taxonID	type	description	language	source
038D1B081359FFBEFED7FE15373EFC93.taxon	type_taxon	Type species. Latrunculia cratera du Bocage, 1869, by monotypy (lost) Synonymy. Latrunculia cratera du Bocage, 1869: 161, PL. XI, FIG. 2. Representative species. Latrunculia bocagei Ridley and Dendy, 1887: 238, PL. XLIV, FIG. 1, PL. XLV, FIG. 8, 8 A (after Samaai & Kelly 2002).	en	Samaai, Toufiek, Gibbons, Mark J., Kelly, Michelle (2006): Revision of the genus Latrunculia du Bocage, 1869 Porifera: Demospongiae: Latrunculiidae) with descriptions of new species from New Caledonia and the Northeastern Pacific (. Zootaxa 1127 (1): 1-71, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1127.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1127.1.1
038D1B081359FFBEFED7FE15373EFC93.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Encrusting or semispherical with trumpet­shaped or cylindrical oscules and mammiform or crater­like areolate porefields, surface velvety to the touch, texture in life soft, cakey, dense, slightly compressible in preservative. Colour in life deep brownish black, dark green, sometimes tinged with deep blue; in preservative specimens always retain their dark pigmentation. Choanosomal architecture consists of megascleres arranged in an irregular, large­meshed reticulation formed by wispy tracts of spicules, which lack spongin reinforcement. The ectosomal skeleton is an obliquely tangential layer of megascleres, being somewhat plumose at the base of the ectosome. Megascleres are styles, often centrally thickened and occasionally wavy, narrowing of the proximal (rounded) end variable, sometimes anisoxeate or terminally spined, occasionally polytylote. Microscleres are anisodiscorhabds, occasionally aciculodiscorhabds and rarely, large spined metasterlike oxydiscorhabds and acanthomicroxeas. Microscleres are disposed in a palisade with their basal whorls buried in the outer ectosome (modified from Samaai & Kelly, 2002). Previous reviews. Du Bocage (1869); Carter (1879); Topsent (1922, 1928); Ridley and Dendy (1887); Dendy (1921); de Laubenfels (1936); Burton (1934); Hooper, 1986; Wiedenmayer, 1994; Hooper and Wiedenmayer (1994); Kelly­Borges and Vacelet (1995); Urban et al. (2000); Samaai (2002); Alvarez et al. (2002); Samaai and Krasokhin (2002); Samaai and Kelly (2002); Kelly and Samaai (2002); Samaai et al. (2003); Antunes et al. (2005)	en	Samaai, Toufiek, Gibbons, Mark J., Kelly, Michelle (2006): Revision of the genus Latrunculia du Bocage, 1869 Porifera: Demospongiae: Latrunculiidae) with descriptions of new species from New Caledonia and the Northeastern Pacific (. Zootaxa 1127 (1): 1-71, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1127.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1127.1.1
038D1B081356FFB1FED7FEA23542FE7B.taxon	description	(Figs 1 A & 2; Tables 1 & 3)	en	Samaai, Toufiek, Gibbons, Mark J., Kelly, Michelle (2006): Revision of the genus Latrunculia du Bocage, 1869 Porifera: Demospongiae: Latrunculiidae) with descriptions of new species from New Caledonia and the Northeastern Pacific (. Zootaxa 1127 (1): 1-71, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1127.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1127.1.1
038D1B081356FFB1FED7FEA23542FE7B.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype material. Not examined (lost), Latrunculia cratera du Bocage Other material examined. BMNH 1910.1.11.1813, labeled Latrunculia cratera identified by Norman, Norman Collection, HMS Porcupine, microscope­slide; BMNH 1910.1.1.567 a, labeled Latrunculia cratera identified by Norman, Norman Collection, Hardanger Fjord, Norway, microscope­slide; BMNH 1910.1.1.1810, labeled Latrunculia cratera identified by Lervig, Norway 1879, microscope­slide; BMNH 1910.1.1.1172, labeled Latrunculia cratera identified by Lervig, Norway, stn. 32, microscope slide; BMNH 1910.1.1.1812, Norway 1879, stn. 29, microscope slide; BMNH 1910.1.1.1809, labeled Latrunculia cratera identified by Lervig (1879), Norway, microscope­slide; BMNH 1910.1.1.1808, labeled Latrunculia cratera identified by Lervig (1879), Norway, microscope­slide; BMNH 1910.1.1.1807, labeled Latrunculia cratera identified by Lervig (1879), Norway, microscope­slide; BMNH 1910.1.1.1811, labeled Latrunculia cratera identified by Lervig 1879, Norway, microscope­slide; BMNH 1920.4.1.78, labeled Latrunculia cratera identified by Norman, Norman Collection, Norway, microscope­slide; BMNH 1920.4.1.79, labeled Latrunculia cratera identified by Norman, Norman Collection, Norway, microscope­slide; BMNH 1920.4.1.80, labeled Latrunculia cratera identified by Norman, Norman Collection Norway, microscope­slide.	en	Samaai, Toufiek, Gibbons, Mark J., Kelly, Michelle (2006): Revision of the genus Latrunculia du Bocage, 1869 Porifera: Demospongiae: Latrunculiidae) with descriptions of new species from New Caledonia and the Northeastern Pacific (. Zootaxa 1127 (1): 1-71, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1127.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1127.1.1
038D1B081356FFB1FED7FEA23542FE7B.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Small thickly encrusting Latrunculiidae, with smooth, microscopically hispid surface. Surface usually with volcano­shaped or cylindrical oscules, together with mammiform to crater­shaped areolate porefields. Colour in life and in preservative unknown. The choanosomal skeleton consists of a large­meshed polygonal reticulation formed by wispy tracts of spicules with no spongin reinforcement. The ectosomal skeleton is a tangential layer of megascleres. The surface of the sponge has a distinct palisade of anisodiscorhabds. Megascleres are smooth or polytylote styles 160 µm – 190 µm x 6 µm. Microscleres are anisodiscorhabds 40 µm in length (after Burton, unpublished catalogue, BMNH) (Fig. 1 A and Table 3), with clearly distinguished basal, median and subsidiary whorls. The sponge (whose habitat and depth range is unknown), has only been recorded from the Cape Verde Islands in the North Atlantic (Fig. 2) (modified from Bocage, 1869). Geographic Distribution. (Fig. 2). Cape Verde Islands.	en	Samaai, Toufiek, Gibbons, Mark J., Kelly, Michelle (2006): Revision of the genus Latrunculia du Bocage, 1869 Porifera: Demospongiae: Latrunculiidae) with descriptions of new species from New Caledonia and the Northeastern Pacific (. Zootaxa 1127 (1): 1-71, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1127.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1127.1.1
038D1B081356FFB1FED7FEA23542FE7B.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The type material of Latrunculia cratera is not available from the Museu Bocage, Lisbon; Bocage's sponge collection was lost after the museum burnt down in 1978. This species has not been recorded since it was first described. Alleged fragments of the type of Latrunculia cratera have since been reported in the Norman and Lervig collections in the BMNH, all of which have been examined and transferred to either the genus Sceptrella (Latrunculiidae) or Sigmosceptrella (Podospongiidae) (see Samaai and Kelly 2002 and Kelly and Samaai 2002 for revision on families) (Table 1). While this species is poorly known, the original description, illustrations (du Bocage 1869) and description of microsclere ontogeny (Dendy 1917), have provided a clear definition of the key characters that define Latrunculia species.	en	Samaai, Toufiek, Gibbons, Mark J., Kelly, Michelle (2006): Revision of the genus Latrunculia du Bocage, 1869 Porifera: Demospongiae: Latrunculiidae) with descriptions of new species from New Caledonia and the Northeastern Pacific (. Zootaxa 1127 (1): 1-71, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1127.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1127.1.1
038D1B081353FFB7FED7FA7635B5FFF3.taxon	description	(Figs 1 B, 2, 3 A, 4 A; Tables 2 & 3)	en	Samaai, Toufiek, Gibbons, Mark J., Kelly, Michelle (2006): Revision of the genus Latrunculia du Bocage, 1869 Porifera: Demospongiae: Latrunculiidae) with descriptions of new species from New Caledonia and the Northeastern Pacific (. Zootaxa 1127 (1): 1-71, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1127.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1127.1.1
038D1B081353FFB7FED7FA7635B5FFF3.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype material. BMNH 1887.5. 2.237, ethanol preserved sample and microscope­slides, Kerguelen Challenger Expedition, depth 18 – 31 m. Additional material. Holotype (part of) BMNH 1887.5.2.238, ethanol preserved sample and microscope­slides, Kerguelen Challenger Expedition, depth 18 – 31 m. BMNH 1928.2.15.821 labeled Latrunculia lendenfeldi Hentschel, 1914 identified by Burton, HMS Discovery investigation, Stn. 88, Falkland Islands, 54 º 00 ' S; 57 º 30 ' S, wet subsample; depth 96 – 127 m. BMNH 1928.2.15.825 labeled Latrunculia lendenfeldi Hentschel, 1914 identified by Burton, HMS Discovery investigation, Stn. WS 243, Falkland Islands, 54 º 00 ' S; 57 º 30 ' S, wet subsample; depth 141 – 144 m.	en	Samaai, Toufiek, Gibbons, Mark J., Kelly, Michelle (2006): Revision of the genus Latrunculia du Bocage, 1869 Porifera: Demospongiae: Latrunculiidae) with descriptions of new species from New Caledonia and the Northeastern Pacific (. Zootaxa 1127 (1): 1-71, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1127.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1127.1.1
038D1B081353FFB7FED7FA7635B5FFF3.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Massive, semispherical sponge (Fig. 3 A) with numerous volcano­shaped or cylindrical oscules, and mammiform areolate porefields. Ectosome thick, leathery, not separable from underlying choanosome. Colour in life dark brown, in preservative pale yellow. The choanosomal skeleton is a very irregular polygonal­meshed reticulation formed by wispy tracts of smooth styles (Fig. 4 A), ranging in width from 91 – 120 µm in thickness, forming meshes that are 200 µm wide. The surface of the ectosome is aligned with an erect layer of anisodiscorhabds. Beneath the anisodiscorhabds in the ectosome is a thick layer of densely interlocking oblique megascleres, approximately 700 µm wide. Styles are smooth, centrally thickened, fusiform and faintly sinuous, 510 (455 – 547) x 16 (16 – 18) m, n = 20. Anisodiscorhabds (Fig. 1 B), have an expanded spinose manubrium, above which is a closely associated basal whorl of spines. The microsclere shaft is 20 m long and 7 µm wide. The medium whorl is midway, similar in diameter to the subsidiary and apical whorls, and is deeply notched along the rim and divided into four segments each segment possessing a denticulate margins or 7 – 8 spines. The spines of the apical whorl are slanted slightly upwards ending in a crown­like tuft of blunt terminally spined projections. Anisodiscorhabd length, 66 (57 – 71) µm, n = 20. This species was collected from both the Kerguelen and Falkland Islands in the Southern Hemisphere at a depth of between 18 – 144 m (after Samaai and Kelly, 2002). Geographic distribution. (Fig. 2). Kerguelen and Falkland Islands.	en	Samaai, Toufiek, Gibbons, Mark J., Kelly, Michelle (2006): Revision of the genus Latrunculia du Bocage, 1869 Porifera: Demospongiae: Latrunculiidae) with descriptions of new species from New Caledonia and the Northeastern Pacific (. Zootaxa 1127 (1): 1-71, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1127.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1127.1.1
038D1B081353FFB7FED7FA7635B5FFF3.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species has not been recorded since the first collection from Kerguelen by Ridley and Dendy (1886, 1887). The form of the anisodiscorhabd and the structure of the crown­like tuft are distinguishing features for this species. The crown is formed of blunt terminally spined projections as opposed to spines. Although the median whorl is midway, it is similar in diameter to the subsidiary and apical whorls, which are all more or less perpendicular to the shaft. The anisodiscorhabd is large and has a long slender shaft. Two of the voucher samples identified by Burton (1932) (BMNH 1928.2.15.821; 1928.2.15.825) as L. lendenfeldi Hentschel (1914) are in fact specimens of L. bocagei, as confirmed by the structure of the apical whorl or crown­like tufts, which are blunt and terminally spined (see Table 2 & 3). Examination of the type species of L. lendenfeldi (Hentschel 1914) (Holotype ZMB 4812), indicated that this species (L. lendenfeldi Hentschel) is not conspecific with either L. bocagei or L. lendenfeldi (Burton) and is clearly a dustbin assemblages. The validity of L. lendenfeldi is also questionable as it is defined as a synonym of L. basilis based on the structure of the anisodiscorhabd, spicule lengths (see Table 3) and locality (see Table 2) of this species.	en	Samaai, Toufiek, Gibbons, Mark J., Kelly, Michelle (2006): Revision of the genus Latrunculia du Bocage, 1869 Porifera: Demospongiae: Latrunculiidae) with descriptions of new species from New Caledonia and the Northeastern Pacific (. Zootaxa 1127 (1): 1-71, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1127.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1127.1.1
038D1B08134EFFABFED7FDC83451FDFC.taxon	description	(Figs 1 C, 2, 3 B, 4 B; Tables 2 & 3)	en	Samaai, Toufiek, Gibbons, Mark J., Kelly, Michelle (2006): Revision of the genus Latrunculia du Bocage, 1869 Porifera: Demospongiae: Latrunculiidae) with descriptions of new species from New Caledonia and the Northeastern Pacific (. Zootaxa 1127 (1): 1-71, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1127.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1127.1.1
038D1B08134EFFABFED7FDC83451FDFC.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype material. BMNH 1887.5. 2.88, ethanol preserved sample (a wet, dark deep chocolate brown subsample of specimen, 2 x 10 x 10 cm was examined) and microscope­slides, Kerguelen, off Christmas Harbour, January 29, 1874; depth 126 m, Challenger Expedition.	en	Samaai, Toufiek, Gibbons, Mark J., Kelly, Michelle (2006): Revision of the genus Latrunculia du Bocage, 1869 Porifera: Demospongiae: Latrunculiidae) with descriptions of new species from New Caledonia and the Northeastern Pacific (. Zootaxa 1127 (1): 1-71, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1127.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1127.1.1
038D1B08134EFFABFED7FDC83451FDFC.taxon	description	Description. Massive, semispherical sponge, 6 x 7.5 x 8 cm diameter, with broad base and convex upper surface (Fig. 3 B). Surface smooth but sandpapery to the touch, with volcano­ and cylindrical­shaped oscules, 6 mm high, and truncate mammiform areolate porefields 2 x 2 mm in diameter. Ectosome thick, leathery, not separable from underlying choanosome. Colour in life dark brown, in preservative pale yellow. Skeleton. The choanosomal skeleton is a very irregular polygonal­meshed reticulation formed by wispy tracts of smooth styles (Fig. 4 B). These tracts range in width from 91 – 136 µm thick, forming meshes that are 230 µm wide. Towards the surface the spicules tend to be vertically arranged. The surface of the ectosome consists of an erect layer of aciculodiscorhabds. Beneath the discorhabds in the ectosome is a thick paratangential layer of densely interlocking megascleres, approximately 730 µm wide. Spicules. Megascleres: styles are smooth, centrally thickened, fusiform and slightly sinuous 406 (382 – 436) x 16 (16) m, n = 20. Microscleres (Fig. 1 C): aciculodiscorhabds, basal whorl closely associated with the manubrium, followed by a smooth slender cylindrical shaft 11 m long and 5 m wide. The median whorl is circular, broad, flat and horizontally arrange, 25 m in diameter, being the largest of the four whorls. The median whorl is divided into three distinct segments each possessing 7 – 8 denticulate margins or spines. The subsidiary whorl is 20 m in diameter, and divided into three discrete segments each with six denticulate margins or spines. The spines of the apical whorl are slanted upwards and not divided into segments, so that whorls ends in a crown­like tuft of acute spined projections. Projecting beyond the apical whorl is a smooth slender, fusiform acicula (apical projection) ~ 46 m long. The base of the acicula is armoured with two horizontally arranged whorls of spines that are followed by the smooth slender acicula. Anisodiscorhabd length, 74 (53 – 83) m, n = 20. Substratum, depth range, and ecology. Found on sandy and muddy environments at a depth of 126. Geographic distribution (Fig. 2). Kerguelen Islands.	en	Samaai, Toufiek, Gibbons, Mark J., Kelly, Michelle (2006): Revision of the genus Latrunculia du Bocage, 1869 Porifera: Demospongiae: Latrunculiidae) with descriptions of new species from New Caledonia and the Northeastern Pacific (. Zootaxa 1127 (1): 1-71, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1127.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1127.1.1
038D1B08134EFFABFED7FDC83451FDFC.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Ridley and Dendy (1886) first described this species in a preliminary report of the Challenger Expedition. The most characteristic feature of this species (and from which the specific name has been derived), is the apical prolongation (acicula) of the aciculodiscorhabd. Ridley and Dendy (1887) described two specimens under the name Latrunculia apicalis from the same geographical area and although they indicated various slight differences between the two specimens, they considered both to be species of Latrunculia apicalis as stated by them … " we have, during the course of our description, indicated various slight differences between the specimens from the two localities, but there is nothing to justify us in separating them specifically ". In their description however, Ridley and Dendy (1887) failed to mention that one of their specimens (from station 320) possessed two types of anisodiscorhabds. After examining the two specimens in question BMNH 1887.5.2.88 (Type) and BMNH 1887.5.2.84 a (Type), the latter (BMNH 1887.5.2.84 a) is considered a species of Latrunculia biformis Kirkpatrick (see below on this species) (Table 2 & 3). BMNH 1887.5.2.88 (Type) differs from BMNH 1887.5.2.84 a in that the surface of the ectosome is lined with an erect layer of single aciculodiscorhabds and a multitude of oscules and areolate porefields. Although there is a great variability in the length of the acicula of the aciculodiscorhabd within BMNH 1887.5.2.88 (Latrunculia apicalis), all possess an extended smooth acicula, indicating that only one type of anisodiscorhabd is present within this species. The ontogeny of the developing spicule also conforms to that described by Dendy (1921). Latrunculia apicalis has not been recorded since from the same or any other locality	en	Samaai, Toufiek, Gibbons, Mark J., Kelly, Michelle (2006): Revision of the genus Latrunculia du Bocage, 1869 Porifera: Demospongiae: Latrunculiidae) with descriptions of new species from New Caledonia and the Northeastern Pacific (. Zootaxa 1127 (1): 1-71, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1127.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1127.1.1
038D1B08134CFFA4FED7FAF7334DFE4A.taxon	description	(Figs 1 D, 2, 4 C; Tables 2 & 3)	en	Samaai, Toufiek, Gibbons, Mark J., Kelly, Michelle (2006): Revision of the genus Latrunculia du Bocage, 1869 Porifera: Demospongiae: Latrunculiidae) with descriptions of new species from New Caledonia and the Northeastern Pacific (. Zootaxa 1127 (1): 1-71, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1127.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1127.1.1
