identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
038C87A8FFABAC05FDBA7EEDFA4B3084.text	038C87A8FFABAC05FDBA7EEDFA4B3084.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Macroscelididae Bonaparte 1838	<div><p>Family MACROSCELIDIDAE</p><p>(SENGIS)</p><p>• Small to very small with mobile snouts; long and slender limbs; very long metatarsals and long tails; and pelage with gray, brown, rufous, white, and golden tones.</p><p>• 15-60 cm.</p><p>• Palearctic and Afrotropical Regions.</p><p>• Mesic forests and woodlands; mesic bushlands; arid and semiarid areas with open canopies and gravel, rock, or compact-sand substrates.</p><p>• 5 genera, 20 species, 40 taxa.</p><p>• 1 species Endangered, 1 species Vulnerable; none Extinct since 1600.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038C87A8FFABAC05FDBA7EEDFA4B3084	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Macroscelididae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 206-234, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6646565
038C87A8FFA9AC07FFDD7D34FA8D3FB5.text	038C87A8FFA9AC07FFDD7D34FA8D3FB5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhynchocyon chrysopygus Gunther 1881	<div><p>1.</p><p>Golden-rumped Seng</p><p>Rhynchocyon chrysopygus</p><p>French: Sengi a croupe dorée / German: Goldsteil 3-Riisselhiindchen / Spanish: Sengi de grupas doradas</p><p>Other common names: Golden-rumped Elephant-shrew, Golden-rumped Giant Sengi, Yellow-rumped Elephant-shrew, Yellow-rumped Sengi</p><p>Taxonomy. Rhynchocyon chrysopygus Gunther, 1881,</p><p>“ on the river Mombaca [= Mombasa],” Kenya.</p><p>This species is monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. S coastal Kenya, from Tana River S to near Mombasa.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 218-304 mm, tail 213-270 mm, ear 30-38 mm, hindfoot 68-79 mm; weight 410-690 g. There is no evidence of sexual dimorphism in body size. Tail of the Goldenrumped Sengi is ¢.85% of head-body length and is proximally thick and distally tapered; it has short and sparse hair with black skin on dorsal side and paler skin below. Distal tail has irregular subterminal white band. Dorsum is rufous, with red-brown tones. Hair on rump is diagnostically bright yellow; hair on head is brown with yellow tones. Venter is rufous. Pinnae are hairless, with black skin. Some individuals have indistinct dark central strips at anterior edge of yellow rump patch. Skin of rump is relatively thick and thicker on males than females. Snout is long and flexible. Dental formula is 1 0-1/3, C 1/1, P 4/4, M 2/2 (x2) = 34-36. Upper canines are relatively large, and males have longer upper canines than females. Presence of diminutive upper incisoris variable. Palatal foramina are absent. Postorbital processes are present. Females have two posterior, two intermediate, and no anterior nipples; males have no nipples. Four digits are present on each manus and pes; pollex and hallux are absent. Fifth manual digit is relatively short and has only two phalanges. Post-anal gland is well developed, and pectoral gland is absent. Karyotype is unknown.</p><p>Habitat. Semideciduous forests, woodlands, coral rag scrub, and fallow overgrown agricultural areas (closed canopies and dense leaflitter always present).</p><p>Food and Feeding. Diet of the Golden-rumped Sengi is strictly composed of invertebrates, mostly arthropods. Principal prey (in decreasing order of importance) includes beetles, centipedes, termites, crickets, ants, spiders, and earthworms.</p><p>Breeding. Golden-rumped Sengis are monogamous, and pairs mate for life. Breeding occurs year-round. Gestation is ¢.42 days, interbirth interval is ¢.82 days, and litters have 1-2 young. Weight at birth is ¢.80 g. Newborns are semi-precocial, remain in a nest for c.2 weeks, and are then weangd.</p><p>Activity patterns. Golden-rumped Sengis are fully terrestrial and exclusively diurnal. They emerge from nests just before dawn and return just before sunset. Nests are built from leaflitter piled on excavated depressions.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Monogamous pairs of Goldenrumped Sengis share a defended home range, which generally does not overlap with neighboring pairs. Nevertheless, pair bonds are weak. Each member of a male-female pair nests separately and most of their time is spent independently. Both sexes mark their territory with scent glands. Territory size is up to 5 ha.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Endangered on The IUCN Red List. All known localities of Golden-rumped Sengis occur in less than 5000 km?*, and habitats are severely fragmented. Extent of habitat and number of mature individuals were last assessed in continuing decline. The most important site for the Golden-rumped Sengi is Arabuko-Sokoke Forest Reserve near the coast of Kenya that provides 372 km* of habitat. Population estimates for Arabuko-Sokoke decreased by about 30% between 1993 and 1996 and dropped another 9% to less than 13,000 individuals by 2008. No population surveys have been done since 2008. All other localities of occurrence are within 100 km of Arabuko-Sokoke and support much smaller populations. Within Arabuko-Sokoke, logging is a major threat that reduces canopy cover and density of leaflitter. Outside Arabuko-Sokoke, clearing of scrub and woodland,fire, and agricultural encroachment are principal threats. Subsistence hunting of the Golden-rumped Sengi was documented in the 1990s, with an estimated 3000 individuals harvested per year in Arabuko-Sokoke. Given the increase in human population in coastal Kenya, hunting pressure might be increasing.</p><p>Bibliography. Carlen et al. (2017), Corbet &amp; Hanks (1968), Evans (1942), FitzGibbon (1994, 1995), FitzGibbon &amp; Rathbun (1994, 2015), Olbricht &amp; Stanley (2009), Rathbun (1979a, 1979b, 2009, 2013d), Rovero et al. (2008).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038C87A8FFA9AC07FFDD7D34FA8D3FB5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Macroscelididae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 206-234, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6646565
038C87A8FFA9AC07FFC77301F8E23D3C.text	038C87A8FFA9AC07FFC77301F8E23D3C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhynchocyon cirnei Peters 1847	<div><p>2.</p><p>Chequered Sengi</p><p>Rhynchocyon cirne</p><p>French: Sengi de Cirne / German: Geflecktes Russelhiindchen / Spanish: Sengi estriado</p><p>Other common names: Chequered Elephant-shrew, Chequered Giant Sengi</p><p>Taxonomy. Rhynchocyon cirnei Peters, 1847,</p><p>Quelimane, Bororo District, Zambezia Province, Mozambique.</p><p>Five subspecies are recognized.</p><p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p><p>R.c.cirneiPeters,1847—NMozambique.</p><p>R.c.hendersoniThomas,1902—NyamkhowaHillnearLivingstonia,NMalawi.</p><p>R.c.macrurusGunther,1881—SETanzania.</p><p>R.c.reichardiReichenow,1886—SEDRCongo,NEZambia,NMalawi,andTanzania.</p><p>R. c. shirensis Corbet &amp; Hanks, 1968 — S Malawi and adjacent Mozambique.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 229-273 mm, tail 196-249 mm, ear 27-31 mm, hindfoot 63-76 mm; weight 320-450 g. There is no evidence of sexual dimorphism in body size. Tail of the Chequered Sengi is ¢.90% of head-body length and is proximally thick and distally tapered; tail is nearly hairless, with white band near tip. Dorsum ranges from buff to dark brown, with orange tones. On each side of mid-dorsal axis, three longitudinal stripes run from mid-back to near base oftail. Left and right lines closest to mid-dorsal axis are nearly continuous, but the more lateral lines are often broken into pale and dark spots. This distinctive pattern of lines and spots on rump and back is diagnostic, if tail is only white near tip (not from base to tip). In some subspecies, darker background of rump and back hair obscures stripes so that only a faint pattern is visible. Venter is off-white to light yellow. Hair on head and snout are brown to cream. Pinnae are hairless, with buff colored skin. Snoutis long and flexible. Females have two posterior, two intermediate, and no anterior nipples; males have no nipples. Four digits are present on each manus and pes; pollex and hallux are absent. Fifth manual digit is relatively short and has only two phalanges. Post-anal gland is well developed, and pectoral gland is absent. Dental formula is I 0-1/3, C1/1,P 4/4, M 2/2 (x2) = 34-36. Upper canines are relatively large, and males have longer upper canines than females. Presence of diminutive upper incisor is variable. Palatal foramina are absent. Postorbital processes are present. Females have two posterior, two intermediate, and no anterior nipples. Karyotype is unknown.