below Woods Lake dam (Paragalaxias mesotes McDowall & Fulton, 1978) (McDowall & Fulton, 1978; Fulton, 1982). Great Lake and Arthurs Lake are geographically close (c. 6 km), and, given the shared cognate species pairs, both lake systems probably shared a common system in the past. Great Lake and Arthurs Lake now occupy different drainages, with the former draining to the southeast towards Hobart via the Shannon River and Derwent River, and the latter draining northeast towards Launceston via Woods Lake, the Lake River and then the Tamar River (McDowall & Fulton, 1978). Great Lake and Arthurs Lake are believed to be preglacial and apparently escaped glaciation during the Pleistocene (Davies, 1974; Kiernan, 1990; Andrew, 2005). McDowall & Fulton (1978) hypothesised that the divergence between the respective cognates of Paragalaxias might also be pre-Pleistocene. Molecular divergence estimates of Central Plateau Paragalaxias (c. 3 – 10 ma) (Waters et al., 2000) corroborate the hypothesised pre-Pleistocene divergence of selected Great Lake and Arthurs Lake taxa and isolation of drainages proposed by McDowall & Fulton (1978). Given the striking parallels with species of Paragalaxias, the divergence of Paranaspides might also be pre-Pleistocene.	en	Ahyong, Shane T., Schwentner, Martin, Richter, Stefan (2017): The Tasmanian Lake Shrimps, Paranaspides Smith, 1908 (Crustacea, Syncarida, Anaspidesidae). Records of the Australian Museum 69 (4): 259-275, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1679, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1679
038A87D11A3C6E73B860C8CAFA3FFCA3.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Arthurs Lake, Woods Lake and the Lake River below Woods Lake dam; 738 – 952 m asl. Conservation status Paranaspides lacustris was abundant in Great Lake amongst the extensive stands of nearshore charophyte algal beds prior to its stepwise modification and damming since the c. 1920 s, leading to significant population declines (Manton, 1930). These algal beds typically occur only down to about 10 m depth given light attenuation, so significant increases in lake level are particularly deleterious, especially given the probable univoltine life-cycle making loss of a yearclass difficult to recover from. Although preyed on by trout (Richards et al., 2015), the more significant threat to P. lacustris is probably habitat loss caused by changing lake levels. Major reductions in P. lacustris populations observed in the 1920 s, 1930 s, 1960 s and 1970 s are associated with progressive artificial increases in lake level (Wells et al., 1983). Subsequent dam modifications further increased the lake level several times through to the 1980 s (Davies & Fulton, 1987; Bonham, 2006). Since the 1920 s, P. lacustris 272 Records of the Australian Museum (2017) Vol. 69 has seldom been found in significant numbers in Great Lake, with the frequent raising and lowering of lake levels for hydroelectric operations believed to retard establishment of the littoral vegetation essential as habitat (Horwitz, 1990). Little is known of the current population size and dynamics of either species of Paranaspides, so conservation assessments have relied largely on area of occupancy and the limited number of locations at which either species occurs. Paranaspides lacustris is currently assessed by the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species as Vulnerable (D 2) (Inland Water Crustacean Specialist Group, 1996) based on its limited area of occupancy, few known locations, and in being prone to the effects of hydroelectric operations. With Arthurs and Woods Lakes now excluded from the range of P. lacustris, the area of occupancy is reduced, though the Vulnerable D 2 assessment would remain applicable. Paranaspides williamsi, being restricted to Arthurs and Woods Lakes (and the Lake River immediately below the Woods Lake dam) has a limited area of occupancy and occurrence at no more than three locations. The dependence of P. williamsi on aquatic vegetation (charophyte and macrophyte beds) indicates an area of occupancy in Arthurs Lake of 0.63 – 8.3 km 2 depending on water level (Lobdale, 2011). Although the proportion of vegetated habitat of Woods Lake is not known, the total surface area is approximately 1.2 km 2 so the total area of occupancy of P williamsi (both lakes combined) would not exceed 9.5 km 2. Like P. lacustris, P williamsi is also subject to artificial lake level fluctuations and stochastic events given its very narrow range. As such, the conservation status of P. williamsi under IUCN Red List categories would also correspond to Vulnerable D 2. Our efforts to sample P. williamsi in Woods Lake in March 2017, however, were unsuccessful and no other recent collections are presently available. Therefore, establishing the population status of P. williamsi in Woods Lake should be prioritized, especially given the sharp decline in Paragalaxias mesotes observed in Woods Lake over the past two decades (TSSC, 2016). If the Woods Lake population of P. williamsi has also significantly declined, it might require a higher level of protection. Neither species of Paranaspides is currently listed on either the Commonwealth Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 or the Tasmanian Threatened Species Protection Act 1995 (Bonham, 2006). It is noteworthy, however, that the galaxiid fishes Paragalaxias eleotroides and Paragalaxias mesotes, under both the Commonwealth Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 and the Tasmanian Threatened Species Protection Act 1995, are currently assessed as vulnerable and endangered, respectively (TSS, 2006). Given that these species of Paragalaxias parallel the species of Paranaspides in distribution, habitat requirements and in similar threats, they may warrant a similar conservation status under Tasmanian and Commonwealth jurisdictions. Since key proposed conservation priorities for Paragalaxias emphasize mitigating habitat deterioration and loss (TSSC, 2014, 2016), their adoption could also benefit Paranaspides. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. Thanks are due to Sammy De Grave and (OUMNH), Andrew Hosie (WAM), Kirrily Moore (TMAG), Judy Rainbird (QVMAG), and Jo Taylor (NMV) for the loan of specimens. Karen Reed and Rafael Lemaitre are thanked for their hospitality at the USNM in 2016, and Mark Carnley and Sammy De Grave (OUMNH) are thanked for facilitating the transfer of type material of P. lacustris to the Australian Museum. Likewise, D. Christopher Rogers and Rachael Peart are thanked for constructive reviews of the manuscript. For our fieldwork in 2017, we gratefully acknowledge the assistance of Alastair Richardson (University of Tasmania), Mike Driessen (Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment, Tasmania), and Stefan Eberhard (Subterranean Ecology Pty Ltd) for facilitating our activities in Tasmania, and Simon Talbot (Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania) for the loan of diving equipment and air compressor; specimens were collected under permit no. TFA 17038 granted by the Tasmanian Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment. We also thank Christian Wirkner, Marian Reinhardt and Christoph Hoepel (Universität Rostock) for assistance in the field and Jessica O’Donnell for creating Fig. 10. This study was partially funded by a grant from the Australian Biological Resources Study. Collecting in 2017 was funded by the German Science Foundation (DFG RI 837 / 22 - 1). This is a contribution from the Australian Museum Research Institute.	en	Ahyong, Shane T., Schwentner, Martin, Richter, Stefan (2017): The Tasmanian Lake Shrimps, Paranaspides Smith, 1908 (Crustacea, Syncarida, Anaspidesidae). Records of the Australian Museum 69 (4): 259-275, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1679, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1679
