identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
038A8789FFEDC146FF1E75B8265E7B9D.text	038A8789FFEDC146FF1E75B8265E7B9D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bougainvillia	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Bougainvillia sp. </p>
            <p>(fig. 2A–B)</p>
            <p>Material examined. Stn. 3: 01.04.2008 —two 4 mm high monosiphonic, sterile stems, on concretions.</p>
            <p>Description. Colonies small, ca. 4 mm high, with erect, monosiphonic, irregularly branched cauli. Perisarc covered with detritus, slightly corrugated at bases of branches, elsewhere smooth; pseudohydrotheca present, evenly covered with detritus. Branches short, each with a terminal hydranth; the latter with roundedconical hypostome encircled by single whorl of 11–13 filiform tentacles. Gonophores absent. Nematocysts (undischarged): microbasic euryteles (5.8–6.1) × (2.4–2.7) µm; desmonemes (3.8–4.1) × (2.4–2.7) µm.</p>
            <p> Remarks. The present material belongs, without any doubt, to  Bougainvillia Lesson, 1830 . However, the lack of gonophores makes it unidentifiable to species level. Several members of the genus have been reported from the Caribbean (see Vervoort 1968). Additionally, Calder (1988b) recorded  B. muscus (Allman, 1863) from Bermuda. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038A8789FFEDC146FF1E75B8265E7B9D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Galea, Horia R.	Galea, Horia R. (2008): On a collection of shallow-water hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from Guadeloupe and Les Saintes, French Lesser Antilles. Zootaxa 1878: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.184149
038A8789FFECC146FF1E72A827FD7E85.text	038A8789FFECC146FF1E72A827FD7E85.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Millardiana longitentaculata Wedler & Larson 1986	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Millardiana longitentaculata Wedler &amp; Larson, 1986</p>
            <p>(fig. 2C)</p>
            <p> Millardiana longitentaculata Wedler &amp; Larson, 1986: 90 , figs. 7Ba–b, pl. 1 fig. 8.— Calder, 1988b: 13, figs 9–10. </p>
            <p> Material examined. Stn. 1: 21.03.2008 —a small colony, composed of 4 gastro- and 3 gonozooids, on  Thalassia testudinum . </p>
            <p>Type locality. La Parguera, Puerto Rico.</p>
            <p> Remarks. The present material is too scarce to allow a detailed redescription of this species.  Millardiana longitentaculata is easily recognizable due to the deep red color of living polyps, the prominent hypostome, and the long, filiform tentacles arranged in 2–3 closely-set whorls. The 4 gastrozooids in my material have 17, 18, 20, and 23 tentacles, respectively. The 3 gonozooids are provided with 1, 2, and 4 tentacles, respectively; no gonophores were developed on these polyps. The nematocysts were not examined. </p>
            <p> Millardiana longitentaculata has been previously found living on algae (Wedler &amp; Larson 1986) and on shells of  Cerithium litteratum (Calder 1988b) ; the present material was found on leaves of  Thalassia testudinum . </p>
            <p>Distribution. Puerto Rico (Wedler &amp; Larson 1986), Bermuda (Calder 1988b), Guadeloupe (present study).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038A8789FFECC146FF1E72A827FD7E85	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Galea, Horia R.	Galea, Horia R. (2008): On a collection of shallow-water hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from Guadeloupe and Les Saintes, French Lesser Antilles. Zootaxa 1878: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.184149
038A8789FFECC144FF1E764026FF7AE5.text	038A8789FFECC144FF1E764026FF7AE5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Silhouetta uvacarpa Millard & Bouillon 1973	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Silhouetta uvacarpa Millard &amp; Bouillon, 1973</p>
            <p>(fig. 2D)</p>
            <p> Silhouetta uvacarpa Millard &amp; Bouillon, 1973: 25 , fig. 3A–D, pls 2–3.— Calder, 1988b: 17, figs 13–14.— Schuchert, 2007: 239, fig. 17. </p>
            <p> Silhouetta puertoricensis Wedler &amp; Larson, 1986: 91 , fig. 9Aa–b. </p>
            <p>Material examined. Stn. 7: 25.03.2008 —four small stems, each with 1–2 hydranths, one bearing clusters of gonophores, on concretions.</p>
            <p>Type locality. Silhouette Island, Seychelles.</p>
            <p> Remarks. The present material is too scarce to allow a new description of this species.  Silhouetta uvacarpa is easily recognizable due to the following characters: the tentacles are filiform and arranged in two or more closely-set whorls below the hypostome; the gonophores (medusa buds) arise from both the stem and branches, in clusters borne on quite long pedicels. </p>
            <p> For descriptions of  S. uvacarpa , see Millard &amp; Bouillon (1973) and Calder (1988b). Schuchert (2007) summarized the actual data available on this species. Additional life cycle studies are necessary in order to describe the mature medusa. </p>
            <p>Distribution. Seychelles (Millard &amp; Bouillon 1973), western Atlantic (Calder 1988b), western Pacific (Kirkendale &amp; Calder 2003).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038A8789FFECC144FF1E764026FF7AE5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Galea, Horia R.	Galea, Horia R. (2008): On a collection of shallow-water hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from Guadeloupe and Les Saintes, French Lesser Antilles. Zootaxa 1878: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.184149
038A8789FFEEC14BFF1E72D524DD7BF5.text	038A8789FFEEC14BFF1E72D524DD7BF5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhizogeton sterreri (Calder 1988)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Rhizogeton sterreri (Calder, 1988b)</p>
            <p>(fig. 2E–H)</p>
            <p> Rhizodendrium sterreri Calder, 1988b: 10 , figs 7–8. </p>
            <p>Material examined. Stn. 3: 01.04.2008 —numerous colonies without gonophores, on various algae and concretions. Stn. 4: 22.03.2008 —one sterile, badly preserved colony, on coral. Stn. 5: 31.03.2008 —one small, sterile colony, on hydrocoral. Stn. 7: 25.03.2008 —numerous sterile colonies, on various algae, concretions, and sponge; 27.03.2008 —numerous colonies, some with male gonophores, on various algae, sponges, and hydrocoral (MHNG INVE 60976); 29.03.2008 —a few sterile colonies, on hydrocoral and algae.</p>
            <p>Type locality. Whalebone Bay, St. George’s Island, Bermuda.</p>
            <p>Description. Colony stolonal, with creeping, tortuous hydrohriza from which arise individual hydranths and gonophores. Perisarc thin, variably covering bases of hydranths, extending up 1 mm or more over body; perisarc generally infested with various microscopic algae, mainly diatoms. Hydranths much elongated, up to 6 mm high in extension, nearly cylindrical, tapering imperceptibly but gradually towards hypostome; width 0.3–0.4 mm. Hypostome long, cylindrical, with rounded apex in relaxed hydranths, short and dome-shaped in contracted specimens. Hydranths with up to 28 tentacles; one whorl of 4–6 oral tentacles held vertically, plus 5–6 additional, more or less distinct lower whorls, each with variably 2–5 tentacles attached obliquely to horizontally; whorls scattered over 2/3 of hydranth body; all tentacles filiform, length decreasing from distal towards proximal part of hydranth body; distal tentacles also more robust than proximal ones. Male gonophores, sporosacs without radial canals, borne on hydrorhiza by means of short pedicels; covered by thin layer of slightly corrugated periderm; pear-shaped to ovate, tapering more abruptly at base and gradually from middle part towards apex. Female gonophores not seen. Nematocysts (undischarged capsules): microbasic euryteles (6.7–7.6) × (2.6–2.8) µm (in tentacles and gonophores); desmonemes (4.6–5.2) × (2.8–3.0) µm (in tentacles). Color: portion below hypostome and gonophore content reddish; gastrodermis of tentacle bases bright white; remaining of body translucid.</p>
            <p> Remarks. Calder (1988b) introduced the new genus  Rhizodendrium in order to accommodate several species of  Rhizogeton L. Agassiz, 1862 with short, dome-shaped hypostome, more than 20 tentacles (arranged in both a distinct, oral whorl and several additional lower, more or less distinct whorls), and spherical gonophores. These species were:  Rhizogeton nudus Broch, 1909 ,  Rhizogeton ezoense Yamada, 1964 , and  Rhizodendrium sterreri Calder, 1988 b. Following this point of view, only  Rhizogeton fusiformis L. Agassiz, 1862 could be retained in  Rhizogeton . </p>
            <p> However, the available type material of  R. sterreri was relatively scarce (two colonies on  Sargassum sp., see Calder 1988b) and sterile. Therefore, no thorough comparison with its congeners could be made when the species was first described. </p>
            <p> The examination of the present material showed that the mature (male) gonophores of  R. sterreri are fusiform rather than spherical, and therefore different from those of its congeners. Some additional inconsistencies are also illustrated by two other species, as follows. The hydranths of  Rhizogeton conicum Schuchert, 1996 have up to 20 tentacles, and its gonophores are spherical. A likely new record of  R. fusiformis from Korea (Park 1997), proved that the number of tentacles per hydranth could be as much as 16–20, not only 10– 12 as in the original description given by L. Agassiz (1862). This difference is most probably due to a combination of both geographical and ecological factors. Therefore, the tentacle number in these hydroids should not be regarded as having a great taxonomical importance. </p>
            <p> Taken together, these facts suggest the inappropriateness of the genus  Rhizodendrium , which should be included in the synonymy of  Rhizogeton L. Agassiz, 1862 . </p>
            <p> Although originally found on pelagic  Sargassum (Calder 1988b) ,  R. sterreri was presently found growing on a variety of substrates: algae, sponges, crevices in both scleractinians and hydrocorals, and mineral concretions. </p>
            <p>Distribution. Previously reported from Bermuda (Calder 1988b).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038A8789FFEEC14BFF1E72D524DD7BF5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Galea, Horia R.	Galea, Horia R. (2008): On a collection of shallow-water hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from Guadeloupe and Les Saintes, French Lesser Antilles. Zootaxa 1878: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.184149
038A8789FFE1C14BFF1E76D023387DD5.text	038A8789FFE1C14BFF1E76D023387DD5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Eudendrium capillare Alder 1856	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Eudendrium capillare Alder, 1856</p>
            <p>(fig. 2K–L)</p>
            <p> Eudendrium capillare Alder, 1856: 355 , pl. 12 figs 9–12.—Millard, 1975: 82, fig. 27E–J.— Calder, 1988b: 41, figs 30– 32.—Hirohito, 1988: 77, figs 24G–H, 25.— Marques et al., 2000: 88, figs 28–34.— Schuchert, 2001a: 27, fig. 16. </p>
            <p>Material examined. Stn. 7: 25.03.2008 —a small, sterile colony composed of several unbranched or sparingly branched stems, up to 4 mm high, on alga.</p>
            <p>Type locality. Embleton Bay, Northumberland, Great Britain.</p>
            <p> Remarks. The identification of this small, sterile  Eudendrium is based on the presence of a single type of nematocysts (heterotrichous microbasic euryteles) in the hydranth. The dimensions of undischarged capsules, (7.0–8.1) × (3.0–3.4) µm, are very similar to those reported by Calder (1988b) for  E. capillare from Bermuda, i.e. (7.1–8.0) × (3.0–3.2) µm. For a recent description of this species, see Calder (1988b). Additional notes on the structure of gonophores are given by Marques et al. (2000). </p>
            <p>Distribution. Reliable records, based on identification of the nematocyst complement, are from Europe, the Mediterranean, Bermuda, South Africa, and Greenland (Schuchert 2001a).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038A8789FFE1C14BFF1E76D023387DD5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Galea, Horia R.	Galea, Horia R. (2008): On a collection of shallow-water hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from Guadeloupe and Les Saintes, French Lesser Antilles. Zootaxa 1878: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.184149
038A8789FFE1C14BFF1E714A26FC7ED0.text	038A8789FFE1C14BFF1E714A26FC7ED0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Turritopsis nutricula McCrady 1857	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Turritopsis cf. nutricula McCrady, 1857</p>
            <p>(fig. 2I –J)</p>
            <p> Turritopsis nutricula McCrady, 1857: 55 , pls 4–5.— Calder, 1988b: 8, figs 5–6.— Migotto, 1996: 11, fig. 3A–C.  Turritopsis cf. nutricula — Schuchert, 2003: 143, fig. 4. </p>
            <p>Material examined. Stn. 3: 26.01.2008 —three polyps, no gonophores, on alga.</p>
            <p>Type locality. Charleston Harbor, South Carolina, United States.</p>
            <p>Description. Small colony, composed of three stems arising from creeping hydrorhiza. Perisarc doublelayered, slightly undulated with occasional wrinkles, covered with detritus particles. Hydranths, though contracted, fusiform, with 15–17 filiform tentacles scattered over distal 2/3–3/4 of body; hypostome domeshaped. Gonophores not seen. Nematocysts (undischarged): microbasic euryteles (5.7–6.3) × (2.7–2.9); desmonemes (3.9–4.1) × (2.4–2.6) µm.</p>
            <p>Remarks. Though scarce and sterile, the present specimens are provisionally assigned to McCrady’s (1857) species, pending the discovery of more abundant, fertile material.</p>
            <p> For descriptions of the hydroid stage of  T. nutricula , see Calder (1988b) and Migotto (1996). </p>
            <p>Distribution. Realiable records are from the western Atlantic (Calder 1988b, Migotto 1996). They are also supported by recent molecular analyses (Miglietta et al. 2006). The Caribbean records are summarized by Calder &amp; Kirkendale (2005).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038A8789FFE1C14BFF1E714A26FC7ED0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Galea, Horia R.	Galea, Horia R. (2008): On a collection of shallow-water hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from Guadeloupe and Les Saintes, French Lesser Antilles. Zootaxa 1878: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.184149
038A8789FFE0C14AFF1E70BD22467FF3.text	038A8789FFE0C14AFF1E70BD22467FF3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cladocoryne floccosa Rotch 1871	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Cladocoryne floccosa Rotch, 1871</p>
            <p>(fig. 2P)</p>
            <p> Cladocoryne floccosa Rotch, 1871: 228 .— Brinckmann-Voss, 1970: 69, figs 80–82.—Millard, 1975: 65, fig. 21A–B.— Hirohito, 1988: 52, fig. 16B–F.— Migotto, 1996: 17, fig. 4A–B.— Schuchert, 1996: 97, fig. 57.— Calder et al., 2003: 1178, fig. 3.—Schuchert, 2006: 368, fig. 16. </p>
            <p> Material examined. Stn. 2: 22.01.2008 —several fertile and sterile colonies, 2–4 mm high, on algae, stems of  Pennaria disticha Goldfuss, 1820 and sponge; 26.01.2008 —several sterile colonies, 2–4 mm high, on algae (MHNG INVE 60978). Stn. 3: 26.01.2008 —numerous small colonies, some with gonophores, on algae. Type locality. Herm, Channel Islands, Great Britain. </p>
            <p>Remarks. For recent descriptions of this species, see Migotto (1996) and Schuchert (2006). Distribution. Circumglobal, absent from colder regions (Peña Cantero &amp; García Carrascosa 2002).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038A8789FFE0C14AFF1E70BD22467FF3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Galea, Horia R.	Galea, Horia R. (2008): On a collection of shallow-water hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from Guadeloupe and Les Saintes, French Lesser Antilles. Zootaxa 1878: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.184149