038D1B08134CFFA4FED7FAF7334DFE4A.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype material. BMNH 1908.2. 5.70, labeled Latrunculia apicalis var. biformis by Kirkpatrick, Winter Quarters, Antarctica, National Antarctic Expedition 1901 ­ 04, HMS Discovery, 18 – 27 m. Other material examined. BMNH 1908.2. 5.69 b & c (Paratypes) labeled Latrunculia apicalis var. biformis by Kirkpatrick, Winter Quarters, Antarctica, National Antarctic Expedition 1901 ­ 04, HMS Discovery, 18 – 27 m. BMNH 1887.5.2.84 a labeled L. apicalis (Type) identified by Ridley and Dendy, 1887, ethanol preserved sample and microscope­slides, off the mouth of Rio de la Plata, Argentina, 37 ° 17 ' S., 53 ° 52 ' W, depth 1080 m, Challenger Expedition, February 14, 1876. MNHM MD 03 50 D D. NBE 1388 labeled L. apicalis identified by Boury­Esnault in Boury­Esnault and van Beveren, 1984, spicule slide only, NW of Kerguelen, Subantarctic region, stn 17, depth 585 m. BMNH 1928.2.15.849 a, labeled L. lendenfeldi identified by Burton, HMS Discovery Investigation " Cape Trawler ", microscope­slide, depth and locality unknown. BMNH 1935.10. 26.141 labeled L. lendenfeldi identified by Mawson, Antarctica? Mawson Antarctic Expedition, coll. No. 2138, microscope­slide, depth and locality unknown. BMNH 1928.2. 15.792 labeled Latrunculia lendenfeldi identified by Burton, HMS Discovery Investigation, microscopeslide, depth and locality unknown. QM 301316 (cross ref. 91 – 140 Capon and Ts 29) labeled Latrunculia apicalis identified by John Hooper, 1 ­ 1 ­ 1991, Antarctica, trawling, depth and locality unknown, collected summer 1990 / 1991. MK Harper 90 ­ 174 (cross ref. TS 19 and MKB 378) Rheeders Bay, Tsitsikamma National Park, South Africa, 34 º 10 ' S; 23 º 54 ' E, depth 28 m, collected by MKHarper, (Smithkline Beecham Collection), 1995. Capon 91 ­ 145 (cross ref. Ts 28) labeled Sigmosceptrella sp. identified by John Hooper 1 ­ 1 ­ 1994, Antarctica, trawling, depth and locality unknown, collected summer 1990 / 1991. NZOI stn A 461 (cross ref. Ts 50) unidentified sponge in NIWA collection, 73 º 32.0 ' S; 171 º 22 ' W, Antarctica, 564 – 553 m, collected on the 18 / 01 / 1959. NZOI stn C 620 (cross ref. NZPOR 16 and Ts 52) unidentified sponge in NIWA collection, 43 º 40 ' S; 174 º 47 ' W, Antarctica, 752 – 737 m, collected on the 02 / 05 / 1961. QM 301316 (cross ref. Ts 137) labeled L. apicalis identified by John Hooper, 1 ­ 1 ­ 1991, Antarctica, trawling, depth and locality unknown, collected summer 1990 / 1991. QM 311144 (cross ref. Q 66 C 3093 and Ts 154) labeled L. apicalis identified by John Hooper, Ross Island, Antarctica 77 º 52 ' S; 166 º 39 ' E, depth 20 m, found on fine sediment, between thinly covered bed rock, under ice, collected by AIMS / NCI on the 23 / 10 / 1989. QM 31163 (cross ref. Q 66 C 3135 and Ts 155) labeled Latrunculia sp. identified by John Hooper, Salmon Island, Antarctica 77 º 55 ' 50 " S; 163 º 34 ' E, depth 30 m, found on fine sediment, collected by AIMS / NCI on the 08 / 12 / 1989. ZMA POR 11524 (cross ref. ASC­ 111 ­ 96 ­ 35; Ts 437) labeled L. apicalis identified by van Soest, Antarctica, Granite Harbour, Intake jetty, depth 33 m, collected by Baker on the 16 / 10 / 1996. ZMA POR 11526 (cross ref. ASC­ 111 ­ 96 ­ 46; Ts 438) labeled L. apicalis identified by van Soest, Antarctica, Granite Harbour, Intake jetty, depth 33 m, collected by Baker on the 16 / 10 / 1996. TS 15539 (cross ref. Ts 459) labeled L. apicalis identified on the 27 / 12 / 1929, Banzare stn 30, MacRobertson Land, Antarctica, 66 º 48.0 ' S; 71 º 24 ' E, depth 540 m. TS 15537 (cross ref. Ts 460) labeled L. apicalis, Banzare stn 105, MacRobertson Land, Antarctica, 67 º 46.0 ' S; 67 º 03 ' E, depth 163 m. TS 15542 (cross ref. Ts 461) labeled L. apicalis identified on the 26 / 01 / 1930, Banzare stn 42, Enderby Land, Antarctica, 65 º 50.0 ' S; 54 º 23 ' E, depth 220 m. TS 15540 (cross ref. Ts 463) labeled L. apicalis identified on the 27 / 12 / 1929, Banzare stn 30, MacRobertson Land, Antarctica, 66 º 48.0 ' S; 71 º 24 ' E, depth 540 m. TS 15543 (cross ref. Ts 465) labeled L. apicalis identified on the 16 / 02 / 1931, Banzare stn 107, MacRobertson Land, Antarctica, 66 º 45.0 ' S; 62 º 03 ' E, depth 219 m. TS 15541 (cross ref. Ts 466) labeled L. apicalis identified on the 27 / 12 / 1929, Banzare stn 30, MacRobertson Land, Antarctica, 66 º 48.0 ' S; 71 º 24 ' E, depth 540 m. TS 15538 (cross ref. Ts 467) labeled L. apicalis, Banzare stn 105, MacRobertson Land, Antarctica, 67 º 46.0 ' S; 67 º 03 ' E, depth 163 m. QM 315014 (cross ref. Ts 164) labeled Latrunculiidae, Antarctica.	en	Samaai, Toufiek, Gibbons, Mark J., Kelly, Michelle (2006): Revision of the genus Latrunculia du Bocage, 1869 Porifera: Demospongiae: Latrunculiidae) with descriptions of new species from New Caledonia and the Northeastern Pacific (. Zootaxa 1127 (1): 1-71, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1127.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1127.1.1
038D1B08134CFFA4FED7FAF7334DFE4A.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Hemispherical to globular sponge, with ectosomal layer easily detachable from the underlying choanosome and surface crowded with conical volcano­shaped oscules, and numerous flattened mammiform areolate porefields. Texture firm, resilient and slightly fleshy. External colour in life mottled chocolate brown, interior dark chocolate brown, in preservative dark chocolate brown. The choanosomal skeleton is an irregular polygonal­meshed reticulation formed by wispy tracts of smooth styles (Fig. 4 C), ranging in width from 45 – 130 µm in thickness, forming meshes that are 270 µm wide. Microscleres are anisodiscorhabds and aciculodiscorhabds and these are abundant throughout the choanosome. The surface of the ectosome is lined with an erect layer of anisodiscorhabds. Beneath the anisodiscorhabds the ectosome is composed of a thin but dense layer of paratangential styles approximately 273 m wide. This layer is present in the fistulae with styles disposed in a compact regular vertical to oblique arrangement supporting the mammiform areolate structures. Anisostyles are smooth, centrally thickened, hastily pointed and slightly sinuous, often with slight irregular inflations on the shaft, 453 (437 – 464) x 9 (9) m diameter, n = 20. Microscleres in two categories (Fig. 1 D): 1) aciculodiscorhabds, the manubrium is short with a regular expanded spinose base, armoured with a basal whorl with a series of separate short spines, followed by a smooth, short, stout, shaft 16 m long and 7 m wide. Median whorl is circular, broad, flat, and horizontally arranged with segments divided into seven denticulate margins or spines, 23 m in diameter, similar in diameter to the subsidiary whorl, slanting slightly upwards and divided into six denticulate margins. The spines of the apical whorl are reduced and slanted upwards and protruding from the apex is a short, spined apical projection, 23 m long, which gradually tapers to a fine point. Aciculodiscorhabd length, 73 (62 – 83) m, n = 20. 2) Anisodiscorhabd without apical projection, having four whorls of spines; median whorl circular, flat and horizontally arranged, 35 m in diameter. The subsidiary whorl is short and leaf­like and slanted upwards pointing towards apical whorl. Anisodiscorhabd length, 55 (51 – 58) m, n = 20. The habitat of the sponge in the shallow environment (intertidal and subtidal) is a rocky substrata, whereas in the deeper regions they occupy sandy and muddy environments. The depth range from 18 – 1 080 m (after Samaai et al., 2003). Geographic distribution (Fig. 2). South Africa; Rio de la Plata, Argentina; Antarctica; Kerguelen Islands.	en	Samaai, Toufiek, Gibbons, Mark J., Kelly, Michelle (2006): Revision of the genus Latrunculia du Bocage, 1869 Porifera: Demospongiae: Latrunculiidae) with descriptions of new species from New Caledonia and the Northeastern Pacific (. Zootaxa 1127 (1): 1-71, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1127.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1127.1.1
038D1B08134CFFA4FED7FAF7334DFE4A.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Ridley and Dendy (1887) collected three specimens that were identified as Latrunculia apicalis on the H. M. S. ‘ Challenger’ expedition, one off Christmas Harbour, Kerguelen (BMNH 1887.5.2.88 a), and two specimens from Rio de la Plata, Argentina (one being BMNH 1887.5.2.84 a) (see Table 2). Examination of these samples by Samaai et al. (2003) revealed that BMNH 1887.5.2.84 a from Argentina differed from the Kerguelen sample (BMNH 1887.5.2.88 a) in possession of an additional type of acanthodiscorhabd with an apical projection termed an aciculodiscorhabd (Samaai & Kelly 2002). In their description of Latrunculia apicalis, Dendy and Ridley (1886) and Ridley and Dendy (1887), failed to mention the presence of these spicules. Aciculodiscorhabds were first observed in L. apicalis, by Kirkpatrick (1908), in samples dredged in Antarctica. He named this new material Latrunculia apicalis var. biformis. Spiculation and histology of the South African material (Tsitsikamma National Park, SAM H­ 4959) is very similar to Kirkpatrick’s material (Kirkpatrick 1908) and that of Ridley & Dendy (1887) (BMNH 1887.5.2.88 a) in possessing aciculodiscorhabds. As he was clear in stating the subspecific rank of this specimen (" var "), the name biformis under article 45 g, 46 b and 72 a of the ICZN was elevated to species status and subsequently referred to as L. biformis (see Samaai et al. 2003). The possession of these microscleres in the ectosomal microsclere palisade is consistent between specimens and unique within the genus, justifying our elevation of the varietal status to species status. Examination of the specimens within the biformis complex reveals considerable variation in the size (Table 3) and structure of the discorhabds. The aciculodiscorhabd of specimen BMNH 1887.5.2.84 a has leaf­like lobes, with the apical prolongation smooth, long and thin (46 µm long) and much larger (96.6 µm) than the holotype and the other specimens. Three specimens have a third variety of hypertrophied aciculodiscorhabds (see Table 3). ..... continued on the next page	en	Samaai, Toufiek, Gibbons, Mark J., Kelly, Michelle (2006): Revision of the genus Latrunculia du Bocage, 1869 Porifera: Demospongiae: Latrunculiidae) with descriptions of new species from New Caledonia and the Northeastern Pacific (. Zootaxa 1127 (1): 1-71, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1127.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1127.1.1
038D1B081340FF99FED7F9323587FC64.taxon	description	(Figs 1 E, 2, 4 D; Tables 2 & 3)	en	Samaai, Toufiek, Gibbons, Mark J., Kelly, Michelle (2006): Revision of the genus Latrunculia du Bocage, 1869 Porifera: Demospongiae: Latrunculiidae) with descriptions of new species from New Caledonia and the Northeastern Pacific (. Zootaxa 1127 (1): 1-71, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1127.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1127.1.1
038D1B081340FF99FED7F9323587FC64.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype material. BMNH 1908.2. 5.72, labeled Latrunculia apicalis var. basilis identified by Kirkpatrick, 1908, ethanol preserved sample (light brown­beige subsample of specimen, 10 x 10 x 2 mm in diameter) and microscope­slides, dredged off Balleney Island, Antarctic; depth 462 m, National Antarctic expedition, HMN Discovery 1901 ­ 04. Other material examined. ZMB 4812 (holotype), Labeled Latrunculia lendenfeldi Hentschel, 1914, seven microscope­slides, Wilhelm II Coast, Antarctica, 66 º 2 ' 9 '' S; 89 º 38 ' E, depth 385 m	en	Samaai, Toufiek, Gibbons, Mark J., Kelly, Michelle (2006): Revision of the genus Latrunculia du Bocage, 1869 Porifera: Demospongiae: Latrunculiidae) with descriptions of new species from New Caledonia and the Northeastern Pacific (. Zootaxa 1127 (1): 1-71, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1127.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1127.1.1
038D1B081340FF99FED7F9323587FC64.taxon	description	Description. Small encrusting sponge, 30 x 20 x 6 mm diameter. Surface smooth, but sandpapery with one volcano­shaped or conical osculum at the apex (recorded by Kirkpatrick), but not visible in the preserved type specimen, and mammiform areolate porefields 0.5 x 0.5 mm in diameter. Ectosome thin and transparent, easily separable from underlying choanosome. Colour in life light brown; in preservative light beige­brown. Skeleton. The choanosomal skeleton is a loose irregular polygonal­meshed reticulation formed by wispy tracts of smooth styles (Fig. 4 D). These tracts range in width from 45 – 100 µm in thickness, forming meshes that are 273 µm wide. There is no distinction between the primary and secondary fibres. Towards the surface the spicules tend to be vertically arranged. The surface of the ectosome is lined with an erect layer of single anisodiscorhabds. Beneath the discorhabds in the ectosome is a thin paratangential layer of densely interlocking megascleres, approximately 227 µm wide. Spicules. Megascleres: styles are smooth, centrally thickened, fusiform and slightly sinuous, resembling strongyloxeas in appearance 554 (500 – 592) x 16 (16) m, n = 20. Microscleres (Fig. 1 E): leafy anisodiscorhabds, the manubrium is a vertically arranged spinose base armoured with a basal whorl with two short horizontally arranged whorls of spines followed by a smooth slender shaft 11 m long and 7 m wide. The median whorl is circular, broad, flat, and horizontally arranged, 48 m in diameter, larger in diameter than the subsidiary and apical whorls. The median whorl is divided into four distinct segments each possessing eight denticulate margins or spines. The subsidiary whorl is slanted upwards and situated closer to the apical whorl. The subsidiary whorl is divided into three cup­shaped segments fused with seven to eight denticulate margins. The spines of the apical whorl are the smallest, convex and slanted upwards to end in a trident­like tuft of acute spined projections. Anisodiscorhabd length, 69 m, n = 20. Substratum, depth range, and ecology. Substrate and ecology unknown with a depth range from 81 – 700 m. Geographic distribution (Fig. 2). Balleney Island, Cape Cook and Oates coast, Antarctica; Falklands Islands; Namibia.	en	Samaai, Toufiek, Gibbons, Mark J., Kelly, Michelle (2006): Revision of the genus Latrunculia du Bocage, 1869 Porifera: Demospongiae: Latrunculiidae) with descriptions of new species from New Caledonia and the Northeastern Pacific (. Zootaxa 1127 (1): 1-71, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1127.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1127.1.1
038D1B081340FF99FED7F9323587FC64.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Kirkpatrick (1908) described this specimen as a variant of Latrunculia apicalis. As he was clear in stating the subspecific rank of this specimen (" var. "), the name basilis under article 45 g, 46 b and 72 a of the ICZN is elevated to species status and will subsequently be referred to as L. basilis. In his description Kirkpatrick (1908) states that the anisodiscorhabds vary somewhat from the typical form (as for Latrunculia brevis) (62 m in length) having a small spike at the base, and a still smaller one at the apex. Upon examination of the type species no basal or apical spike were observed, but this appearance is due to the angle the discorhabds was observed due to the vertical arrangement of the expanded spinose base of the manubrium. The small spike on the apical whorl is that of the vertical arrangement of the crown. On close examination the morphology of the discorhabd closely resembles that of L. bocagei, but differs from the anisodiscorhabd of L. bocagei in having apical spines as opposed to the spined conules. The specimen collected on the Soviet Antarctic Expedition (Type data unknown­no collection data on label, but examined) and identified by Koltun as a species of L. lendenfeldi, is considered a specimen on L. basilis, base on the anisodiscorhabd morphology, apical structures, spicule measurements and locality (specimen examined by authors) (see Tables 2 and 3). The specimen of L. brevis identified by Uriz (1988) from Namibia (not examined by authors) is considered a specimen of L. basilis based solely on the geometry and structure of the anisodiscorhabd and structure of the styles, which resembles strongyloxeas in appearance (Table 3). Although Tanita's type specimen was not examined [Latrunculia antarctica (holotype whereabouts unknown­Hooper and Wiedenmayer 1994)] the similarities in morphology and spiculation (see Table 3) as well as the specimens geographic position (Table 2) strongly suggest that it is the same as Latrunculia basilis from Balleney Island in the Ross Sea, Antarctica. L. lendenfeldi Hentschel (1914), after examination of the type species (ZMB 4812) (see FIG 12 C in Alvarez et al. 2002), is not a valid species but conspecific with L. basilis and therefore a synonym of the latter species. This validation is based on the gross morphology, apical structure and spicule length (see Table 2) of the anisodiscorhabd morphology and the locality of the species (see Table 3) (specimen examined by authors). Based on these similarities in spiculation the authors consider L. antarctica (sensu Tanita 1959), L. brevis (sensu Uriz 1988), L. lendenfeldi (sensu Koltun 1959) and the type species of L. lendenfeldi Hentschel (1914) as synonyms of L. basilis Kirkpatrick. We consider that the morphology and ornamentation of the discorhabd is stable within any given sample and justifies species distinction.	en	Samaai, Toufiek, Gibbons, Mark J., Kelly, Michelle (2006): Revision of the genus Latrunculia du Bocage, 1869 Porifera: Demospongiae: Latrunculiidae) with descriptions of new species from New Caledonia and the Northeastern Pacific (. Zootaxa 1127 (1): 1-71, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1127.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1127.1.1
038D1B08137EFF9BFED7FA7234D6FF8C.taxon	description	(Figs 1 F, 2, 3 C, 4 E; Tables 2 & 3)	en	Samaai, Toufiek, Gibbons, Mark J., Kelly, Michelle (2006): Revision of the genus Latrunculia du Bocage, 1869 Porifera: Demospongiae: Latrunculiidae) with descriptions of new species from New Caledonia and the Northeastern Pacific (. Zootaxa 1127 (1): 1-71, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1127.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1127.1.1
038D1B08137EFF9BFED7FA7234D6FF8C.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype material. BMNH 1887.5. 2.269, ethanol preserved sample (light brown­beige subsample of specimen, 0.5 x 0.1 x 0.1 mm) and microscope­slides, off the mouth of Rio de la Plata, Argentina, stn 320, 37 17 ' S., 53 52 ' W; February 14, 1876; depth 1080 m, Challenger Expedition. Other material examined. BMNH 1887.5. 2.270 (Type of var.) labeled Latrunculia brevis identified by Ridley and Dendy, 1887, off the mouth of Rio de la Plata, Argentina, stn 320, 37 17 ' S., 53 52 ' W; February 14, 1876, depth 1080 m, Challenger expedition. BMNH 1928.2.15.823 a, labeled Latrunculia lendenfeldi identified by Burton, HMS Discovery investigation, Stn. WS 248, microscope­slide, depth 210 – 242. BMNH 1933.6.10.28 a, labeled Latrunculia lendenfeldi off SE coast of South America, Buenos Aires, Museum Exc. Coll. No. 1660, microscope­slide. BMNH 1933.6.10.29 a, Labeled Latrunculia lendenfeldi off SE coast of South America, Buenos Aires, Museum Exc. Coll. No. 1660, microscope­slide. BMNH 1935.10.26.140 a labeled Latrunculia lendenfeldi identified by Mawson, Mawson Antarctic Expedition coll. No. 2137, Antarctica, microscope­slide. BMNH 1935.10.26.142 a labeled Latrunculia lendenfeldi identified by Mawson, Mawson Antarctic Expedition coll. No. 2139, Antarctica, microscope­slide. BMNH 1935.10.26.143 a labeled Latrunculia lendenfeldi identified by Mawson, Mawson Antarctic Expedition coll. No. 2140, Antarctica, microscope­slide.	en	Samaai, Toufiek, Gibbons, Mark J., Kelly, Michelle (2006): Revision of the genus Latrunculia du Bocage, 1869 Porifera: Demospongiae: Latrunculiidae) with descriptions of new species from New Caledonia and the Northeastern Pacific (. Zootaxa 1127 (1): 1-71, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1127.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1127.1.1
