identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
038CE0659667FFC5B978F9E5AD91F88B.text	038CE0659667FFC5B978F9E5AD91F88B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Carminda paeon (Godart 1824)	<div><p>Carminda paeon (based on material from Serra do Japi, Jundiaí):</p><p>Egg (Fig. 1A, B, 2A, B): White and ellipsoid, smooth under light microscopy, with a reticle of thin ridges forming a pattern of irregular pentagonal, hexagonal and heptagonal cells visible with SEM (Fig.2A, B). Diameter: 0.76 - 0.85 mm (n = 4), height: 0.81 - 0.89 mm (n = 4). Duration: 5 – 10 days (n = 4).</p><p>First instar (Fig.1C, D, 2 C-H, 3): Head capsule width 0.54 – 0.61 mm (n = 9); head scoli: 0.07 – 0.11 mm (n = 9). Head black with a pair of short scoli on vertex.Each with two narrow setae. Third stemma larger than other stemmata. Body light green, with white longitudinal stripes; caudal filaments very short. Legs and prolegs light green. Setae black, all dorsal and subdorsal setae clubbed at tip. Maximum length of 5 mm (n = 4). Duration 5 – 10 days (n = 4). Head and body chaetotaxy are presented in Fig. 3.</p><p>Second instar (Fig. 1E, F): Head capsule width: 0.86 – 0.94 mm (n = 10); head scoli: 0.15 – 0.23 mm (n = 8). Head light brown, covered with small white bumps, with two short, pointed beige scoli on vertex. Body green,with light green poorly marked longitudinal zigzag stripes and a dark green dorsal longitudinal stripe; caudal filaments short.Legs and prolegs light green. Maximum length of 9 mm.(n = 6). Duration 5 – 9 days (n = 4).</p><p>Third instar (Fig. 1G, H): Head capsule width: 1.39 – 1.54 mm (n = 10); head scoli: 0.27 – 0.34 mm (n = 8). Head light brown, with two short, pointed beige scoli on vertex. Body olive green, with brownish zigzag longitudinal patterns and a poorly marked dorsal longitudinal brown stripe; caudal filaments short. Legs and prolegs light green. Maximum length of 15 mm (n=5). Duration 5 – 10 days (n = 4).</p><p>Fourth (last) instar (Fig. 1I, J): head capsule width: 1.92 – 2.32 mm (n = 5); head scoli: 0.45 – 0.57 mm (n = 2). Head light brown, with two short, pointed beige scoli on vertex. Body light brown, with several zigzag longitudinal stripes and a poorly marked dorsal longitudinal brown stripe; caudal filaments short. Legs and prolegs light beige. Maximum length of 23 mm (n = 6). Duration 12 – 14 days (n = 4).</p><p>Pupa (Fig. 1K, L, M): Short and smooth; mostly chestnut brown with light brown stripes bordering the wing caps and venation; short pointed ocular caps; cremaster brown in ventral portion; dorsal abdomen with a paired series of beige subdorsal stripes. Some sparse short stalked-palmate bristles in dorsal abdomen. Maximum length of 8 mm (n = 5). Duration 15 – 21 days (n = 4).</p><p>Behavior and natural history. Oviposition behavior was not observed in nature, and the host plant in the field is unknown. In the laboratory, larvae refused several species of grasses but easily accepted an unidentified species of Chusquea bamboo (present in the study sites) and Bambusa gracilis ( Poaceae). Larvae are isolated and move slowly. Adults (Fig. 1N) are present in several different types of forests, from coastal lowlands to mountains.Adults of both sexes were usually observed flying in clearings and forest edges from ground level to the canopy.No courtship behavior was observed. Carminda paeon has a wide geographic distribution and is found in several different habitats, including primary and secondary forests, clearings and even on forest edges. The species is multivoltine, with adults being observed in all months (Fig. 13).