038A8789FFE0C14AFF1E73C023FB797D.text	038A8789FFE0C14AFF1E73C023FB797D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Myrionema amboinense Pictet 1893	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Myrionema amboinense Pictet, 1893</p>
            <p>(fig. 2M– O)</p>
            <p> Material examined. Stn. 1: 19.01.2008 —numerous fertile and sterile (both sexes) colonies, on  Thalassia testudinum ; 25.01.2008 —numerous fertile and sterile (both sexes) colonies, on  T. testudinum . Stn. 6: 23.03.2008 —a small, sterile colony, ca. 2 cm high, on algae. Stn. 7: 27.03.2008 —a small, sterile colony, ca. 5 mm high, on hard substrate. </p>
            <p>Type locality. Baton-Mera, Ambon, Moluccas, Indonesia.</p>
            <p>Remarks. This peculiar species is easily recognizable by the presence of numerous zooxanthellae in the coenosarc and the great number of tentacles occurring in several closely-set whorls. Nematocysts (undischarged): macrobasic euryteles (22.3–24.9) × (9.7–11.3) µm; heterotrichous microbasic euryteles (9.6–10.0) × (3.6–3.7) µm.</p>
            <p>For a description of this species and its synonymy, see Calder (1988b).</p>
            <p>Distribution. Eastern and western Atlantic, Indian Ocean, western Pacific (Calder 1988b).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038A8789FFE0C14AFF1E73C023FB797D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Galea, Horia R.	Galea, Horia R. (2008): On a collection of shallow-water hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from Guadeloupe and Les Saintes, French Lesser Antilles. Zootaxa 1878: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.184149
038A8789FFE0C149FF1E752227E87935.text	038A8789FFE0C149FF1E752227E87935.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coryne pusilla Gaertner 1774	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Coryne pusilla Gaertner, 1774</p>
            <p>(fig. 2R–U)</p>
            <p> Coryne pusilla Gaertner, 1774: 40 , pl. 4 fig. 8.— Brinckmann-Voss, 1970: 51, fig. 57.—Millard, 1975: 51, fig. 19F–G.— Hirohito, 1988: 33, fig. 10A–C.— Schuchert, 1996: 119, fig. 72.— Schuchert, 2001a: 48, fig. 34.— Schuchert, 2001b: 776, fig. 14A–B. </p>
            <p> Material examined. Stn. 2: 26.01.2008 —several hydranths, no gonophores, on algae. Stn. 3: 0 1.04.2008 – numerous small colonies, some with male gonophores, on various algae, concretions and sponge. Stn. 7: 25.03.2008 —several small, stolonal colonies, some with a few female gonophores, on  Dictyota sp. and concretions; 27.03.2008 —a small, sterile colony, mostly stolonal, occasionally with a few erect stems, on concretions. </p>
            <p>Type locality. Possibly Cornwall (Allman 1871).</p>
            <p>Remarks. The present material originates from an area with strong water movement and therefore the colonies are mainly stolonal. Occasionally, small, erect stems up to 7 mm high and 5 hydranths occur within the colonies. The perisarc ranges from obviously annulated at origin of stems and branches, to nearly smooth elsewhere. There is no perisarc collar at the base of polyps. The hydranths are spindle-shaped and have a row of 3–4 oral tentacles and 3–4 additional lower rows; the total number of tentacles is 18–24. Some polyps in the male colonies bear clusters of up to 3 sporosacs in the upper axils of the basalmost tentacles. The female colony has fewer gonophores per hydranth. Nematocysts (undischarged): large stenoteles (22.6–26.4) × (15.6– 17.8) µm; small stenoteles (10.8–12.3) × (6.6–6.8) µm.</p>
            <p> For a complete description of  C. pusilla , its synonymy, and additional data, see Schuchert (2001b). </p>
            <p>Distribution. Previously recorded from all the European coasts, including the Mediterranean, South Africa, Kerguelen, Seychelles, Korea, Japan, New Zealand, eastern Canada (Schuchert 2001b), Greenland, and Iceland (Schuchert 2001a). The present record extends the known distribution to the tropical eastern Atlantic.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038A8789FFE0C149FF1E752227E87935	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Galea, Horia R.	Galea, Horia R. (2008): On a collection of shallow-water hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from Guadeloupe and Les Saintes, French Lesser Antilles. Zootaxa 1878: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.184149
038A8789FFE3C14FFF1E703024DB7BF5.text	038A8789FFE3C14FFF1E703024DB7BF5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coryne	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Coryne sp. </p>
            <p>(fig. 3A–D)</p>
            <p>Material examined. Stn. 3: 01.04.2008 —several colonies of various sizes, some with propagulae and/or medusa buds, on algae and concretions. Stn. 7: 25.03.2008 —a few sterile colonies, some hydranths with propagulae, on concretions (MHNG INVE 60982); 29.03.2008 —a small, sterile colony, propagulae absent, on hydrocoral.</p>
            <p>Description. Colonies stolonal, cauli relatively short (0.2–2.3 mm high); perisarc smooth, diameter gradually increasing from base (105–120 µm) towards distal end (170–260 µm). Hydranths cylindrical, 0.5–2.0 mm high, 300–325 µm wide, hypostome short, dome-shaped. Perisarc collar at hydranth base absent. One whorl of 4 tentacles around hypostome held nearly vertically; five additional, more or less distinct rows of lower tentacles scattered over 2/3–3/4 of body; a total of up to 26 tentacles per hydranth; all capitate, filiform tentacles absent. Oral tentacles with diameter of capitula exceeding those of lower tentacles (115–125 µm vs. 70–100 µm); stalks short and slightly tapering distally, length decreasing from distal to proximal row. Some stems with lateral, branch-like structures covered with perisarc, these irregularly ramified several times; propagulae budded off from open tips; 190–215 µm long, 115–125 µm wide. Gonophores developing among the lowest whorl of tentacles, the latter occasionally less numerous than in sterile specimens; liberated as free medusae; up to 8 buds per polyp. Medusa buds globular to pear-shaped; borne on short pedicels; 4 tentacle bulbs visible as brown patches, each with one red ocellus. No other structures could be examined. Some polyps simultaneously producing frustules and medusae. Color: white-milk to pale pink, hypostome of polyp and manubrium of medusa buds brownish. Cnidome of polyp and propagula (undischarged capsules): two size classes of stenoteles, large (17.8–20.8) × (13.6–14.7) µm and small (8.6–10.4) × (6.6–7.4) µm. Cnidome of medusa buds (undischarged capsules): desmonemes (6.4–7.1) × (3.7–4.1) µm; three distinct size classes of stenoteles, i.e. large (11.4–12.7) × (8.7–10.4) µm, medium-sized (9.3–10.7) × (6.6–8.4) µm, and small (7.1– 7.4) × (5.6–6.1) µm.</p>
            <p>Remarks. This species, from areas with high water movement, exhibits two simultaneous modes of reproduction and dispersal: asexual, by massive production and release of frustules, and sexual, liberating free swimming medusae.</p>
            <p> The formation of frustules in the genus  Coryne has been rarely described, as for instance the South-African record by Millard (1975) of a dwarf, sterile form, provisionally assigned to  C. pusilla Gaertner, 1774 . </p>
            <p>Due to its peculiar mode of reproduction, the present material may belong to a new species, but I refrain in naming it until the adult medusa is known.</p>
            <p>Distribution. Presently known from Guadeloupe and Les Saintes.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038A8789FFE3C14FFF1E703024DB7BF5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Galea, Horia R.	Galea, Horia R. (2008): On a collection of shallow-water hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from Guadeloupe and Les Saintes, French Lesser Antilles. Zootaxa 1878: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.184149
038A8789FFE5C14FFF1E713024387F13.text	038A8789FFE5C14FFF1E713024387F13.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pennaria disticha Goldfuss 1820	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Pennaria disticha Goldfuss, 1820</p>
            <p>(fig. 3E)</p>
            <p> Pennaria disticha Goldfuss, 1820: 89 .— Brinckmann-Voss, 1970: 40, figs 43–50.— Schuchert, 1996: 142, fig. 85.— Schuchert, 2006: 364, fig. 15. </p>
            <p> Halocordyle disticha —Millard, 1975: 41, fig. 16C–G.— Calder, 1988b: 56, figs 43–45.—Hirohito, 1988: 28, fig. 9A–D, pl. 1 fig. C. </p>
            <p>Material examined. Stn. 2: 22.01.2008 —numerous sterile and fertile colonies, up to 10 cm high, on hard substrate. Stn. 3: 26.01.2008 – several colonies, up to 10 cm high, gonophores present, on hard substrate and sponges; 01.04.2008 —several stems with and without gonophores, 2–3 cm high, on hard substrate. Stn. 4: 22.03.2008 —a few sterile stems, up to 1.7 cm high, badly preserved, on ascidian. Stn. 6: 23.03.2008 —numerous colonies, up to 8 cm high, some with gonophores, on hard substrate. Stn. 7: 27.03.2008 —numerous fertile colonies, up to 6 cm high, on hard substrate.</p>
            <p>Type locality. Gulf of Naples, Italy.</p>
            <p>Remarks. For descriptions of this well-known species and discussions of its synonymy, see Calder (1988b) and Schuchert (2006).</p>
            <p>Distribution. Circumglobal in warm temperate to tropical waters (Schuchert 2006). The Caribbean records are summarized by Calder &amp; Kirkendale (2005).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038A8789FFE5C14FFF1E713024387F13	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Galea, Horia R.	Galea, Horia R. (2008): On a collection of shallow-water hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from Guadeloupe and Les Saintes, French Lesser Antilles. Zootaxa 1878: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.184149
038A8789FFE5C14FFF1E76ED234F7DD5.text	038A8789FFE5C14FFF1E76ED234F7DD5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sphaerocoryne bedoti Pictet 1893	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Sphaerocoryne bedoti Pictet, 1893</p>
            <p>(fig. 3F)</p>
            <p> Sphaerocoryne bedoti Pictet, 1893: 10 , pl. 1 figs 5–6.—Millard, 1975: 54, fig. 20E.— Calder, 1988b: 61, figs 46–47.— Hirohito, 1988: 37, fig. 11D.— Calder et al., 2003: 1179, fig. 4. </p>
            <p>Material examined. Stn. 2: 22.01.2008 —a fertile colony, 2–4 mm high, on sponge. Stn. 3: 01.04.2008 —a few sterile polyps, up to 5 mm high, on sponge. Stn. 6: 23– 24.03.2008 —numerous sterile polyps, up to 3 mm high, on sponge (MHNG INVE 60977); 28.03.2008 —two sterile polyps, ca. 3 mm high, on sponge. Stn. 7: 25.03.2008 —a small, sterile colony, ca. 4 mm high, on sponge; 27.03.2008 —a few sterile polyps, 2–3 mm high, on serpulid tube.</p>
            <p>Type locality. Ambon, Moluccas, Indonesia.</p>
            <p>Remarks. For a recent description of this species, see Calder (1988b).</p>
            <p>Distribution. Western Atlantic, Indian Ocean, western Pacific (Calder 1988b), eastern Pacific (Calder et al. 2003). The Caribbean records are summarized by Calder &amp; Kirkendale (2005).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038A8789FFE5C14FFF1E76ED234F7DD5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Galea, Horia R.	Galea, Horia R. (2008): On a collection of shallow-water hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from Guadeloupe and Les Saintes, French Lesser Antilles. Zootaxa 1878: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.184149
038A8789FFE4C14EFF1E73B5263079EB.text	038A8789FFE4C14EFF1E73B5263079EB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Zyzzyzus warreni Calder 1988	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Zyzzyzus warreni Calder, 1988 b </p>
            <p>(fig. 3G–I)</p>
            <p> Zyzzyzus warreni Calder, 1988b: 49 , figs 38–40.— Campos et al., 2007: 12, fig. 1.  Tubularia solitaria Warren, 1906: 83 , pls 10–11. </p>
            <p> Zyzzyzus solitarius —Millard, 1975: 40, fig. 16A–B.—Hirohito, 1988: 24, fig. 7.  Zyzzyzus calderi Petersen, 1990: 180 , fig. 30. </p>
            <p>Material examined. Stn. 4: 19.03.2008 —a couple of dense, fertile colonies, on sponges (MHNG INVE 60975).</p>
            <p>Type locality. St. James, False Bay, South Africa.</p>
            <p> Remarks. For a recent redescription of this species and a taxonomic revision of  Zyzzyzus Stechow, 1921 , see Campos et al. (2007). Nematocysts (undischarged): large stenoteles (11.7–13.1) × (11.1–12.7) µm; medium-sized stenoteles (9.8–10.3) × (8.8–9.0) µm; small stenoteles (5.3–6.0) × (4.3–4.8) µm; heterotrichous microbasic euryteles (9.8–11.0) × (5.1–6.6) µm; merotrichous isorhizas (6.0–6.8) × (2.8–3.2) µm; homotrichous microbasic euryteles (5.7–6.1) × (3.1–3.6) µm; basitrichous isorhizas (6.3–7.1) × (2.0–2.1) µm; desmonemes (4.0–4.1) × (3.0–3.1) µm. </p>
            <p>Distribution. Western and southeastern Atlantic, western Indian Ocean, northwestern Pacific. For a detailed list of records, see Campos et al. (2007). The Caribbean records are summarized by Calder &amp; Kirkendale (2005).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038A8789FFE4C14EFF1E73B5263079EB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Galea, Horia R.	Galea, Horia R. (2008): On a collection of shallow-water hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from Guadeloupe and Les Saintes, French Lesser Antilles. Zootaxa 1878: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.184149
038A8789FFE4C14DFF1E772A22547D42.text	038A8789FFE4C14DFF1E772A22547D42.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Zanclea migottoi	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Zanclea migottoi sp. nov.</p>
            <p>(fig. 3J–L, tables 1–2)</p>
            <p> Zanclea costata — Migotto, 1996: 20, fig. 5A–C (not  Zanclea costata Gegenbaur, 1857: 229 , pl. 8 figs 4–6).  Zanclea cf. alba — Vervoort, 2006: 200, figs 1A–B, 2.1–2.3 [not  Zanclea alba sensu Calder (1988b) =  Acrochordium album Meyen, 1834: 165 , pl. 28 fig. 8]. </p>
            <p>Type material. Stn. 3: 26.01.2008 —several small colonies, composed of a few hydranths, some with medusa buds, on algae (MHNG INVE 61000).</p>
            <p>Type locality. Petite Anse, Basse-Terre, Guadeloupe.</p>
            <p>Description. Colonies stolonal, monomorphic, with hydranths arising from creeping hydrorhiza. Pedicels 735–1790 µm long, 45–65 µm in diameter basally, gradually widening distally to 85–180 µm. Perisarc strongly corrugated basally (not forming distinct annuli), smooth distally. Hydranths cylindrical, 635–980 µm long, 170–230 µm wide; slightly tapering basally; hypostome rounded, short. About 30–40 tentacles, of which 5–6 around mouth, the remaining ones scattered more or less regularly over 2/3 of body; all tentacles capitate, 100–160 µm long, 45–50 µm wide at base, diameter of capitulum 50–60 µm. Gonophores, medusa buds, borne in small clusters on short stalks among basal tentacles. Newly-liberated medusa not seen. Nematocysts of polyp (undischarged capsules, for dimensions see table 1): two size classes of stenoteles in tentacle tips; macrobasic euryteles, with parallel sides and rounded ends, in groups of 2–7 capsules at bases of tentacles. Nematocysts of medusa buds: stenoteles and macrobasic euryteles with bean-shaped capsules.</p>
            <p> TABLE 1. Comparative measurements of the nematocysts from polyps of  Zanclea migottoi sp. nov. , from various sources, in µm. (1)Nematocysts from preserved material. (2)Nematocysts from living material. </p>
            <p> Remarks. The various nominal species of  Zanclea Gegenbaur, 1857 can be reliably identified only if the entire life cycle is known. However, recent studies (Gravili et al. 1996, Boero et al. 2000, Puce et al. 2002) described in detail the morphological features of both the polyp and medusa stages of numerous members of the genus, and provided essential data on their nematocyst complement. As stated by Gravili et al. (1996), study of the cnidome is an essential tool for species identification in  Zanclea hydroids. </p>