038D1B08137EFF9BFED7FA7234D6FF8C.taxon	description	Description. Thickly encrusting to massive, semispherical sponge 6 x 4.5 x 5 cm diameter Fig 3 C). Surface smooth, with volcano­shaped or conical oscules, 6 mm high and with mammiform areolate porefields, 0.5 x 0.5 mm in diameter. Ectosome thin and transparent, easily separable from underlying choanosome. Colour in life unknown; in preservative light brown­beige. Skeleton. The choanosomal skeleton is a very loose irregular polygonal­meshed reticulation formed by wispy tracts of smooth styles (Fig. 4 E). These tracts range in width from 45 – 91 µm in thickness but may form meshes that are 200 µm wide. There is no distinction between the primary and secondary fibres. Towards the surface of the sponge these spicules tend to be vertically arranged. The surface of the ectosome is lined with a layer of erect anisodiscorhabds. Spicules. Megascleres: styles are smooth, centrally thickened, fusiform and slightly sinuous, 463 (455 – 482) x 14 (14) m, n = 20. Microscleres (Fig. 1 F) anisodiscorhabds with a small manubrium, above which is a basal whorl. The shaft is 9 m long and 7 m wide. The median whorl is circular, broad, flat and horizontally arranged, 46 m in diameter, being the largest of the four whorls. The median whorl is divided into three distinct segments, each possessing eight denticulate margins or spines. The subsidiary whorl is slanted upwards and is situated close to the apical whorl. The subsidiary whorl is divided into three distinct segments with seven to eight denticulate margins. The spines of the apical whorl are the smallest, slanted upwards ending in a crown­like tuft of acute spined projections, 54 (50 – 58) m, n = 20. Substratum, depth range and ecology. Found on horizontal rocky substrate or under rocky overhangs, together with coral, bryozoans and other sponges. Depth range 46 – 1500 m Geographic distribution (Fig. 2). Rio de la Plata, Argentina; Antarctica	en	Samaai, Toufiek, Gibbons, Mark J., Kelly, Michelle (2006): Revision of the genus Latrunculia du Bocage, 1869 Porifera: Demospongiae: Latrunculiidae) with descriptions of new species from New Caledonia and the Northeastern Pacific (. Zootaxa 1127 (1): 1-71, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1127.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1127.1.1
038D1B08137EFF9BFED7FA7234D6FF8C.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Ridley and Dendy (1887) described this species as being massive, attached at the base with numerous convex upper surface structures and conical processes. The convex structures they referred to are the mammiform areolate porefields and the conical processes the volcano­shape oscules. Ridley and Dendy (1887) identified about 10 specimens of this species that was collected on the “ Challenger ” expedition but all were in poor conditions. They remark that the anisodiscorhabd microsclere is the most characteristic feature of this species. The specimen identified by Burton (1932) (BMNH 1928.2.15.823 a) (Discovery expedition), and a few BMHN specimens from the Mawson Antarctic Expedition identified as L. lendenfeldi are considered specimens of L. brevis based on the structure of the discorhabd and spicule dimensions (see Table 2, 3). Lévi’s (1993) specimen (MNHN D. CL. 3549) from the deeper waters off New Caledonia, described as L. brevis, were re­examined and compared with both the Holotype species of L. palmata Lévi and L. brevis Ridley and Dendy, and were not conspecific with either species, although they appear to be related in some of their features. The former material is described below as a new species, L. novaecaledoniae sp. nov .. The validity of Latrunculia lendenfeldi Hentschel was resolved in that the type species (ZMB 4812) is a synonym of L. basilis, but many voucher specimens could be considered either specimens of L. bocagei, L. basilis or L. brevis (Table 2, 3). Bergquist (1968), considered L. antarctica to be synonymous with L. brevis, a view currently disputed by the present authors (see remarks for L. basilis and L. spinispiraefera). Bergquist (1968) also described some specimens collected off Three Kings (New Zealand) as L. brevis (sensu Bergquist 1968: 17 – 19), a view that was contested by Alvarez et al. (2002). Alvarez et al. (2002) found that the genus Latrunculia in New Zealand is represented by at least eight different species and that the two colour morphs (green and brown specimens) occurring off the Three kings Islands are undoubtedly two different species (L. kaakaariki and L. duckworthi) and separate from L. brevis. Based on the locality and colour morph of the specimen described by Bergquist (1968), it can be concluded that it is a specimen of L. duckworthi Alvarez et al., 2002. The Cape Brett specimens (Bergquist 1968) are currently considered conspecific with L. procumbens described by Alvarez et al. 2002 (see below). The synonymy of L. spinispiraefera (sensu Bergquist, 1961) with L. brevis as suggested by Bergquist (1968) is invalid as this specimen is a species of L. triverticillata Alvarez et al. (2002). Also the synonymy of L. antarctica with L. brevis as suggested by Bergquist (1968) is not considered, because the authors have found that the former species is a junior synonym of L. basilis Ridley and Dendy (1887). Based on these findings we conclude that L. brevis have a very restricted distribution and is not found to occur in New Zealand and adjacent areas (see Fig. 2; Table 2). At present L. bocagei, L. basilis and L. brevis have overlapping distributions in the Antarctic regions and South Atlantic.	en	Samaai, Toufiek, Gibbons, Mark J., Kelly, Michelle (2006): Revision of the genus Latrunculia du Bocage, 1869 Porifera: Demospongiae: Latrunculiidae) with descriptions of new species from New Caledonia and the Northeastern Pacific (. Zootaxa 1127 (1): 1-71, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1127.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1127.1.1
038D1B08137CFF9AFED7F95A3264FF8B.taxon	description	(Figs 1 G, 2; Tables 2 & 3)	en	Samaai, Toufiek, Gibbons, Mark J., Kelly, Michelle (2006): Revision of the genus Latrunculia du Bocage, 1869 Porifera: Demospongiae: Latrunculiidae) with descriptions of new species from New Caledonia and the Northeastern Pacific (. Zootaxa 1127 (1): 1-71, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1127.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1127.1.1
038D1B08137CFF9AFED7F95A3264FF8B.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype material. L. B. I. M. No D. CL. 1390, spicule slide. Locality: Mer de Mindanao (Philippines), 8 ° 48 ’ N, 124 ° 09 ’ E; stn 443, depth 1500 m. Danish Deep Sea Expedition (Galathea Report).	en	Samaai, Toufiek, Gibbons, Mark J., Kelly, Michelle (2006): Revision of the genus Latrunculia du Bocage, 1869 Porifera: Demospongiae: Latrunculiidae) with descriptions of new species from New Caledonia and the Northeastern Pacific (. Zootaxa 1127 (1): 1-71, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1127.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1127.1.1
038D1B08137CFF9AFED7F95A3264FF8B.taxon	description	Description Sponge small semispherical to pyriform. Surface very finely granulated and velvety to the touch, being strongly folded creating many narrow furrows that converge at various places. Oscules not visible in sample. Colour in life unknown; in preservative dark brown (from Lévi, 1964). Skeleton. The choanosomal skeleton consists of a dense regular polygonal­meshed reticulation formed by wispy tracts of smooth styles. Spicules. Megascleres: styles smooth with narrow heads (almost strongyloxeate), fusiform and slightly sinuous, with a narrow head region often looking like strongyloxeas, 400 m x 8 – 9 m [authors measurements 394 (382 – 410) x 8 – 9 m]. Microscleres (Fig. 1 G): Anisodiscorhabds, the manubrium is slightly spined, forming a tripod structure, with a basal whorl just above the manubrium. Medium whorl is circular, broad, flat and horizontally arranged, being the largest of the three whorls, 40 m in diameter. The medium whorl is dividing into three distinct segments, each possessing 6 denticulate margins. The subsidiary whorl is slanted upwards, separated from the apical whorl by an extended shaft, 30 – 36 m in diameter. This whorl is also divided in 6 denticulate margins. The apical whorl is extended by the shaft region, ending in a crown like tuft. Anisodiscorhabd length, 50 – 55 m in length [authors’ measurements 57 (53 – 58) m]. Geographic distribution (Fig. 2). Mindanao, Philippines, depth 1500 m.	en	Samaai, Toufiek, Gibbons, Mark J., Kelly, Michelle (2006): Revision of the genus Latrunculia du Bocage, 1869 Porifera: Demospongiae: Latrunculiidae) with descriptions of new species from New Caledonia and the Northeastern Pacific (. Zootaxa 1127 (1): 1-71, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1127.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1127.1.1
038D1B08137CFF9AFED7F95A3264FF8B.taxon	discussion	Remarks. In his remarks Lévi (1964) said that this new species conforms to Latrunculia brevis described by Ridley and Dendy (1887) from Kerguelen and L. spinispiraefera Brøndsted, but differs however in the size of the megascleres and the form and size of the anisodiscorhabds (Table 3). Lévi (1964), also suggested that the acanthodiscorhabd of L. palmata conforms to the typical shape of Latrunculia brevis Ridley and Dendy (see Fig. 1 F, G), but varies from the latter species in having larger acanthodiscorhabds, an observation also confirmed by us (see Table 3). On observation of the spicule slide we found that the proximal end (head region) of the styles as found in L. palmata is rather narrow and that the spicule resembles strongyloxeas in appearance. L. palmata also has larger megascleres to that of L. brevis and L. spinispiraefera (see Table 3). Apart from this, L. palmata Lévi (1964) is also geographically separated from L. brevis Ridley and Dendy (see Fig. 2, Table 2). Based on these differences we consider L. palmata to be a valid species and this decision can change if more information on the surface features and choanosomal architecture can be determined.	en	Samaai, Toufiek, Gibbons, Mark J., Kelly, Michelle (2006): Revision of the genus Latrunculia du Bocage, 1869 Porifera: Demospongiae: Latrunculiidae) with descriptions of new species from New Caledonia and the Northeastern Pacific (. Zootaxa 1127 (1): 1-71, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1127.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1127.1.1
038D1B08137DFF9CFED7F96F3711FBE4.taxon	description	(Figs 1 H, 2, 4 F; Tables 2 & 3)	en	Samaai, Toufiek, Gibbons, Mark J., Kelly, Michelle (2006): Revision of the genus Latrunculia du Bocage, 1869 Porifera: Demospongiae: Latrunculiidae) with descriptions of new species from New Caledonia and the Northeastern Pacific (. Zootaxa 1127 (1): 1-71, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1127.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1127.1.1
038D1B08137DFF9CFED7F96F3711FBE4.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype material. MNHN L. B. I. M. No D. CL. 1265, spicule slide, W. de Florès (Central Atlantic­ Azores), stn 2210; depth 1229 m.	en	Samaai, Toufiek, Gibbons, Mark J., Kelly, Michelle (2006): Revision of the genus Latrunculia du Bocage, 1869 Porifera: Demospongiae: Latrunculiidae) with descriptions of new species from New Caledonia and the Northeastern Pacific (. Zootaxa 1127 (1): 1-71, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1127.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1127.1.1
038D1B08137DFF9CFED7F96F3711FBE4.taxon	description	Description. Small encrusting sponge 2 x 2 x 2 cm diameter. Surface smooth, slightly wrinkled, without distinct openings. Texture unknown. Colour in life unknown; in preservative light brownish olive unknown (after Topsent). Skeleton. The choanosomal skeleton consists of styles arranged in a wispy polygonalmeshed reticulation (Fig. 4 F). The ectosomal skeleton consists of a paratangential layer of styles with a palisade of erect anisodiscorhabds on the surface. These are also scattered in the choanosome (after Topsent). Spicules. The megascleres are smooth, often slightly polytylote styles, centrally thickened, fusiform and straight, 342 (309 – 364) x 11 (11) m, n = 20. Microscleres (Fig. 1 H): anisodiscorhabds are long and hold several spined whorls. The manubrium does not have an expanded, candelabrum­like base, but keeps the form of a straight stem, 6 – 7 µm thick, armoured with a basal whorl which consists of three horizontal whorls of spines followed by a smooth slender, cylindrical shaft 9 µm long and 7 µm wide. The median whorl is 43 – 45 µm in diameter and composed of five spines spread out horizontally and divided into three groups, which give eight sets for each of them, and is the largest of the whorls. The subsidiary whorl is slanted upwards. The serrated margins of the median and subsidiary whorls are microspined. The shaft, which thickens between the two discs, fades progressively becoming thinner towards the apical whorl, and having either three, four or even five supplementary subsidiary whorls along the shaft. The apical whorl resembles a small coup edged with teeth and blunt terminally spined cylindrical spines appearing somewhat crown­like. Anisodiscorhabd length, 142 (117 – 186) µm, n = 20. Substratum, depth range and ecology. Found in on muddy environment at a depth of 1229 m. Geographic distribution (Fig. 2). Azores	en	Samaai, Toufiek, Gibbons, Mark J., Kelly, Michelle (2006): Revision of the genus Latrunculia du Bocage, 1869 Porifera: Demospongiae: Latrunculiidae) with descriptions of new species from New Caledonia and the Northeastern Pacific (. Zootaxa 1127 (1): 1-71, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1127.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1127.1.1
038D1B08137DFF9CFED7F96F3711FBE4.taxon	discussion	Remarks. One of the key characters that differentiate species within the Latrunculia complex is the development (ontogeny) pattern and structure of the acanthodiscorhabd. As stated above the acanthodiscorhabds of Latrunculia s. s have a straight uniform shaft bearing whorls of crenulated discs (Carter 1879; Samaai and Kelly 2002; Samaai 2002) and develop from a straight protorhabd as indicated by Dendy, (1917) (see also Samaai and Kelly 2002; Samaai 2002 and Samaai et al. 2003; Samaai et al. 2004). All these characters (based only on the acanthodiscorhabds) are visible in L. multirotalis, suggesting that it is a valid species of Latrunculia. Apart from this it also possesses the basal whorl just above the manubrium as indicative of the subgenus Latrunculia This species is most distinctive, however, as it differs substantially from other Latrunculia species in the size and structure of the anisodiscorhabds (Table 3); it possesses multi­crenulated discs along a long shaft. Hinde and Holmes (1892) (PG. 219, FIG. 34, 35) (see also Wiedenmayer, 1994) recorded a fossil anisodiscorhabd with multiple whorls from the Oamaru Diatomite, New Zealand, for a species (Latrunculia. sp Hinde and Holmes, PG 218, PL. XI, FIG. 35) that occurred during the late Eocene­early Oligocene era. These authors also suggested that this form was a modification of a common plane (two whorls), which ultimately gave rise to the multi­crenulated discs as found in L. multirotalis. The discorhabd structure of the extant Latrunculia multirotalis differs however from the fossil spicule in that the shaft possess multiple spines (as appose to whorls) and in the length of the spicule, which is much larger in size (206 µm) than what is recorded for L. multirotalis. It is difficult to say whether the fossil acanthodiscorhabds are homologous to that found in the extant species, but it does suggest that several species of “ latrunculids ” must have coexisted at the source of this assemblage (See also Wiedenmayer 1994). The species L. multirotalis was only ever recorded from the North Atlantic off Azores (Table 2).	en	Samaai, Toufiek, Gibbons, Mark J., Kelly, Michelle (2006): Revision of the genus Latrunculia du Bocage, 1869 Porifera: Demospongiae: Latrunculiidae) with descriptions of new species from New Caledonia and the Northeastern Pacific (. Zootaxa 1127 (1): 1-71, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1127.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1127.1.1
038D1B08137BFF9FFED7FCF235B5F8A4.taxon	description	(Figs 1 I, 2; Table 2, 3)	en	Samaai, Toufiek, Gibbons, Mark J., Kelly, Michelle (2006): Revision of the genus Latrunculia du Bocage, 1869 Porifera: Demospongiae: Latrunculiidae) with descriptions of new species from New Caledonia and the Northeastern Pacific (. Zootaxa 1127 (1): 1-71, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1127.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1127.1.1
038D1B08137BFF9FFED7FCF235B5F8A4.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype material. MNHN DCL 3550 (Biocal DW 36), spicule slides, New Caledonia, 23 08.64 ' S, 167 10.99 ' E, depth 600 m.	en	Samaai, Toufiek, Gibbons, Mark J., Kelly, Michelle (2006): Revision of the genus Latrunculia du Bocage, 1869 Porifera: Demospongiae: Latrunculiidae) with descriptions of new species from New Caledonia and the Northeastern Pacific (. Zootaxa 1127 (1): 1-71, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1127.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1127.1.1
038D1B08137BFF9FFED7FCF235B5F8A4.taxon	description	Description. Small encrusting sponge. Surface smooth, without distinct openings. Texture unknown. Colour in life unknown; in preservative light brownish olive unknown (from Lévi, 1993) Skeleton. The choanosomal skeleton consists of styles arranged in a wispy polygonalmeshed reticulation. The ectosomal skeleton consists of a paratangential layer of styles with a palisade of erect anisodiscorhabds on the surface. These are also scattered in the choanosome. Spicules. The megascleres are small, smooth anisostrongyles more or less polytylotes, 236 (227 – 237) m x 7 (7) m, n = 20. Microscleres in two categories (Fig. 1 I: 1) anisodiscorhabds with manubrium and apical whorl similar in structure. Apex of anisodiscorhabd ends in crown­like tuft of acute spines, apical whorl slanting upwards. Both the basal and subsidiary whorls are similar in diameter (91 m in diameter) and the median whorl is midway between the manubrium and apical whorl and is armoured on both sides with small short horizontal spines. Anisodiscorhabd length 68 (64 – 69) m, n = 20; 2) anisodiscorhabds armoured with numerous short horizontal spines along the shaft, Anisodiscorhabd length 117 (115 – 127) m, n = 20. Substratum, depth range and ecology. Dredged from a depth of 600 m. Geographic distribution (Fig. 2). New Caledonia	en	Samaai, Toufiek, Gibbons, Mark J., Kelly, Michelle (2006): Revision of the genus Latrunculia du Bocage, 1869 Porifera: Demospongiae: Latrunculiidae) with descriptions of new species from New Caledonia and the Northeastern Pacific (. Zootaxa 1127 (1): 1-71, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1127.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1127.1.1