</p><p>Habitat. Montane and lowland forests, woodlands, and riparian thickets (closed canopies and dense leaflitter always present) from sea level near coasts of Tanzania and Mozambique up to ¢.2300 m in Udzungwa Mountains (Eastern Arc Mountains of Tanzania).</p><p>Food and Feeding. Diet of the Chequered Sengiis strictly composed of invertebrates, mostly arthropods. Stomachs of specimens from montane forests in north-eastern Zambia contained beetles, bees or wasps, fly larvae, and other insects.</p><p>Breeding. Chequered Sengis are probably monogamous; breeding probably occurs year-round. Litters have 1-2 young, rarely three.</p><p>Activity patterns. Chequered Sengis are fully terrestrial and exclusively diurnal. Forest floor nests are built from leaflitter. Each member of a male-female pair probably spends most ofits time independently.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species, but the Chequered Sengi is probably similar to the Golden-rumped Sengi ( R. chrysopygus).</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Population trend of the Chequered Sengi is decreasing.</p><p>Bibliography. Allen &amp; Loveridge (1933), Ansell &amp; Ansell (1973), Carlen et al. (2017), Corbet &amp; Hanks (1968), Evans (1942), Hoffmann (2017), Kingdon (1974a), Lawrence &amp; Loveridge (1953), Olbricht &amp; Stanley (2009), Rathbun (2009, 2013e), Rovero et al. (2008).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038C87A8FFA9AC07FFC77301F8E23D3C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Macroscelididae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 206-234, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6646565
038C87A8FFA9AC06FADE7687FE0A3258.text	038C87A8FFA9AC06FADE7687FE0A3258.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhynchocyon stuhlmanni (Matschie 1893)	<div><p>3.</p><p>White-tailed Sengi</p><p>Rhynchocyon stuhlmanni</p><p>French: Sengi de Stuhlmann / German: Dunkles Risselhindchen / Spanish: Sengi de cola blanca</p><p>Other common names: White-tailed Elephant-shrew, Stuhlmann’s Elephant-shrew, Stuhlmann’s Sengi</p><p>Taxonomy. Rhynchocyon cirner stuhlmanni Matschie, 1893,</p><p><a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.666666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.6666667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.666666/lat 0.6666667)">Andunde (Bundundi) Semliki River</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.666666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.6666667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.666666/lat 0.6666667)">west of Ruwenzori</a>, Congo Belge (about 0°40’N 29°40’E, near the Semliki River, North-Kivu Province, DR Congo).</p><p>Rhynchocyon stuhlmanni was formerly a subspecies of R. cirnei but elevated to full species by E. J. Carlen and others in 2017. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. N DR Congo and Uganda;</p><p>perhaps near Bangui, S Central African Republic.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 242-303 mm, tail 220-265 mm, ear 29-34 mm, hindfoot 81-91 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. Tail of the Whitetailed Sengi is ¢.90% of head-body length and is proximally thick and distally</p><p>tapered. Pelage color patterns are similar to the Chequered Sengi ( R. cirnei), including checkered appearance of rump and back, but tail of the White-tailed Sengi is white from near base to tip. There is clinial color variation in the dorsal pelage: yellow-brown in western distribution of DR Congo, dark black-brown in eastern distribution of DR Congo, and gray-brown in Uganda. Compared with the Chequered Sengi, nasal bones are relatively short, with extension posterior to maxillae less than 13% of condylo-basal length. Relatively short nasals and all-white tail are diagnostic for the White-tailed Sengi. Snout is long and flexible. Females have two posterior, two intermediate, and no anterior nipples. Four digits are present on each manus and pes; pollex and hallux are absent. Fifth manual digit is relatively short and has only two phalanges. Post-anal gland is well developed, and pectoral gland is absent. Dental formula is 1 0-1/3, C 1/1, P 4/4, M 2/2 (x2) = 34-36. Upper canines are relatively large. Presence of diminutive upper incisor is variable. Palatal foramina are absent. Postorbital processes are present. Karyotype is unknown.</p><p>Habitat. Forests of the Congo River Basin (closed canopies and dense leaflitter always present). Distribution of the White-tailed Sengi is disjunct from all other species of Rhynchocyon .</p><p>Food and Feeding. Diet of the White-tailed Sengiis strictly composed of invertebrates, mostly arthropods.</p><p>Breeding. There is no information available for this species, but based on other species of Rhynchocyon, the White-tailed Sengi is probably monogamous and breeds yearround. Litters probably have 1-2 young.</p><p>Activity patterns. White-tailed Sengis are fully terrestrial and exclusively diurnal. Forest-floor nests are built from leaflitter.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. The White-tailed Sengi is presumably similar to the Golden-rumped Sengi ( R. chrysopygus). Each member of a male—female pair probably spends most of its time independently.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Not assessed on The IUCN Red List. Before being elevated to full species rank in 2017, the White-tailed Sengi was considered a Chequered Sengi, which is classified as Least Concern.</p><p>Bibliography. Allen (1922), Carlen et al. (2017), Corbet &amp; Hanks (1968), Evans (1942), Olbricht &amp; Stanley (2009), Rathbun (2009, 2013e).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038C87A8FFA9AC06FADE7687FE0A3258	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Macroscelididae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 206-234, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6646565
038C87A8FFA8AC06FF1B7964F6C83658.text	038C87A8FFA8AC06FF1B7964F6C83658.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhynchocyon petersi Bocage 1880	<div><p>4.</p><p>Black-and-rufous Sengi</p><p>Rhynchocyon petersi</p><p>French: Sengi de Peters / German: RotschulterRisselhindchen / Spanish: Sengi de Peters</p><p>Other common names: Black-and-rufous Elephant-shrew, Peters’s Elephant-shrew, Peters’'s Sengi, Zanj Elephantshrew, Zanj Sengi</p><p>Taxonomy. Rhynchocyon petersi Bocage, 1880,</p><p>“ Zanzibar,” Tanzania. Restricted by G. Dollman in 1912 to “ East Africa, Zanzibar being used in the original description for the whole district and not for the island.”</p><p>Two subspecies are recognized.</p><p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p><p>R.p.petersiBocage,1880—SEKenyaandETanzania(EasternArcMtsandcoastalforests).</p><p>R. p. adersi Dollman, 1912 — Unguja and Mafia Is (Zanzibar Archipelago), off Tanzania.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 252-290 mm, tail 218-252 mm, ear 25-31 mm, hindfoot 65-74 mm; weight ¢.540 g. Tail of the Black-and-rufous Sengi is ¢.85% of headbody length and is proximally thick and distally tapered; it is nearly hairless with orange-brown skin and can have subterminal white band. Pelage on shouldersis orange, rufous-orange, or maroon (with geographical variation), transitioning to black on back and rump. Pinnae are nearly hairless, with orange-brown skin. Color pattern on shoulders, back, and rump and color of ear skin are collectively diagnostic. Head and snout are bright rufous or orange-brown. Venter is orange to rufous-orange. Some individuals have indistinct dorsal checker patterns, reminiscent of the Chequered Sengi ( R. cirnei). Snout is long and flexible. Females have two posterior, two intermediate, and no anterior nipples; males have no nipples. Four digits are present on each manus and pes; pollex and hallux are absent. Fifth manual digit is relatively short and has only two phalanges. Post-anal gland is well developed, and pectoral gland is absent. Dental formulais10-1/3,C1/1,P 4/4, M 2/2 (x2) = 34-36. Upper canines are relatively large. Presence of diminutive upper incisoris variable. Palatal foramina are absent. Postorbital processes are present. Karyotype is unknown.</p><p>Habitat. Semideciduous and evergreen forests, dense woodlands, coral rag scrub, and abandoned agricultural lands (closed canopies and dense leaf litter always present).