            <p> The nematocyst complement of the present hydroid material was compared with the available data from the literature, and proved to be identical with the Brazilian specimens assigned to  Z. costata Gegenbaur, 1857 by Migotto (1996). Although not stated in the original description given by this author, the macrobasic euryteles of the polyp are located in groups of 2–5 capsules at the tentacle bases and have the same shape as those found in the Guadeloupe hydroids. Their shaft is 10 times or more longer than the capsule itself. Moreover, the macrobasic euryteles of the Brazilian medusa are bean-shaped and thus resemble those of the medusabuds in my material (A. E. Migotto, personal communication). </p>
            <p>From the cnidome data, it is obvious that the Brazilian material does not belong to Gegenbaur’s (1857) species. The latter is only known from the Mediterranean and has a different cnidome in both the hydroid and medusa stages, as illustrated by the detailed description given by Cerrano et al. (1997).</p>
            <p> Additionally, the hydroid material from the Azores assigned to  Zanclea cf. alba (Meyen, 1834) by Vervoort (2006) comes very close to ours. The macrobasic euryteles, in particular, in Vervoort’s (2006) specimens have the same shape and size as those from the Guadeloupe hydroids, and are similarly located at the bases of tentacles, as illustrated in his fig. 2–2. </p>
            <p> However, the material included by Vervoort (2006) in the synonymy of Meyen’s (1834) species is different from that attributable by Calder (1988b) to  Z. alba . The latter author neither reported macrobasic euryteles in his original redescription of  Z. alba (see Calder 1988b), nor found them during a recent reexamination of three different samples from Bermuda (D. Calder, personal communication). </p>
            <p> Therefore, the Brazilian specimens are regarded here as being conspecific with the present material from Guadeloupe and that from the Azores. The macrobasic euryteles did not match any of those described in the known  Zanclea species, and all the above-mentioned materials are allocated to the new species  Z. migottoi . For a description of its medusa stage, see Migotto (1996). A comparison of various species of  Zanclea with a known hydroid stage and monomorphic colonies is presented in table 2. </p>
            <p>Etymology. This species is named after Dr. Alvaro E. Migotto, who found and described it for the first time.</p>
            <p>Distribution. The Azores (Vervoort 2006), Caribbean Sea (present study), Brazil (Migotto 1996).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038A8789FFE4C14DFF1E772A22547D42	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Galea, Horia R.	Galea, Horia R. (2008): On a collection of shallow-water hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from Guadeloupe and Les Saintes, French Lesser Antilles. Zootaxa 1878: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.184149
038A8789FFF9C153FF1E727A249479F8.text	038A8789FFF9C153FF1E727A249479F8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Aequorea	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Aequorea sp. </p>
            <p>(fig. 3M–N)</p>
            <p>Material examined. Stn. 3: 01.04.2008 —several hydrothecae but no gonothecae, on algae. Stn. 7: 25.03.2008 —a small, sterile colony, with both stolonal and minute erect stems, on algae; 27.03.2008 —a minute, sterile, stolonal colony, on alga.</p>
            <p>Description. Colonies minute, mainly stolonal, with erect shoots comprising 1–2 hydrothecae; stolon creeping. Pedicels of variable length (120–235 µm), spirally grooved nearly throughout, smooth below hydrotheca; diameter gradually widening from base (35–45 µm) towards distal end (60–75 µm). Hydrotheca ovate, 235–270 µm long, 120–155 µm wide in middle, tapering apically to form a conical, pleated operculum, with pointed tip; folds continuing downwards nearly to base; the latter square in shape, 100–130 µm wide. Hydranth with ca. 20 amphicoronate tentacles; intertentacular web present. Nematocysts (undischarged): large capsules of unidentified type (11.4–12.0) × (3.7–3.9) µm; microbasic (?) mastigophores (6.3–6.8) × (2.0–2.1) µm.</p>
            <p> Remarks. Due to the lack of knowledge of the medusa stage, this material could not be identified to species level. Several nominal species (medusa stage) of  Aequorea have been reported from the western Atlantic (see Kramp 1959a), but their complete life cycles are unknown. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038A8789FFF9C153FF1E727A249479F8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Galea, Horia R.	Galea, Horia R. (2008): On a collection of shallow-water hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from Guadeloupe and Les Saintes, French Lesser Antilles. Zootaxa 1878: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.184149
038A8789FFF9C153FF1E773826FC7D05.text	038A8789FFF9C153FF1E773826FC7D05.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Clytia gracilis (M. Sars 1850) M. Sars 1850	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Clytia gracilis (M. Sars, 1850)</p>
            <p>(fig. 3 O –P)</p>
            <p> Laomedea gracilis M. Sars, 1850: 138 . </p>
            <p> Clytia gracilis — Calder, 1991d: 54, fig. 31.— Ramil &amp; Vervoort, 1992: 235, fig. 67A.— Cornelius, 1995b: 246, fig. 56.— Migotto, 1996: 81, fig. 15C.— Schuchert, 2001a: 151, fig. 131.— Peña Cantero &amp; García Carrascosa, 2002: 145, fig. 28A–B.— Schuchert, 2003: 164, fig. 23. </p>
            <p> Material examined. Stn. 1: 21.03.2008 —one small, sterile colony, ca. 2 mm high, on  Thalassia testudinum . Stn. 3: 26.01.2008 —several hydrothecae, but no gonothecae, on algae; 01.04.2008 —numerous sterile colonies, up to 2.5 mm high, on algae and concretions. Stn. 6: 28.03.2008 —one sterile colony, on  T. testudinum . Stn. 7: 25.03.2008 —several colonies, up to 1.5 mm high, some fertile, on  Halimeda sp.; 27.03.2008 —numerous colonies, 1 mm high, some fertile, on  Halimeda sp. </p>
            <p>Type locality. Lofoten Islands, Norway.</p>
            <p>Remarks. For a description of this species, see Cornelius (1995b). Its synonymy is extensively discussed in Calder (1991d).</p>
            <p>Distribution. Circumglobal, penetrating in subpolar seas (Peña Cantero &amp; García Carrascosa, 2002). For a detailed list of world records, see Medel &amp; Vervoort (2000). The Caribbean records are summarized by Calder &amp; Kirkendale (2005).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038A8789FFF9C153FF1E773826FC7D05	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Galea, Horia R.	Galea, Horia R. (2008): On a collection of shallow-water hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from Guadeloupe and Les Saintes, French Lesser Antilles. Zootaxa 1878: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.184149
038A8789FFF8C152FF1E73C026467F7F.text	038A8789FFF8C152FF1E73C026467F7F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Clytia hummelincki (Leloup 1935) Leloup 1935	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Clytia hummelincki (Leloup, 1935)</p>
            <p>(fig. 3R–S, table 3)</p>
            <p> Laomedea hummelincki Leloup, 1935: 19 , fig. 7.— Buchanan, 1957: 360, fig. 11A–B. </p>
            <p> Campanularia (?)  hummelincki — Fraser, 1944: 122, pl. 21 fig. 93. </p>
            <p> Clytia hummelincki — Millard, 1966: 480, fig. 14G–L.—Millard, 1975: 218, fig. 72F–H.— Cornelius, 1982: 82, fig. 10.— Calder, 1991d: 61, fig. 33.— Migotto, 1996: 84, fig. 15G.— Calder et al., 2003: 1188, fig. 11. </p>
            <p> Material examined. Stn. 3: 01.04.2008 —several colonies, 1.0– 1.5 mm high, some with gonothecae, on algae and concretions. Stn. 7: 25.03.2008 —a sterile colony, ca. 2.5 mm high, on concretions; 27.03.2008 —three stems, ca. 1.0 mm high, no gonothecae, on  Halimeda sp. </p>
            <p>Type locality. Bonaire Island, the Netherlands Antilles.</p>
            <p>Remarks. This species is easily recognizable due to its generally shallow, wide hydrotheca, with even rim, and subhydrothecal spherule (Cornelius 1982). I have little to add to the previous descriptions of its trophosome (Leloup 1935, Millard 1975, Cornelius 1982, Calder 1991d, Migotto 1996). The size of hydrothecae is highly variable among specimens from one colony (see table 2). The tentacle number in the present specimens varies between 24 and 30. There are 6–14 basal annuli and 4–7 additional ones in the middle part of the hydrothecal pedicels. The diaphragm of hydrotheca is obviously inclined to one side.</p>
            <p> Fertile material of  C. hummelincki has rarely been described (Millard 1966, 1975). In the present specimens, the gonotheca is borne on a short, twisted pedicel (1–2 twists) arising from the hydrorhiza; it is inverted-conical in shape, widening gradually from base towards aperture. In lateral view, it appears asymmetrical, with one side straight to slightly curved, and the opposite one with significant basal curvature; both walls are smooth throughout. The distal end of the gonotheca is truncated; the aperture is wide and circular, closed by a thin, convex layer of perisarc. One or two medusa buds are present in the four gonothecae examined, but no morphological details could be observed. Additional studies are necessary in order to describe the complete life cycle of this species. </p>
            <p>Distribution. Reported infrequently from warm waters of the western and eastern Atlantic, and eastern Pacific (Calder et al. 2003).</p>
            <p> TABLE 3. Comparative measurements of  Clytia hummelincki (Leloup, 1935) from various sources, in µm. (1)Cited by Cornelius (1982). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038A8789FFF8C152FF1E73C026467F7F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Galea, Horia R.	Galea, Horia R. (2008): On a collection of shallow-water hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from Guadeloupe and Les Saintes, French Lesser Antilles. Zootaxa 1878: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.184149
038A8789FFFAC150FF1E73C0232A78D5.text	038A8789FFFAC150FF1E73C0232A78D5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Clytia linearis (Thornely 1900) Thornely 1900	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Clytia linearis (Thornely, 1900)</p>
            <p>(fig. 4A–B)</p>
            <p> Obelia linearis Thornely, 1900: 453 , pl. 44 fig. 6. </p>
            <p> Clytia linearis — Cornelius, 1982: 84, fig. 12.— Calder, 1991d: 62, fig. 34.— Ramil &amp; Vervoort, 1992: 238, fig. 67B.— Migotto, 1996: 85, fig. 16A–B.— Lindner &amp; Migotto, 2002: 542, figs 2–3.— Peña Cantero &amp; García Carrascosa, 2002: 149, fig. 28E–F.— Schuchert, 2003: 160, fig. 20. </p>
            <p> Material examined. Stn. 7: 25.03.2008 —several colonies, up to 4 mm high, some fertile, on various algae, sponge, concretions and two ascidians; 27.03.2008 —numerous colonies, up to 5 mm high, some fertile, on various algae and concretions; 29.03.2008 —a small, sterile colony, about 3 mm high, on  Dictyota sp. Type locality. Blanche Bay, New Britain, Papua New Guinea. </p>
            <p>Remarks. A complete, recent redescription of this species is available in Lindner &amp; Migotto (2002). Distribution. Tropical and subtropical waters around the world (Schuchert 2003); also reported from the subantarctic waters of South America (Galea 2007). For a detailed list of world records, see Medel &amp; Vervoort (2000). The Caribbean records are summarized by Calder &amp; Kirkendale (2005).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038A8789FFFAC150FF1E73C0232A78D5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Galea, Horia R.	Galea, Horia R. (2008): On a collection of shallow-water hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from Guadeloupe and Les Saintes, French Lesser Antilles. Zootaxa 1878: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.184149
038A8789FFFAC150FF1E701025E67F45.text	038A8789FFFAC150FF1E701025E67F45.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Clytia macrotheca (Perkins 1908) Perkins 1908	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Clytia macrotheca (Perkins, 1908)</p>
            <p>(fig. 4C, table 4)</p>
            <p> Campanularia macrotheca Perkins, 1908: 146 , pl. 3 figs 12–13.— Fraser, 1944: 143, pl. 25 fig. 115.  Laomedea macrotheca – Leloup, 1935: 21, fig. 8. </p>
            <p> Clytia macrotheca — Calder, 1991d: 64, fig. 35. </p>
            <p> Material examined. Stn. 6: 23.03.2008 —a couple of polyps, less than 2 mm high, no gonothecae, on  Halimeda sp. Stn. 7: 25.03.2008 —two small polyps, but no gonothecae, on  Halimeda sp. </p>
            <p>Type locality. Fort Jefferson, Dry Tortugas, Florida, United States.</p>
            <p>Remarks. Though confidently identifiable, the present material is scarce and sterile, and therefore not suitable for a new description of this species. For a recent redescription of its trophosome, see Calder (1991d), who also commented on its synonymy. Fertile specimens were originally found by Perkins (1908), but no data are currently available on the mature medusa.</p>
            <p>Distribution. Western Atlantic (Calder 1991d).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038A8789FFFAC150FF1E701025E67F45	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Galea, Horia R.	Galea, Horia R. (2008): On a collection of shallow-water hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from Guadeloupe and Les Saintes, French Lesser Antilles. Zootaxa 1878: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.184149
038A8789FFFDC157FF1E73B52398799B.text	038A8789FFFDC157FF1E73B52398799B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cirrholovenia tetranema Kramp 1959	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Cirrholovenia cf. tetranema Kramp, 1959 b </p>
            <p>(fig. 4D)</p>
            <p> Cirrholovenia tetranema Kramp, 1959b: 243 , fig. 17A–B.— Brinckmann, 1965: 13, figs 1–3.  Egmundella amirantensis Millard &amp; Bouillon, 1973: 40 , fig. 5A–D.—Millard, 1975: 133, fig. 43G.— Ramil &amp; Vervoort, 1992: 22, fig. 2A–D.— Peña Cantero &amp; García Carrascosa, 2002: 48, fig. 10A–D. </p>
            <p> Lafoeina amirantensis — Calder, 1991d: 10, fig. 3.— Calder &amp; Vervoort, 1998: 15, fig. 5.— Calder et al., 2003: 1180, fig. 5.— Migotto &amp; Cabral, 2005: 3, figs 1–3. </p>
            <p> Material examined. Stn. 3: 01.04.2008 —a few hydrothecae and nematothecae, but no gonothecae, on stolons of sertulariid and corynid hydroids. Stn. 6: 23.03.2008 —a small, sterile colony, on  Halimeda sp. </p>
            <p>Type locality. Near Solomon Islands, Melanesia (medusa).</p>
            <p> Remarks. The present material is tentatively assigned to Kramp’s (1959b) species. Since  Cirrholovenia tetranema is reliably identified through its medusa stage, it is possible that similar polyps may produce different medusae. </p>
            <p> Migotto &amp; Cabral (2005) showed that  Lafoeina amirantensis (Millard &amp; Bouillon 1973) is the hydroid of the medusa  Cirrholovenia tetranema Kramp, 1959 and provided a complete redescription of both stages. </p>
            <p>Distribution. Scattered records from both the western and eastern Atlantic, Mediterranean Sea, Indian and Pacific Oceans. A detailed list of records is provided by Migotto &amp; Cabral (2005).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038A8789FFFDC157FF1E73B52398799B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Galea, Horia R.	Galea, Horia R. (2008): On a collection of shallow-water hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from Guadeloupe and Les Saintes, French Lesser Antilles. Zootaxa 1878: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.184149