038D1B08137BFF9FFED7FCF235B5F8A4.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The relationship of this species to other species of Latrunculia is ambiguous. The anisodiscorhabds are unusual in that the basal, median and subsidiary whorls are equidistant along the shaft and the median whorl has a smaller diameter than the basal and apical whorls. Moreover, a second “ expanded ” anisodiscorhabd is present and unprecedented thus far in the Latrunculiidae, possessing verticillate spines along the shaft as well as having a reduced subsidiary and basal whorls.	en	Samaai, Toufiek, Gibbons, Mark J., Kelly, Michelle (2006): Revision of the genus Latrunculia du Bocage, 1869 Porifera: Demospongiae: Latrunculiidae) with descriptions of new species from New Caledonia and the Northeastern Pacific (. Zootaxa 1127 (1): 1-71, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1127.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1127.1.1
038D1B081378FF91FED7FDB237D1F88C.taxon	description	(Figs 1 J, 2, 3 D, 5 A; Tables 2 & 3)	en	Samaai, Toufiek, Gibbons, Mark J., Kelly, Michelle (2006): Revision of the genus Latrunculia du Bocage, 1869 Porifera: Demospongiae: Latrunculiidae) with descriptions of new species from New Caledonia and the Northeastern Pacific (. Zootaxa 1127 (1): 1-71, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1127.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1127.1.1
038D1B081378FF91FED7FDB237D1F88C.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype material. NSMT PO 11 Latrunculia ikematsui Tanita, 1968, Ariake Sea, Japan, dredged at St. 13, depth unknown, collected by Tanita, September, 1957.	en	Samaai, Toufiek, Gibbons, Mark J., Kelly, Michelle (2006): Revision of the genus Latrunculia du Bocage, 1869 Porifera: Demospongiae: Latrunculiidae) with descriptions of new species from New Caledonia and the Northeastern Pacific (. Zootaxa 1127 (1): 1-71, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1127.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1127.1.1
038D1B081378FF91FED7FDB237D1F88C.taxon	description	Description. Small, semispherical sponge, 14 x 20 x 3 mm diameter (Fig. 3 D). Surface smooth with no oscules or areolate porefields apparent. Ectosome thin but not easily separable from the underlying choanosome. Texture firm and hard but resilient. Colour in life darkish purple; in preservative dark chocolate brown. Skeleton. The choanosomal skeleton is a firm, well developed, irregular polygonalmeshed reticulation formed by wispy tracts of smooth styles (Fig. 5 A). The tracts range in width from 45 – 91 m in thickness to form meshes that are 91 – 136 m wide. There is no distinction between the primary and secondary tracts. Towards the surface the spicules tend to be vertically arranged. Interstitial spicules present, with discorhabds scattered abundantly throughout choanosome. The surface of the ectosome is lined with an erect layer of anisodiscorhabds. Beneath the anisodiscorhabds in the ectosome is a thin, loose paratangential layer of interlocking megascleres, approximately 91 m wide. Spicules. Megascleres: styles are smooth, centrally thickened, fusiform faintly sinuous, 300 (280 – 320) x 7 (6.5 – 8) m, n = 20. Microscleres (Fig. 1 J): anisodiscorhabds, the manubrium is an expanded and spinose, above which are two basal spines on a smooth slender cylindrical shaft 12 m long and 5 m wide. Median whorl is circular, flat and horizontally arranged, 23 m in diameter, and the largest of the three whorls. The subsidiary whorl is slanted slightly upwards followed by an extended shaft, 5 m long, which gives rise to the apical whorl. Each whorl is deeply notched along the rim and divided into three segments, each possessing a denticulate margin of 5 – 7 spines. The spines of the apical whorl are slanted upwards with spines nearly parallel to the axis, ending in a crown­like tuft of acute convex spined projections, 38 (32 – 38) m long. Substratum, depth range and ecology. Found on sandy substrata, together with, bryozoans and other sponges. Depth unknown but dredged from deep water. Geographic distribution (Fig. 2). Korea; Japan.	en	Samaai, Toufiek, Gibbons, Mark J., Kelly, Michelle (2006): Revision of the genus Latrunculia du Bocage, 1869 Porifera: Demospongiae: Latrunculiidae) with descriptions of new species from New Caledonia and the Northeastern Pacific (. Zootaxa 1127 (1): 1-71, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1127.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1127.1.1
038D1B081378FF91FED7FDB237D1F88C.taxon	discussion	Remark. Tanita (1968) first described this species off the Ariake Sea, Japan on the basis of the shape of its discorhabd, the dimension of spicules and its external morphology (Table 2, 3). The distinguishing characteristic in this species is the morphology of the anisodiscorhabds; the median, subsidiary and apical whorls are leaf­like and lined with rows of spines.	en	Samaai, Toufiek, Gibbons, Mark J., Kelly, Michelle (2006): Revision of the genus Latrunculia du Bocage, 1869 Porifera: Demospongiae: Latrunculiidae) with descriptions of new species from New Caledonia and the Northeastern Pacific (. Zootaxa 1127 (1): 1-71, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1127.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1127.1.1
038D1B081376FF93FED7FE5A3577FB44.taxon	description	(Figs 1 K, 2, 3 E, 5 B, 6 H 1; Tables 2 & 3) Synonymy. Latrunculia oxydiscorhabda Alvarez et al. 2002, PG. 174, FIG. 11 A – F	en	Samaai, Toufiek, Gibbons, Mark J., Kelly, Michelle (2006): Revision of the genus Latrunculia du Bocage, 1869 Porifera: Demospongiae: Latrunculiidae) with descriptions of new species from New Caledonia and the Northeastern Pacific (. Zootaxa 1127 (1): 1-71, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1127.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1127.1.1
038D1B081376FF93FED7FE5A3577FB44.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype material. NZOI H­ 801 (cross ref. Z 9243; BA POR 339 ­ Belinda code and Ts 57): 34 22.6 ’ S, 172 46.5 ’ E, depth 44 m, collected by FV Ben Gunn, February, 1997. Other material examined. NZNM POR 613 (NZNM) (cross ref. TS 106), between Pandora Bank and Cape Maria van Diemen, New Zealand, 34 29.4 ’ S, 172 35.2 ’ E, depth 38 – 43 m, collected on R. V Tangaroa, February, 1991. NZOI stn D 194.2 (cross ref. TS 53.2), 50 º 44 ' S, 166 º 21 ' E collection unknown, 95 m Additional material. 99 TKI 1 – 15; 99 TKI 1 – 16; MNP 218 [NIWA collection­station and locality data details are outlined in Appendix 1, Alvarez et al. (2002)].	en	Samaai, Toufiek, Gibbons, Mark J., Kelly, Michelle (2006): Revision of the genus Latrunculia du Bocage, 1869 Porifera: Demospongiae: Latrunculiidae) with descriptions of new species from New Caledonia and the Northeastern Pacific (. Zootaxa 1127 (1): 1-71, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1127.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1127.1.1
038D1B081376FF93FED7FE5A3577FB44.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Massive, ovo­spherical sponge (Fig. 3 E) with numerous raised fistulae, either mushroom­, volcano­ or cylindrical­shaped. The cylindrical­shaped oscules are large and occur at the apex of the sponge, whereas the volcano­shaped oscules are randomly scattered across the sponge surface, each with a small opening at the apex. The mushroom­shaped mammiform areolate porefields are truncated at the apex, covered with a fleshy poral membrane. Colour in life chocolate­brown; in preservative brown. Styles are hastate and slightly sinuous, 465 (355.6 – 510.5) x 7 (4.8 – 8.9) m, n = 20. Anisodiscorhabds, (Fig. 1 K) with clearly separated and lightly spined manubrium, basal whorl, subsidiary and apical whorls. The whorls are equidistant apart, with the median whorl larger in diameter than the subsidiary and apical whorls. The whorls are deeply notched along the rim and divided into four segments, each segment possessing denticulate margins of 6 – 7 spines. The apical whorl is separate from the subsidiary whorl by a short shaft, the spines projecting upwards ending in a crown­like tuft of acute spined projections, 34 (30 – 39) x 5 (5) m, n = 20. Metaster­like microscleres (oxydiscorhabd) (Fig. 6 H 1) are also present: 46 x 35 µm, n = 20. The choanosomal skeleton is a dense meandering, irregular polygonal­meshed reticulation, being more robust and compact towards the surface (Fig. 5 B). The sponge whose habitat is rocky substrata are found on vertical to steeply sloping rock faces always in shade and associated with algae and other sponges in coastal waters at 2 – 44 m depth. This species is also very abundant between 5 – 7 m in strong surge areas in coastal waters (after Alvarez et al., 2002) and has also been recorded to occur in deeper waters, 95 m. Geographic distribution (Fig. 2). New Zealand; Subantarctica. FIGURE 6. Scanning electron micrographs or drawings comparing discorhabd microscleres of Latrunculia spp: A. Latrunculia microacanthoxea Samaai and Kelly 2003; B. Latrunculia kaakaariki Alvarez et al. 2002 (REPRODUCED FROM ALVAREZ et al. 2002); C. Latrunculia duckworthi Alvarez et al. 2002 (REPRODUCED FROM ALVAREZ et al. 2002); D. Latrunculia procumbens Alvarez et al. 2002 (REPRODUCED FROM ALVAREZ et al. 2002); E. Latrunculia wellingtonensis Alvarez et al. 2002 (REPRODUCED FROM ALVAREZ et al. 2002); F. Latrunculia kaikoura Alvarez et al. 2002 (REPRODUCED FROM ALVAREZ et al. 2002); G. Latrunculia millerae Alvarez et al. 2002 (REPRODUCED FROM ALVAREZ et al. 2002); H 1 Scanning electron micrograph of the metaster strepaster’s as found in Latrunculia oxydiscorhabda; H 2. Scanning electron micrograph of the oxeated megascleres as found in Latrunculia purpurea; N. SEM photo of megasclere showing terminal spination as found in Latrunculia oparinae Samaai and Krasokhin 2002.	en	Samaai, Toufiek, Gibbons, Mark J., Kelly, Michelle (2006): Revision of the genus Latrunculia du Bocage, 1869 Porifera: Demospongiae: Latrunculiidae) with descriptions of new species from New Caledonia and the Northeastern Pacific (. Zootaxa 1127 (1): 1-71, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1127.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1127.1.1
038D1B081376FF93FED7FE5A3577FB44.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The occurrence of metaster­like microscleres in L. oxydiscorhabda is a unique within the genus Latrunculia (Samaai 2002; Alvarez et al. 2002; Samaai and Kelly 2002), but not unprecedented in the Order Poecilosclerida. Podospongia natalensis (Kirkpatrick, 1903 b) (Family Podospongiidae, Suborder Mycalina) from the east coast of South Africa and Barbozia primitiva (Dendy 1922) (Family Mycalidae, Suborder Mycalina) also possess metaster­like microscleres. While the morphology of these metasters is similar in the three genera, no phylogenetic affinity can be attributed apart from their union in the Order Poecilosclerida.	en	Samaai, Toufiek, Gibbons, Mark J., Kelly, Michelle (2006): Revision of the genus Latrunculia du Bocage, 1869 Porifera: Demospongiae: Latrunculiidae) with descriptions of new species from New Caledonia and the Northeastern Pacific (. Zootaxa 1127 (1): 1-71, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1127.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1127.1.1
038D1B081374FF92FED7FD3A344DFB44.taxon	description	(Figs 1 L, 2, 3 F, 5 C; Tables 2 & 3)	en	Samaai, Toufiek, Gibbons, Mark J., Kelly, Michelle (2006): Revision of the genus Latrunculia du Bocage, 1869 Porifera: Demospongiae: Latrunculiidae) with descriptions of new species from New Caledonia and the Northeastern Pacific (. Zootaxa 1127 (1): 1-71, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1127.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1127.1.1
038D1B081374FF92FED7FD3A344DFB44.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype material. Not examined NZOI H 799, NIWA collection. Additional paratype material. NZOI P­ 1269; NZOI 1270, Niwa collection; Latrunculia spinispiraefera Bergquist 1961, Chatham Rise, 396 m, Sta. 6 (CM unregistered). Other material examined. T. S 15545 (cross ref. Ts 462), Tas., D'Entrecasteaux Channel, Tinderbox, E. of boat ramp, depth 1 – 3 m, collected by K. L. Gowlett­Holmes on the 14 / 07 / 1991. T. S 15544 (Ts 464), Tas., Tasman Penin., Shag Rock Bay, depth 15 – 17 m, collected by K. L. Gowlett­Holmes, 9 / 10 / 1994. NZOI stn M 780 (cross ref. Ts 55) unidentified sponge in NIWA collection, 44 º 36.35 ' S, 167 º 52.05 ' E, depth 40 m, collected on the 01 / 04 / 1981.	en	Samaai, Toufiek, Gibbons, Mark J., Kelly, Michelle (2006): Revision of the genus Latrunculia du Bocage, 1869 Porifera: Demospongiae: Latrunculiidae) with descriptions of new species from New Caledonia and the Northeastern Pacific (. Zootaxa 1127 (1): 1-71, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1127.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1127.1.1
038D1B081374FF92FED7FD3A344DFB44.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Small, semispherical sponge (Fig. 3 F) with cylindrical­shaped oscules, which are divided into 2 – 3 chambers, and numerous thin truncated lipped and subglobular thick crater­like areolate porefields that are covered with a distinct poral pellucid membrane. Colour in life is dark green; in preservative, choanosome dark brown and ectosome dark chocolate brown. Styles are fusiform, 333 (300 – 355) x 11 (9 – 12) m, n = 20 [Holotype 377 (326 – 413) x 6 m (after Alvarez et al. 2002); Bergquist voucher 350 x 6 m (after Bergquist 1961)] (see Table 3). Anisodiscorhabds (Fig. 1 L) with a simple manubrium, above which is a basal whorl similar in diameter to the median and subsidiary whorls; the whorls are denticulate with 4 groups of spines. The apical whorl is simple and also spined. Anisodiscorhabd length 45 (43 – 46) x 7 (7) m, n = 20 [Holotype 42 m long (after Bergquist 1961)]. The choanosomal skeleton consists of a firm, well developed but irregular polygonal­meshed reticulation and towards the surface the spicules become denser and tend to be vertically arranged (Fig. 5 C). The surface of the ectosome is lined with an erect layer of non­interlocking anisodiscorhabds. The ectosome of Voucher specimen T. S 15545 consists of a clear, thick band of collagenous mesohyal, 130 – 273 µm thick, at the base of which is a thin band of paratangential styles 20 µm deep (Fig. 5 C). The thickness of this paratangential layer differs in voucher specimen T. S 15544 and the holotype (NZOI H­ 799), which has a thick paratangential layer of densely interlocking megascleres, approximately 180 m wide in T. S 15544 and 200 – 450 m in the holotype. The sponge are frequently found on flat rocky surfaces in New Zealand as compared to off Tasmania where it is found on rocky substrata, under rocky overhangs and rocks; depth range 1 – 396 m (after Alvarez et al. 2002). Geographic distribution (Fig. 2). Tasmania; New Zealand	en	Samaai, Toufiek, Gibbons, Mark J., Kelly, Michelle (2006): Revision of the genus Latrunculia du Bocage, 1869 Porifera: Demospongiae: Latrunculiidae) with descriptions of new species from New Caledonia and the Northeastern Pacific (. Zootaxa 1127 (1): 1-71, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1127.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1127.1.1
038D1B081374FF92FED7FD3A344DFB44.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species is clearly differentiated from other New Zealand species by Alvarez et al. 2002 by the morphology of the anisodiscorhabds, and colouration in life and the surface morphology.	en	Samaai, Toufiek, Gibbons, Mark J., Kelly, Michelle (2006): Revision of the genus Latrunculia du Bocage, 1869 Porifera: Demospongiae: Latrunculiidae) with descriptions of new species from New Caledonia and the Northeastern Pacific (. Zootaxa 1127 (1): 1-71, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1127.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1127.1.1
038D1B081375FF95FED7FD12356BF88C.taxon	description	(Figs 1 M, 2, 3 G; Tables 2 & 3)	en	Samaai, Toufiek, Gibbons, Mark J., Kelly, Michelle (2006): Revision of the genus Latrunculia du Bocage, 1869 Porifera: Demospongiae: Latrunculiidae) with descriptions of new species from New Caledonia and the Northeastern Pacific (. Zootaxa 1127 (1): 1-71, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1127.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1127.1.1
038D1B081375FF95FED7FD12356BF88C.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype material. Not examined, NZOI H 800, Niwa collection. Additional paratype material. Not examined, NZOI P­ 1271; NZOI 1272; Niwa Collection. Other material examined. NZOI stn A 521 (Ts 51), New Zealand, 73 54.0 – 52.0 ' S, 177 44.0 – 46.0 ' W, depth 569 – 547 m, NIWA collection	en	Samaai, Toufiek, Gibbons, Mark J., Kelly, Michelle (2006): Revision of the genus Latrunculia du Bocage, 1869 Porifera: Demospongiae: Latrunculiidae) with descriptions of new species from New Caledonia and the Northeastern Pacific (. Zootaxa 1127 (1): 1-71, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1127.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1127.1.1
038D1B081375FF95FED7FD12356BF88C.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Massive, semispherical sponge with cylindrical­shaped oscules and numerous sub­globular, short, thin lipped crater­like areolate porefields, without a membranous cover (Fig. 3 G). Colour in life is green; in preservative, dark brown. Spicules. Styles are fusiform and often polytylote, 375 (317 – 453) x 6 (4 – 8) m, n = 20. Anisodiscorhabds (Fig. 1 M) with a simple manubrium and heavily spined basal, median, subsidiary and apical whorls, with spines projecting on several planes. The median whorl is larger in diameter than the subsidiary and apical whorls. The subsidiary whorl is slanted upwards and the whorls are notched along the rim and divided into four segments, each segment possessing denticulate margins of 6 – 7 spines. The apical whorl is also separate from the subsidiary whorl by a short shaft. Acanthodiscorhabd length 39 (34 – 45) x 4 (3 – 6) m, n = 20. The choanosomal skeleton consists of a firm and well developed but irregular polygonal­meshed reticulation and the surface of the ectosome is lined with an erect layer of non­interlocking anisodiscorhabds (see Fig. 10 B in Alvarez et al. 2002). The ectosome of consists of a clear, thick band of collagenous mesohyal, 200 – 450 µm thick, at the base of which is a thin band of paratangential styles. This layer is present in the fistulae with styles disposed in a compact, regular vertical to oblique arrangement supporting the mammiform areolate structures (after Alvarez et al. 2002). Off the New Zealand coastline the species are found in a calm, low light and salinity environment, typically that of fiords areas. It is attached to vertical rock walls, and not confined to shaded areas as other coastal species. Depth range 5 – 569 m depth. Geographic distribution (Fig. 2). New Zealand (Fiordlands)	en	Samaai, Toufiek, Gibbons, Mark J., Kelly, Michelle (2006): Revision of the genus Latrunculia du Bocage, 1869 Porifera: Demospongiae: Latrunculiidae) with descriptions of new species from New Caledonia and the Northeastern Pacific (. Zootaxa 1127 (1): 1-71, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1127.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1127.1.1