</p><p>Food and Feeding. The Black-and-rufous Sengi almost certainly strictly eats invertebrates and mostly arthropods. In Nkuka Forest, Tanzania, some individuals eat soldier ants (Dorylus).</p><p>Breeding. The Black-and-rufous Sengi is monogamous; breeding occurs year-round. Gestation is c.40 days, interbirth interval is ¢.80 days, and litters have 1-2 young. Newborns are semi-precocial, remain in a nest for c.2 weeks, and are then weaned.</p><p>Activity patterns. Black-and-rufous Sengis are fully terrestrial and exclusively diurnal. Forest-floor nests are built from leaf litter.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Black-and-rufous Sengi is presumably similar to other species of Rhynchocyon . Each member of a male-female pair probably spends most of its time independently.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Blackand-rufous Sengi was previously classified as Vulnerable and Endangered. Population trend is decreasing.</p><p>Bibliography. Allen &amp; Loveridge (1927), Baker et al. (2005), Carlen et al. (2017), Corbet &amp; Hanks (1968), Coster &amp; Ribble (2005), Dollman (1912), Dumbacheret al. (2014), Evans (1942), Hoffmann et al. (2016), Hollister (1918), Loveridge (1922), Olbricht &amp; Stanley (2009), Rathbun (2009, 2013f), Rovero et al. (2008).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038C87A8FFA8AC06FF1B7964F6C83658	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Macroscelididae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 206-234, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6646565
038C87A8FFA8AC06FA177D64F66B3E08.text	038C87A8FFA8AC06FA177D64F66B3E08.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhynchocyon udzungwensis Rathbun & Rovero 2008	<div><p>5.</p><p>Gray-faced Sengi</p><p>Rhynchocyon udzungwensis</p><p>French: Sengi a face grise / German: Graugesicht-Risselhlindchen / Spanish: Sengi de cara gris</p><p>Other common names: Gray-faced Elephant-shrew, Grey-faced Sengi, Grey-faced Elephant-shrew</p><p>Taxonomy. Rhynchocyon udzungwensis Rathbun &amp; Rovero, 2008,</p><p>“ <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=36.505917&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-7.8044834" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 36.505917/lat -7.8044834)">Vikongwa River Valley</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=36.505917&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-7.8044834" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 36.505917/lat -7.8044834)">Ndundulu Forest</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=36.505917&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-7.8044834" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 36.505917/lat -7.8044834)">West Kilombero Scarp Forest Reserve</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=36.505917&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-7.8044834" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 36.505917/lat -7.8044834)">Udzungwa Mountains</a>, Iringa Region, Tanzania [7°48.269’S, 36°30.355’E (Arc 1960 datum) |, at 1350 m a.s.l.”</p><p>This species is monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. Udzungwa Mts of Eastern Arc Mts, C Tanzania.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 297-318 mm, tail 239-262 mm, ear wy mm, hindfoot 79-88 mm; weight 658-750 g. There is no evidence of sexual dimorphism in body size. Tail of the Gray-faced Sengi is ¢.80% of head-body length and is proximally thick and distally tapered. Tail skin is black on dorsal side and dark brown below, with subterminal white, 4-6cm band; tail hair is short, sparse, and same color as skin. Pinnae are nearly hairless, with black to dark brown skin. Hairs on top and sides of face have black bases and cream or white tips giving face a gray appearance, which is diagnostic. Hair behind ears and on shoulders is rufous-yellow, transitions to rufous on dorsum and orange-rufous on sides and becomes black near rump. Hair on venter is pale yellow to cream. Skin on snoutis black and nearly hairless. Snout is exceptionally long and flexible. Dental formulais10-1/3,C1/1,P 4/4, M 2/2 (x2) = 34-36. Upper canines are relatively large, and males have longer upper canines than females. Although not yet reported, presence of diminutive upper incisor presumably is probably variable. Palatal foramina are absent. Postorbital processes are present. Females have two posterior, two intermediate, and no anterior nipples; males have no nipples. Four digits are present on each manus and pes; pollex and hallux are absent. Fifth manual digit is relatively short and has only two phalanges. Post-anal gland is well developed, and pectoral gland is absent. Karyotype is unknown.</p><p>Habitat. Montane forests (closed canopies and dense leaflitter always present) at elevations of 1000-2300 m. In the northern Mwanihana Forest, some Gray-faced Sengis occur in deciduous to semi-deciduous lowland habitat, which might be suboptimal.</p><p>Food and Feeding. Diet of the Gray-faced Sengi is probably strictly composed of invertebrates and mostly arthropods, based on similar habitats and shared biology with other species of Rhynchocyon .</p><p>Breeding. There is no information available for this species, but the Gray-faced Sengi is probably similar to the Black-and-rufous Sengi ( R. petersi).</p><p>Activity patterns. Gray-faced Sengis are fully terrestrial and exclusively diurnal. Nesting is probably similar to that of other species of Rhynchocyon . Each member of a male—female pair probably spends most ofits time independently.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species, but the Gray-faced Sengi is probably similar to other species of Rhynchocyon .</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. The Grayfaced Sengi occurs only in Ndundulu-Luhomero and Mwanihana forests, which are prone to stochastic drought-driven and human-induced fires. Its area of occupancy is estimated to be only 390 km?, and its population trend is unknown.</p><p>Bibliography. Carlen et al. (2017), Corbet &amp; Hanks (1968), Dollman (1912), Evans (1942), Lawson et al. (2013), Olbricht &amp; Stanley (2009), Rathbun (2009, 2013c), Rovero &amp; Rathbun (2015), Rovero et al. (2008).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038C87A8FFA8AC06FA177D64F66B3E08	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Macroscelididae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 206-234, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6646565
038C87A8FFA8AC01FA177488FDF63CFC.text	038C87A8FFA8AC01FA177488FDF63CFC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Macroscelides flavicaudatus Lundholm 1955	<div><p>6.</p><p>Namib Round-eared Sengi</p><p>Macroscelides flavicaudatus</p><p>French: Sengi de Namibie / German: Namib-Kurzohrrisselspringer / Spanish: Sengi de orejas redondas de Namib</p><p>Other common names: Namib Round-eared Elephant-shrew, Round-eared Elephant-shrew, Round-eared Sengi, Shorteared Elephant-shrew, Short-eared Sengi</p><p>Taxonomy. Macroscelides proboscideusflavicaudatus Lundholm, 1955,</p><p>“ 6 miles [= 9- 6 km] from the mouth of the Omaruru River,” Swakopmund District, Namibia.</p><p>Macroscelides flavicaudatus was formerly a subspecies of M. proboscideus but elevated to full species by J. P. Dumbacher and colleagues in 2012. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. Namib Desert and pro-Namib in W Namibia.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 94-109 mm, tail 98-131 mm, ear 20-32 mm, hindfoot 32-38 mm; weight 22-39 g. There is no evidence of sexual dimorphism in body size.</p><p>The Namib Round-eared Sengi is roundbodied, with a round face. Tail is relatively long at c.110% of head-body length. Pinnae are broad, rounded, and shorter than most species of Elephantulus . Snout is long, thin, and flexible. Hair is long, soft, and silky. Dorsum is buff-gray and slightly lighter than on the Karoo Round-eared Sengi ( M. proboscideus). Lateral pelage continues as buff-gray but with cream tinge. Venteris off-white. Tail hair is very short except for</p><p>terminal tuft. Tail color continues buff-gray of dorsum but becomesslightly darker toward tip. Hair color on head and face is similar to dorsum and flanks. There is no distinct eye-ring as on many species of soft-furred sengis. Skin color of pinnae and limbs is nearly black. Females have two anterior, two intermediate, and two posterior nipples; males have no nipples. Five digits are present on each manus and pes. Pectoral gland is absent, and subcaudal gland is present. Dental formula is I 3/3, C 1/1, P 4/4, M 2/2 (x2) = 40. Molariform teeth are more hypsodont in species of Macroscelides than in other extant sengis. Canine sizes are subequal to adjacent teeth. Auditory bullae are hyper-inflated. Several bilateral pairs of palatal foramina are present. Postorbital processes are absent. Karyotype is unknown.