</p><p>Adult population biology. In total, 131 individuals were captured over 13 years of sampling in Serra do Japi, 114 in the canopy (67 males, 39 females and eight with sex not recorded) and 17 in the understory (five males, 10 females and two with sex not recorded), indicating a clear preference for the canopy (X 2 =140.7, P&lt;0.001, DF=1).No recaptures were recorded. Adults were low in abundance for most of the thirteen years of sampling, being more abundant in 2014 and 2017 (Fig. 13). The sex could be attributed to 121 of the captured individuals, which comprised 72 males and 49 females, a male biased sex ratio (1.47:1, X 2 =4.37, P=0.036; DF=1). Forewing length of females varied from 1.5 to 2.0 cm (mean= 1.93 cm, SD=0.096, n=46) and of males from 1.7 to 2.0 cm (mean= 1.87 cm, SD=0.087, n=62), with females being significantly larger than males (Mann-Whitney U test; U = 958, z = 3.37, p &lt;0.001) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038CE0659667FFC5B978F9E5AD91F88B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Aguiar, Tamara M. C.;Barbosa, Eduardo P.;Zacca, Thamara;Rosa, Augusto H. B.;Santos, Jessie P.;Freitas, André V. L.	Aguiar, Tamara M. C., Barbosa, Eduardo P., Zacca, Thamara, Rosa, Augusto H. B., Santos, Jessie P., Freitas, André V. L. (2025): Immature stages, population ecology and natural history of the genus Carminda Ebert & Dias (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae). Revista Brasileira de Entomologia (e 20250024) 69 (3): 1-18, DOI: 10.1590/1806-9665-RBENT-2025-0024, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9665-rbent-2025-0024
038CE0659661FFCFB978F8B7AC4DF99C.text	038CE0659661FFCFB978F8B7AC4DF99C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Carminda umuarama Ebert & Dias 1997	<div><p>Carminda umuarama (based on material from Campos do Jordão):</p><p>Egg (Fig. 4A, B, 5A, B): Light yellow and ellipsoid, with a reticle of thin ridges forming a pattern of irregular pentagonal, hexagonal and heptagonal cells hard to see at light microscope, but observable at SEM (Fig. 5A, B). Diameter: 0.75 – 0.85 mm (n = 7), height: 0.69 – 0.84 mm (n = 7). Duration: 8 – 10 days (n = 7); based on material from a different female, eggs may take up to 20 days to hatch.</p><p>First instar (Fig.4C, D, 5 C-H, 6): Head capsule width: 0.59 – 0.63 mm (n = 2). Head black with a pair of short scoli on vertex, each with two narrow setae. Third stemma larger than other stemmata. Body light green, with reddish longitudinal stripes; caudal filaments very short. Legs and prolegs light green. Setae black, all dorsal and subdorsal setae clubbed at tip. Maximum length of 5 mm (n = 5). Duration 5 – 10 days (n = 5). Head and body chaetotaxy are presented in Fig. 6.</p><p>Second instar (Fig. 4E, F): Head capsule width: 0.8 mm (n = 2); head scoli: 0.15 mm (n = 1). Head dark brown with small white bumps, with two short pointed white scoli on vertex. Body light beige, with reddish longitudinal zigzag stripes and a reddish dorsal longitudinal stripe; caudal filaments short. Legs and prolegs light beige. Maximum length of 7 mm (n = 4). Duration – 8 - 10 days (n = 4).</p><p>Third instar (Fig. 4G, H): Head capsule width: 1.1 – 1.14 mm (n = 2); head scoli: 0.21 – 0.27 mm (n = 2). Very similar to the second instar. Maximum length of 11 mm (n = 4). Duration – 8 - 10 days (n = 4).</p><p>Fourth instar (Fig. 4I, J): Head capsule width: 1.37 mm (n = 1); head scoli: 0.33 – 0.34 mm (n = 2). Head light brown, with two short, pointed beige scoli on vertex. Body light brown, with brownish zigzag longitudinal patterns and a marked dorsal longitudinal dark brown stripe; caudal filaments short. Legs and prolegs light brown. Maximum length of 15 mm (n = 4). Duration 12 – 14 days (n = 4).</p><p>Fifth instar (Fig.4K, L): Head capsule width: 1.84 mm (n = 1); head scoli: 0.32 – 0.44 mm (n = 2). Head dark brown, with two short, pointed light brown scoli on vertex. Body light brown, with brownish zigzag longitudinal patterns and a marked dorsal longitudinal dark brown stripe; caudal filaments short. Legs and prolegs light brown. Maximum length of 20 mm (n = 2). Duration 14 – 24 days (n = 2). A possibly extranumerary sixth instar, very similar to the fifth instar in shape and size, was present in some larvae. All larvae died before pupation.