038D1B081375FF95FED7FD12356BF88C.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Latrunculia (Latrunculia) fiordensis is separated from other species on the elaborate spinose nature of the whorls on the anisodiscorhabd (see Alvarez et al. 2002 for comparison to other New Zealand species).	en	Samaai, Toufiek, Gibbons, Mark J., Kelly, Michelle (2006): Revision of the genus Latrunculia du Bocage, 1869 Porifera: Demospongiae: Latrunculiidae) with descriptions of new species from New Caledonia and the Northeastern Pacific (. Zootaxa 1127 (1): 1-71, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1127.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1127.1.1
038D1B081372FF94FED7FE5A35E5FB2C.taxon	description	(Fig. 1 N, 2; Tables 2 & 3) Latrunculia brevis; Lévi, 1993, FIG. 10 A; PL. III, FIG. 3.	en	Samaai, Toufiek, Gibbons, Mark J., Kelly, Michelle (2006): Revision of the genus Latrunculia du Bocage, 1869 Porifera: Demospongiae: Latrunculiidae) with descriptions of new species from New Caledonia and the Northeastern Pacific (. Zootaxa 1127 (1): 1-71, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1127.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1127.1.1
038D1B081372FF94FED7FE5A35E5FB2C.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype material. MNHN D. CL. 3549 (Biocal DW 33) labelled Latrunculia brevis identified by Lévi, C. 1993, microscope­slide, Jean Charcot Expedition, Nouvelle­Caledonie, stn DW 33, 23 09, 71 ' S., 167 10, 27 ' E', depth 675 – 680 m.	en	Samaai, Toufiek, Gibbons, Mark J., Kelly, Michelle (2006): Revision of the genus Latrunculia du Bocage, 1869 Porifera: Demospongiae: Latrunculiidae) with descriptions of new species from New Caledonia and the Northeastern Pacific (. Zootaxa 1127 (1): 1-71, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1127.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1127.1.1
038D1B081372FF94FED7FE5A35E5FB2C.taxon	description	Description (from Lévi, 1993). Sponge massive, overlying and covering debri limestone, measuring 40 / 15 / 10 mm in diameter. Surface has large folds. Oscules visible, 2 – 3 mm in lengh and 0.5 mm broad. Colour in life unknown; in preservative reddish brown. Skeleton. The choanosomal skeleton is cavernous consisting of a dense regular polygonal­meshed reticulation formed by wispy tracts of smooth styles, approximately 100 µm wide. Spicules. Megascleres: styles slightly spined between head and mid region with narrow heads (almost strongyloxeate), fusiform and slightly sinuous, 400 – 460 m x 10 m [authors measurements 469 (455 – 482) x 13 – 14 m]. Microscleres: Anisodiscorhabds (Fig. 1 N), the manubrium is slightly spined, forming a tripod structure, with a basal whorl of spines separated just above the manubrium. Medium whorl is circular, broad, flat and horizontally arranged, being the largest of the three whorls, 32 m in diameter. The medium whorl is divided into three distinct segments, each possessing 8 – 9 denticulate margins. The subsidiary whorl is slanted upwards, separated from the apical whorl by an extended shaft, 30 m in length, the latter ending in a crown like tuft that looks like a capitulum. Acanthodiscorhabd length, 50 m (Lévi 1993) [authors measurements 57 (57) m].	en	Samaai, Toufiek, Gibbons, Mark J., Kelly, Michelle (2006): Revision of the genus Latrunculia du Bocage, 1869 Porifera: Demospongiae: Latrunculiidae) with descriptions of new species from New Caledonia and the Northeastern Pacific (. Zootaxa 1127 (1): 1-71, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1127.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1127.1.1
038D1B081372FF94FED7FE5A35E5FB2C.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Named after the type location New Caledonia. Substratum, depth range and ecology. Found growing on limestone, depth range, 675 – 680 m Geographic distribution (Fig. 2). New Caledonia	en	Samaai, Toufiek, Gibbons, Mark J., Kelly, Michelle (2006): Revision of the genus Latrunculia du Bocage, 1869 Porifera: Demospongiae: Latrunculiidae) with descriptions of new species from New Caledonia and the Northeastern Pacific (. Zootaxa 1127 (1): 1-71, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1127.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1127.1.1
038D1B081372FF94FED7FE5A35E5FB2C.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This new species clearly differs from Latrunculia from across the Eastern Pacific Ocean (i. e., L. palmata; L. ikematsui) in that the styles are larger on average (Table 3) and are slightly spined, a character overlooked by Lévi (1993) when he described it as a species of L. brevis. Other more subtle differences are the robustness of the anisodiscorhabd, when compared to L. palmata, in which the basal whorl is slightly elevated from the manubrium. Apart from this, the acanthodiscorhabds are larger on average to the two Eastern Pacific Latrunculia species (see Table 3). This new species is only the second to be recorded with spination on the shaft of the anisostyle, the only other species being L. oparinae. A comparison of the styles of L. novaecaledoniae to that of L spinispiraefera also clearly shows differences in the morphology, the latter tending to have strongyloxeas rather than styles. The anisodiscorhabd of L. spinispiraefera also lacks the basal whorl that is characteristic of the subgenus Latrunculia and found in the species L. novaecaledoniae sp. nov., L. ikematsui and L. palmata.	en	Samaai, Toufiek, Gibbons, Mark J., Kelly, Michelle (2006): Revision of the genus Latrunculia du Bocage, 1869 Porifera: Demospongiae: Latrunculiidae) with descriptions of new species from New Caledonia and the Northeastern Pacific (. Zootaxa 1127 (1): 1-71, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1127.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1127.1.1
038D1B081373FF96FED7FC2837FFFA84.taxon	description	(Figs 1 O, 3 H, 5 D, 7; Tables 2 & 3)	en	Samaai, Toufiek, Gibbons, Mark J., Kelly, Michelle (2006): Revision of the genus Latrunculia du Bocage, 1869 Porifera: Demospongiae: Latrunculiidae) with descriptions of new species from New Caledonia and the Northeastern Pacific (. Zootaxa 1127 (1): 1-71, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1127.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1127.1.1
038D1B081373FF96FED7FC2837FFFA84.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype material. Holotype 982 ­ 62 ­ 1 (Royal British Columbia Museum), Sutton Islands, Jervis Inlet, British Columbia, (49 ° 45.5 ' N 123 ° 55.6 ' W); depth 30 meters. Other material. White Islets, Strait of Georgia, British Columbia, 5 specimens.	en	Samaai, Toufiek, Gibbons, Mark J., Kelly, Michelle (2006): Revision of the genus Latrunculia du Bocage, 1869 Porifera: Demospongiae: Latrunculiidae) with descriptions of new species from New Caledonia and the Northeastern Pacific (. Zootaxa 1127 (1): 1-71, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1127.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1127.1.1
038D1B081373FF96FED7FC2837FFFA84.taxon	description	Description. Spherical sponge, 12 cm in diameter (Fig. 3 H). Surface smooth, velvety, with one large osculum, 10 mm in diameter, and numerous clusters of low flush areolate porefields 0.7 – 1 mm in diameter. Texture compressible, leathery and the ectosome is often largely missing giving the sponge a ragged appearance. The colour in life is brownish grey to purple brown; the sponge loses pigment in alcohol but remains dark. In formalin the pigment turns a purple colour. Skeleton. The choanosomal skeleton is an irregular polygonal­meshed reticulation formed by wispy tracts of smooth styles with no distinction between the primary and secondary tracts (Fig. 5 D). The tracts range in width from 90 – 120 m in thickness, and form meshes that are 100 m wide. In the deeper choanosome, tracts are robust and dense with no clear pattern, diverging in some areas towards the surface where the spicules tend to be vertically arranged and radiate in plumose tracts 150 m wide. Between the choanosomal layer and ectosome clear circular bands are visible, indicating an absence of megascleres in those regions. The surface of the ectosome is lined with a palisade of anisodiscorhabds. Beneath the ectosomal palisade is a thin dense paratangential layer of megascleres, approximately 50 – 150 m deep. Spicules. Megascleres: styles are smooth, centrally thickened, fairly blunt, 376 (335 – 402) um x 9 (8 – 11) um, n = 20. Microscleres (Fig. 1 O): anisodiscorhabds, the manubrium is poorly developed with irregular disposed quite long spines. The median whorl of distinct spines is broader than the subsidiary whorl that slants upwards and is microspined. The spines of the apical whorl are almost parallel with the axis, ending in a crown­like tuft of acute convex spines, 58 (51 – 64) m long. Substrate, depth range and ecology. To date this species is only recorded for the Strait of Georgia to Jervis Inlet, British Columbia. This species is rather uncommonly encountered but can be locally abundant in certain localities, such as Skookumchuck Narrows, Vivian Islands and Sabine Channel, British Columbia. The live sponge has a noxious odour. Depth range from 20 to at least 50 m Geographical distribution (Fig. 7). British Columbia	en	Samaai, Toufiek, Gibbons, Mark J., Kelly, Michelle (2006): Revision of the genus Latrunculia du Bocage, 1869 Porifera: Demospongiae: Latrunculiidae) with descriptions of new species from New Caledonia and the Northeastern Pacific (. Zootaxa 1127 (1): 1-71, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1127.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1127.1.1
038D1B081373FF96FED7FC2837FFFA84.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Name after Dr Bill Austin who collected this sample.	en	Samaai, Toufiek, Gibbons, Mark J., Kelly, Michelle (2006): Revision of the genus Latrunculia du Bocage, 1869 Porifera: Demospongiae: Latrunculiidae) with descriptions of new species from New Caledonia and the Northeastern Pacific (. Zootaxa 1127 (1): 1-71, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1127.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1127.1.1
038D1B081373FF96FED7FC2837FFFA84.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Latrunculia austini sp. nov. is distinguished morphologically from other Latrunculia in that the surface of the sponge lacks the large cylindrical shaped oscules that are reported for most species. One large osculum is present, a character only ever recorded in L. basilis and L. millerae and the areolate porefields are made up of numerous clusters of low flush structures. In terms of spiculation, the megasclere dimensions are considerably smaller on average size than found in most Latrunculia species in the subgenus Biannulata, but the microscleres are larger and fall within the size categories as recorded for L. lunaviridis and L. microacanthoxea off the cold coastal upwelling waters of South Africa. On average the subgenus Latrunculia have larger microscleres than the subgenus Biannulata and this is evident if we compare L. austini to L. basilis, L. bocagei, L. novaecaledoniae sp. nov. and L. biformis. The anisodiscorhabds of L. austini sp. nov also differ considerably from these other species within the subgenus Biannulata. The manubrium and apical whorl of L. austini is small and not as well developed as L. lunaviridis and L. triverticillata (see Fig. 1). The primary character that differentiates this species, however, is the form of the anisodiscorhabds, which has median­, subsidiary whorls and manubrium not well developed and on average the acanthodiscorhabd are larger than that for species within the subgenus Biannulata (see Table 3). This is the second species to be recorded from 49 ° N in the Pacific Ocean, the only other being L. oparinae, but it is the first ever record to be found off British Columbia. L. oparinae has raised oscules as opposed to one large sunken oscules as found in L. austini sp. nov .. One of the key differences between these two species is that L. oparinae have styles that is terminally spined, a character that is lacking in L. austini sp. nov .. Apart from this, the anisodiscorhabd microsclere in L. austini sp. nov. is larger with a very ill­formed manubrium.	en	Samaai, Toufiek, Gibbons, Mark J., Kelly, Michelle (2006): Revision of the genus Latrunculia du Bocage, 1869 Porifera: Demospongiae: Latrunculiidae) with descriptions of new species from New Caledonia and the Northeastern Pacific (. Zootaxa 1127 (1): 1-71, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1127.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1127.1.1
038D1B081371FF89FED7FC523712FD0C.taxon	description	(Figs 1 P, 7; Tables 2 & 3) Latrunculia spinispiraefera Brøndsted, 1924, PG. 480, FIG 33 A – E	en	Samaai, Toufiek, Gibbons, Mark J., Kelly, Michelle (2006): Revision of the genus Latrunculia du Bocage, 1869 Porifera: Demospongiae: Latrunculiidae) with descriptions of new species from New Caledonia and the Northeastern Pacific (. Zootaxa 1127 (1): 1-71, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1127.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1127.1.1
038D1B081371FF89FED7FC523712FD0C.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype material. Not examined. Holotype ZMUC * Latrunculia spinispiraefera Brøndsted, 1924, depth 99 m, 2 miles E of North Cape, New Zealand.	en	Samaai, Toufiek, Gibbons, Mark J., Kelly, Michelle (2006): Revision of the genus Latrunculia du Bocage, 1869 Porifera: Demospongiae: Latrunculiidae) with descriptions of new species from New Caledonia and the Northeastern Pacific (. Zootaxa 1127 (1): 1-71, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1127.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1127.1.1
038D1B081371FF89FED7FC523712FD0C.taxon	description	Description Massive, subspherical sponges, 10 cm in diameter. Surface finely granulated, with numerous short volcano­shaped oscules, 1 – 3 mm high x 1 – 10 mm in diameter, with no indication of the presence of mammiform areolate porefields. Colour in life unknown; in preservative dark brown (modified from Brøndsted 1924). Skeleton. The choanosomal skeleton consists of an irregular polygonal­meshed reticulation formed by wispy tracts of smooth styles. These tracts range in width from 150 – 200 µm in thickness but may be in some places very loosely arranged. There is no distinction between the primary and secondary fibres. Towards the surface of the sponge these spicules tend to be vertically arranged. The surface of the ectosome is lined with a layer of erect anisodiscorhabds. Spicules. Megascleres: styles are smooth, centrally thickened, fusiform and slightly sinuous, with a narrow head region often looking like strongyloxeas, 420 x (10) m. Microscleres (Fig. 1 P): Anisodiscorhabds, the manubrium is roughly spined and expanded. The median whorl is circular, broad, flat and horizontally arranged, being the largest of the three whorls, 25 m in diameter. The median whorl is divided into three distinct segments, each possessing eight denticulate margins or spines. The subsidiary whorl is slanted upwards and is situated close to the apical whorl. The subsidiary whorl is divided into three distinct segments with seven to eight denticulate margins. The spines of the apical whorl are distally placed, almost parallel with the axis, ending in a crown­like tuft of acute spined projections, 45 m. Substratum, depth range and ecology. Found on hard substrata. Depth 100 m Geographic distribution (Fig. 7). North Cape, New Zealand.	en	Samaai, Toufiek, Gibbons, Mark J., Kelly, Michelle (2006): Revision of the genus Latrunculia du Bocage, 1869 Porifera: Demospongiae: Latrunculiidae) with descriptions of new species from New Caledonia and the Northeastern Pacific (. Zootaxa 1127 (1): 1-71, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1127.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1127.1.1
038D1B081371FF89FED7FC523712FD0C.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species was first described by Brøndsted (1924) from a single sample, collected off New Zealand. The holotype of L. spinispiraefera Brøndsted was described as possessing spinispirae but these microscleres were determined to be foreign as Bergquist (1968) reported, belonging to Trachycladus stylifer Dendy (1924) which was collected and packed with the specimen of L. spinispiraefera described Brøndsted (See Bergquist 1968; Alvarez et al. 2002). Bergquist (1968) subsequently concluded that L. spinispiraefera was a species of L. lendenfeldi, which in turn was considered a junior synonym of L. brevis (by Bergquist, 1968). The conspecifity of the latter two species were invalidated in that L. lendenfeldi is considered a junior synonym of L. basilis (see remarks under L. basilis). Although Brøndsted's type specimen was not examined, the structure of the acanthodiscorhabd and the geographic location strongly suggest that L. spinispiraefera is not a species of L. brevis, but a separate and valid species (Tables 2, 3) (see also Alvarez et al. 2002).	en	Samaai, Toufiek, Gibbons, Mark J., Kelly, Michelle (2006): Revision of the genus Latrunculia du Bocage, 1869 Porifera: Demospongiae: Latrunculiidae) with descriptions of new species from New Caledonia and the Northeastern Pacific (. Zootaxa 1127 (1): 1-71, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1127.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1127.1.1
038D1B08136EFF8AFED7FB323272FDFC.taxon	description	(Figs 1 Q, 5 E, 7, 8 A; Tables 2 & 3)	en	Samaai, Toufiek, Gibbons, Mark J., Kelly, Michelle (2006): Revision of the genus Latrunculia du Bocage, 1869 Porifera: Demospongiae: Latrunculiidae) with descriptions of new species from New Caledonia and the Northeastern Pacific (. Zootaxa 1127 (1): 1-71, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1127.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1127.1.1
038D1B08136EFF8AFED7FB323272FDFC.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype material. Holotype MNHN­JV­ 68 ­ 14 Latrunculia citharistae (Vacelet, 1969: 195). Other material examined. HBOM 10 ­ VI­ 91 ­ 4 ­ 007 (cross ref. TS 44), Canary Islands, Hierro; S. Coast, 3.75 NMI 120 DEG to Puerto Naos, depth 147 m, collected by HBOI. HBOM 13 ­ VI­ 91 ­ 4 ­ 012 (TS 45), Canary Islands, Tenerife; W. coast, 2.03 NMI 120 Deg to San Juan, depth 477 fathoms, collected by HBOI. HBOM 2 ­ VI­ 91 ­ 4 ­ 007 (Ts 42), Ilheus Selvagem, Selvagem Penuena; S. coast, 1.32 NMI 350 Deg to Pt Sul, de Ilheu, depth 232 m, collected by Harbour Branch, 1996.	en	Samaai, Toufiek, Gibbons, Mark J., Kelly, Michelle (2006): Revision of the genus Latrunculia du Bocage, 1869 Porifera: Demospongiae: Latrunculiidae) with descriptions of new species from New Caledonia and the Northeastern Pacific (. Zootaxa 1127 (1): 1-71, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1127.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1127.1.1