</p><p>Habitat. Gravel plains of the Namib Desert and pro-Namib, with very sparse vegetation and widely scattered bunchgrasses and low bushes. Climate is arid but coastal fogs supportlichens in these habitats. Namib Round-eared Sengis shelter among rocks and boulders, in shallow self-dug burrows, or in abandoned rodent burrows.</p><p>Food and Feeding. The Namib Round-eared Sengi is omnivorous and probably feeds primarily on insects and secondarily on herbage. As a former subspecies of the Karoo Round-eared Sengi ( M. proboscideus), dietary proportions of the two are likely similar.</p><p>Breeding. Breeding characteristics of the Namib Round-eared Sengi are probably similar to the Karoo Round-eared Sengi. Litters probably have 1-2 young that are highly precocial at birth, with eyes open and mobility shortly after birth. Breeding probably occurs year-round and perhaps with seasonal variability. Direct paternal investment is absent from all species of sengis that have been studied, and no species of soft-furred sengis use nests to shelter or for rearing their young.</p><p>Activity patterns. Namib Round-eared Sengis are fully terrestrial. Activity is probably crepuscular, perhaps with some nocturnal tendencies.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. The genus Macroscelides is characterized by monogamous pairs, where males and females have overlapping home ranges. Proportion of overlap probably depends on densities in suitable habitat. Average home range is conservatively estimated at ¢.9 ha. Each member of a male-female pair probably spends most ofits time independently. Combined homes ranges of male—female pairs probably have very little overlap with home ranges of neighboring pairs. Foot drumming might be limited compared to other species of soft-furred sengis. Trail systems are built and actively maintained.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Population trend of the Namib Round-eared Sengi is stable.</p><p>Bibliography. Corbet &amp; Hanks (1968), Dumbacher, Rathbun, Osborne et al. (2014), Dumbacher, Rathbun, Smit &amp; Eiseb (2012), Evans (1942), Olbricht &amp; Stanley (2009), Perrin &amp; Rathbun (2013h), Rathbun (2009), Rathbun &amp; Dumbacher (2015a), Rathbun &amp; Eiseb (2015).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038C87A8FFA8AC01FA177488FDF63CFC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Macroscelididae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 206-234, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6646565
038C87A8FFAFAC01FFC277C7F68E3280.text	038C87A8FFAFAC01FFC277C7F68E3280.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Macroscelides proboscideus (Shaw 1800)	<div><p>7.</p><p>Karoo Round-eared Sengi</p><p>Macroscelides proboscideus</p><p>French: Sengi a oreilles courtes / German: Kurzohrriisselspringer / Spanish: Sengi de orejas redondas de Karoo</p><p>Other common names: Karoo Round-eared Elephant-shrew, Round-eared Elephant-shrew, Round-eared Sengi, Shorteared Elephant-shrew, Short-eared Sengi</p><p>Taxonomy. Sorex proboscideus G. Shaw, 1800,</p><p>“ Cape of Good Hope” (= Roodewal), Oudthoorn Division, Western Cape Province, South Africa .</p><p>In the past, M. p. proboscideus and M. p. flavicaudatus were subspecies, but both are now recognized as full species. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. S Namibia, W South Africa (Northern Cape, Western Cape, and Eastern Cape provinces), and extreme SW Botswana.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 104-115 mm, tail 107-134 mm, ear 20-25 mm, hindfoot 32-36 mm; weight 26-38 g. There is no evidence of sexual dimorphism in body size. The Karoo Round-eared Sengi is round-bodied, with a round face. Tail is relatively long at ¢.110% of head-body length. Pinnae are broad, rounded, and shorter than most species of Elephantulus . Snoutis long, thin, and flexible. Hair is long (up to 17 mm), soft, and silky. Dorsum is brown-gray and slightly darker than that of the Namib Round-eared Sengi (M. flavicaudatus). Lateral pelage is also brown-gray but with yellow tinge. Venter is off-white. Tail hairis very short except for terminal tuft; tail color continues brown-gray of dorsum but becomes slightly darker toward tip. Hair color on head and face is similar to dorsum and flanks. There is no distinct eye-ring as seen on many species of soft-furred sengis. Skin color of pinnae and limbs is nearly black. Females have two anterior, two intermediate, and two posterior nipples; males have no nipples. Five digits are present on each manus and pes. Pectoral gland is absent, and subcaudal gland is present. Dental formula is 1 3/3, C 1/1, P 4/4, M 2/2 (x2) = 40. Molariform teeth are more hypsodont in species of Macroscelides than in other extant species of sengis. Canine sizes are subequal to adjacent teeth. Auditory bullae are hyper-inflated. Several bilateral pairs of palatal foramina are present. Postorbital processes are absent. Karyotype is 2n = 26.</p><p>Habitat. Arid to semiarid gravel or compact sandy plains with scrub and scattered low bushes. The Karoo Round-eared Sengi shelters in patches of vegetation, shallow selfdug burrows, or abandoned rodent burrows.</p><p>Food and Feeding. The Karoo Round-eared Sengi is omnivorous and feeds primarily on insects and secondarily on herbage, with trace quantities of seeds and fruits. Diets vary seasonally and individually but generally contain 46-88% insects. Consumption of herbage is highest in winter. Relatively long cecum and more hypsodont dentition of species of Macroscelides are congruent with a diet that includes more plant material than other species of sengis.</p><p>Breeding. The Karoo Round-eared Sengi is monogamous. Breeding occurs yearround, but most pregnancies are during summer. Gestation is c¢.56 days. Females can produce 21 or more ova per ovary per cycle, but limited uterus implantation sites constrain litter size. Litters have 1-2 young, rarely three. Estrous cycles are c.10 weeks. Young are highly precocial at birth, with eyes open and mobility shortly after birth. Nursing occurs infrequently, perhaps once a day, and lasts c.2 weeks. Mothers provision their young with insects collected in their cheeks beginning at the end of the first week postpartum until the third week. There is no direct paternal investment. No species of soft-furred sengis use nests to shelter or for rearing their young.</p><p>Activity patterns. Karoo Round-eared Sengis are fully terrestrial. Activity is mainly crepuscular, with some nocturnal tendencies. Diurnal activity is very limited.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Home ranges of monogamous pairs of Karoo Round-eared Sengis overlap. Proportion of overlap probably depends on densities in suitable habitat. Average home range is conservatively estimated at c.1-3 ha. Each member of a male-female pair probably spends most ofits time independently. Combined home ranges of male-female pairs generally do not overlap with ranges of neighboring pairs. Foot drumming might be limited compared to other species of soft-furred sengis. There is no evidence that trails are built or maintained.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Population trend of the Namib Round-eared Sengiis stable.</p><p>Bibliography. Asher &amp; Olbricht (2009), Corbet &amp; Hanks (1968), Dumbacher, Rathbun, Osborne et al. (2014), Dumbacher, Rathbun, Smit &amp; Eiseb (2012), Evans (1942), Kerley (1995), Lawes &amp; Perrin (1995), Olbricht (2009), Olbricht &amp; Stanley (2009), Perrin &amp; Rathbun (2013h), Rathbun (2009), Rathbun &amp; Dumbacher (2015a), Rathbun &amp; Smit-Robinson (2015a), Schubert et al. (2009), Tripp (1971), Woodall &amp; Mackie (1987).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038C87A8FFAFAC01FFC277C7F68E3280	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Macroscelididae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 206-234, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6646565