038A8789FFFDC156FF1E771A236A7DF5.text	038A8789FFFDC156FF1E771A236A7DF5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Halecium lankesteri (Bourne 1890) Bourne 1890	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Halecium cf. lankesteri (Bourne, 1890)</p>
            <p>(fig. 4E–G, table 5)</p>
            <p> Haloikema lankesterii Bourne, 1890: 395 , pl. 26 figs 1, 2. </p>
            <p> Halecium lankesterii — Bedot, 1911, 213, pl. 11, figs 1–5.— Peña Cantero &amp; García Carrascosa, 2002: 66, fig. 13A–C.— Schuchert, 2005: 618, fig. 7. </p>
            <p>Material examined. Stn. 7: 27.03.2008 —two dense colonies, with both stolonal and small, erect growth forms, up to 5 mm high, with male gonophores, on algae (MHNG INVE 60983).</p>
            <p>Type localities. Plymouth, Great Britain.</p>
            <p>Remarks. Though devoid of the characteristic female gonophores and not reported yet from the tropical western Atlantic, I assign the present material to Bourne’s (1890) species, on the following arguments: the body and tentacles of polyps contain numerous zooxanthellae; the stem is monosiphonic, irregularly segmented, with internodes short and provided with boulges at their ends; the hydrothecae are slightly flaring from diaphragm to aperture, the margin is entire, not everted. Nematocysts (undischarged): large microbasic euryteles (6.8–7.7) × (3.1–3.6) µm; small microbasic mastigophores (6.0–6.7) × (1.7–1.8) µm.</p>
            <p> For a complete, recent redescription of  H. lankesterii , see Schuchert (2005). The male gonothecae have been previously described by Babić (1913). The present material contains only male colonies. The gonothecae are borne on short stem apophyses. They are elongated-ovoid in shape, tapering basally, with flattened apex. </p>
            <p>Distribution. Previous records are from the Mediterranean and eastern Atlantic (Peña Cantero &amp; García Carrascosa 2002). The present material extends the known distribution to the tropical western Atlantic.</p>
            <p> TABLE 5. Measurements of  Halecium cf. lankesteri (Bourne, 1890) , in µm. (1)Cited from Babiċ (1913). </p>
            <p> Halecium nanum Alder, 1859: 355 , pl. 14 figs 1–4.— Calder, 1991d: 20, figs 12–13.— Cornelius, 1995a: 291, fig. 67.— Watson, 1997: 516, fig. 4F. — Medel &amp; Vervoort, 2000: 18, fig. 4. </p>
            <p> Material examined. Stn. 1: 21.03.2008 —two small, sterile colonies, on  Thalassia testudinum . Stn. 7: 27.03.2008 – a few small, sterile colonies, mostly stolonal, on various algae. </p>
            <p>Type locality. North-eastern Atlantic, 34°48´N, 34°25´W.</p>
            <p>Remarks. Though sterile, the presence of numerous zooxanthellae in the coenosarc enable me to assign the present material to Alder’s (1859) species. It originates from areas with strong water movement and is mainly composed of single hydrothecate pedicels arising directly from stolon. Occasionally, the pedicels are branched once. The hydrothecae have diverging though not everted lateral walls, similar to the material described by Medel &amp; Vervoort (2000). Renovations are often present.</p>
            <p> For a recent description of  H. nanum , see Calder (1991d). An extensive synonymy is provided by Medel &amp; Vervoort (2000). </p>
            <p>Distribution. Mediterranean Sea, temperate and tropical parts of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans; for a detailed list of records, see Medel &amp; Vervoort (2000). The Caribbean records are summarized by Calder &amp; Kirkendale (2005).</p>
            <p>Present study Calder (1991d) Watson (1997)</p>
            <p>Hydrotheca</p>
            <p>– height 17–23 28–38 30–40 – diameter at rim 133–165 147–182 130–160 – diameter at diaphragm 100–120 126–158 90–150 Hydranth</p>
            <p>– tentacle number 14–20 16–25 – Nematocysts</p>
            <p>– microbasic euryteles (9.1–9.6) × (4.1–4.7) (6.7–7.4) × (3.1–3.8) – – microbasic mastigophores (6.0–6.4) × (1.4–1.7) (5.5–6.2) × (1.6–1.9) –</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038A8789FFFDC156FF1E771A236A7DF5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Galea, Horia R.	Galea, Horia R. (2008): On a collection of shallow-water hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from Guadeloupe and Les Saintes, French Lesser Antilles. Zootaxa 1878: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.184149
038A8789FFFFC155FF1E73C022897F45.text	038A8789FFFFC155FF1E73C022897F45.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Halecium	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Halecium sp. </p>
            <p>(fig. 4K–L, table 7)</p>
            <p> ?  Halecium reflexum — Vervoort, 1968: 9, fig. 1. </p>
            <p> not  Halecium reflexum Stechow, 1919: 37 , figs G–H. </p>
            <p>Material examined. Stn. 2: 22.01.2008 —several hydrothecae, but no gonothecae, on algae; 26.01.2008 – a few hydrothecae, but no gonothecae, on rock.</p>
            <p>Description. Colonies dwarf, stolonal, with primary hydrophores arising at more or less regular intervals from creeping hydrorhiza. Hydrophores of variable length, with conspicuous bulge basally above insertion on stolon; lateral walls smooth, gradually diverging from base towards distal end. Perisarc transparent. Hydrotheca shallow to moderately deep, margin widely flaring; a ring of desmocytes above diaphragm. Some primary hydrophores with one lateral branch, arising just below primary hydrotheca. Hydrothecae generally renovated several times; secondary hydrophores with or without basal bulge, the following ones gradually shorter and with nearly parallel sides. Hydranths large, with 18–21 tentacles; zooxanthellae absent from coenosarc. Gonothecae not seen. Nematocysts (undischarged capsules): microbasic euryteles (8.6–9.0) × (3.7–4.0) µm; microbasic mastigophores (5.4–5.8) × (1.4–1.6) µm.</p>
            <p> Remarks. The Caribbean material assigned to  H. reflexum Stechow, 1919 by Vervoort (1968) appears very similar to ours, in the following respects: the colonies are generally stolonal, with occasional small, sparingly branched stems; the primary hydrophores are provided basally with “a few undulations of the periderm”; the hydrothecae have widely flaring margins. </p>
            <p> Halecium reflexum has so far been recorded from the Mediterranean only, and differs morphologically from the Caribbean material in the structure of the stem, which is composed of an alternation of hydrothecate and ahydrothecate segments, both with bulges at their ends. Additionally, the perisarc is undulated nearly throughout. </p>
            <p> Halecium reflexum has been included in the synonymy of  H. conicum Stechow, 1919 (replacement name for  H. minutum Motz-Kossowska, 1911 ) by Huvé (1952). However, the gonophores of the former are not known yet, and both species seem to differ in the structure of the stem and the shape of hydrotheca, which is widely flaring in the former and only slightly in the latter. </p>
            <p>However, neither the present material, nor that studied by Vervoort (1968) were fertile, and therefore no positive identification could be made.</p>
            <p>Distribution. Known only from the Caribbean: St. Thomas (Vervoort 1968), Guadeloupe (present study).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038A8789FFFFC155FF1E73C022897F45	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Galea, Horia R.	Galea, Horia R. (2008): On a collection of shallow-water hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from Guadeloupe and Les Saintes, French Lesser Antilles. Zootaxa 1878: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.184149
038A8789FFFEC154FF1E73C0220879DD.text	038A8789FFFEC154FF1E73C0220879DD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Nemalecium lighti (Hargitt 1924) Hargitt 1924	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Nemalecium lighti (Hargitt, 1924)</p>
            <p>(fig. 4M– O)</p>
            <p> Halecium lighti Hargitt, 1924: 489 , pl. 4 fig. 13. </p>
            <p> Nemalecium lighti — Bouillon, 1986: 73, figs 1–4, pls 1–3.— Calder, 1991d: 27, figs 17–18.— Migotto, 1996: 36, fig. 7H– I.— Gravier-Bonnet &amp; Migotto, 2000: 207, figs 1–2. </p>
            <p> Material examined. Stn. 1: 20.03.2008 —several colonies, ca. 5 mm high, some fertile, on  Thalassia testudinum ; 31.03.2008 —a few sterile stems, 4–5 mm high, on  T. testudinum . Stn. 2: 22.01.2008 —a few sterile stems, up to 1 cm high, on sponge. Stn. 5: 31.03.2008 —two sterile stems, 4–5 mm high, on hydrocoral. Stn. 6: 23.03.2008 —numerous sterile colonies, with both mono- and polysiphonic stems, up to 5 cm high, on various algae, concretions and sponge; 24.03.2008 —one sterile colony, 2–4 mm high, on  Caulerpa sp.; 28.03.2008 —numerous colonies, some fertile, up to 4 mm high, on  T. testudinum . Stn. 7: 25.03.2008 —one fertile colony, ca. 1.8 cm high, on sponge; 27.03.2008 —a few sterile colonies, 0.4–1.0 cm high, on  T. testudinum , hydrocoral and concretions. </p>
            <p>Type locality. Port Galera Bay, Mindoro, Philippines.</p>
            <p> Remarks. The present material is composed of both small, slender, unbranched or sparingly branched, monosiphonic stems, mainly growing on algae and phanerogams, and large, branched, polysiphonic colonies growing on hard substrates or epizoic on other organisms (mainly sponges). For a recent description of  N. lighti from the western Atlantic, and additional data on it, see Calder (1991d). Gonangium development and medusoid structure were studied by Gravier-Bonnet &amp; Migotto (2000). </p>
            <p>Distribution. Indian Ocean, Western Pacific, Bermuda (Calder 1991d), Brazil (Migotto 1996).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038A8789FFFEC154FF1E73C0220879DD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Galea, Horia R.	Galea, Horia R. (2008): On a collection of shallow-water hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from Guadeloupe and Les Saintes, French Lesser Antilles. Zootaxa 1878: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.184149
038A8789FFFEC159FF1E77DD23987B3D.text	038A8789FFFEC159FF1E77DD23987B3D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Scandia gigas (Pieper 1884) Pieper 1884	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Scandia gigas (Pieper, 1884)</p>
            <p>(fig. 5A–C, table 8)</p>
            <p> Lafoea gigas Pieper, 1884: 165 . </p>
            <p> Scandia gigas — Boero, 1981: 190, fig. 6.— Gili, 1986: 171, fig. 4.27B–C.— Altuna Prados, 1994: 158, pl. 23 figs A–E.— Peña Cantero &amp; García Carrascosa, 2002: 59, fig. 11E–G. </p>
            <p> Lafoea pocillum Hincks, 1868: 204 , pl. 40 fig. 2.— Patriti, 1970: 27, fig. 27. </p>
            <p> Campanularia (?)  mutabilis — Broch, 1913: 10, fig. 13 [not  Scandia mutabilis (Ritchie, 1907) ]. </p>
            <p> Laomedea michael-sarsi Leloup, 1935: 22, fig. 9. </p>
            <p> Scandia michael-sarsi — García Corrales et al., 1979: 20, fig. 9. </p>
            <p> Scandia michaelsarsi — Boero et al., 1997: 31. </p>
            <p> Hebella michael-sarsi — Vervoort, 1959: 242, fig. 16. </p>
            <p> Hebellopsis michaelsarsi — Calder et al., 2003: 1188, fig. 10. </p>
            <p> Material examined. Stn. 2: 22.01.2008 —a few hydrothecae, but no gonothecae, on algae. Stn. 7: 25.03.2008 —two hydrothecae, but no gonothecae, on gree alga; 27.03.2008 —a colony with male gonothecae, on  Dictyota sp. and calcareous alga. </p>
            <p>Type locality. Eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea.</p>
            <p>Description. Colonies exclusively stolonal, with individual hydrothecae and gonothecae arising from creeping stolon. Hydrothecal pedicels of variable length, perisarc undulated to spirally grooved. Hydrothecae tubular, elongated, walls nearly parallel, perisarc smooth; narrowing towards base and merging imperceptibly into pedicel; margin distinctly everted, aperture circular, rim even; a thick diaphragm basally. Hydranths with 16–20 filiform tentacles. Male gonothecae elongated-ovoid, borne on short, undulated pedicel; gonophore, fixed sporosac, containing a homogenous mass of tissue around blastostyle; large nematocysts present in tissues. Female gonothecae not seen. Nematocysts (undischarged): small capsules (6.8–7.4) × (1.8–2.1) µm; medium-sized capsules (8.4–9.1) × (2.6–3.1) µm; large capsules (18.6–20.3) × (6.3–6.8) µm.</p>
            <p> Remarks. The trophosome of  Scandia michaelsarsi (Leloup, 1935) appears morphologically indistinguishable from that of  S. gigas , based on descriptions and illustrations from the literature (Leloup 1935, Vervoort 1959, García Corrales et al. 1979, Calder et al. 2003). However, all of the records attributable to Leloup’s (1935) species were based on sterile material, and therefore no comparison could be made with the gonosome of  S. gigas . The above-cited authors did not make any connection between the two species and considered  S. michaelsarsi as valid, while others (Altuna Prados 1994, Peña Cantero &amp; García Carrascosa 2002) included at least the eastern Atlantic records of  S. michaelsarsi in the synonymy of Pieper’s (1884) species. However, Leloup (1935) considered the material described by Broch (1913) as  Campanularia (?)  mutabilis Ritchie, 1907 from Cape Bojador (eastern Atlantic) as being conspecific with his new  Laomedea michaelsarsi from the Dry Tortugas (western Atlantic), suggesting the occurrence of his species on both sides of the Atlantic. </p>
            <p> Moreover, Boero et al. (1997) examined the syntype material of Leloup’s species and found it similar with  S. gigas , especially in the presence of a true diaphragm at the hydrothecal base. In addition to the close morphological similarities illustrated in various accounts from the literature, a comparison of measurements for several representative records of both  S. gigas and  S. michaelsarsi was established (table 8). It appears that only little variation in size could be noticed, which proves that they are undoubtedly conspecific. </p>
            <p> The present, fertile material from the Lesser Antilles is solid evidence of the occurrence of  S. gigas in the western Atlantic, although its presence was previously questionable (see Peña Cantero &amp; García Carrascosa 2002). However, some if not all of Fraser’s (1944) records of  Hebella (?)  pocillum (Hincks, 1868) from boreal waters are more likely based on hydroids of  Lafoea dumosa (Fleming, 1828) , according to Cairns et al. (2002). </p>
            <p> TABLE 8. Measurements of  Scandia gigas (Pieper, 1884) , in µm.(1)Microslide preparation, Mediterranean material from La Ciotat, France. (2)Approximate dimensions calculated from fig. 6A &amp; C. (3)Approximate dimensions calculated from fig. 11E &amp; G. </p>
            <p> Scandia gigas (Pieper, 1884) Scandia michaelsarsi (Leloup, 1935) Distribution. Mainly known from the Mediterranean, but also reported from both the Lusitanian and Mauritanian Atlantic provinces (Peña Cantero &amp; García Carrascosa 2002). Occurs additionally in the tropical western Atlantic (Leloup 1935, present study), and the Galapagos (Calder et al. 2003). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038A8789FFFEC159FF1E77DD23987B3D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Galea, Horia R.	Galea, Horia R. (2008): On a collection of shallow-water hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from Guadeloupe and Les Saintes, French Lesser Antilles. Zootaxa 1878: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.184149
038A8789FFF3C158FF1E720825C0787D.text	038A8789FFF3C158FF1E720825C0787D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Scandia	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> ?  Scandia sp. </p>
            <p>(fig. 5D, table 9)</p>
            <p>Material examined. Stn. 3: 26.01.2008 —two hydrothecae, no gonothecae, on alga.</p>