038D1B08136EFF8AFED7FB323272FDFC.taxon	description	Description. Massive, spherical, 5 x 4 x 3 cm in diameter. Other specimens are small, semispherical, sponges up to 2 cm high and 2 cm wide (Fig. 8 A). Surface smooth with numerous cylindrical­shaped oscules; some at the apex larger than the rest, 2 mm wide and 4 mm high. The remainder is volcano­shaped mammiform processes, each with a distinct small opening at the top, 2 mm high, 0.1 mm wide. Ectosome thin and easily separable from underlying choanosome. Texture firm, resilient, soft but leathery. Colour in life is dark green; colour in preservative, choanosome dark brown and ectosome light brown (from Vacelet, 1969). Vacelet (1969) described the fresh holotype to have a dark brown colour and also possessing osculae and mammiform areolate porefields. Additionally, Vacelet (1969) noted that the holotype contained reddish embryos, 500 µm diameter. Skeleton. The choanosomal skeleton consists of a loose, ill­defined irregular polygonal­meshed reticulation formed by wispy tracts of styles, with no distinction between the primary and secondary tracts (Fig. 5 E). The tracts range in width from 45 – 50 m in thickness, and may form meshes that are 200 m wide. Towards the surface the tracts become more vertically arranged. Interstitial spicules absent in choanosome. The surface of the ectosome is lined with an erect layer of non­interlocking anisodiscorhabds. Beneath the discorhabds in the ectosome is a thin tangential­paratangential layer of interlocking megascleres, approximately 75 m wide. Spicules. Megascleres: styles are smooth, thin, centrally thickest, hastately pointed with a slight sinuous curve, 356 (345 – 382) x 5 (5) m, n = 20; Holotype 310 – 460 x 4 – 6 m. Microscleres (Fig. 1 Q): anisodiscorhabds, possessing identical median and subsidiary whorls symmetrically arranged around the shaft. The manubrium is a minute spinose base consisting of two or three whorls of spines, followed immediately by a smooth slender cylindrical shaft 12 m long and 2.3 m wide. The median and subsidiary whorls are circular, flat, slanted slightly in opposite directions and similar in diameter, 19 m. Each whorl is deeply notched and composed of eight spines, divided amongst three groups, which give three sets for each of them. The spines of the apical whorl are slanted slightly upwards, and divided, ending in a crown­like tuft of dichotomous spines. Acanthodiscorhabd length, 45 (41 – 48) x 5 (5) m, n = 20. Substratum, depth range and ecology. Stalk of sea whip; dredge from slope / rock rubble seems to very common; Specimen HBOM 2 ­ VI­ 91 ­ 4 ­ 007 was dredged from mud slopes and was associated with other sponges. Depth range: 147 – 232 m Geographic distribution (Fig. 7). Canary Islands, Mediterranean Sea.	en	Samaai, Toufiek, Gibbons, Mark J., Kelly, Michelle (2006): Revision of the genus Latrunculia du Bocage, 1869 Porifera: Demospongiae: Latrunculiidae) with descriptions of new species from New Caledonia and the Northeastern Pacific (. Zootaxa 1127 (1): 1-71, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1127.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1127.1.1
038D1B08136EFF8AFED7FB323272FDFC.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Hinde and Holmes (1892) (P. 219, FIG. 39) recorded a fossil anisodiscorhabd structure from the Oamaru Diatomite, New Zealand of a species that occurred during the late Eocene­early Oligocene era. These authors also suggested that this form was a modification of a common plane, which ultimately gave rise to the phyllamentous­type discorhabd. The discorhabd structure of the extant L. (B.) citharistae conforms very closely in detail to the illustration and description of the fossil spicule given by Hinde and Holmes (1892) and could be considered as a recent flesh spicule of this type. The discorhabd structure of the extant Latrunculia citharistae differs however from the fossil spicule in that the spines of the apical whorl are slanted slightly upwards, as appose to forming a distinctive crown­like structure as in the fossil species (Hinde and Holmes 1892; Latrunculia sp., PL. XI, FIGS 39, 40). Apart from this L. citharistae the spicule also differ in length, being much smaller in size than what is recorded for the fossil species (75 µm). It is difficult to say whether the fossil acanthodiscorhabds are homologous to that found in the extant species, but it does suggest that several species of “ latrunculids ” with this form must have coexisted at the source of this assemblage (See also Wiedenmayer 1994). The occurrence of this species in both the North Atlantic and the Mediterranean Sea, and its affinities with New Zealand (same flesh spicular structure) probably suggest a Tethyan origin of this species complex. At present L. citharistae is here restricted to the deep­water North Atlantic and Mediterranean regions and has not been recorded in the southern hemisphere (Table 2). Structurally the anisodiscorhabd differs from the variety of forms presently found within the genus, in that it posses a slender cylindrical shaft with the two lobate whorls in the middle portion of the shaft. Its relationship to the other species with flesh spicules is one of assumption and could only be resolved with additional data.	en	Samaai, Toufiek, Gibbons, Mark J., Kelly, Michelle (2006): Revision of the genus Latrunculia du Bocage, 1869 Porifera: Demospongiae: Latrunculiidae) with descriptions of new species from New Caledonia and the Northeastern Pacific (. Zootaxa 1127 (1): 1-71, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1127.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1127.1.1
038D1B08136DFF8CFED7FAEA3232FAD4.taxon	description	(Figs 1 R, 5 F, 6 H 2, 7, 8 B; Tables 2 & 3)	en	Samaai, Toufiek, Gibbons, Mark J., Kelly, Michelle (2006): Revision of the genus Latrunculia du Bocage, 1869 Porifera: Demospongiae: Latrunculiidae) with descriptions of new species from New Caledonia and the Northeastern Pacific (. Zootaxa 1127 (1): 1-71, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1127.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1127.1.1
038D1B08136DFF8CFED7FAEA3232FAD4.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype material. Not examined. Holotype BMNH 1954.3.9.455, specimen destroyed during war, Latrunculia purpurea Carter 1881, PL. XVIII. FIG. 5, A – C. Additional material. Not examined, BMNH 1954.3.9.458 (slide). Originally identified as L. corticata. Other material examined. QM 310897 (cross ref. Q 66 C 2463 ­ S and Ts 16), Horseshoe Reef 3 km of Margaret Brock Lighthouse, Cape Jaff, 36 º 56.80 ' S, 139 º 35.00 ' E, depth 18 m, collected by AIMS / NCI, February, 1989. MKB 1335, Horseshoe Reef 3 km of Margaret Brock Lighthouse, Cape Jaff, 36 º 56.80 ' S, 139 º 35.00 ' E, depth 18 m, collected by AIMS / NCI, February, 1989. QM 310897 (cross ref. Q 66 C 2463 ­ S and Ts 123) Horseshoe Reef 3 km of Margaret Brock Lighthouse, Cape Jaff, 36 º 56.80 ' S, 139 º 35.00 ' E, depth 18 m, collected by AIMS / NCI, February, 1989. QM 311064 (cross ref. Ts 153 and Q 66 C 2883 ­ Y), Split Rock; Eclipse Island, Albany, W. A, 35 º 11.20 ' S, 117 º 52.40 ' E, depth 20 m, collected by AIMS / NCI March 1989.	en	Samaai, Toufiek, Gibbons, Mark J., Kelly, Michelle (2006): Revision of the genus Latrunculia du Bocage, 1869 Porifera: Demospongiae: Latrunculiidae) with descriptions of new species from New Caledonia and the Northeastern Pacific (. Zootaxa 1127 (1): 1-71, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1127.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1127.1.1
038D1B08136DFF8CFED7FAEA3232FAD4.taxon	description	Description. The sponge is flat, compressed, thin, circular, cake­like or fungiform. The voucher specimens are cake­like and thickly encrusting (Fig. 8 B). Surface smooth, finely hispid, and generally fold­like with no visible oscules or mammiform areolate porefields on the surface. Ectosome thin, not separable from underlying choanosome. Texture soft, spongy, compressible, and leathery on the surface. Colour in life dark green; in preservative, choanosome dark chocolate brown and ectosome dark brown. Carter (1881) described the fresh holotype as " ragged " and " proliferous " on the upper surface and texture spongy being " dark brown­purple " in colouration (from Carter 1881) Skeleton. The choanosomal skeleton is a confused very irregular polygonal­meshed reticulation formed by wispy tracts of aniso­oxeas with no distinction between the primary and secondary tracts (Fig. 5 F). The tracts range in width from 100 – 250 m in thickness and form meshes that are 273 m wide. Within the inner choanosome, the tracts are more robust and compact but diverge towards the surface where they become more vertically arranged. Scattered throughout the choanosome, between the tracts, are numerous anisodiscorhabds and abundant interstitial megascleres. The surface of the ectosome is lined with an erect layer of anisodiscorhabds. Beneath the discorhabds in the ectosome is a thin paratangential layer of densely interlocking megascleres, approximately 150 m wide. Spicules. Megascleres (Fig. 6 H 2): aniso­oxeas are smooth and thin, fusiform at ends, 324 (288 – 336) x 5 (5) m, n = 20 [Holotype 330 x 6 m (from Burton's unpublished catalog housed in BMNH)]. Microscleres (Fig. 1 R): anisodiscorhabds, the manubrium is a reduced vertically arranged spinose base followed by a smooth long, slender cylindrical shaft 12 m long and 2 m wide. The median whorl is reduced, circular and horizontally arranged with spines slanted upwards, similar in diameter to the subsidiary and apical whorl. The subsidiary whorl is more or less slanted upwards. The spines of the apical whorl are more or less horizontally arranged ending in a crown­like tuft of vertically arranged spined projections, 32 (31 – 36) x 2.4 (2.4) m, n = 20 [Holotype 30 m long (from Burton's unpublished catalogue housed in BMNH)]. Substratum, depth range and ecology. Sheer rock walls; crevices and gullies, Boulders. Associated with Ecklonia other algae and sponges. Depth range: 18 – 20 m Geographic distribution (Fig. 7). South Australian Basin, Australia;	en	Samaai, Toufiek, Gibbons, Mark J., Kelly, Michelle (2006): Revision of the genus Latrunculia du Bocage, 1869 Porifera: Demospongiae: Latrunculiidae) with descriptions of new species from New Caledonia and the Northeastern Pacific (. Zootaxa 1127 (1): 1-71, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1127.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1127.1.1
038D1B08136DFF8CFED7FAEA3232FAD4.taxon	discussion	Remarks. All species previously identified within the genus Latrunculia have had either straight or polytylote styles, with a few species having strongyloxeas (see above). This species is unique in that it possesses aniso­oxeas as megascleres. Carter (1879) and (1881) described two species under the name Latrunculia (L. purpurea and L. corticata), which possess oxeas as megascleres. Ridley and Dendy (1887) questioned the validity of these oxeate sponges and doubtfully placed them in the genus Latrunculia. Kelly­Borges and Vacelet (1995) in their review of Diacarnus and Negombata placed Latrunculia corticata in the genus Negombata after examination of the holotype. They also suggested that Latrunculia purpurea was a valid species of Latrunculia based on Carter's description: " sponge being flat, compressed, circular, thin, cake like or fungiform, brown purple in colour, with a ragged and proliferous upper surface ". Kelly­Borges and Vacelet (1995) also indicated that the microsclere compliment of Latrunculia purpurea is typical of Latrunculia ­ " the two inner spined discs are disposed towards one end of the spicule, and is disposed on the upper side arranged perpendicular on the darker surface of the sponge ". Alvarez et al. (2002) however, after examination of the type material (BMNH 1954.3.9.458) of L. purpurea Carter, suggested that this species was incorrectly assigned to Latrunculia, based on the then current diagnosis of Latrunculia. During the course of the same year, Samaai and Kelly (2002) emended the definition of Latrunculia to include species with oxeote megascleres. As, it is currently perceived, based on a combination of characters, including the ontogeny of the anisodiscorhabds, we conclude that this is a valid species of Latrunculia. Structurally the discorhabd complement is very different to L. spinispiraefera, L. citharistae and L. kaikoura (see Fig. 1) and are smaller on average than the species in the subgenus Biannulata from New Zealand (see Table 3).	en	Samaai, Toufiek, Gibbons, Mark J., Kelly, Michelle (2006): Revision of the genus Latrunculia du Bocage, 1869 Porifera: Demospongiae: Latrunculiidae) with descriptions of new species from New Caledonia and the Northeastern Pacific (. Zootaxa 1127 (1): 1-71, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1127.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1127.1.1
038D1B08136BFF8FFED7FB8232B0FF45.taxon	description	(Figs 1 S, 6 N, 7, 8 C, 9 A; Tables 2 & 3)	en	Samaai, Toufiek, Gibbons, Mark J., Kelly, Michelle (2006): Revision of the genus Latrunculia du Bocage, 1869 Porifera: Demospongiae: Latrunculiidae) with descriptions of new species from New Caledonia and the Northeastern Pacific (. Zootaxa 1127 (1): 1-71, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1127.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1127.1.1
038D1B08136BFF8FFED7FB8232B0FF45.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype material. ZMA POR 10780 (cross ref. Ts 439), Kurile Island, Onekotan, Russia, 49 22.1 ' N, 154 09.5 ' E, depth 28 m, collected on Cruise 7 " A. K. Oparin " stat. 66 by V. Krasokhin, 1988. Additional (paratype) material. PIBOC O 2 ­ 28 ­ 1, Kurile Islands, Is. Urup, Russia, 45 42.5 ' N, 149 56.0 ' E, 127 m depth, 28. vii. 1986, coll. V. B. Krasokhin (2 Cruise USSR RV “ Akademic Oparin ”, st. 28, dredge). PIBOC O 17 ­ 126 ­ 2, Kurile Islands, Is. Traps rocks, Russia, 48 27.8 ' N, 153 50.8 ' E, 176 m depth, 9. vii. 1993, coll. V. B. Krasokhin, (17 Cruise Russian RV “ Akademic Oparin ”, st. 21, dredge). PIBOC 029 ­ 286, Kurile Islands, Is. Simushir, Russia, 46 053.0 ' N, 151 050.2 ' E, 238 m depth, 21. 07. 2003, coll. V. B. Krasokhin (29 Cruise USSR RV “ Akademic Oparin ”, dredge).	en	Samaai, Toufiek, Gibbons, Mark J., Kelly, Michelle (2006): Revision of the genus Latrunculia du Bocage, 1869 Porifera: Demospongiae: Latrunculiidae) with descriptions of new species from New Caledonia and the Northeastern Pacific (. Zootaxa 1127 (1): 1-71, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1127.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1127.1.1
038D1B08136BFF8FFED7FB8232B0FF45.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Globular sponge, ranging in size from 3 x 3 x 1.5 cm to 13 x 13 cm in diameter with raised cylindrical­shaped oscules and numerous large thin inverted mammiform areolate porefields (Fig. 8 C). Styles are terminally spined, 435 (400 – 464) x 16 (16) m, n = 20 (Fig. 8 N). Microscleres (Fig. 1 S): anisodiscorhabds, stout and squat with the median whorl just above the manubrium. The median whorl is slightly smaller in diameter than the subsidiary whorl. Both are deeply notched along the rim and divided into four segments, each possessing denticulate margins of 2 – 4 spines that are themselves microspined. Anisodiscorhabd length, 40 (35 – 44) x 7 (7) m, n = 20. The choanosomal skeleton is a firm, dense, well developed but irregular polygonal reticulation (Fig. 9 A), with tracts ranging in width from 273 – 455 m in thickness. The sponge, whose habitat is sandy gravel at 127 – 202 m depth, has only been recorded from Kurile Island, Sea of Okhotsk, Russia (Fig. 7) (from Samaai and Krasokhin 2002).	en	Samaai, Toufiek, Gibbons, Mark J., Kelly, Michelle (2006): Revision of the genus Latrunculia du Bocage, 1869 Porifera: Demospongiae: Latrunculiidae) with descriptions of new species from New Caledonia and the Northeastern Pacific (. Zootaxa 1127 (1): 1-71, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1127.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1127.1.1
038D1B08136BFF8FFED7FB8232B0FF45.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Latrunculia oparinae is the only species in this genus that possesses terminally spined styles, making it unique among the species previously described within Latrunculia. The anisodiscorhabds are also unique in their short squat morphology.	en	Samaai, Toufiek, Gibbons, Mark J., Kelly, Michelle (2006): Revision of the genus Latrunculia du Bocage, 1869 Porifera: Demospongiae: Latrunculiidae) with descriptions of new species from New Caledonia and the Northeastern Pacific (. Zootaxa 1127 (1): 1-71, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1127.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1127.1.1
038D1B081368FF81FED7F91332EDFCB4.taxon	description	(Figs 1 T, 7, 8 D, 9 B; Tables 2 & 3)	en	Samaai, Toufiek, Gibbons, Mark J., Kelly, Michelle (2006): Revision of the genus Latrunculia du Bocage, 1869 Porifera: Demospongiae: Latrunculiidae) with descriptions of new species from New Caledonia and the Northeastern Pacific (. Zootaxa 1127 (1): 1-71, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1127.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1127.1.1
038D1B081368FF81FED7F91332EDFCB4.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype material. BMNH 1996.7.3.6: Ouderkraal, Southpaw, Cape Town, South Africa, 33 59 ’ S, 18 22 ’ E, collected by P. Coetzee, University of Port Elizabeth, 25 February 1996, 17 – 20 m, a schizotype has been deposited in the South African Museum, Cape Town (SAM H­ 4960). Additional material. SAM H­ 4960: Ouderkraal, Southpaw, Cape Town, South Africa, 33 59 ’ S, 18 22 ’ E, collected by P. Coetzee, University of Port Elizabeth, 27 February 1996, 17 – 20 m; SAM H­ 4961: Ouderkraal, Southpaw, Cape Town, South Africa, 33 59 ’ S, 18 22 ’ E, collected by P. Coetzee, University of Port Elizabeth, 25 February 1996, 17 – 20 m; SAM H­ 4972: Hout Bay, near the wreck of British “ The Maori ”, sunk in 1909, ~ 2.5 nm offshore and north of Hout Bay, west coast near Cape Town, South Africa, 34 ° 01 ' 83 '' S, 18 ° 18 ' 27 '' E, collected by Lynden West, SCRIPPS, 30 January, 2003, 28 – 29 m. SAM H­ 4973: Vulcan Rock, Hout Bay, South Africa, 34 ° 03 ' 98 '' S, 18 ° 18 ' 54 '' E, collected by Lynden West, SCRIPPS, 27 January, 2003, 28 – 32 m. BMNH 2002.9.25.1: Cape Point, South Africa, labeled Latrunculia sp. in Gilchrist Collection at BMNH, Kirkpatrick No. 107 [no other details (e. g. Lat., Long.; depth and collection site) of this specimen is available (pers. comm .. Clare Valentine)].	en	Samaai, Toufiek, Gibbons, Mark J., Kelly, Michelle (2006): Revision of the genus Latrunculia du Bocage, 1869 Porifera: Demospongiae: Latrunculiidae) with descriptions of new species from New Caledonia and the Northeastern Pacific (. Zootaxa 1127 (1): 1-71, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1127.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1127.1.1
038D1B081368FF81FED7F91332EDFCB4.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Spherical sponge (Fig. 8 D) with low cylindrical oscules and numerous thick lipped crater­like areolata porefields, covered with a distinct net­like poral membrane. Colour in life pale olive green; in preservative, dark brownish green. Styles are smooth, occasionally polytylote with one end being hastate; 357 (336 – 384) x 12 m. Anisodiscorhabds have an (Fig. 1 T) expanded spinose manubrium, with whorls more or less perpendicular to the shaft. Apical whorl slants upwards ending in a crown­like tuft of conical spines, which lies parallel to the shaft axis. Whorls are notched along the rim and divided into four segments, each segment possessing a denticulate margin of four spines; 54 (53 – 60) x 9 (7.2 – 9.6) m. The polygonal tracts that make up the choanosomal skeleton is irregular, ranging in width from 150 – 180 m in thickness, forming meshes that are 250 m wide (9 B). In the deeper choanosome, tracts are robust and diverge towards the surface where the spicules tend to be vertically arranged and radiate in plumose tracts 280 – 300 m wide. The sponge whose habitat are rocky flats, covered with sand, at 17 – 20 m depth are often associated with coral, sea anemones and other sponges (after Samaai et al. 2003). Geographic distribution (Fig. 7). West coast of South Africa.	en	Samaai, Toufiek, Gibbons, Mark J., Kelly, Michelle (2006): Revision of the genus Latrunculia du Bocage, 1869 Porifera: Demospongiae: Latrunculiidae) with descriptions of new species from New Caledonia and the Northeastern Pacific (. Zootaxa 1127 (1): 1-71, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1127.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1127.1.1