038C87A8FFAFAC00FAD9782CFAF53059.text	038C87A8FFAFAC00FAD9782CFAF53059.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Macroscelides micus Dumbacher & Rathbun 2014	<div><p>8.</p><p>Etendeka Round-eared Sengi</p><p>Macroscelides micus</p><p>French: Sengi de I'Etendeka / German: Etendeka-Kurzohrriisselspringer / Spanish: Sengi de orejas redondas de Etendeka</p><p>Other common names: Etendeka Round-eared Elephant-shrew</p><p>Taxonomy. Macroscelides micus Dumbacher &amp; Rathbun, 2014,</p><p>“ 20.7281°S, 14.1305°E at about 720 m above sea level ... about 10 km south by southwest (200°) of the Mikberg formation, Kunene District, [NW] Namibia.”</p><p>This species is monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. Etendeka Formation N &amp; S of Huab River in NW Namibia.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 85-100 mm, tail 82-97 mm, ear 17-28 mm,</p><p>hindfoot 28-31 mm; weight 19-43 g. There is no evidence of sexual dimorphism in body size. The Etendeka Round-eared Sengi is round-bodied, with a round face. Tail length is ¢.95% of head-body length, short relative to other species of Macroscelides . Pinnae are broad, rounded, and shorter than on most species of Elephantulus . Snout is long, thin, and flexible. Hairis long, soft, and silky. Dorsal and lateral pelage is graybrown, with obvious rust-colored tinge, most prominent on face, rump, and tail. Hairs at distal end oftail are slightly longer and form rust colored tuft. Venteris off-white. Small but distinct patch of rust-colored fur occurs on each side of anus. Skin color of pinnae and limbs is pink, and hair on these areas is sparse. Prominent subcaudal gland, rust-colored fur, distinct perianal pattern, and pink skin of ears and limbs are diagnostic. There is no distinct eye-ring as occurs on many species of soft-furred sengis. Females have two anterior, two intermediate, and two posterior nipples; males have no nipples. Five digits are present on each manus and pes. Pectoral gland is absent, and subcaudal gland is highly developed. Dental formulais13/3,C1/1,P4/4,M 2/2 (x2) = 40. Molariform teeth are more hypsodont in species of Macroscelides than in other extant species of sengis. Canine sizes are subequal to adjacent teeth. Auditory bullae are hyper-inflated. Several bilateral pairs of palatal foramina are present. Karyotype is unknown.</p><p>Habitat. LLow-gradient, rust-colored gravel slopes with scattered rocks and boulders and widely spaced perennial bunchgrasses, forbs, and few (if any) bushes taller than 30 cm at elevations of 340-860 m. Climate is hyper-arid with less than 20 mm of annual rainfall. The Etendeka Round-eared Sengi occurs in the Etendeka Formation between the coastal Namib Desert and the inland escarpment.</p><p>Food and Feeding. Given habitat and biological similarities with other species of Macroscelides, the Etendeka Round-eared Sengi is almost certainly omnivorous, with insects comprising the greatest proportion of the diet.</p><p>Breeding. The Etendeka Round-eared Sengi has small litters (probably 1-2) of highly precocial young. Breeding likely occurs year-round and perhaps with seasonal variability. Direct paternal investment is absent from all species of sengis that have been studied. No soft-furred sengis use nests to shelter or for rearing their young.</p><p>Activity patterns. Etendeka Round-eared Sengis are fully terrestrial and strictly nocturnal. Individuals shelter separately during the day under a single rock with a horizontal crevice as an entrance. One shelter is used per night, and the same shelter is rarely reused. Etendeka Round-eared Sengis tend to choose shelters where entrances face prevailing midday sun, perhaps a thermoregulation strategy. Shelters are entered near dawn and are notaltered (e.g. by digging or collected bedding).</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Etendeka Round-eared Sengi is monogamous, and home ranges of male-female pairs overlap. Proportion of overlap probably depends on densities in suitable habitat. Average home range is conservatively estimated at c.7-2 ha. Foot drumming might be limited compared to other species of soft-furred sengis. There is no evidence thattrails are built or maintained.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Population trend of the Etendeka Round-eared Sengi is unknown.</p><p>Bibliography. Corbet &amp; Hanks (1968), Dumbacher, Rathbun, Osborne et al. (2014), Dumbacher, Rathbun, Smit &amp; Eiseb (2012), Evans (1942), Olbricht &amp; Stanley (2009), Rathbun (2009), Rathbun &amp; Dumbacher (2015a, 2015b).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038C87A8FFAFAC00FAD9782CFAF53059	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Macroscelididae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 206-234, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6646565
038C87A8FFAEAC00FF1B7A28F60D30D1.text	038C87A8FFAEAC00FF1B7A28F60D30D1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Petrodromus tetradactylus Peters 1846	<div><p>9.</p><p>Four-toed Sengi</p><p>Petrodromus tetradactylus</p><p>French: Sengi a quatre doigts / German: Risselratte / Spanish: Sengi de cuatro dedos</p><p>Other common names: Fourtoed Elephant-shrew</p><p>Taxonomy. Petrodromus tetradactylus Peters, 1846,</p><p>Tette, Mozambique.</p><p>Ten subspecies are recognized.</p><p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p><p>P.t.tetradactylusPeters,1846—Rwanda,W&amp;CTanzania,ECAngola,SEDRCongo,Zambia,Malawi,NZimbabwe,andNW&amp;WCMozambique;perhapsBurundi.</p><p>P.t.beiraeRoberts,1913—CMozambique(SofZambeziRiver).</p><p>P.t.rooumaeThomas,1897—ETanzaniaandNMozambique.</p><p>P.t.sangiHeller,1912—SEKenya(TaitaHills).</p><p>P.t.schwanniThomas&amp;Wroughton,1907—coastalSMozambique.</p><p>P.t.sultaniThomas,1897—coastalKenyaandNETanzania.</p><p>P.t.swynnertoniThomas,1918—EZimbabwe(ChimanimaniMts);specimensfromNELimpopoProvince,SouthAfrica,mightbethissubspecies.</p><p>P.t.torday:Thomas,1910—C&amp;WDRCongoandextremeNEAngola.</p><p>P.t.warren:Thomas,1918—SMozambiqueandNESouthAfrica(NKwaZulu-NatalProvince).</p><p>P.t. zanzibaricus Corbet &amp; Neal, 1965 — Unguja and Mafia Is (Zanzibar Archipelago), off Tanzania.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 163-210 mm, tail 156-187 mm, ear 34-39 mm, hindfoot 51-58 mm; weight 120-250 g. Female Four-toed Sengis can be slightly larger than males, but there is no substantial sexual dimorphism in body size. Tail is ¢.85% of head-body length, pinnae are broad and upright, and snout is long, thin, and flexible. Forelimb is long compared with other species of sengis, with hindlimb-to-forelimb ratio of 1-3 (greater or equal to 1-5 for other species). Pectoral gland is slightly developed, and subcaudal gland is absent. Furis soft and dense. Variable color patterns are associated with forms in different geographical areas. Dorsum can be dark brown, gray, buff-gray, and rust. Some forms have dark stripe along mid-dorsal axis of back. Lateral pelage tones can be buff, orange, or pale gray. Venter is off-white. Distinctive white eye-ring is present, with post-ocular patch of brown-black hair that intrudes on eye-ring and extends posteriorly to near base of ear. Hairless patch occurs on dorsal rump, just anterior to base oftail. Tail hair is sparse, and tail skin is black above and paler below. Tail lacks a tuft. In all but a few subspecies (e.g. beirae and warreni), there are 1-7mm bristles on ventral side of tail. Terminal shape of bristles can be knobbed, clubbed, or unexpanded. Base of each bristle is associated with sebaceous and tubular sweat glands. Females and males have two anterior, two intermediate, and no posterior nipples; male nipples are present but size is reduced. Five manual and four pedal digits are present; hallucal digits are absent. Dental formula is 3/3, C 1/1, P 4/4, M 2/2 (x2) = 40. Canine sizes are subequal to adjacent teeth. Number of palatal foramina is variable but reduced compared with other species of soft-furred sengis. Postorbital processes are absent. Karyotype is 2n = 28.</p><p>Habitat. Mesic regions with closed canopies and scrublands, woodlands, and forests with dense thickets and woody undergrowth. In more arid regions, habitats of the Four-toed Sengi include rocky outcrops and coastal and riparian areas. Leaf litteris common. Sheltering occurs in dense undergrowth and thickets. Pursuit elicits retreat into hollow tree trunks or under logs.</p><p>Food and Feeding. Arthropods, mainly insects, are the principal diet of the Four-toed Sengi. In coastal Kenya, invertebrate prey (in decreasing order of importance) includes</p><p>beetles, termites, centipedes, ants, crickets, millipedes, and spiders. Plant material can be a small proportion of the diet. In other regions, ants and termites are primary prey, supplemented with some plant matter and small proportions of seeds and fruits.