            <p>Description. Colony epiphytic, stolonal, composed of two hydrothecae of different sizes. Hydrothecal pedicel, of variable length, corrugated. Hydrotheca cylindrical, asymmetrical and bent slightly to one side; walls smooth to imperceptibly undulated; margin everted, oblique; basally, an annular thickening of perisarc. One hydrotheca has renovated margin. Gonotheca absent. Nematocysts not seen.</p>
            <p> Remarks. Due to its occurrence on algae and not on hydroids, this species is provisionally included in the genus  Scandia Fraser, 1912 . No positive identification is possible in the absence of gonothecae. </p>
            <p>Distribution. The present material originates from Guadeloupe.</p>
            <p> TABLE 9. Measurements of?  Scandia sp., in µm. (1)Primary hydrotheca. </p>
            <p> Material examined. Stn. 6: 23.03.2008 —several dense, sterile colonies, on  Halimeda sp. (MHNG INVE 61001). </p>
            <p>Description. Colony stolonal, with extremely minute, individual hydrothecae arising irregularly from slender (20–30 µm wide), smooth, creeping hydrorhiza. Hydrothecae borne on short, transversely annulated pedicels (2–3 slightly marked “annuli”). Hydrotheca tubular, radially symmetrical, 165–205 µm long; walls nearly parallel, though imperceptibly widening in middle region (maximum width 50–55 µm); basally tapering into pedicel; either diaphragm or annular thickening absent; distally slightly flaring, 45–60 µm wide at aperture; margin circular, rim even; occasionally renovated once. Perisarc of hydrotheca smooth, moderately thin. Hydranth with 10–12 filiform tentacles. Gonosome unknown. Nematocysts: a few large, bean-shaped heteronemes (15.7–20.0) × (6.4–7.8) µm, most probably arranged in a belt below the tentacles; small capsules (4.8–5.1) × (1.3–1.4) µm, in tentacles.</p>
            <p> Remarks. This species is provisionally included in the genus  Lafoea Lamouroux, 1821 based on the following observations: the colony has no nematothecae; the hydrotheca is long, tubular, borne on a very short pedicel; basally there is no diaphragm or annular thickening; the hydrothecal aperture is devoid of an operculum. </p>
            <p> Although some members of  Lafoea , e.g.  L. dumosa (Fleming, 1828) , could exhibit both stolonal and erect growth forms (sometimes simultaneously within the same colony), the present species forms exclusively stolonal colonies. Moreover, its size is much smaller than that of its presumed congeners (table 10). </p>
            <p> Data on the nematocyst complement of the various species of  Lafoea are scarce. Large, bean-shaped isorhizas have been reported in both  L. annulata (Watson, 2003) and  L. dumosa (Schuchert 2001a; Galea, personal observations made on Chilean material). However, the present species is provided with heteronemes instead of haplonemes. </p>
            <p>Distribution. Known only from Les Saintes.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038A8789FFF3C158FF1E720825C0787D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Galea, Horia R.	Galea, Horia R. (2008): On a collection of shallow-water hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from Guadeloupe and Les Saintes, French Lesser Antilles. Zootaxa 1878: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.184149
038A8789FFF2C15EFF1E77EA25B07FE0.text	038A8789FFF2C15EFF1E77EA25B07FE0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mitrocomium	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Mitrocomium sp. </p>
            <p>(fig. 5G–H, table 11)</p>
            <p> ?  Mitrocomium cirratum — Calder, 1991d: 25, figs 15–16. </p>
            <p> not  Mitrocomium cirratum Haeckel, 1879: 182 , pl. 11 figs 9–11. </p>
            <p>Material examined. Stn. 7: 27.03.2008 —several hydrothecae, but no gonothecae, on alga.</p>
            <p>Description. Colony stolonal, with short (100–130 µm), upright pedicels arising individually from creeping hydrorhyza; pedicels widening gradually from base to distal end; a basal constriction separates them from stolon; one hydrotheca atop each pedicel. Hydrothecae 21–23 µm deep, widening considerably from base (75–90 µm) towards aperture (105–140 µm); margin circular, rim even, somewhat everted; a ring of desmocytes above diaphragm; no secondary hydrothecae have been observed. Hydranths with 20–22 filiform, amphicoronate tentacles, in one whorl. Intertentacular web present, although difficult to observe. Gonothecae absent. Nematocysts (undischarged capsules): large, banana-shaped (lateral view) capsules (31.0–35.5) × (6.6–6.8) µm, in intertentacular web; smaller capsules, most probably microbasic mastigophores, (6.9–7.4) × (1.9–2.1) µm, in tentacles.</p>
            <p>Remarks. No discharged nematocysts could be seen. However, the larger capsules are generally brittle and easily broke up in squash preparations. Therefore, a well-defined, isodiametric shaft, of roughly the same length as the capsule itself, could be observed. This leads me to the conclusion that the nematocyst type corresponds to the microbasic mastigophore.</p>
            <p> The hydroid material from Bermuda, assigned to  M. cirratum Haeckel, 1879 by Calder (1991d), appears to have the same cnidome as the present specimens from Les Saintes. The large capsules in Calder’s (1991d) material seem to possess a shaft, as for instance that noticeable in his fig. 16A (more obvious in the upper side of the capsule). A comparison of measurements of the present material and that from Bermuda is available in table 11. </p>
            <p> For the reasons explained by Schuchert (2003), the generic name adopted here is  Mitrocomium Haeckel, 1879 , pending a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of the taxa involved. </p>
            <p> Our actual data concerning both the entire life cycle and the cnidome composition of the nominal species of  Mitrocomium are limited, and do not allow a clear distinction to be made between the various world records. However, several speculations can be offered, especially based on data on the nematocyst complement available in a number of recent studies (see below). Therefore, several populations with a defined geographical distribution could be distinguished, as follows. </p>
            <p> The Mediterranean population is more likely attributable to  M. cirratum Haeckel, 1879 (see comments in Schuchert 2003), and includes the following materials:  Haleciella microtheca of Hadżi (1914),  Halecium torreyi and  H. torreyi var. intermedia of Motz-Kossowska (1911),  Campalecium medusiferum of Huvé (1954),  Eucheilota cirrata of Brinckmann (1959), and  C. medusiferum of Boero (1981) and Boero &amp; Sarà (1987). The cnidome of this population is composed of large merotrichous isorhizas and smaller microbasic mastigophores (Boero 1981, Boero &amp; Sarà 1987), but unfortunately no measurements are available from these sources. </p>
            <p> The recently-described Atlantic material assigned to  E. medusifera ? by Altuna (2008) comes very close to the Mediterranean specimens. The cnidome of the hydroid stage is composed of merotrichous isorhizas [(28–32) × (8–9) µm] and microbasic mastigophores [(6.4–8.0) × (1.8–2.2) µm], and no apparent differences could be observed compared to those illustrated by both Brinckmann (1959) and Boero (1981) (Altuna 2008). Additionally, the newly released medusae reported by these authors are likely identical (Altuna 2008). On the other hand, the adult medusae raised by Altuna developed 4 perradial bulbs, each bearing one tentacle flanked by 2–3 pairs of lateral cirri, and 4 interradiar bulbs devoid of tentacles, but flanked by 2 pairs of cirri. There were 8 statocysts. Similarly, only 4 marginal tentacles were present in the medusae of  E. cirrata raised by Brinckmann (1959). </p>
            <p> The adult medusae obtained by Altuna (2008) also resemble those of  Lovenella cirrata described by Pagès et al. (1992) from the Benguela current, with the difference that 8 tentacles, flanked by 3–4 pairs of lateral cirri, and 16 statocysts were reported by the latter author. However, adult medusae of  M. cirratum from nature may develop up to 16 tentacles (Kramp 1959a). The medusae raised in the laboratory often experience slow and/or incomplete growth rates as compared to those from nature, as illustrated by the aberrant medusae (with only 2 tentacles or without cirri) obtained by Altuna (2008). It is therefore reasonable to assume that Altuna’s material also belongs to  M. cirratum . Therefore, the eastern Atlantic population is likely identical to the Mediterranean one, and both probably belong to  M. cirratum . </p>
            <p> Following Schuchert (2003), the Indian Ocean population is attributable to  M. simplex (Pictet, 1893) , and I concur. It includes  Halecium simplex of both Pictet (1893) and Ritchie (1910), and  C. cirratum of Millard &amp; Bouillon (1975). The latter authors provided data on the cnidome, which contains large microbasic mastigophores [(33.6–36.0) × (7.2–9.0) µm] and “several other types of nematocysts in the tentacles” (sic). </p>
            <p> The Australian  M. alcoicum (Watson, 1993) contains both large (20 × 4 µm, shaft 35 µm long) and small [(6–7) × 2 µm] microbasic mastigophores (Watson 1993). </p>
            <p> No data on the cnidome composition of the Japanese hydroid assigned to  C. cirratum by Hirohito (1995) is presently available, and that material most probably does not belong to Haeckel’s (1879) species. </p>
            <p> Moreover, neither the nematocysts nor the adult medusa were described in  M. medusiferum (Torrey, 1902) , and no comparisons could be established with its relatives from other geographical areas. </p>
            <p>Therefore the present Caribbean material and that studied by Calder (1991d) could not be allocated to any of the existing species on the basis of cnidome composition. Additionally, life cycle studies are necessary in order to describe the adult medusa.</p>
            <p>Distribution. Western Atlantic (Calder 1991d, present study).</p>
            <p> Dynamena crisioides Lamouroux, 1824: 613 , pl. 90 figs 11–12.— Vervoort, 1959: 260, fig. 27A–B.—Van Gemerden- Hoogeveen, 1965: 21, fig. 6.— Vervoort, 1968: 38, fig. 18.—Millard, 1975: 263, fig. 87A–F.— Calder, 1991d: 89, figs 47–48.— Migotto, 1996: 60, fig. 11E–G.— Medel &amp; Vervoort, 1998: 21.— Schuchert, 2003: 170, fig. 28. </p>
            <p>Material examined. Stn. 2: 26.01.2008 —two sterile stems, 1.0 and 1.5 cm high respectively, on rock.</p>
            <p>Type locality. Moluccas, Indonesia.</p>
            <p>Remarks. Recent descriptions of this species are available in Calder (1991d) and Migotto (1996). For an extensive synonymy, see Medel &amp; Vervoort (1998).</p>
            <p>Distribution. Circumglobal in tropical and subtropical waters (Calder 1991d). The Caribbean records are summarized by Calder &amp; Kirkendale (2005).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038A8789FFF2C15EFF1E77EA25B07FE0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Galea, Horia R.	Galea, Horia R. (2008): On a collection of shallow-water hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from Guadeloupe and Les Saintes, French Lesser Antilles. Zootaxa 1878: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.184149
038A8789FFF4C15DFF1E756A236579BD.text	038A8789FFF4C15DFF1E756A236579BD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dynamena disticha (Bosc 1802) Bosc 1802	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Dynamena disticha (Bosc, 1802)</p>
            <p>(fig. 5J–N)</p>
            <p> Sertularia disticha Bosc, 1802: 101 , pl. 29 fig. 2. </p>
            <p> Dynamena disticha — Calder, 1991d: 93, fig. 50.— Migotto, 1996: 62, fig. 12A–E.— Medel &amp; Vervoort, 1998: 25.— Peña Cantero &amp; García Carrascosa, 2002: 121, fig. 23C–E. </p>
            <p> Dynamena cornicina — Leloup, 1935: 39, figs 22–23.— Calder, 1983: 9, figs 1–2.—Hirohito, 1995: 167, fig. 54. </p>
            <p> Material examined. Stn. 1: 19.01.2008 —numerous fertile colonies, 6–8 mm high, on  Thalassia testudinum ; 25.01.2008 —numerous fertile stems, 5–7 mm high, on  T. testudinum (MHNG INVE 60980); 18.03.2008 — several fertile colonies, ca. 8 mm high, on  T. testudinum ; 20.03.2008 —several fertile colonies, ca. 8 mm high, on  T. testudinum ; 21.03.2008 —several fertile colonies, up to 8 mm high, on  T. testudinum . Stn. 2: 22.01.2008 —several fertile colonies, 2–4 mm high, on sponge and algae; 26.01.2008 —a few sterile colonies, 2–4 mm high, on algae and rock. Stn. 3: 26.01.2008 —numerous sterile stems, 2–4 mm high, on algae; 01.04.2008 — numerous sterile colonies, up to 6 mm high, on concretions and algae. Stn. 4: 22.03.2008 —one sterile colony, ca. 7 mm high, on ascidian. Stn. 6: 23.03.2008 —a sterile colony, ca. 7 mm high, on  Halimeda sp.; 28.03.2008 —a sterile colony, ca. 7 mm high, on  T. testudinum . Stn. 7: 25.03.2008 —several sterile colonies, up to 7 mm high, on various algae, a sponge, and concretions; 27.03.2008 —one sterile colony, ca. 8 mm high, on bivalve shell. </p>
            <p>Type locality. Atlantic Ocean, no exact locality given.</p>
            <p>Remarks. The material originating from calm waters has long stem internodes; they are comparatively shorter in specimens from agitated waters.</p>
            <p> The gonothecae of  D. disticha have been described either occurring on the stolon (Calder 1991d) or arising from lower stem internodes (Medel &amp; Vervoort 1998), or both (Hirohito 1995). In the present specimens, the gonothecae are mainly borne on the stolon but, in some stems, peculiar gonothecae arise from the hydrothecal openings. These gonothecae did not retain any specific feature of the common type: they are sac-shaped, of variable length and width, with smooth to slightly undulated walls, but not ridges; the apical end is rounded and no aperture could be observed (see fig. 5M–N). The gonothecal content is a homogenous mass of tissue (male gonothecae?). </p>
            <p>Distribution. Circumglobal in tropical, subtropical and temperate waters (Peña Cantero &amp; García Carrascosa 2002). The Caribbean records are summarized by Calder &amp; Kirkendale (2005).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038A8789FFF4C15DFF1E756A236579BD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Galea, Horia R.	Galea, Horia R. (2008): On a collection of shallow-water hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from Guadeloupe and Les Saintes, French Lesser Antilles. Zootaxa 1878: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.184149
038A8789FFF7C162FF1E708822897DE2.text	038A8789FFF7C162FF1E708822897DE2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sertularella peculiaris (Leloup 1935) Leloup 1935	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Sertularella peculiaris (Leloup, 1935)</p>
            <p>(fig. 6A–E, table 12)</p>
            <p> Thyroscyphus intermedius f.  peculiaris Leloup, 1935: 33 , figs 15–17. </p>
            <p> not  Thyroscyphus intermedius Congdon, 1907: 482 , figs 33–36 [=  Symmetroscyphus intermedius (Congdon, 1907) ].  Sertularella peculiaris Leloup, 1974: 34 , footnote 1. </p>
            <p> Sertularella parvula — Vervoort, 1968: 46, fig. 22.—? Vervoort, 1972: 131, fig. 41B–C. not  Calamphora parvula Allman, 1888: 29 , pl. 10 figs 3, 3A. </p>
            <p> Sertularella conica — Calder, 1983: 11, fig. 4.— Calder, 1991d: 99, fig. 52.— Migotto, 1996: 67, fig. 12J–K. not  Sertularella conica Allman, 1877: 21 , pl. 15 figs 6–7. </p>
            <p> Material examined. Stn. 2: 22.01.2008 —several small, fertile colonies, on algae; 26.01.2008 —several sterile colonies, on algae. Stn. 3: 01.04.2008 —several small, sterile colonies with both stolonal and erect growth forms, on concretions and algae. Stn. 7: 25.03.2008 —several small, sterile colonies, on  Dictyota sp. and other algae; 27.03.2008 —several colonies, with both stolonal and erect growth forms, some with gonothecae, on  Halimeda sp. and other algae (MHNG INVE 60981). </p>