038D1B081368FF81FED7F91332EDFCB4.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Latrunculia lunaviridis represents the 2 nd record of the genus for the Benguela region (including Namibia) and the 3 rd for South Africa. Geographically its nearest neighbour is a deep­water population (up to 140 m) of the subgenus Latrunculia, L. brevis (now considered a specimen of L. basilis) collected off Namibia (see Uriz 1988) (Fig. 7; Table 2). Latrunculia lunaviridis differs markedly from the Namibian “ brevis ” (basilis) population. It has smaller megascleres [L. brevis (Uriz 1988) ­ 400 (340 – 430) m] and the styles are hastate as appose to being fusiform in the Namibian brevis population. L. lunaviridis also differs from the Namibian species in colour, being pale olive green as appose to being dark brown, and the surface aquiferous features in L. lunaviridis are crater­like, whereas for L. brevis (Uriz 1988) the areolate porefields are extended mammiform processes. The most distinguishing feature separating L. lunaviridis and L. brevis (Namibian population) is the microscleres ornamentation. The anisodiscorhabds of L. brevis has a phyllamentous anisodiscorhabd, compare to a relative straight / perpendicular anisodiscorhabd of L. lunaviridis. The anisodiscorhabd of L. lunaviridis also lacks the basal whorl of spines just above the manubrium, and the whorls are divided into four segments with four denticulate margins, compare to three distinct segments with eight denticulate margins for L. brevis (see Samaai 2002). As for, L. brevis (Namibian population), L. biformis (Tsitsikamma population) differs markedly from L. lunaviridis in colour (being brown), surface auriferous systems (conical or mammiform in shape), spicule dimensions [larger 558 (528 – 576) x 12 (12 – 16) m] (Table 3) and microscleres ornamentation (being curved or phyllamentous). The most characteristic feature of L. biformis, lacking in L. lunaviridis, is the presence of a second discorhabd category, the aciculodiscorhabd. Conversely, L. lunaviridis has similar areolate porefield structures to those of L. kaakaariki, L. duckworthi and L. fiordensis (being crater­like), but differs from the latter three in colour, microscleres ornamentation and spicule size. Its anisodiscorhabds are smaller and thicker on average (size range) [L. kaakaariki 412 (329 – 461) x 8 m, L. duckworthi 348 (259 – 390) x 7 m and L. fiordensis 375 (316 – 452) x 6 m], and its anisodiscorhabds are significantly larger than for the three New Zealand species ([L. kaakaariki 32 (27 – 35) m, L. duckworthi 37 (33 – 42) m and L. fiordensis 39 (34 – 45) m]. L. lunaviridis also differs in being pale olive green as appose to being chocolate brown (L. duckworthi), or dark green (L. kaakaariki) and (L. fiordensis). The general anisodiscorhabd morphology is also different between the four species, where L. fiordensis possess an anisodiscorhabd with the basal whorl of spines just above the manubrium, a character lacking in L. lunaviridis, L. kaakaariki and L. duckworthi. However, comparing the structure of the whorls on the anisodiscorhabds between the three latter species, those of L. kaakaariki and L. duckworthi are deeply notched along the rim and divided into segments, each segment possessing denticulate margins of 5 to 7 spines as appose to 4 denticulate margins in L. lunaviridis. The anisodiscorhabd of L. lunaviridis is large, stout, with a thick shaft (9 m thick), and harbours a very thick spinose manubrium, unlike L. kaakaariki and L. duckworthi who both has a more slender anisodiscorhabd.	en	Samaai, Toufiek, Gibbons, Mark J., Kelly, Michelle (2006): Revision of the genus Latrunculia du Bocage, 1869 Porifera: Demospongiae: Latrunculiidae) with descriptions of new species from New Caledonia and the Northeastern Pacific (. Zootaxa 1127 (1): 1-71, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1127.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1127.1.1
038D1B081366FF80FED7F9B0346CFFDC.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype material. BMNH 1996.7.3.1: Rheeders Bay, Tsitsikamma National Park, South Africa, 34 º 10 ' S; 23 º 54 ' E, collected by P. Coetzee, University of Port Elizabeth, 15 February 1995, 28 m. Additional material. SAM H­ 4962: Rheeders Bay, Tsitsikamma National Park, South Africa, 34 º 10 ' S; 23 º 54 ' E, 28 m, collected by P. Coetzee, University of Port Elizabeth, 10 April 1995.	en	Samaai, Toufiek, Gibbons, Mark J., Kelly, Michelle (2006): Revision of the genus Latrunculia du Bocage, 1869 Porifera: Demospongiae: Latrunculiidae) with descriptions of new species from New Caledonia and the Northeastern Pacific (. Zootaxa 1127 (1): 1-71, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1127.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1127.1.1
038D1B081366FF80FED7F9B0346CFFDC.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Small, semispherical sponge with numerous regularly spaced, low, cylindrical oscules and numerous short, thick lipped crater­like areolate porefields with a distinct net­like poral membrane (Fig. 8 E). Colour in life is olive green, mottled with brown patches, dark chocolate brown in preservative. Styles are hastate and smooth with slight irregular inflatations on shaft, 397 (374 – 422) x 9.6 (9.6) m. Anisodiscorhabds (Fig. 6 A) are straight having both a bulky spinose manubrium and a small crown­like apex at the center of the apical whorl. There is also no basal whorl of spines present above the manubrium as characteristic for this subgenus. All whorls are notched along rim and divided into four segments, each segment with denticulate margins. Median and subsidiary whorls have secondary spines; 55 (50 – 60) x 7 (7.2 – 9.6) m. A second category of microscleres, microacanthoxeas which are thin and slightly blunt on both ends are present; 52 (50 – 55) x 3.4 m. The choanosomal architecture is a dense well developed irregular polygonal­meshed reticulation, becoming more regular and plumose towards the surface (Fig. 9 C). Microacanthoxeas lines the tracts of the choanosome. The surface of the ectosome is lined with an erect layer of single non­interlocking anisodiscorhabds, separated by a mushroom­like ectosomal membrane that is clearly visible. The sponge whose habitat is rocky flats, at 28 m depth is often associated with coral, bryozoans and other sponges (after Samaai et al. 2003). Geographic distribution (Fig. 7). South east coast of South Africa.	en	Samaai, Toufiek, Gibbons, Mark J., Kelly, Michelle (2006): Revision of the genus Latrunculia du Bocage, 1869 Porifera: Demospongiae: Latrunculiidae) with descriptions of new species from New Caledonia and the Northeastern Pacific (. Zootaxa 1127 (1): 1-71, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1127.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1127.1.1
038D1B081366FF80FED7F9B0346CFFDC.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Latrunculia microacanthoxea is very similar to L. lunaviridis and is not easily differentiated from it in the field; both species are olive green and have similar surface morphologies of low cylindrical oscules and numerous short, thick­lipped craterlike areolate porefields. The species are differentiated primarily on the presence of curved polytylote styles (L. lunaviridis), the morphology of the microscleres, and the presence of microacanthoxeas in L. microacanthoxea. In L. microacanthoxea the manubrium of the anisodiscorhabd is bulky and irregularly spinose as appose to being stout and expanded as in L. lunaviridis. In L. microacanthoxea the apex, which are separated from the apical whorl, forms a small crown­like tuft, unlike the broad crown­like structure developed by the fusion of the apex and apical whorl as in L. lunaviridis. An unusual and quite consistent histological feature is the sparseness of the ectosomal palisade in L. microacanthoxea. The species are also well separated geographically, L. lunaviridis was found on the west coast while L. microacanthoxea is known only from Tsitsikamma National Park on the southern coastline. The only other species of Latrunculia known to contain a second category of unrelated microscleres are L. oxydiscorhabda Alvarez et al. (2002) and the microacanthoxeas are quite different from the spinose amphiaster­like microscleres of L. oxydiscorhabda Alvarez et al. (2002).	en	Samaai, Toufiek, Gibbons, Mark J., Kelly, Michelle (2006): Revision of the genus Latrunculia du Bocage, 1869 Porifera: Demospongiae: Latrunculiidae) with descriptions of new species from New Caledonia and the Northeastern Pacific (. Zootaxa 1127 (1): 1-71, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1127.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1127.1.1
038D1B081364FF82FED7FEA23267FD5C.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype material. Not examined, NZOI H­ 793 (99 TKI 1 ­ 5) NIWA collection. Additional material. NZOI P­ 1258 (99 TKI 2 ­ 6), NZOI P­ 1259 (99 TKI 2 ­ 13), 99 TKI (1 ­ 1, 1 ­ 2, 1 ­ 3, 1 ­ 4, 2 ­ 2, 2 ­ 3, 2 ­ 4, 2.5). [NIWA collection­station and locality data details are outlined in Appendix 1, Alvarez et al., (2002)]. Other material examined. NZNM POR 618 (Ts 107), SE of Three Kings Islands, New Zealand, 34 º 16.6 ' S, 172 º 15.7 ' E, depth 133 m, collected by R. V. Tangaroa, 1981. Ts 9 (MKB 721), Poor Knight Islands, New Zealand, depth unknown. NZNM POR 605 (TS 104), Great Island, Three Kings Islands, New Zealand, 34 º 14.8 ' S, 172 º 13.6 ' E, depth 173 – 178 m, collected by R. V. Tangaroa, February 1981. NZOI stn Z 9243 (cross ref. Ts 58) unidentified sponge in NIWA collection, 34 º 22.6 ' S; 172 º 46.5 ' E, depth 44 m, Stn BG 9701 / 64, collected by F. V. Ben Gunn, on the 28 / 02 / 1997. NZNM Por 572 (cross ref. Ts 98) unidentified sponge in NZNM collection, Ranfurly Bank, East Cape, New Zealand, 37 º 34.05 ' S, 178 º 53.5 ' E, depth 39 – 50 m, collected 17 / 01 / 1970 by R. V. Tangaroa (NZOI stn R 38). NZNM Por 576 (cross ref. Ts 101) unidentified sponge in NZM collection, Ranfurly Bank, East Cape, New Zealand, 37 º 35.01 ' S, 178 º 51.6 ' E, depth 39 – 50 m, collected 17 / 01 / 1970 by R. V. Tangaroa (NZOI stn R 36). NZNM Por 601 (cross ref. Ts 102) unidentified sponge in NZNM collection, off Three Kings Islands, New Zealand, 34 º 13.0 ' S, 172 º 14.2 ' E, depth 190 – 200 m, collected 08 th February 1984 by F. R. V. James Cook.	en	Samaai, Toufiek, Gibbons, Mark J., Kelly, Michelle (2006): Revision of the genus Latrunculia du Bocage, 1869 Porifera: Demospongiae: Latrunculiidae) with descriptions of new species from New Caledonia and the Northeastern Pacific (. Zootaxa 1127 (1): 1-71, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1127.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1127.1.1
038D1B081364FF82FED7FEA23267FD5C.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Small to massive, semispherical sponges with flat, cylindrical oscules at the apex and no mammiform areolate porefields present (Fig. 8 G). Sand particles present on smaller specimens but absent on larger specimens. Ectosome thin, not easily separable from the underlying choanosome. Colour in life is dark green; in preservative, choanosome dark brown and ectosome brown. Styles are smooth, centrally thickened, fusiform and slightly sinuous, 382 (355 – 410) x 12 (12) m, n = 20. Anisodiscorhabds (Fig. 6 B) having a manubrium where the spines are often dichotomous and vertically arranged. There is also no basal whorl of spines present above the manubrium as characteristic for this subgenus. Median whorl midway between manubrium and apical whorl and larger than both the subsidiary and apical whorls. The subsidiary whorl is more or less perpendicular to the shaft and directly above median whorl. The whorls are deeply notched along the rim and divided into segments, each segment possessing denticulate margins of 5 – 7 spines. The denticulate margins of the subsidiary and median whorls are microspined, and the apical whorl and manubrium are smooth, 38 (35 – 39) x 5 (5) m, n = 20. The choanosomal skeleton is a firm, dense, irregular polygonal­meshed reticulation and the surface of the ectosome is lined with an erect layer of single non­interlocking anisodiscorhabds (Fig. 9 D). The sponge whose habitat in shallow waters are rocky substrata found on vertical to steeply sloping rock faces always in shade and associated with algae and other sponges in coastal waters at 2 – 20 m depth. This species is also very abundant between 5 – 7 m in strong surge areas in coastal waters. The deep water samples were dredge of the coastline and they were found to occur on sandy substrata at a depth of 200 m (after Alvarez et al. 2002). Geographic distribution (Fig. 7). New Zealand (North Island)	en	Samaai, Toufiek, Gibbons, Mark J., Kelly, Michelle (2006): Revision of the genus Latrunculia du Bocage, 1869 Porifera: Demospongiae: Latrunculiidae) with descriptions of new species from New Caledonia and the Northeastern Pacific (. Zootaxa 1127 (1): 1-71, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1127.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1127.1.1
038D1B081364FF82FED7FEA23267FD5C.taxon	discussion	Remark. In 1924, Brøndsted described the first species of Latrunculia from New Zealand, naming it Latrunculia spinispiraefera. Almost 40 years after that, Bergquist (1961 b; 1968), described a species collected off the Chatham Islands as L. spinispiraefera, currently considered a specimen of L. triverticillata Alvarez et al. (2002). In 1968 Bergquist, described some additional specimens from Three Kings Islands, Cape Brett, the Champbell Plateau, and Chatham Islands as L. brevis, all of which are know considered either specimens of L. kaakaariki Alvarez et al., L. duckworthi Alvarez et al., L. procumbens Alvarez et al., L. spinispiraefera Brøndsted, L. triverticillata Alvarez et al., or L. millerae Alvarez et al. This is based on the recent discovery using a combination of genetic, chemical and morphological data (Miller et al. 2001; Alvarez et al. 2002), that the New Zealand Latrunculia complex are represented by at least eight cryptic species, non of them belonging to the L. brevis complex (Table 2). Based on a combination of different techniques, Miller et al. (2001) first suggested that the two colour morphs occurring off the Three Kings Islands are actually two different species. Alvarez et al. (2002) named the ‘ Three Kings’ green specimens as L. Kaakaariki and the ‘ Three Kings’ brown as L. duckworthi. L. kaakaariki seems to be closely related to L spinispiraefera based on the structure of the anisodiscorhabd.	en	Samaai, Toufiek, Gibbons, Mark J., Kelly, Michelle (2006): Revision of the genus Latrunculia du Bocage, 1869 Porifera: Demospongiae: Latrunculiidae) with descriptions of new species from New Caledonia and the Northeastern Pacific (. Zootaxa 1127 (1): 1-71, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1127.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1127.1.1
038D1B081365FF84FED7FB0A34E6FB2C.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype material. Not examined NZOI H­ 794 (99 TKI 2 ­ 32) [NIWA collection­station and locality data details are outlined in Appendix 1, Alvarez et al. (2002)]. Other Material examined. NZNM POR 607 (cross ref. Ts 105) unidentified sponge in NZM collection, Three Kings Islands, New Zealand, 34 º 16.6 ' S, 172 º 15.7 ' E, depth 133 m, collected 02 / 02 / 1981 by R. V. Tangaroa. NMNZ Ikatere 20 (Ts 109), Off Cape Kari Kari, New Zealand, 73 54.0 ­ 52.0 ' S, 177 44.0 ­ 46.0 W, depth 46 m, collected by Bergquist, 12 / 6 / 1965.	en	Samaai, Toufiek, Gibbons, Mark J., Kelly, Michelle (2006): Revision of the genus Latrunculia du Bocage, 1869 Porifera: Demospongiae: Latrunculiidae) with descriptions of new species from New Caledonia and the Northeastern Pacific (. Zootaxa 1127 (1): 1-71, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1127.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1127.1.1
038D1B081365FF84FED7FB0A34E6FB2C.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Massive to thickly encrusting sometimes covered with scattered papillae and encircled by small raised areolate porefields or lying flush with the rim (Fig. 8 F). Colour in life chocolate brown; in preservative, dark brown. Styles are fusiform and slightly sinuous 348 (260 – 391) x 7 (4 – 10) m, n = 20. Anisodiscorhabds have an expanded spinose manubrium (Fig. 6 C). There is also no basal whorl of spines present above the manubrium as characteristic for this subgenus. In some spicules, spines above the manubrium are visible, but they are very rudimentary. Median whorl horizontally arranged, similar in diameter to the subsidiary whorl. The subsidiary whorl is more or less wing­like to the shaft and directly above median whorl. The whorls of spines are semifused and are not deeply notched along the rim, but segments are visible, each segment possessing denticulate margins of 5 – 7 spines. The denticulate margins of the subsidiary and median whorls are microspined, and the apical whorl and manubrium are smooth, 37 (33 – 42) x 7 (5 – 8) m, n = 20. The choanosomal skeleton is a firm, dense, irregular polygonal­meshed reticulation with meshes that are often circular to oval in some places (10 A). The sponge which are found on vertical to steeply sloping rock faces, always in shade, together with other sponges and invertebrates; depth range 2 – 15 m, but abundant between 5 and 7 m in areas of extreme surge (after Alvarez et al. 2002). Geographic distribution (Fig. 7). New Zealand (North Island)	en	Samaai, Toufiek, Gibbons, Mark J., Kelly, Michelle (2006): Revision of the genus Latrunculia du Bocage, 1869 Porifera: Demospongiae: Latrunculiidae) with descriptions of new species from New Caledonia and the Northeastern Pacific (. Zootaxa 1127 (1): 1-71, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1127.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1127.1.1
038D1B081365FF84FED7FB0A34E6FB2C.taxon	discussion	Remark. One of the most distinctive characters in defining species boundaries in the Latrunculia complex is the shape of the discorhabd. Evidently, cryptic species may be problematic in differentiating as evident from the discovery of at least eight New Species from New Zealand by Miller et al. (2002) and Alvarez et al. (2002). One of these cryptic species, a brown colour morph, known as L. duckworthi, has a sympatric occurrence with L. kaakaariki. The species seems to be close to L. kaikoura (see below). According to Alvarez et al. (2002) L. duckworthi can be distinguished from L. kaakaariki only by colour and possibly growth form, characters considered to have little value in discrimination species of Latrunculia at present.	en	Samaai, Toufiek, Gibbons, Mark J., Kelly, Michelle (2006): Revision of the genus Latrunculia du Bocage, 1869 Porifera: Demospongiae: Latrunculiidae) with descriptions of new species from New Caledonia and the Northeastern Pacific (. Zootaxa 1127 (1): 1-71, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1127.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1127.1.1