</p><p>Behavior and natural history. Oviposition behavior was not observed in nature, and the host plant in the field is unknown. In the laboratory, larvae refused several species of grasses but easily accepted Bambusa gracilis ( Poaceae).Larvae are isolated and move slowly.Adults (Fig. 4M) are present in well-preserved high montane forests near patches of Chusquea sp. Adults of both sexes were usually observed flying among the bamboo leaves from ground level to 7 m above ground. No courtship behavior was observed. Carminda umuarama presents a restricted geographic distribution in high montane forests in the Brazilian states of São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Minas Gerais and Espírito Santo, always above 1300 m.a.s.l. (Ebert and Dias 1997). The species has a restricted flight period, being reported only in summer months, from November to March.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038CE0659661FFCFB978F8B7AC4DF99C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Aguiar, Tamara M. C.;Barbosa, Eduardo P.;Zacca, Thamara;Rosa, Augusto H. B.;Santos, Jessie P.;Freitas, André V. L.	Aguiar, Tamara M. C., Barbosa, Eduardo P., Zacca, Thamara, Rosa, Augusto H. B., Santos, Jessie P., Freitas, André V. L. (2025): Immature stages, population ecology and natural history of the genus Carminda Ebert & Dias (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae). Revista Brasileira de Entomologia (e 20250024) 69 (3): 1-18, DOI: 10.1590/1806-9665-RBENT-2025-0024, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9665-rbent-2025-0024
038CE065966BFFCCB978F9A9AD78FC62.text	038CE065966BFFCCB978F9A9AD78FC62.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Carminda griseldis (Weymer 1911)	<div><p>Carminda griseldis (based on material from Campos do Jordão):</p><p>Egg (Fig. 7A, B, 8A, B): White and rounded, with a reticle of thin ridges forming a pattern of irregular pentagonal, hexagonal and heptagonal cells visible both at light microscope and SEM (Fig. 8A, B). Diameter: 0.76 – 1.15 mm (n = 77), height: 0.82 – 1.15 mm (n = 77). Duration: 7 – 12 days (n = 5).</p><p>First instar (Fig. 7C, D, 8 C-H, 9): head capsule width: 0.73 – 0.8 mm (n = 8); head scoli: 0.1 – 0.18 mm (n = 8). Head black with a pair of short scoli on vertex, each with two narrow setae. Third stemma larger than other stemmata. Body light green, with reddish longitudinal stripes; caudal filaments very short. Legs and prolegs light green. Setae black, all dorsal and subdorsal setae clubbed at tip. Maximum length of 7 mm (n = 8). Duration 5 - 9 days (n = 5). Head and body chaetotaxy are presented in Fig. 9.</p><p>Second instar (Fig. 7E, F): Head capsule width: 1.11 – 1.19 mm (n = 10); head scoli: 0.13 – 0.27 mm (n = 8). Head light brown, covered with small white bumps, with two short, pointed scoli on vertex. Body light brown, patterned with dark brown zigzag longitudinal markings and a dorsal longitudinal brown stripe; caudal filaments short.Legs and prolegs light brown. Maximum length of 10 mm. Duration 5 – 9 days (n = 5).</p><p>Third instar (Fig. 7G, H): Head capsule width: 1.62 – 1.8 mm (n = 10); head scoli: 0.31 – 0.39 mm (n = 6). Very similar to second instar. Maximum length of 18 mm (n = 15). Duration 7 – 12 days (n = 5).</p><p>Fourth (last) instar (Fig. 7I, J): Head capsule width: 2.35 – 2.43 mm (n = 3); head scoli: 0.46 – 0.62 mm (n = 5). Head brown, with two short, pointed light brown scoli on vertex. Body light brown, with brownish zigzag longitudinal patterns and an irregular longitudinal dark brown stripe; caudal filaments short. Legs and prolegs light brown. Maximum length of 26 mm (n = 12). Duration 7 – 24 days (n = 5).</p><p>Pupa (Fig. 7K, L, M): Short and smooth; mostly dark brown, white stripes bordering the wing caps; short pointed ocular caps, white at the tip; cremaster dark brown in ventral portion; dorsal abdomen with a paired series of very short subdorsal light white bumps. Dorsal abdomen and thorax covered by abundant short stalked-palmate light bristles, giving a furry aspect. Maximum length of 11 mm (n = 5). Duration 16 – 18 days (n = 5).