            <p>Type locality. Bonaire Island, Netherlands Antilles, Caribbean Sea [Leloup’s (1935) station 27].</p>
            <p>Description. Colonies mostly stolonal, occasionally bearing a few erect, sparingly branched stems. Stolonal form with both hydrothecae and gonothecae arising at more or less regular intervals from linear hydrorhiza creeping on algae. Hydrothecae borne on short, slightly undulated pedicels, both separated by a relatively thick diaphragm (the hydrothecal base). Erect form slender, geniculate, with stems of up to 13 hydrothecae. Side branches arising below stem hydrothecae, the latter becoming axillar. Internodes of variable length, delimited by nearly imperceptible oblique nodes; perisarc slightly undulated to smooth. Hydrothecae alternate; bilaterally symmetrical in both stolonal and erect forms; flask-shaped, adnate for one third or less their length; widest basally, narrowing towards aperture, margin flaring; walls provided with 6–8 transverse ridges completely encircling the theca. Margin rhomboidal with rounded corners; with 4 triangular, pointed cusps separated by 4 shallow, rounded embayments. Operculum composed of 4 triangular flaps forming a shallow roof. Five large, conspicuous, intrathecal cusps present just below the aperture: one abcauline, 2 latero-abcauline, and 2 latero-adcauline; easily seen through the hydrothecal wall, exact position best visible in apical view of aperture; cusps protruding at about one third inside lumen of hydrotheca. Gonotheca (male=female?) arising from stolon via short pedicel; elongated-ovoid, with 7–8 transverse ridges; a short neck below aperture, the latter surrounded by 3–4 small, rounded, apical projections.</p>
            <p> Remarks. The present material is identical in every respect with that described and figured by Leloup (1935) as  Thyroscyphus intermedius f.  peculiaris from Bonaire Island, southern Caribbean. Later on, Leloup (1974) recognized important differences with Congdon’s (1907) species (presently known as  Symmetroscyphus intermedius ), and gave his specimens the new name  Sertularella peculiaris . </p>
            <p> Sertularella peculiaris shares some features with  S. robusta Coughtrey, 1876 , as follows: 1) colonies with both stolonal and erect growth forms; 2) stems always monosiphonic; 3) hydrothecae flask-shaped, with slightly swollen basal part, narrowing distally, rim slightly everted; walls provided with a number of external ribs; several internal projections of perisarc below aperture; 4) gonothecae elongated-ovoid; walls with a number of external folds; aperture encircled by projections of perisarc. </p>
            <p> Two important differences allow the separation of both species, as follows: 1) the hydrothecae of  S. peculiaris possess 5 conspicuous, internal projections of perisarc below the aperture, whilst only 3 (one abcauline and two lateral) are normally found in  S. robusta ; 2) the gonothecal opening of the former possesses 3 or 4 small, rounded perisarcal projections, whilst the latter has 4 prominent spines. The number of external ribs on both hydrotheca and gonotheca of  S. robusta is a variable character (see Galea, 2007) and has no taxonomic value. </p>
            <p> A hydroid strikingly resembling  S. peculiaris was described by Vervoort (1968) under  Sertularella parvula (Allman, 1888) . His material originated from St. Thomas (British Virgin Islands, northeastern Caribbean) and was rather scarce, but fortunately contained three hydrothecae and a gonotheca, all arising directly from the stolon. Vervoort (1968) found his material in perfect agreement with that of Leloup (1935) but, however, synonymized it with Allman’s species, most probably due to its stolonal condition. </p>
            <p> Later on, Vervoort (1972) described a similar hydroid with stolonal habit from the Strait of Magellan. Though considering his material as being conspecific with Leloup’s (1935) hydroid, he assigned it again to Allman’s species. Because the South-American material was sterile and had hydrothecae with variably developed internal projections of perisarc (Vervoort 1972), it is here thought to be different from the Caribbean specimens. Vervoort’s hydroid might be a variant of  S. robusta , a hydroid abundantly found along the coast of southern Chile (Galea 2007); it was present on the same substrate,  Symplectoscyphus subdichotomus (Kirchenpauer, 1884) as the material described by Galea (2007). However, in possessing 5 internal hydrothecal cusps, instead of 3, it does not match the current concept of  S. robusta . </p>
            <p> Although  Calamphora parvula Allman (1888) may superficially resemble the material studied by Vervoort (1968, 1972), there are some arguments supporting their separation: 1) both the hydrothecae and gonothecae of  C. parvula have a greater number (10–12) of closely-set, “annular ridges” (see Allman 1888, p. 29 and pl. 10 fig. 3A) than Vervoort’s specimens; 2) no internal perisarcal projections have been described in the hydrothecae of  C. parvula , although this feature may not have been considered as of any taxonomical importance by Allman; 3) the gonotheca of  C. parvula has 4 large, prominent marginal projections of perisarc around its aperture; 4) Allman’s species originated from the Bass Strait, Australia, a quite remote locality compared with that from which Vervoort’s material was found. Therefore, I consider at least Vervoort’s (1968) material as being conspecific with  S. peculiaris . </p>
            <p> Additionally, the present specimens of  S. peculiaris from Guadeloupe very much resemble the hydroids from Bermuda and Brazil described by Calder (1991d) and Migotto (1996), respectively, under  Sertularella conica Allman, 1877 . The hydrothecae of both specimens exhibit the characteristic 5 large, intrathecal cusps below the rim of hydrotheca. Moreover, the general shapes and dimensions of both hydrotheca and gonotheca fit those observed in  S. peculiaris (see table 12). </p>
            <p> TABLE 12. Measurements of  Sertularella peculiaris (Leloup, 1935) , in µm. (1)The dimensions given by Leloup (1935) are obviously erroneous and should be read as given below. (2)Dimensions calculated from fig. 12J. (3)The length of the abcauline wall is here considered as an approximation of the height of hydrotheca. </p>
            <p> The description of  S. conica given by Allman (1877) is very succinct and was based on sterile material. The main typical features of his species are: the long stem internodes; the flask-shaped hydrothecae, narrowing from base to margin; the rather straight free adcauline wall, with several slightly-marked folds on its surface. There is no mention of the presence of internal cusps below the hydrothecal aperture. Therefore, the features listed above are very insufficient to allow a positive identification of the species.  Sertularella conica shares, for example, more morphological similarities with the trophosome of  S. unituba (Calder, 1991d) than with the specimens described by Calder (1991d) and Migotto (1996) under Allman’s species.  Sertularella conica should be regarded as an unrecognizable species, pending the discovery of additional, fertile material from the type locality. In my opinion, both Calder’s and Migotto’s specimens undoubtely belong to S. pecu- </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038A8789FFF7C162FF1E708822897DE2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Galea, Horia R.	Galea, Horia R. (2008): On a collection of shallow-water hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from Guadeloupe and Les Saintes, French Lesser Antilles. Zootaxa 1878: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.184149
038A8789FFCBC161FF1E7208247A798D.text	038A8789FFCBC161FF1E7208247A798D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sertularia loculosa Busk 1852	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Sertularia loculosa Busk, 1852</p>
            <p>(fig. 6F–G)</p>
            <p> Sertularia loculosa Busk, 1852: 393 , pl. 19 fig. 9.— Migotto, 1996: 71, fig. 13F–I.— Schuchert, 2003: 188, fig. 42.  Sertularia ligulata Thornely, 1904: 116 , pl. 2 fig. 1–1B.— Vervoort, 1959: 277, fig. 37.— Millard &amp; Bouillon, 1973: 74, fig. 9G.—Hirohito, 1974: 22, fig. 9.—Millard, 1975: 307, fig. 100A, D.— Vervoort &amp; Vasseur, 1977: 53, fig. 24.— Gibbons &amp; Ryland, 1989: 420, fig. 36.—Hirohito, 1995: 213, fig. 71A–G. </p>
            <p> Material examined. Stn. 7: 25.03.2008 —several colonies, up to 5 mm high, some fertile, on  Dictyota sp. and other algae; 27.03.2008 — a dense, sterile colony, ca. 6 mm high, on  Halimeda sp. </p>
            <p>Type locality. Bass Strait, Australia.</p>
            <p>Remarks. This species is easily recognizable due to the presence of an adcauline ligula, which is much larger compared to the tentacles of the hydranth. For a recent description and additional comments, see Migotto (1996).</p>
            <p>Distribution. Widely distributed over the tropical and subtropical Indian and Pacific Oceans; also reported from the eastern Atlantic (Vervoort &amp; Vasseur 1977).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038A8789FFCBC161FF1E7208247A798D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Galea, Horia R.	Galea, Horia R. (2008): On a collection of shallow-water hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from Guadeloupe and Les Saintes, French Lesser Antilles. Zootaxa 1878: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.184149
038A8789FFCBC161FF1E775824387C85.text	038A8789FFCBC161FF1E775824387C85.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sertularia marginata Kirchenpauer 1864	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Sertularia marginata Kirchenpauer, 1864</p>
            <p>(fig. 6H–I)</p>
            <p> Sertularia marginata Kirchenpaur, 1864: 13 , fig. 8A–C.— Van Gemerden-Hoogeveen, 1965: 39, figs 13–17.—Millard, 1975: 311, fig. 99A–D.— Calder, 1983: 15, figs 6–7.— Migotto, 1996: 73, fig. 14A–C.— Medel &amp; Vervoort, 1998: 66, figs 20C, 22.—Migotto, 1998: 1, figs 1–2.— Vervoort &amp; Watson, 2003: 185, fig. 43D–G. </p>
            <p> Tridentata marginata — Calder, 1991d: 107, figs 56–57. </p>
            <p> Desmoscyphus inflatus Versluys, 1899: 42 , figs 11–13. </p>
            <p> Sertularia inflata — Vervoort, 1959: 281, figs 39–41.— Van Gemerden-Hoogeveen, 1965: 45, figs 18–22.— Vervoort, 1968: 48, figs 23–24. </p>
            <p> Sertularia versluysi Nutting, 1904: 53 , pl. 1 figs 4–9. </p>
            <p>Material examined. Stn. 7: 25.03.2008 —numerous colonies, up to 1.8 cm high, some fertile, on rock, ascidians, and various algae.</p>
            <p>Type locality. Pacific Ocean, no exact locality given.</p>
            <p> Remarks. For recent descriptions of  S. marginata , see Calder (1991d) and Medel &amp; Vervoort (1998). The life cycle of this medusoid-producing sertulariid was studied in detail by Migotto (1998). </p>
            <p>Distribution. Circumglobal in tropical and subtropical seas (Medel &amp; Vervoort 1998). The Caribbean records are summarized by Calder &amp; Kirkendale (2005).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038A8789FFCBC161FF1E775824387C85	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Galea, Horia R.	Galea, Horia R. (2008): On a collection of shallow-water hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from Guadeloupe and Les Saintes, French Lesser Antilles. Zootaxa 1878: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.184149
038A8789FFCBC160FF1E744025907B9D.text	038A8789FFCBC160FF1E744025907B9D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sertularia notabilis Fraser 1947	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Sertularia notabilis Fraser, 1947</p>
            <p>(fig. 6J–K)</p>
            <p> Sertularia notabilis Fraser, 1947: 11 , pl. 2 fig. 5.— Migotto &amp; Vervoort, 1998: 89, figs 1–14. </p>
            <p>Material examined. Stn. 7: 25.03.2008 —two small, sterile colonies, ca. 2 mm high, on algae.</p>
            <p>Type locality. Tortuga Island, Haiti.</p>
            <p>Remarks. Though sterile, the present material is readily recognizable due to the characteristic shape of the hydrothecae, the presence of 3 internal projections of perisarc (one abcauline and 2 latero-adcauline) just below the hydrothecal aperture, and the transverse nodes of the stem. For a recent, thorough redescription of this species, see Migotto &amp; Vervoort (1998).</p>
            <p>Distribution. Scattered records from the tropical western Atlantic: Caribbean (Fraser 1947, present study), Brazil (Migotto &amp; Vervoort 1998).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038A8789FFCBC160FF1E744025907B9D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Galea, Horia R.	Galea, Horia R. (2008): On a collection of shallow-water hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from Guadeloupe and Les Saintes, French Lesser Antilles. Zootaxa 1878: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.184149
038A8789FFCAC160FF1E72A827F67E4D.text	038A8789FFCAC160FF1E72A827F67E4D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sertularia rugosissima Thornely 1904	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Sertularia rugosissima Thornely, 1904</p>
            <p>(fig. 6L–M)</p>
            <p> Sertularia rugosissima Thornely, 1904: 118 , pl. 2 fig. 4.— Migotto, 1996: 75, fig. 14D–E. </p>
            <p> Sertularia hupferi Broch, 1914: 34 , fig. 9.— Millard &amp; Bouillon, 1973: 72, fig. 9J–K.— Gibbons &amp; Ryland, 1989: 419, fig. 35. </p>
            <p> Sertularia subtilis Fraser, 1937: 3 , pl. 1 fig. 4. </p>
            <p> Geminella subtilis Vannucci Mendes, 1946: 572 , pl. 4 figs 42–43 </p>
            <p> Material examined. Stn. 3: 26.01.2008 —numerous sterile stems, 2–4 mm high, on algae and stems of  Pennaria disticha Goldfuss, 1820 . </p>
            <p>Type locality. Gulf of Manaar, between India and Sri Lanka.</p>
            <p> Remarks. The densely-striated hydrothecae make possible an easy identification of this peculiar species of  Sertularia . A good, recent description of its trophosome and a thorough discussion of its synonymy are available in Migotto (1996). The gonotheca has been described by Vannucci Mendes (1946). </p>
            <p>Distribution. Scattered records from warmer parts of the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans (Migotto 1996).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038A8789FFCAC160FF1E72A827F67E4D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Galea, Horia R.	Galea, Horia R. (2008): On a collection of shallow-water hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from Guadeloupe and Les Saintes, French Lesser Antilles. Zootaxa 1878: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.184149
038A8789FFCAC160FF1E779825C57CE5.text	038A8789FFCAC160FF1E779825C57CE5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sertularia tumida Allman 1877	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Sertularia tumida Allman, 1877</p>
            <p>(fig. 7A)</p>
            <p> Sertularia tumida Allman, 1877: 23 , pl. 16 figs 3–4. </p>
            <p> Tridentata tumida — Calder, 1991d: 109, figs 58–59. </p>
            <p> Sertularia turbinata — Vervoort &amp; Vasseur, 1977: 60, figs 26–27 [not  S. turbinata (Lamouroux, 1816) ]. </p>
            <p> Material examined. Stn. 7: 25.03.2008 —a few sterile stems, 3–5 mm high, on green alga; 27.03.2008 – a few sterile colonies, up to 4 mm high, on  Dictyota sp. </p>
            <p>Type locality. Tortugas, Florida, United States.</p>
            <p> Remarks. For an accurate description of the trophosome of  S. tumida , see Calder (1991d), who also provided comments on its synonymy. The present material is exclusively composed of small, unbranched stems. Branched colonies were described from Bermuda by Calder (1991d). </p>