</p><p>Breeding. The Four-toed Sengi is probably monogamous. Breeding periods vary by region and climate. Births in eastern Africa occur nearly year-round, but in southern Africa, they are mainly during wet season (August—October). Litters usually have one young, sometimes two. Birth weight is ¢.20-30 g, and newborns are highly precocial. No species of soft-furred sengis use nests to shelter or for rearing their young.</p><p>Activity patterns. Four-toed Sengis are fully terrestrial and mainly crepuscular, with some nocturnal activity and limited midday activity.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Males and females form monogamous pairs; their home ranges overlap, but individuals spend most of their time alone. Combined home ranges of a pair does not overlap with home ranges of neighboring pairs. Territorial boundaries are defended. Social monogamy is probably a mateguarding strategy. In Arabuko-Sokoke Forest, Kenya, and in Tembe Elephant Park, South Africa, average home rangeis c.1-2 ha. Trail systems are actively built and maintained by sweeping aside debris with forelimbs.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Population trend of the Four-toed Sengi is unknown.</p><p>Bibliography. Ansell &amp; Ansell (1969), Corbet (1974), Corbet &amp; Hanks (1968), Dumbacher et al. (2016), Evans (1942), FitzGibbon (1995), Jennings &amp; Rathbun (2001), Kingdon (1974a), Olbricht &amp; Stanley (2009), Oxenham &amp; Perrin (2009), Rathbun (1979b, 2009, 2013b), Rathbun &amp; FitzGibbon (2015), Tripp (1971, 1972).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038C87A8FFAEAC00FF1B7A28F60D30D1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Macroscelididae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 206-234, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6646565
038C87A8FFAEAC03FA147AA4FF58365E.text	038C87A8FFAEAC03FA147AA4FF58365E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Petrosaltator rozeti (Duvernoy 1833)	<div><p>10.</p><p>North African Sengi</p><p>Petrosaltator rozeti</p><p>French: Sengi de Rozet / German: Nordafrikanischer Risselspringer / Spanish: Sengi norteafricano</p><p>Other common names: North African Elephant-shrew</p><p>Taxonomy. Macrocelides [sic] rozeti Duvernoy, 1833,</p><p>“ Africa septentrionali, prope Alger [= northern Africa, near Oran, Algeria].”</p><p>Two subspecies are recognized.</p><p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p><p>P.r.rozetiDuvernoy,1833—coastalsideofAtlasRangeinMorocco,Algeria,andTunisia;WesternSaharaandWLibyaspecimensmightbethissubspecies.</p><p>P.r. desert: Thomas, 1901 — inland side of</p><p>Atlas Range, but not into the desert in Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 100-120 mm, tail 105-137 mm, ear 21-27 mm, hindfoot 30-34 mm; weight c¢.40-55 g. Snout of the North African Sengi is long, thin, and flexible. Tail is relatively long at ¢.110% of head-body length, hairy, and darker above than below; and has a small tuft. Fur is long (up to 14 mm), soft, and silky. Dorsum is brown-yellow to brown-gray-buff. In general, nominate subspecies rozeti is darker than subspecies desert. Lateral pelage is paler than dorsum, and venter is pale graywhite. Eye-ring is absent. Five digits are present on each manus and pes. Interdigital pads are very rugose. Pectoral gland is absent, but subcaudal gland is present and well developed. Females and males have two anterior, two intermediate, and two posterior nipples; male nipples are present butsize is reduced. Dental formula is 13/3, C 1/1, P 4/4, M 2/2 (x2) = 40. On average, upper tooth row is longer in nominate rozeti (17-0-18-8 mm) than itis in deserti (16-5-17-6 mm). Canine sizes are subequal to adjacent teeth. Several bilateral pairs of palatal foramina are present. Postorbital processes are absent. Karyotype is 2n = 28.</p><p>Habitat. Semiarid coastal or inland side of Atlas Range from near sea level along the Mediterranean coast up to 2700 m. Distribution of the North African Sengi does not extend into desert and sand dunes are avoided. Substrates preferred include boulders to scree; vegetation can be sparse, but habitats are sometimes adjacent to scrublands or grasslands.</p><p>Food and Feeding. Arthropods are the principal diet of the North African Sengi and are supplemented with limited plant material. One study found that pavement ants (Tetramorium), African harvester termites (Hodotermes), and woodlice (Oniscoidea) were the most frequently eaten taxa and ¢.91% of the diet was insects and crustaceans.</p><p>Breeding. Mating of the North African Sengiis seasonal (January—August). Gestation is ¢.75 days, longer than for any other species of sengis. In areas with harsh climates (e.g. high plains of Algeria), first births occur near the end of April, but in more temperate climates (e.g. near coast in Tunisia), first births begin in March. Reproduction is probably constrained by long gestation and relatively short period of warm weather in North Africa (compared with climates of sub-Saharan species). Populations at high elevations might produce one litter per year, but at lower elevations, two litters per year are possible. Litters most frequently have two (58%) and three (31%) young and less frequently one and four (maximum of any species of sengis). No species of soft-furred sengis use nests to shelter or for rearing their young.</p><p>Activity patterns. North African Sengis are mainly crepuscular but also nocturnal. Activity patterns tend to fluctuate seasonally, with reported periods of torpor. Sheltering occurs in cracks and crevices of rocks and occasionally in abandoned rodent burrows.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List (as Elephantulus rozeti). Population trend of the North African Sengi is unknown.</p><p>Bibliography. Aulagnier &amp; Thévenot (1986), Corbet &amp; Hanks (1968), Cuzin &amp; Séguignes (1990), Dumbacher et al. (2016), Evans (1942), Olbricht &amp; Stanley (2009), Perrin &amp; Rathbun (2013f), Rathbun (2009, 2015a), Séguignes (1988, 1989).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038C87A8FFAEAC03FA147AA4FF58365E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Macroscelididae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 206-234, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6646565
038C87A8FFADAC03FAD97D45F60C3ED3.text	038C87A8FFADAC03FAD97D45F60C3ED3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Elephantulus revoulii Huet 1881	<div><p>12.</p><p>Somali Sengi</p><p>Elephantulus revoulii</p><p>French: Sengi de Somalie / German: Somalia-Elefantenspitzmaus / Spanish: Sengi de Somalia</p><p>Other common names: Somali Elephant-shrew</p><p>Taxonomy. Macroscelides revoilii Huet, 1881,</p><p>“ Medjourtine ( Pays des Somalis [= Somali country]).”</p><p>This species is monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. N Somalia (Somaliland and W Nugaal).</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 122-148 mm, tail 144-167 mm, ear 23-25 mm, hindfoot 34-39 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. Tail of the Somali Sengiis relatively long at ¢.120% of</p><p>head-body length, pinnae are broad and upright, and snout is long, thin, and flexible. Similar phenotypes of the Somali Sengi and the Rufous Sengi ( E. rufescens) are probably evidence of sister-species relationship. Dorsum is pale brown to pink-gray, with tone that is overall less yellow than in the Rufous Sengi. Behind each ear, patch of dark buff hair extends onto nape of neck. Venter is gray-white, with hairs that are dark gray to black for basal one-third and white for distal two-thirds. Pectoral gland is fringed with distinguishable short white hairs. Tail hairs are white, with brown tips. Longer hairs near tip oftail form small tuft. Pinnae are nearly hairless, and rhinarium is hairy below. Narrow white eye-ring is present, with thin post-ocular patch of dark brown hair that intrudes on eye-ring and extends posteriorly. White ‘brow’ branches from the eye-ring and sweeps superiorly adjacent to post-ocular patch and extends to near base of ear. Hairy inferior rhinarium and spectacled pelage pattern around eyes are traits shared only with the Rufous Sengi. Females have two anterior, two intermediate, and two posterior nipples; males have no nipples. Five digits are present on each manus and pes. Pectoral and subcaudal glands are present. Dental formula is I 3/3, C 1/1, P 4/4, M 2/2 (x2) = 40. Size of second upper incisor is subequal to adjacent upper incisors. Canine sizes are subequal to adjacent teeth. Several bilateral pairs of palatal foramina are present. Postorbital processes are absent.