</p><p>Behavior and natural history. Oviposition behavior was not observed in nature, and the host plant in the field is unknown. In the laboratory, larvae refused several species of grasses but easily accepted Bambusa gracilis ( Poaceae).Larvae are isolated and move slowly.Adults (Fig. 7N) are present in several different types of forests, from coastal lowlands to mountains, but are more common above 600 m. a.s.l. Adults of both sexes were usually observed flying in clearings and forest edges from ground level to the canopy. No courtship behavior was observed. Carminda griseldis has a wide geographic distribution and is found in several different habitats, including primary and secondary forests and clearings. The species is multivoltine, being observed in all months (Fig. 13).</p><p>Adult population biology. In total, 34 individuals were captured over 13 years of sampling in Serra do Japi, 32 in the canopy (12 males, 19 females and one with sex not recorded) and two females in the understory, indicating a clear preference for the canopy (X 2 =49.7, P&lt;0.001, DF=1).No recaptures were recorded. Adults were low in abundance for most of the thirteen years of sampling, being more abundant in 2013, 2014, 2015 and 2017 (Fig. 13). The sex could be attributed to 33 of the captured individuals, which comprised 12 males and 21 females, a sex ratio not significantly different from 1:1 (0.57:1, X 2 =2.45, P=0.117; DF=1). Forewing length of females varied from 1.9 to 2.4 cm (mean= 2.25 cm, SD=0.136, n=20) and of males from 1.8 to 2.4 cm (mean= 2.04 cm, SD=0.190, n=10), with females being significantly larger than males (Mann-Whitney U test; U = 37, z = 2.74, p = 0.003) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038CE065966BFFCCB978F9A9AD78FC62	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Aguiar, Tamara M. C.;Barbosa, Eduardo P.;Zacca, Thamara;Rosa, Augusto H. B.;Santos, Jessie P.;Freitas, André V. L.	Aguiar, Tamara M. C., Barbosa, Eduardo P., Zacca, Thamara, Rosa, Augusto H. B., Santos, Jessie P., Freitas, André V. L. (2025): Immature stages, population ecology and natural history of the genus Carminda Ebert & Dias (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae). Revista Brasileira de Entomologia (e 20250024) 69 (3): 1-18, DOI: 10.1590/1806-9665-RBENT-2025-0024, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9665-rbent-2025-0024
038CE0659668FFCCB966FBC0AD8DFA98.text	038CE0659668FFCCB966FBC0AD8DFA98.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Carminda surpresa Barbosa, Aguiar, Rosa, Zacca & Freitas 2020	<div><p>Carminda surpresa (based on material from Campos do Jordão):</p><p>External morphology of early stages was described in Barbosa et al. (2020). Additionally, this paper includes a new plate that facilitates comparison with the morphological characters of the other three species under consideration (Fig. 10). Detailed SEM images (Fig. 11) and head and body chaetotaxy (Fig. 12) are presented for the first time. All data on behavior and natural history are available in Barbosa et al. (2020).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038CE0659668FFCCB966FBC0AD8DFA98	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Aguiar, Tamara M. C.;Barbosa, Eduardo P.;Zacca, Thamara;Rosa, Augusto H. B.;Santos, Jessie P.;Freitas, André V. L.	Aguiar, Tamara M. C., Barbosa, Eduardo P., Zacca, Thamara, Rosa, Augusto H. B., Santos, Jessie P., Freitas, André V. L. (2025): Immature stages, population ecology and natural history of the genus Carminda Ebert & Dias (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae). Revista Brasileira de Entomologia (e 20250024) 69 (3): 1-18, DOI: 10.1590/1806-9665-RBENT-2025-0024, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9665-rbent-2025-0024