            <p>Distribution. Circumglobal (Calder 1991d).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038A8789FFCAC160FF1E779825C57CE5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Galea, Horia R.	Galea, Horia R. (2008): On a collection of shallow-water hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from Guadeloupe and Les Saintes, French Lesser Antilles. Zootaxa 1878: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.184149
038A8789FFCAC167FF1E746024F7784D.text	038A8789FFCAC167FF1E746024F7784D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sertularia turbinata (Lamouroux 1816) Lamouroux 1816	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Sertularia turbinata (Lamouroux, 1816)</p>
            <p>(fig. 7B)</p>
            <p> Dynamena turbinata Lamouroux, 1816: 180 . </p>
            <p> Sertularia turbinata — Vervoort, 1959: 275, figs 35–36.— Vervoort, 1968: 52, fig. 25.— Millard &amp; Bouillon, 1973: 76, fig. 9H.—Millard, 1975: 312, fig. 100B, C, E.— Gibbons &amp; Ryland, 1989: 425, fig. 39.—Hirohito, 1995: 218, fig. 73D–F.— Migotto, 1996: 78, fig. 14F–G.— Medel &amp; Vervoort, 1998: 70, fig. 23.— Schuchert, 2003: 190, fig. 44.  Tridentata turbinata — Calder, 1991d: 110, fig. 60.— Calder et al., 2003: 1194, fig. 16. </p>
            <p> not  Sertularia turbinata — Vervoort &amp; Vasseur, 1977: 60, figs 26–27 (=  S. tumida Allman, 1877 ). </p>
            <p> Material examined. Stn. 2: 22.01.2008 —several sterile stems, 2–6 mm high, on algae. Stn. 7: 27.03.2008 — a few sterile stems, up to 4 mm high, on  Dictyota sp.; 29.03.2008 —several sterile colonies, up to 8 mm high, on  Dictyota sp. and  Thyroscyphus ramosus Allman, 1877 . </p>
            <p>Type locality. Australasia, no precise locality given.</p>
            <p>Remarks. For recent descriptions of this species and extensive synonymy, see Calder (1991d) and Medel &amp; Vervoort (1998).</p>
            <p>Distribution. Widespread in warm waters of the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans (Calder et al. 2003). The Caribbean records are summarized by Calder &amp; Kirkendale (2005).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038A8789FFCAC167FF1E746024F7784D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Galea, Horia R.	Galea, Horia R. (2008): On a collection of shallow-water hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from Guadeloupe and Les Saintes, French Lesser Antilles. Zootaxa 1878: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.184149
038A8789FFCDC167FF1E704D25E67C28.text	038A8789FFCDC167FF1E704D25E67C28.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Symmetroscyphus intermedius (Congdon 1907) Congdon 1907	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Symmetroscyphus intermedius (Congdon, 1907)</p>
            <p>(fig. 7C–D)</p>
            <p> Thyroscyphus intermedius Congdon, 1907: 482 , figs 33–36. </p>
            <p> Symmetroscyphus intermedius — Calder, 1986: 380, figs 1–4.— Calder, 1991d: 77, figs 39–40. </p>
            <p> Material examined. Stn. 1: 25.01.2008 —a small, sterile colony, on stolons of  Myrionema amboinense Pictet, 1893 ; 18.03.2008 —numerous sterile colonies, on  Thalassia testudinum ; 20.03.2008 —one dense, sterile colony, on  T. testudinum ; 21.03.2008 —numerous sterile colonies, on  T. testudinum (MHNG INVE 60979); 31.03.2008 —two sterile colonies, on  T. testudinum . Stn. 6: 28.03.2008 —several sterile colonies, on  T. testudinum . Stn. 7: 25.03.2008 —a small, sterile colony, on stolons of  Sertularia marginata Kirchenpauer, 1864 ; 27.03.2008 —a few small, sterile colonies, on various algae. </p>
            <p>Type locality. Mangrove Bay, Bermuda.</p>
            <p>Remarks. I have little to add to the accurate descriptions given by Calder (1986, 1991d). The category to which the nematocysts of this species belong has not been determined previously (Calder 1991d). However, the cnidome could be examined in the present material, and the two types of nematocysts are: microbasic euryteles (7.4–7.9) × (1.8–2.1) µm undischarged, (8.6–8.8) × (1.9–2.1) µm discharged; macrobasic amastigophores (25.0–26.3) × (10.0–10.5) µm undischarged, (22.6–23.0) × (8.4–9.1) µm discharged. No gonothecae have been found in our material and they are still to be discovered.</p>
            <p>Distribution. Western Atlantic (Calder 1991d).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038A8789FFCDC167FF1E704D25E67C28	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Galea, Horia R.	Galea, Horia R. (2008): On a collection of shallow-water hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from Guadeloupe and Les Saintes, French Lesser Antilles. Zootaxa 1878: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.184149
038A8789FFCDC165FF1E753D23B97B15.text	038A8789FFCDC165FF1E753D23B97B15.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Thyroscyphus marginatus (Allman 1877) Allman 1877	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Thyroscyphus marginatus (Allman, 1877)</p>
            <p>(fig. 7E–F)</p>
            <p> Obelia marginata Allman, 1877: 9 , pl. 6 figs 1–2. </p>
            <p> Campanularia marginata — Vannucci, 1949: 228, pl. 1 figs 7–10. </p>
            <p> Cnidoscyphus marginatus — Splettstösser, 1929: 88, 125, figs 83–88.— Vervoort, 1959: 248, fig. 20.— Vervoort, 1968: 31, fig. 14.— Medel &amp; Vervoort, 1998: 11. </p>
            <p> Thyroscyphus marginatus — Calder, 1983: 16, fig. 8.— Calder, 1991d: 79, figs 41–42. </p>
            <p>Material examined. Stn. 2: 22.01.2008 —numerous, fertile colonies, up to 7.0 cm high, on rock. Type locality. Loggerhead Key, Florida, United States.</p>
            <p>Remarks. For descriptions of this species, see Splettstösser (1929), Vervoort (1959) and Calder (1991d). An extensive synonymy is provided by Medel &amp; Vervoort (1998).</p>
            <p>Distribution. Eastern and western sides of tropical Atlantic. For a detailed list of records, see Medel &amp; Vervoort (1998). The Caribbean records are summarized by Calder &amp; Kirkendale (2005).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038A8789FFCDC165FF1E753D23B97B15	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Galea, Horia R.	Galea, Horia R. (2008): On a collection of shallow-water hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from Guadeloupe and Les Saintes, French Lesser Antilles. Zootaxa 1878: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.184149
038A8789FFCFC165FF1E70BD25B07C9B.text	038A8789FFCFC165FF1E70BD25B07C9B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Antennella secundaria (Gmelin 1791) Gmelin 1791	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Antennella secundaria (Gmelin, 1791)</p>
            <p>(fig. 7H–J, table 13)</p>
            <p> Sertularia secundaria Gmelin, 1791: 3856 . </p>
            <p> Antennella secundaria — Van Gemerden-Hoogeveen, 1965: 54, figs 29–31.—Millard, 1975: 332, fig. 107F–L.— Vervoort &amp; Vasseur, 1977: 64, fig. 28.— Rees &amp; Vervoort, 1987: 113, fig. 23A–B.— Ramil &amp; Vervoort, 1992: 143, fig. 37A–D.— Cornelius, 1995b: 121, fig. 28A–C, E–G.—Hirohito, 1995: 236, fig. 79A–C.— Medel &amp; Vervoort, 1995: 35, fig. 14.— Calder, 1997: 29, fig. 7.— Schuchert, 1997: 14, figs 3–4.– Ansín Agís et al., 2001: 140, fig. 63.— Watson, 2002: 346, fig. 5E–F.— Schuchert, 2003: 206, fig. 57.— Vervoort &amp; Watson, 2003: 345, fig. 83J–L. </p>
            <p>Material examined. Stn. 2: 26.01.2008 —one sterile colony, ca. 7.0 mm high, on sponge.</p>
            <p>Type locality. Mediterranean Sea, no precise locality given.</p>
            <p>Remarks. Though sterile, the present material could be securely identified by the presence of a single, median, axillar nematotheca behind the hydrotheca. The measurements are given in table 13. For recent descriptions, synonymy, and additional data on this species, see Schuchert (1997) and Ansín Agís et al. (2001).</p>
            <p>Distribution. Cosmopolitan, with numerous records from temperate and warm-water localities (Schuchert 1997). For the list of previous records, see Ansín Agís et al. (2001). The Caribbean records are summarized by Calder &amp; Kirkendale (2005).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038A8789FFCFC165FF1E70BD25B07C9B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Galea, Horia R.	Galea, Horia R. (2008): On a collection of shallow-water hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from Guadeloupe and Les Saintes, French Lesser Antilles. Zootaxa 1878: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.184149
038A8789FFCFC165FF1E72D025B0797D.text	038A8789FFCFC165FF1E72D025B0797D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Thyroscyphus ramosus Allman 1877	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Thyroscyphus ramosus Allman, 1877</p>
            <p>(fig. 7G)</p>
            <p> Thyroscyphus ramosus Allman, 1877: 11 , pl. 6 figs 5–6.— Splettstösser, 1929: 54, 124, figs 46–51.— Vervoort, 1959: 250, fig. 21.— Vervoort, 1968: 33, fig. 15.— Migotto, 1996: 79, fig. 15A–B.— Shimabukuro &amp; Marques, 2006: 32, figs 2–28. </p>
            <p>Material examined. Stn. 7: 29.03.2008 —several sterile colonies, up to 16 cm high, on dock. Type locality. South of Sand Key, Florida, United States.</p>
            <p>Remarks. For a thorough recent description of this species, refer to Shimabukuro &amp; Marques (2006). Distribution. Tropical western Atlantic, west coast of Africa (Migotto 1996). The Caribbean records are summarized by Calder &amp; Kirkendale (2005).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038A8789FFCFC165FF1E72D025B0797D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Galea, Horia R.	Galea, Horia R. (2008): On a collection of shallow-water hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from Guadeloupe and Les Saintes, French Lesser Antilles. Zootaxa 1878: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.184149
038A8789FFCFC164FF1E745524BB7CCD.text	038A8789FFCFC164FF1E745524BB7CCD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Antennella	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Antennella sp. </p>
            <p>(fig. 7K– O, table 13)</p>
            <p> Material examined. Stn. 6: 23.03.2008 —numerous sterile colonies, up to 9 mm high, on  Halimeda sp. and  Caulerpa sp. (MHNG INVE 60984); 24.03.2008 —one sterile colony, ca. 9 mm high, on  Caulerpa sp. Stn. 7: 25.03.2008 – numerous sterile stems, up to 6 mm high, on concretions and green algae. </p>
            <p>Type locality. Plage de Pompière, Terre-de-Haut, Les Saintes, Guadeloupe.</p>
            <p>Description. Stems up to 9 mm high, arising from creeping hydrorhiza. Basal part, of variable length, divided by means of 2–3 transverse nodes; last node oblique; segments with up to 8 frontal nematothecae in two parallel, alternate rows. Remainder of caulus heteromerously segmented. Hydrothecate segments, up to 13 per stem, with proximal oblique node and distal transverse node; with one hydrotheca in middle part and up to 4 nematothecae: one median inferior and a pair of laterals; the 2–3 basalmost hydrothecae often with a supra-axillar nematotheca, arising a short distance above axil, rim not surpassing free adcauline wall (fig. 7M). Intersegments, longer than segments, with 2 frontal nematothecae in a row parallel to stem axis. Hydrothecae nearly tubular, lateral walls parallel, rim circular, slightly everted. All nematothecae bithalamic; lateral nematothecae with circular rim, not scooped. Gonothecae not seen. Nematocysts: large microbasic mastigophores, in coenosarc and nematophores; microbasic mastigophores, in tentacles (for dimensions, see table 13).</p>
            <p> Remarks.  Antennella sp. comes very close to  A. secundaria (Gmelin, 1791) . However, there is no axillar nematotheca in the former, but some of its basalmost hydrothecae bear one nematotheca a short distance above the axil. Additionally, the cnidome of the latter contains several egg-shaped capsules of unidentified type, apparently not present in the former. In the absence of gonothecae, no positive identification of the present material could be made. A morphometrical comparison between  Antennella sp. and  A. secundaria is given in table 13. </p>
            <p>Distribution. The present material originates from Les Saintes.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038A8789FFCFC164FF1E745524BB7CCD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Galea, Horia R.	Galea, Horia R. (2008): On a collection of shallow-water hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from Guadeloupe and Les Saintes, French Lesser Antilles. Zootaxa 1878: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.184149
038A8789FFCEC16BFF1E741824797DF7.text	038A8789FFCEC16BFF1E741824797DF7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Halopteris alternata (Nutting 1900) Nutting 1900	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Halopteris alternata (Nutting, 1900)</p>
            <p>(fig. 8A–D)</p>
            <p> Plumularia alternata Nutting, 1900: 62 , pl. 4 figs 1–2. </p>
            <p> Halopteris alternata — Schuchert, 1997: 42, fig. 14.— Ansín Agís et al. 2001: 152, fig. 66.  Halopteris diaphana — Migotto, 1996: 45, fig. 9D–E [not  H. diaphana (Heller, 1868) ].  Halopteris diaphana diaphana — Vervoort, 1968: 58, fig. 27 [not  H. diaphana (Heller, 1868) ].?  Halopteris sp.—Hirohito, 1995: 248, fig. 83D. </p>
            <p> Material examined. Stn. 2: 22.01.2008 —several sterile stems, on stems of  Pennaria disticha Goldfuss, 1820 , concretions and algae; 26.01.2008 —several stems, up to 10 mm high, some with gonothecae of both sexes, on algae and rock; 01.04.2008 —numerous stems, 7–9 mm high, some fertile, on green algae. Stn. 3: 26.01.2008 —numerous plumes, up to 10 mm high, gonothecae rare, on algae and sponge; 01.04.2008 —several sterile stems, up to 1.4 cm high; on various algae. Stn. 4: 22.03.2008 —numerous stems, up to 1.5 cm high, some fertile, on brown algae. Stn. 6: 28.03.2008 —two sterile stems, 6 mm high, on sponge. Stn. 7: 25.03.2008 —a few sterile stems, up to 2 cm high, on various algae; 27.03.2008 —several sterile colonies, 6–9 mm high, on various algae, concretions, and stem of  P. disticha . </p>
            <p>Type locality. Barracuda Rocks, West Indies, Caribbean.</p>
            <p>Remarks. This species is easily distinguishable by the presence of a laterally-displaced, axillar nematotheca behind the cauline hydrothecae. For recent descriptions and synonymy, see Schuchert (1997) and Ansín Agís et al. (2001).</p>
            <p> Although not very accurate, the description provided by Hirohito (1995) of  Halopteris sp. from Japan allows me to assign his material to  H. alternata . Fortunately, one axillar nematotheca, laterally-displaced towards the stem apophysis is clearly figured behind each cauline hydrotheca (fig. 83D). </p>
            <p>Distribution. Preponderently recorded from the western Atlantic, with some records form the eastern Atlantic (for more details, see Ansín Agís et al. 2001). Possibly occuring in Japan (Hirohito 1995). The Caribbean records are summarized by Calder &amp; Kirkendale (2005).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038A8789FFCEC16BFF1E741824797DF7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Galea, Horia R.	Galea, Horia R. (2008): On a collection of shallow-water hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from Guadeloupe and Les Saintes, French Lesser Antilles. Zootaxa 1878: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.184149
038A8789FFC0C16AFF1E73C026AF7905.text	038A8789FFC0C16AFF1E73C026AF7905.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Halopteris diaphana (Heller 1868) Heller 1868	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Halopteris diaphana (Heller, 1868)</p>
            <p>(fig. 8E)</p>
            <p>Anisocalix diaphanus Heller, 1868: 42, pl. 2 fig. 5.</p>