</p><p>Habitat. Reportedly rocky dwelling (rupicolous), but little information available. In northern Somalia, distribution of the Somali Sengi is in areas with montane ecosystems. In parts ofits distribution, it might be sympatric with the Rufous Sengi, which could support a hypothesis of rupicolous and arenicolous sister species using different habitats where they co-occur—e.g. the Bushveld Sengi (FE. intufi) and the Western Rock Sengi ( E. rupestris).</p><p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p><p>Breeding. No information.</p><p>Activity patterns. No information.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. Population trend of the Somali Sengi is unknown. All collected voucher specimens predate 1968. About ten localities of occurrence have been recorded that fall in ¢.100,000 km?. Although no explicit threats are known, paucity of information about habitat and life history of the Somali Sengi, combined with outdated distributional data, make it impossible to assess its conservation status. Surveys are difficult because of the poor security in the region. Global Wildlife Conservation’s Search for Lost Species initiative includes the Somali Sengi among the 25 Most Wanted Lost Species.</p><p>Bibliography. Corbet &amp; Hanks (1968), Perrin (2013d), Rathbun (2009, 2015f), Rathbun et al. (2014).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038C87A8FFADAC03FAD97D45F60C3ED3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Macroscelididae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 206-234, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6646565
038C87A8FFADAC03FFDC7C29FA603662.text	038C87A8FFADAC03FFDC7C29FA603662.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Elephantulus rufescens (Peters 1878) Peters 1878	<div><p>11.</p><p>Rufous Sengi</p><p>Elephantulus rufescens</p><p>French: Sengi roux / German: Rotbraune Elefantenspitzmaus / Spanish: Sengi bermejo</p><p>Other common names: East African Long-eared Elephant-shrew, East African Long-eared Sengi, Rufous Elephantshrew, Rufous Spectacled Elephant-shrew, Rufous Spectacled Sengi, Spectacled Elephant-shrew, Spectacled Sengi</p><p>Taxonomy. Macroscelides rufescens Peters, 1878,</p><p>Ndi, Taita, Kenya.</p><p>Six subspecies are recognized.</p><p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p><p>E.r.rufescensPeters,1878—E&amp;SKenya;SSomaliaspecimensmaybethissubspecies.</p><p>E.r.boranusThomas,1901—SEthiopia.</p><p>E.r.dundasiDollman,1910—SESouthSudan,Uganda,andKenya.</p><p>E.r.peaseiThomas,1901—EEthiopia.</p><p>E.r.pulcherThomas,1894—Tanzania.</p><p>E. r. somalicus Thomas, 1901 — N Somalia.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 102-199 mm, tail 111-163 mm, ear 22-39 mm, hindfoot 30-54 mm; weight 47-70 g. In some regions of the distribution, female Rufous Sengis can be slightly larger than males, but there generally is not substantial sexual dimorphism in body size. Tail is relatively long at c.105% of head-body length and dark brown with sparse hair; it lacks terminal tuft. Pinnae are broad, upright, and nearly hairless. Snout is long, thin, and flexible. Color of dorsum varies by region and includes rufous, gray, buff, and yellow tones; these variations might be associated with colors of habitat substrates. Tips of dorsal hairs are dark gray or gray-buff. Behind each ear, patch of buff hair extends onto nape of neck. Venter is pure white, and pectoral gland is fringed with distinguishable short white hairs. In adults, manus and pes are white (brown in juveniles). Rhinarium is hairy below. Prominent white eye-ring is present, with post-ocular patch of brown-black hair that intrudes on eye-ring and extends posteriorly. White ‘brow’ branching from eye-ring sweeps superiorly adjacent to post-ocular patch and extends to near base of ear. Hairy inferior rhinarium and spectacled pelage pattern around eyes are traits shared only with the Somali Sengi (E. revoilii). Females have two anterior, two intermediate, and two posterior nipples; males have no nipples. Five digits are present on each manus and pes. Pectoral gland is present, and subcaudal gland is present but only slightly developed. Dental formulais13/3,C1/1,P 4/4, M 2/2 (x2) = 40. Size of second upper incisor is distinctly smaller than both adjacent upper incisors. Canine sizes are subequal to adjacent teeth. Several bilateral pairs of palatal foramina are present. Postorbital processes are absent. Karyotype is 2n = 34.</p><p>Habitat. Arid woodlands and bushlands with open canopies and compact sandysoils, dominated by scrub vegetation and very little grass. In some areas of the distribution (e.g. Kibwezi, Kenya), rainfall patterns yield two wet seasons per year. The Rufous Sengi shelters at bases of bushes and among rocks.</p><p>Food and Feeding. Arthropods, mostly insects, are the principal diet of the Rufous Sengi. During wet seasons, small proportions of fruits and green plant matter are eaten. In south-eastern Kenya, an analysis of stomach contents found (in decreasing frequency) harvester termites, black ants, beetles, crickets, grasshoppers, spiders, and silverfish. Feeding is selective; in some areas, termites and ants are only c.40% of available invertebrate prey but c.75% of the diet.</p><p>Breeding. The Rufous Sengi is monogamous, and pairs mate for life. Reproduction occurs year-round, but births are more frequent during wet seasons. Smaller females (under 40 g) might carry only one embryo; larger females can carry up to two. Litters have 1-2 young. Gestation is ¢.57 days, and interbirth intervals are 57-65 days. Females can enter estrus almost immediately postpartum. Birth weight is c.10 g, and for the first 50 days daily gain is c.0-75 g. Young are highly precocial at birth, with open eyes and ability to run within a few hours. Mothers visit young perhaps only once per day to nurse young. There is no direct paternal care of young. Juveniles are weaned at ¢.30 days, after which parents aggressively chase them away from their territory. No species of soft-furred sengis use nests to shelter or for rearing their young.</p><p>Activity patterns. Rufous Sengis are fully terrestrial. Activity is polycyclic, with crepuscular peaks and some nocturnal tendencies. Midday activity is least frequent.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Home ranges of monogamous pairs overlap, but combined area has limited overlap with home ranges of neighboring pairs. If a male disappears, a neighboring male might engage in temporary polygyny during the vacancy. Home ranges are reported to be 0-2-0-5 ha. Individuals of a pair interact infrequently except during estrus. Both sexes aggressively defend their territory; males chase away males, and females chase away females. Monogamous mating</p><p>system is probably a mate-guarding strategy. Trail systems are actively maintained by pushing aside debris with forelimbs and head.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Rufous Sengi is widespread and has a stable population trend.</p><p>Bibliography. Corbet &amp; Hanks (1968), Evans (1942), Koontz &amp; Roeper (1983), Lumpkin et al. (1982), Neal (1982, 1984), Olbricht &amp; Stanley (2009), Perrin &amp; Rathbun (2013g), Rathbun (1979b, 2009, 2015d), Rathbun et al. (1981).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038C87A8FFADAC03FFDC7C29FA603662	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Macroscelididae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 206-234, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6646565