038D1B081363FF87FED7FD3A3271FD24.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype material. Not examined, NZOI H­ 795 (97 TUT 1 ­ 29) NIWA collection [NIWA collection­station and locality data details are outlined in Appendix 1, Alvarez et al., (2002)]. Additional Paratype material. Not examined, NZOI P­ 1261 (97 TUT 1 ­ 5), NZOI P­ 1262 (97 TUT 1 ­ 26) NIWA collection [NIWA collection­station and locality data details are outlined in Appendix 1, Alvarez et al., (2002)]. Other material examined. MKB 723 (cross ref. Ts 11 and UAZA 6.3) Cape Brett, New Zealand, depth unknown. QM 310718 (cross ref. Q 66 C 2025 ­ R and Ts 119) labeled Latrunculia brevis identified by CNB, Cape Brett, Northland, New Zealand, 35 º 11 ' 50 " S; 174 º 20 ' 40 " E, depth 12 m, AIMS / NCI collection. QM 310735 (cross ref. Q 66 C 2057 ­ A and Ts 120) labeled Latrunculia sp. identified by CNB, New Zealand, depth 15 – 20 m, AIMS / NCI collection.	en	Samaai, Toufiek, Gibbons, Mark J., Kelly, Michelle (2006): Revision of the genus Latrunculia du Bocage, 1869 Porifera: Demospongiae: Latrunculiidae) with descriptions of new species from New Caledonia and the Northeastern Pacific (. Zootaxa 1127 (1): 1-71, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1127.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1127.1.1
038D1B081363FF87FED7FD3A3271FD24.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Thinly to thickly encrusting with cylindrical oscules at the apex, or as thin fistules and mammiform areolate porefields (Fig. 8 H). Colour in life is dark green; in preservative, dark brown. Styles are fusiform and slightly sinuous, 369 (311 – 437) x 7 (4 – 9) m, n = 20. Anisodiscorhabds (Fig. 6 D) have an expanded manubrium and the median whorl is midway between manubrium and apical whorl. The subsidiary whorl is more or less wing­like, slanted slightly upwards and situated directly below and almost fused with the apical whorl. There is also no basal whorl of spines present above the manubrium as characteristic for this subgenus. The whorls are notched along the rim and divided into segments, each segment possessing denticulate margins of 5 spines. The denticulate margins of the subsidiary and median whorls are microspined, and the apical whorl and manubrium are smooth, 29 (21 – 35) x 5 (2 – 7) m, n = 20. The choanosomal skeleton is often vaguely reticulate, but where reticulation is visible an irregular polygonal­meshed reticulation of wispy tracts of smooth styles makes it up (see Fig. 5 B in Alvarez et al. 2002). There is no distinction between primary and secondary tracts. These tracts range in width from <100 m in thickness. Towards the surface the spicules tend to be vertically arranged and just below this triangular or oval meshes are visible. Interstitial megascleres and anisodiscorhabds scattered abundantly throughout choanosome. The surface of the ectosome is lined with an erect layer of single non­interlocking anisodiscorhabds. Beneath the discorhabds in the ectosome is a thick paratangential­tangential layer of densely interlocking megascleres, 100 – 300 m deep. The sponge is found on vertical walls, in serge and shaded areas at a depth between 2 – 20 m (after Alvarez et al. 2002). Geographic distribution (Fig. 7). New Zealand	en	Samaai, Toufiek, Gibbons, Mark J., Kelly, Michelle (2006): Revision of the genus Latrunculia du Bocage, 1869 Porifera: Demospongiae: Latrunculiidae) with descriptions of new species from New Caledonia and the Northeastern Pacific (. Zootaxa 1127 (1): 1-71, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1127.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1127.1.1
038D1B081363FF87FED7FD3A3271FD24.taxon	discussion	Remark. As explained by Alvarez et al. (2002), L. procumbens can clearly be differentiated from L. kaakaariki and L. duckworthi, only on genetic data, but not on the structure of the acanthodiscorhabd (Table 2), although on average L. procumbens have thinner microscleres (Table 3). However, this clearly does not the case between the three New Zealand species and structural differences are very apparent on the structure of the acanthodiscorhabds. For example, L. duckworthi have a very compact manubrium and apical whorl, whereas these structures are expanded in L. procumbens. The apical whorl of L. duckworthi is also not fused with the subsidiary whorl as in L. procumbens. Apart from this the medium and subsidiary whorls of the acanthodiscorhabd in L. duckworthi are microspined compared to being smooth as in L. procumbens. Latrunculia procumbens also differs in gross morphology and colouration from L. duckworthi and L. kaakaariki in that it is thinly encrusting, is green / khaki in life, as appose to being thickly encrusting to massive and either green or chocolate brown in colour as observed in L. duckworthi and L. kaakaariki respectively. The species seems to be close to L. wellingtonensis based on the structure of the acanthodiscorhabd.	en	Samaai, Toufiek, Gibbons, Mark J., Kelly, Michelle (2006): Revision of the genus Latrunculia du Bocage, 1869 Porifera: Demospongiae: Latrunculiidae) with descriptions of new species from New Caledonia and the Northeastern Pacific (. Zootaxa 1127 (1): 1-71, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1127.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1127.1.1
038D1B081360FF86FED7FB3234CFFABC.taxon	description	[?] Latrunculia sp. B Lill et al., 1995: 310 (in part) after Alvarez et al., 2002; Latrunculia wellingtonensis Alvarez et al., 2002, PG. 164, FIG. 3 C, 6	en	Samaai, Toufiek, Gibbons, Mark J., Kelly, Michelle (2006): Revision of the genus Latrunculia du Bocage, 1869 Porifera: Demospongiae: Latrunculiidae) with descriptions of new species from New Caledonia and the Northeastern Pacific (. Zootaxa 1127 (1): 1-71, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1127.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1127.1.1
038D1B081360FF86FED7FB3234CFFABC.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype material. Not examined, NZOI H­ 796 (98 BR 29). Additional Paratype material. Not examined, NZOI P­ 1263 (98 BR 7), NZOI P­ 1264, 97 PH (4, 5, 21, 27), 98 BR (2, 7, 25, 29). Other material examined. Ts 110, Barrets reef, Wellington, New Zealand, depth 10 – 15 m, collected by Allan Duckworth, xxx September, 1997.	en	Samaai, Toufiek, Gibbons, Mark J., Kelly, Michelle (2006): Revision of the genus Latrunculia du Bocage, 1869 Porifera: Demospongiae: Latrunculiidae) with descriptions of new species from New Caledonia and the Northeastern Pacific (. Zootaxa 1127 (1): 1-71, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1127.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1127.1.1
038D1B081360FF86FED7FB3234CFFABC.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Small, ovo­spherical sponge (Fig. 8 I) with pore areas, variable in size and shape (round, oval or irregular), encircled by mammiform areolate porefields. Colour in life light olive green; in preservative pale gray. Styles are hastate and polytylote styles are also present, 323 (300 – 346) x 7 (7) m, n = 20 Anisodiscorhabds (Fig. 6 E) with an expanded manubrium and stout shaft. There is also no basal whorl of spines present above the manubrium as characteristic for this subgenus. The subsidiary whorl is absent or reduced. The Medium whorl is deeply notched along the rim and are divided into segments, each segment possessing denticulate margins of 5 – 7 spines, 35 (32 – 35) x 5 (5) m, n = 20 [Holotype 33 (23 – 42) x 5 (3 – 7) m, n = 20 (after Alvarez et al., 2002)]. The choanosomal skeleton is a dense, irregular polygonal­meshed reticulation and within the inner choanosome, the tracts are more robust and compact and diverge towards the surface where they become more vertically arranged (Fig. 10 B). The sponge are found on vertical rock faces, in surge and shade areas at a depth of between 7 – 20 m, but most common between 10 and 15 m (after Alvarez et al. 2002). Geographic distribution (Fig. 7). New Zealand (south end of North Island­ Wellington)	en	Samaai, Toufiek, Gibbons, Mark J., Kelly, Michelle (2006): Revision of the genus Latrunculia du Bocage, 1869 Porifera: Demospongiae: Latrunculiidae) with descriptions of new species from New Caledonia and the Northeastern Pacific (. Zootaxa 1127 (1): 1-71, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1127.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1127.1.1
038D1B081360FF86FED7FB3234CFFABC.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The homogenous nature of the choanosomal skeleton within any given species of Latrunculia makes it fairly difficult to define species. Species defined within this genus possess discorhabds with four whorls (lobes) of spines. Species differ in the shape of the discorhabds as well as in the structure and position of the different lobes present. The discorhabd in this species is structurally different from that of L. Kaakaariki in that it is relatively thicker (Table 3) and less ornamented (Alvarez et al. 2002). This species also include the genetic group that was identified by Miller et al. (2001) as “ Wellington ” (Alvarez et al. 2002).	en	Samaai, Toufiek, Gibbons, Mark J., Kelly, Michelle (2006): Revision of the genus Latrunculia du Bocage, 1869 Porifera: Demospongiae: Latrunculiidae) with descriptions of new species from New Caledonia and the Northeastern Pacific (. Zootaxa 1127 (1): 1-71, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1127.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1127.1.1
038D1B081361FFF9FED7FBAA373CFFD4.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype material. Not examined, NZOI H­ 797 (97 KK 3 ­ 1), Niwa collection. Additional Paratype material. Not examined, NZOI P­ 1265 (97 KK 1 ­ 1); NZOI P­ 1266 (97 KK 2 ­ 4), Niwa collection. Other material examined. NZOI stn W 452 (cross ref. Ts 56) unidentified sponge in NIWA collection, 43 º 26.99 ' S; 175 º 08.10 ' E, depth 120 – 180 m, collected on the 22 / 02 / 1995. NZNM POR 567 (cross ref. Ts 99) unidentified sponge in NZM collection, North Otago, New Zealand, depth 90 m, collected by James Graham, December 1960. NZNM POR 566 (cross ref. Ts 100) unidentified sponge in NZM collection, Ibukimaru, New Zealand, 47 º 22.09 ' S, 169 º 11.5 ' E, depth 156 m, collected by C. Morrish / B. King. NZOI stn D 196 (cross ref. Ts 54.1) unidentified sponge in NIWA collection, 50 º 55 ' S, 166 º 21 ' E, depth 110 m, collected on the 23 / 01 / 1964. NZOI stn D 194.2 (cross ref. Ts 53.1) unidentified sponge in NIWA collection, 50 º 44 ' S; 166 º 21 ' E, depth 95 m, collected on the 22 / 01 / 1964. NZOI stn D 196 (cross ref. Ts 54.2) unidentified sponge in NIWA collection, 50 º 55 ' S; 166 º 21 ' E, depth 110 m, collected on the 23 / 01 / 1964.	en	Samaai, Toufiek, Gibbons, Mark J., Kelly, Michelle (2006): Revision of the genus Latrunculia du Bocage, 1869 Porifera: Demospongiae: Latrunculiidae) with descriptions of new species from New Caledonia and the Northeastern Pacific (. Zootaxa 1127 (1): 1-71, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1127.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1127.1.1
038D1B081361FFF9FED7FBAA373CFFD4.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Small to massive, ovo­semispherical sponges with large cylindrical­shaped oscules at the apex, and with numerous volcano or mushroom­shaped areolate porefields with the apex truncated and covered by a fleshy poral membrane (Fig. 10 D). Colour in life green; in preservative dark brown. Styles are hastate and slightly sinuous, 361 (327 – 384) x 7 (7) m, n = 20 [Holotype 351 (278 – 423) x 6 (3 – 9) m, n = 20 (after Alvarez et al., 2002)]. Anisodiscorhabds (Fig. 6 F), have an expanded furcate manubrium. There is also no basal whorl of spines present above the manubrium as characteristic for this subgenus. The median whorl is midway between the manubrium and the subsidiary whorl and the whorls are deeply notched along the rim and divided into four segments, each segment possessing denticulate margins of 4 – 5 spines. The spines of the apical whorl are slanted upwards ending in a crown­like tuft of acute spined projections. The whorls are microspined, 37 (36 – 41) x 5 (5) m, n = 20 [Holotype 34 (27 – 44) x 5 (2 – 8) m, n = 20 (after Alvarez et al., 2002)]. The choanosomal skeleton consists of a dense, irregular polygonalmeshed reticulation and may form meshes that are often oval in the holotype (Fig. 10 C). The surface of the ectosome and choanocyte chambers is lined with an erect layer of single discorhabds. Beneath the discorhabds in the ectosome is a thick paratangential layer of densely interlocking megascleres, approximately 300 m deep (Fig. 2.27 C) [Holotype 100 – 300 m deep (after Alvarez et al. 2002)]. Off the New Zealand coastline the species are found on vertical walls, mostly in shade between 10 – 20 m depth. The species was dredge from deeper water. There is no record of the substratum type. Depth range 10 – 180 m. Geographic distribution (Fig. 7). New Zealand (South Island)	en	Samaai, Toufiek, Gibbons, Mark J., Kelly, Michelle (2006): Revision of the genus Latrunculia du Bocage, 1869 Porifera: Demospongiae: Latrunculiidae) with descriptions of new species from New Caledonia and the Northeastern Pacific (. Zootaxa 1127 (1): 1-71, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1127.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1127.1.1
038D1B081361FFF9FED7FBAA373CFFD4.taxon	discussion	Remarks. According to Alvarez et al. (2002), this species is very similar in growth form to L. kaakaariki and L. wellingtonensis, although L. kaikoura appears to be smaller in diameter. The acanthodiscorhabds differ slightly from those of L. kaakaariki in having smooth instead of rough spines, and from L. wellingtonensis in being more ornamented, especially in the structure of the manubrium (Alvarez et al. 2002). Alvarez et al. (2002) also separated these species from one another on the basis of morphometric genetic differences (Miller et al. 2001). Alvarez et al. (2002), described the apical crown of the anisodiscorhabd, as found in L. kaikoura, in having a small apical prolongation and suggested that this species is closely related to L. apicalis Ridley and Dendy. The apical prolongation in L. apicalis and L. biformis is unique and develops as an extension in the center region of the crown that is made up of acute spines. The apical prolongation of the spines of L. kaikoura is due to the structure of the apical crown, in that the acute spines are oblong (a character that is evident in many Latrunculia species) and therefore not homologous to the apical prolongations as found in L. apicalis and L. biformis. The remark by Alvarez et al. (2002) that L. kaikoura is closely related to L. apicalis Ridley and Dendy due to the presence of an apical prolongation is not supported here. Structurally, the acanthodiscorhabd of L. apicalis also have a basal (4 th) whorl just above the manubrium as indicated for species in the Latrunculia subgroup (“ triverticillata group ” Alvarez et al. 2002).	en	Samaai, Toufiek, Gibbons, Mark J., Kelly, Michelle (2006): Revision of the genus Latrunculia du Bocage, 1869 Porifera: Demospongiae: Latrunculiidae) with descriptions of new species from New Caledonia and the Northeastern Pacific (. Zootaxa 1127 (1): 1-71, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1127.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1127.1.1
038D1B08131FFFF8FED7FEA23719FE69.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype material. Not examined, NZOI H­ 798 (95 DS 6 ­ 10) Additional Paratype material. Not examined, NZOI P­ 1267 (95 DS 8 ­ 9); NZOI P­ 1268 (95 DS 8 ­ 10). Other material examined. QM 310738 (cross ref. Q 66 C 2065 ­ L and Ts 121) labeled Latrunculia brevis identified by CNB, Fiordlands, New Zealand, depth 16 m, AIMS / NCI collection. QM 312177 (cross ref. Q 66 C 6062 ­ G and Ts 118) labeled Latrunculia brevis unidentified sponge in QM collection, Fiordland, New Zealand, 45 º 00 ' 60 " S; 167 º 09 ' 40 " E, depth 30 m, AIMS / NCI collection.	en	Samaai, Toufiek, Gibbons, Mark J., Kelly, Michelle (2006): Revision of the genus Latrunculia du Bocage, 1869 Porifera: Demospongiae: Latrunculiidae) with descriptions of new species from New Caledonia and the Northeastern Pacific (. Zootaxa 1127 (1): 1-71, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1127.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1127.1.1
038D1B08131FFFF8FED7FEA23719FE69.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Massive, ovo­semispherical sponges with generally flattened cylindricalshaped oscules and with numerous short, thin lipped crater­like areolate porefields that are covered with a fleshy poral membrane. Colour in life green; in preservative dark brown. Styles are fusiform and slightly sinuous, occasionally hastate and polytylote, 382 (338 – 433) x 6 (4 – 8) m, n = 20. Anisodiscorhabds (Fig. 6 G) have an expanded manubrium. There is also no basal whorl of spines present above the manubrium as characteristic for this subgenus. The median and subsidiary whorls are deeply notched along the rim and divided into four segments, each segment possessing denticulate margins of 4 – 5 spines. These spines may be smooth or rough, often arrow shaped with serrated edges. The spines of the apical whorl are slanted upwards ending in a crown­like tuft of acute spined projections, 37 (32 – 43) x 5 (3 – 7) m, n = 20. The choanosomal skeleton consists of a loose, irregular polygonal­meshed reticulation sometimes vaguely defined, and merging with the inner ectosomal region where the meshes become more oval and triangular (see Fig. 8 B in Alvarez et al. 2002). Beneath the discorhabds in the ectosome is a thick paratangential layer of densely interlocking megascleres, approximately 100 – 300 m deep (after Alvarez et al. 2002). Off the New Zealand coastline the species are found in a calm, low light and salinity environment, typically that displayed in fiords. It is attached to vertical rock walls, and not confined to shaded areas as in the other New Zealand species. Depth range 5 – 37 m depth. Geographic distribution (Fig. 7). New Zealand (South Island)	en	Samaai, Toufiek, Gibbons, Mark J., Kelly, Michelle (2006): Revision of the genus Latrunculia du Bocage, 1869 Porifera: Demospongiae: Latrunculiidae) with descriptions of new species from New Caledonia and the Northeastern Pacific (. Zootaxa 1127 (1): 1-71, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1127.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1127.1.1
038D1B08131FFFF8FED7FEA23719FE69.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Miller et al., (2001) and Alvarez et al., (2002) clearly differentiated this species from L. kaakaariki, L. wellingtonensis and L. Kaikoura on the basis of genetic differences, morphometric differences in the acanthodiscorhabd (Table 3) and on morphological differences in the subectosomal region of the skeleton. This species also includes the genetic group identified by Miller et al. (2001) as “ Fiordland B, separating it from L. fiordensis Alvarez et al. (2002). Apart from the genetic differences, L. fiordensis are clearly separated from L. millerae on the basis of the acanthodiscorhabd morphology, and are currently placed within the subgenus Latrunculia as appose to Biannulata for L. millerae.	en	Samaai, Toufiek, Gibbons, Mark J., Kelly, Michelle (2006): Revision of the genus Latrunculia du Bocage, 1869 Porifera: Demospongiae: Latrunculiidae) with descriptions of new species from New Caledonia and the Northeastern Pacific (. Zootaxa 1127 (1): 1-71, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1127.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1127.1.1