            <p> Halopteris diaphana — Schuchert, 1997: 47, fig. 15.— Ansín Agís et al., 2001: 163, fig. 69.— Peña Cantero &amp; García Carrascosa, 2002: 102, fig. 19A–D. </p>
            <p> Halopteris constricta — Migotto, 1996: 44, fig. 9A–C (not  Halopteris constricta Totton, 1930: 217 , fig. 56A). </p>
            <p> Material examined. Stn. 3: 01.04.2008 —a few sterile stems, up to 8 mm high, on concretions. Stn. 7: 27.03.2008 —a few sterile colonies, up to 6 mm high, with both  Antennella -like and pinnate stems, on algae and concretions. </p>
            <p>Type locality. Capocesto, Croatia, Mediterranean.</p>
            <p> Remarks. Though sterile, this species is recognizable by the heteromerous segmentation of the stem, the presence of generally 2 (rarely 3) nematothecae on cauline segments, and the occurence of  Antennella -like stems in some colonies, as for instance those observed in the material from Stn. 7. For a complete description of  H. diaphana and its synonymy, see Schuchert (1997). </p>
            <p>Distribution. Circumtropical (Peña Cantero &amp; García Carrascosa 2002). For a detailed list of records, see Ansín Agís et al. (2001).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038A8789FFC0C16AFF1E73C026AF7905	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Galea, Horia R.	Galea, Horia R. (2008): On a collection of shallow-water hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from Guadeloupe and Les Saintes, French Lesser Antilles. Zootaxa 1878: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.184149
038A8789FFC0C168FF1E70C025DC7F05.text	038A8789FFC0C168FF1E70C025DC7F05.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Halopteris vervoorti	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Halopteris vervoorti sp. nov.</p>
            <p>(figs 9A–F, tables 14–15)</p>
            <p> Halopteris polymorpha — Ansín Agís et al., 2001: 167, fig. 70. </p>
            <p>Type material. Stn. 3: 22.01.2008 —on rocks, numerous plumes, all sterile but one, on rock (MHNG INVE 60985).</p>
            <p>Additional material examined. Stn. 2: 01.04.2008 —numerous stems, all but one sterile, 1.4–1.7 cm high, on rock and green algae. Stn. 3: 01.04.2008 —several sterile stems ca. 1 cm high, on hard substrate. Stn. 7: 25.03.2008 —numerous sterile stems, 8–9 mm high, on various algae and concretions; 27.03.2008 —several colonies, 1.4–2.0 cm high, with rare, immature gonothecae; on various algae, concretions, sponge, and ascidian.</p>
            <p>Type locality. Petite Anse, Basse-Terre, Guadeloupe.</p>
            <p>Description. Colonies forming up to 2 cm high plumes with straight, monosiphonic, unbranched stems. Coenosarc brownish in living material. Basal part of stem, varied in length, composed of 2–7 ahydrothecate segments separated by transverse nodes, last node oblique; segments bearing a variable number of frontal nematothecae (up to 18) in apparently two parallel, closely-set rows; nematothecae placed rather alternately.</p>
            <p>Remainder of stem homomerously divided by means of oblique nodes; transverse nodes present only distally. Segments with one hydrotheca, a latero-distal apophysis, and up to 8 nematothecae: 1 median inferior, 2 laterals, 2 axillar (always present), and generally 1 (rarely 2, exceptionally 3) above hydrotheca. Median superior nematotheca(e) placed on intersegments or their equivalents.</p>
            <p>Cladia alternate, except for the two (rarely four) basalmost, which are often opposite; up to 20 per cormoid. Cladium inserted on stem apophysis by means of short quadrangular segment; both devoid of nematothecae. Next segment long, with proximal node transverse and distal node oblique; one nematotheca on upper side. Remainder of cladium heteromerously segmented; oblique nodes always well marked, transverse ones less obvious to nearly invisible. Hydrothecate segments with proximal node oblique and distal node transverse; up to 5 per cladium. Ahydrothecate segments, of variable length, with proximal node transverse and distal node oblique; with invariably one nematotheca on upper side.</p>
            <p>Hydrothecate segments with one hydrotheca and up to 5 nematothecae. Hydrotheca cup-shaped, placed in middle of segment, walls parallel to slightly divergent in lateral view; rim slightly scooped in lateral view. Free adcauline wall straight, largely surpassing distal end of segment; abcauline wall nearly straight, flaring slightly distally. Nematothecae: one median inferior, 2 laterals, and 1 (rarely 2) axillar.</p>
            <p>All cauline and cladial nematothecae bithalamic and movable, except the median inferior one which is fixed. Lateral nematothecae borne on rather long apophyses and nearly reaching hydrothecal rim; invertedconical, with long basal chamber, and much shorter upper chamber; walls straight and divergent; rim with variable emargination on side facing the hydrothecal wall (fig. 9D). Cladial axillar nematotheca with basal chamber slighty higher than upper one; walls slightly divergent, margin lowered on adaxial side. Pairs of axillar nematothecae on either cladia or stem with apertures directed sideways. Median inferior nematotheca wide, with diminuitive basal chamber and apical chamber deeply scooped on adaxial side. Ahydrothecate segments with nematotheca(e) resembling median inferior ones, but with much higher basal chamber.</p>
            <p>Gonothecae arising singly below stem hydrothecae by means of short pedicel; a quadrangular segment between gonotheca and pedicel. Gonotheca (presumably female) rounded-ovoid, slightly tapering towards base, with rounded apex. Basal part curved at 90° and provided with two long, bithalamic nematothecae; apical chamber much shorter than basal one.</p>
            <p>Nematocysts: large microbasic mastigophores (15.3–17.0) × (5.8–6.7) µm (undischarged), (15.8–16.1) × (5.6–6.0) µm (discharged), with shaft (15.8–16.1) × (1.3–1.5) µm; small microbasic mastigophores (5.3–5.5) × (1.5–1.7) µm (undischarged).</p>
            <p>Remarks. Among 150 cauline segments from 10 cormoids examined, 138 bore one median superior nematotheca (77%), 40 bore two nematothecae (22%), and 2 bore three nematothecae (1%). Although 2 or 3 nematothecae occurred generally on the basalmost segments of caulus, 2 nematothecae were also variably observed on more distal segments. They were placed either on the same axis as that of caulus, or alternately on both sides of it.</p>
            <p>Among 150 cladial hydrothecate segments examined from the same 10 cormoids, 141 bore one axillar nematotheca (94%), and 9 bore a pair of axillar nematothecae (6%).</p>
            <p> The present material is identical in nearly every respect to that described and figured by Ansín Agís et al. (2001) as  H. polymorpha (Billard, 1913) , and both are thought to be conspecific. Their material was sterile and partly matched with both Billard’s species and  H. liechtensternii (Marktanner-Turneretscher, 1890) . The main difference with the former was the presence of one cladial axillar nematotheca, and with the latter the presence of a pair of cauline axillar nematothecae. </p>
            <p> The main difference between  H. vervoorti and  H. liechtensternii lies is the presence of one cladial axillar nematotheca instead of two, and between  H. vervoorti and  H. polymorpha in the presence of a pair of cauline axillar nematothecae instead of a single one. </p>
            <p> The above-mentioned features and the discovery of fertile specimens of  H. vervoorti in the present collection allow a separation of the three species. Some of the useful distingushing characters are listed in table 15. </p>
            <p>Etymology. This species honors Dr. Willem Vervoort for his remarkable contribution to the hydrozoan taxonomy.</p>
            <p>Distribution. Cape Verde (Ansín Agís et al. 2001), Guadeloupe and Les Saintes (present study). Probably occurs also in the Mediterranean, as illustrated by the sample MHNG INVE30117 from Banyuls-sur-Mer, France (P. Schuchert, personal communication).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038A8789FFC0C168FF1E70C025DC7F05	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Galea, Horia R.	Galea, Horia R. (2008): On a collection of shallow-water hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from Guadeloupe and Les Saintes, French Lesser Antilles. Zootaxa 1878: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.184149
038A8789FFC2C16EFF1E768524F77B6D.text	038A8789FFC2C16EFF1E768524F77B6D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Kirchenpaueria halecioides (Alder 1859) Alder 1859	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Kirchenpaueria halecioides (Alder, 1859)</p>
            <p>(fig. 9G–H)</p>
            <p> Plumularia halecioides Alder, 1859: 353 , pl. 12 figs 1–5. </p>
            <p> Ventromma halecioides – Hirohito, 1974: 45, fig. 20.— Cornelius, 1995b: 172, fig. 41.— Medel &amp; Vervoort, 1995: 45, fig. 19.— Migotto, 1996: 51, fig. 10A–C.— Calder, 1997: 4, fig. 1.— Ansín Agís et al., 2001: 179, fig. 73.— Peña Cantero &amp; García Carrascosa, 2002: 108, fig. 20D–E. </p>
            <p> Material examined. Stn. 1: 20.03.2008 —a few sterile colonies, 7–8 mm high, on  Thalassia testudinum ; 21.03.2008 —a few, sterile colones, 7–8 mm high, on  T. testudinum . Stn. 2: 26.01.2008 —several sterile stems, up to 6 mm high, some polysiphonic, on algae. Stn. 3: 26.01.2008 —several sterile plumes, up to 8 mm high, on algae; 01.04.2008 —several sterile stems, 0.5–1.0 cm high, on algae and concretions. Stn. 6: 23.03.2008 — numerous colonies, up to 6 mm high, gonothecae rare, on  Halimeda sp.; 28.03.2008 —several sterile colonies, 8–9 mm high, on sponge. Stn. 7: 25.03.2008 —several small, sterile stems, up to 6 mm high, on various algae; 27.03.2008 —several sterile stems, ca. 7 mm high, polysiphonic basally, on  Halimeda sp. and other algae. </p>
            <p> TABLE 14. Measurements of  Halopteris vervoorti sp. nov. , in µm. (1)Lateral view. </p>
            <p> TABLE 15. Summary of characters allonwing to distinguish  H. vervoorti sp. nov. ,  H. polymorpha (Billard, 1913) , and  H. liechtensternii (Marktanner-Turneretscher, 1890) . The measurements are given in µm. (1)Data from Schuchert (1997). (2)Galea, unpublished results from observations made on Mediterranean material from La Ciotat, France. </p>
            <p>Type locality. Northeast England.</p>
            <p>Remarks. For a detailed description of this well-known species and a discussion of its synonymy, see Calder (1997).</p>
            <p>Distribution. Widely spread in all tropical to temperate seas (Peña Cantero &amp; García Carrascosa 2002). The Caribbean records are summarized by Calder &amp; Kirkendale (2005).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038A8789FFC2C16EFF1E768524F77B6D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Galea, Horia R.	Galea, Horia R. (2008): On a collection of shallow-water hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from Guadeloupe and Les Saintes, French Lesser Antilles. Zootaxa 1878: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.184149
038A8789FFC4C16EFF1E72AD232A7E3B.text	038A8789FFC4C16EFF1E72AD232A7E3B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Plumularia floridana Nutting 1900	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Plumularia floridana Nutting, 1900</p>
            <p>(fig. 9I)</p>
            <p> Plumularia floridana Nutting, 1900: 59 , pl. 2 figs 4–5.— Calder, 1983: 20, fig. 11.— Migotto, 1996: 55, fig. 10D–F.  Plumularia pennycuikae Millard &amp; Bouillon, 1973: 85 , fig. 10N–P.—Millard, 1975: 398, fig. 126A–C.— Calder, 1997: 15, fig. 3.— Ansín Agís et al., 2001: 234, fig. 90. </p>
            <p> Material examined. Stn. 6: 28.03.2008 —a dense, fertile colony, ca. 8 mm high, on  Thalassia testudinum . </p>
            <p>Type locality. Vicinity of Cape Romano, Florida, United States.</p>
            <p>Remarks. The present fertile material is easily identifiable due to the peculiar gonothecae, which arise from the axil of cauline internodes and are small, ovoid to nearly spherical, and covered by a filmy perisarc layer. For detailed descriptions of this species, see Migotto (1996) and Calder (1997).</p>
            <p>Distribution. Circumglobal. Extensive data on the previous records are available in Ansín Agís et al. (2001). The Caribbean records are summarized by Calder &amp; Kirkendale (2005).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038A8789FFC4C16EFF1E72AD232A7E3B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Galea, Horia R.	Galea, Horia R. (2008): On a collection of shallow-water hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from Guadeloupe and Les Saintes, French Lesser Antilles. Zootaxa 1878: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.184149
038A8789FFC4C16DFF1E773523A37B6D.text	038A8789FFC4C16DFF1E773523A37B6D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Plumularia	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Plumularia sp. </p>
            <p>(fig. 9J)</p>
            <p> Material examined. Stn. 2: 01.04.2008 —several sterile stems, up to 8 mm high, on green algae and sponge. Stn. 3: 26.01.2008 —several sterile plumes, up to 10 mm high, on sponge; 01.04.2008 —numerous sterile stems, up to 8 mm high, on sponge and concretions. Stn. 7: one colony composed of numerous sterile stems, up to 6 mm high, on  Halimeda sp. </p>
            <p>Description. Monosiphonic, unbranched stems, up to 10 mm high, arising from creeping hydrorhiza. Basal part, of variable length, devoid of both cladia and nematothecae. Remainder of caulus regularly divided into internodes by means of transverse nodes; internodes 255–355 µm long, 80–105 µm wide in mid region, 70–95 µm wide at nodes. Perisarc thick and brown basally, becoming gradually thinner and transparent distally. Each internode with a latero-distal apophysis and two nematothecae: one axillar and one median, on side opposite to apophysis; cauline nematotheca 60–75 µm high; occasionally a transverse septum on proximal part of segment. Cladia alternate, nearly coplanar, borne on stem apophyses by means of short segment; the latter devoid of both hydrotheca and nematotheca; proximal end transverse, distal end oblique; with one internal, transverse septum in middle. Remainder of cladium heteromerously segmented; with up to 4 hydrothecate segments; the latter 145–200 µm long, with proximal node oblique and distal node transverse; one internal septum on proximal end; one hydrotheca placed in middle and 3 nematothecae: one median inferior, not reaching base of hydrotheca, and a pair of laterals, largely surpassing the hydrothecal rim, occasionally reaching distal end of segment. Hydrotheca cup-shaped, 75–85 µm deep, adcauline wall completely adnate; free abcauline wall straight; aperture circular, rim even, diameter 100–105 µm. Ahydrothecate segments, 275–340 µm long, with proximal node transverse and distal node oblique; two internal septa, on both ends of segment; one nematotheca on upper side, in middle part. All nematothecae inverted-conical, bithalamic; basal chamber higher than upper one. Gonothecae not seen.</p>
            <p> Remarks. This species closely resembles P. s e t a c e a (Linnaeus, 1758) and  P. strictocarpa Pictet, 1893 , both with well-documented records from the western Atlantic (Migotto 1996, Calder 1997). However, only the fertile material of these species is reliably identifiable (Millard 1975). Therefore, the present specimens could not be assigned to any of them, pending the discovery of additional, fertile material. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038A8789FFC4C16DFF1E773523A37B6D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Galea, Horia R.	Galea, Horia R. (2008): On a collection of shallow-water hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from Guadeloupe and Les Saintes, French Lesser Antilles. Zootaxa 1878: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.184149