038C87A8FFADAC02FADC75F9FE0F3138.text	038C87A8FFADAC02FADC75F9FE0F3138.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Elephantulus fuscipes (Thomas 1894)	<div><p>13.</p><p>Dusky-footed Sengi</p><p>Elephantulus fuscipes</p><p>French: Sengi a pattes sombres / German: Dunkelful 3-Elefantenspitzmaus / Spanish: Sengi de pies oscuros</p><p>Other common names: Dusky-footed Elephant-shrew, Uganda Elephant-shrew, Uganda Sengi</p><p>Taxonomy. Macroscelides fuscipes Thomas, 1894,</p><p>“ N’doruma, Niam-Niam country (= Doruma), north-eastern DR Congo.</p><p>This species is monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. S South Sudan, NE DR Congo, and Uganda.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 126 148 mm, tail 86-100 mm, hindfoot c.27-28 mm; weight 52-77 g. Tail of the Dusky-footed Sengi is ¢.70% of headbody length, which is the shortest of any</p><p>species of sengi; tail hair is black above and paler below and does not form a tuft. Pinnae are relatively large, upright, and rounded at tips. Supratragus is swollen (more so than in the Dusky Sengi, E. fuscus) and twisted backward on a constricted</p><p>stalk. Snout is long, thin, and flexible. Dorsum is dark gray to black, with brown hair tips. Some dorsal hairs are slightly longer with black tips. Lateral pelage is slightly paler. Ventral hairs are gray at bases and white toward tips. White eye-ring is present (but subtle), without intruding post-ocular patch. There is no buff patch behind ears. Females have two anterior, two intermediate, and two posterior nipples; males have no nipples. Five digits are present on each manus and pes. Pectoral and subcaudal glands are present, but each is only slightly developed. Dental formula is 13/3,C1/1,P 4/4, M 2/3 (x2) = 42. Third lower molar is present in only three extant species: the Shortsnouted Sengi (FE. brachyrhynchus), the Dusky Sengi, and the Dusky-footed Sengi ( E. fuscipes)—the basis for their previous assignment to the now defunct genus Nasilio. Canine sizes are subequal to adjacent teeth. Diastema is present between upper third incisor and canine that is larger than alveolar length of canine. Several bilateral pairs of palatal foramina are present. Postorbital processes are absent. Karyotype is unknown.</p><p>Habitat. Woodland savanna.</p><p>Food and Feeding. There is no specific information available for this species, but diets of the Dusky-footed Sengi are probably similar to other species of Elephantulus .</p><p>Breeding. No information.</p><p>Activity patterns. No information.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. Populations trend of the Dusky-footed Sengi is unknown. All published sightings and collected voucher specimens predate 1968. About ten localities of occurrence have been recorded in South Sudan, DR Congo, and Uganda in ¢.127,000 km?. Although this area is large, distribution overlaps areas impacted by oil development, war, and desertification; thus, no reliable assessment can be made without new data.</p><p>Bibliography. Allen (1922), Corbet &amp; Hanks (1968), Evans (1942), Olbricht &amp; Stanley (2009), Perrin (2013b), Rathbun (2009, 2015h).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038C87A8FFADAC02FADC75F9FE0F3138	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Macroscelididae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 206-234, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6646565
038C87A8FFACAC02FF1B7A86F86637C5.text	038C87A8FFACAC02FF1B7A86F86637C5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Elephantulus brachyrhynchus (A. Smith 1836)	<div><p>14.</p><p>Short-snouted Sengi</p><p>Elephantulus brachyrhynchus</p><p>French: Sengi a nez court / German: Kurznasen-Elefantenspitzmaus / Spanish: Sengi de hocico corto</p><p>Other common names: Short-snouted Elephant-shrew</p><p>Taxonomy. Macroscelides brachyrynchus [sic] A. Smith, 1836, “country between [Lake] Latakoo [Kuruman, Northern Cape Province, South Africa] and the Tropic [of Capricorn, southern Botswana].”</p><p>This species is monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, S DR Congo, Angola, Zambia, Malawi, NE Namibia, N &amp; E Botswana, Zimbabwe, S Mozambique, NE South Africa, and N Swaziland.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 99-127 mm, tail 95-108 mm, ear 20-22 mm, hindfoot 29-33 mm; weight 31-46 g. There is no evidence of sexual dimorphism in body size. Tail of the Short-snouted Sengi is ¢.90% of head—body length. Pinnae are broad and upright. Snoutis thin and flexible but short compared with other species of sengis. Dorsum is red-brown to yellow-brown, with c. 10mm hairs; scattered dorsal hairs are slightly longer and have black tips. This is the most widely distributed sengi species, and there is considerable clinal variation in dorsal pelage color: gray in East Africa, rufous-gray in Zambia, pale buff-gray or rufous-yellow in Namibia and Botswana, and dark gray-brown in Malawi. Ventral hairs have gray bases and white tips. Behind each ear, patch of buff hair usually extends onto nape of neck. Hair on all limbs is gray-white to off-white and resembles the venter. Distinctive white eye-ring is present, without intruding post-ocular patch. Sparse hair covers tail, darker above than below. There is no tail tuft. Skin of plantar pes is brown and hairless. Females have two anterior, two intermediate, and two posterior nipples; males have no nipples. Five digits are present on each manus and pes. Pectoral gland is absent, and subcaudal gland is present. Dental formula is I 3/3, C 1/1, P 4/4, M 2/3 (x2) = 42. Third lower molar is present in only three extant species: the Shortsnouted Sengi, the Dusky Sengi ( E. fuscus), and the Dusky-footed Sengi (FE. fuscipes)—the basis for their previous assignment to the now defunct genus Nasilio. Canine sizes are subequal to adjacent teeth. Several bilateral pairs of palatal foramina are present. Postorbital processes are absent. Karyotype is 2n = 26.</p><p>Habitat. Mesic savanna and riparian habitats with woodlands and bushlands providing thick cover and abundant long grasses and shrubs. Shortsnouted Sengis sometimes inhabit fallow agricultural lands. Substrates are compact sandy grounds but not rocks. Thickets, dense grasses, and perhaps abandoned rodent burrows are used for sheltering.</p><p>Food and Feeding. Insects, predominantly ants and termites, are the principal diet of the Short-snouted Sengi. Other small invertebrates are also eaten. One study in Zimbabwe found that leaves and seeds made up only ¢.2% of diet by volume.</p><p>Breeding. The Short-snouted Sengi is monogamous, and pairs mate for life. In Zimbabwe, births occur year-round, but reproduction can be seasonal in other areas. Litter frequencies can be reduced in cooler months when insects are less abundant. Interbirth interval is ¢.60 days in warmer months and ¢.90 days in cooler months. Females can produce up to 23 ova per ovary per cycle, but limited uterus implantation sites constrain litter size. Embryo counts indicate that litters have 1-2 young. At parturition, newborns are highly precocial, with open eyes and almost</p><p>immediate ability to run. Direct paternal investment is absent from all species of sengis that have been studied. No species of soft-furred sengis use nests to shelter or for rearing their young.</p><p>Activity patterns. Short-snouted Sengis are fully terrestrial. Activity is polycyclic, with crepuscular peaks and some nocturnal tendencies. Midday activity is least frequent.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Home ranges of monogamous pairs overlap, but combined area does not overlap home ranges of neighboring pairs. Males and females engage aggressive territorial behavior. At the Mankwe Wildlife Reserve, South Africa, one study found that, on average, males use c.0-41 ha and females use c.0-25 ha. Monogamous mating system is probably a mate-guarding strategy.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Shortsnouted Sengi is widespread, but its population trend is unknown.</p><p>Bibliography. Corbet &amp; Hanks (1968), Evans (1942), Faurie (1996), Faurie et al. (1996), Hill (1938), Leirs et al. (1995), Neal (1984, 1995), Olbricht &amp; Stanley (2009), Perrin (2013a), Rathbun (1979b, 2009, 2015c), Rautenbach &amp; Schlitter (1977), Tripp (1971), Yarnell et al. (2008).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038C87A8FFACAC02FF1B7A86F86637C5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Macroscelididae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 206-234, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6646565
038C87A8FFACAC02FA177CEFF94B3F72.text	038C87A8FFACAC02FA177CEFF94B3F72.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Elephantulus fuscus (Peters 1852)	<div><p>15.</p><p>Dusky Sengi</p><p>Elephantulus fuscus</p><p>French: Sengi foncé / German: Dunkle Elefantenspitzmaus / Spanish: Sengi oscuro</p><p>Other common names: Dusky Elephant-shrew, Peters’s Short-snouted Elephant-shrew, Peters’s Short-snouted Seng, Zambezi Elephant-shrew, Zambezi Sengi</p><p>Taxonomy. Macroscelides fuscus Peters, 1852,</p><p>Boror, near Quelimane, Mozambique.</p><p>This species is monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. S Malawi and C Mozambique; perhaps SE Zambia.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 105-125 mm, tail 86-116 mm, ear 19-20 mm, hindfoot 28-30 mm; weight c.45 g. Tail of the Dusky Sengi is ¢.90% of head-body length, has black hairs along mid-dorsal line, and is paler on ventral side. Tail tuft is absent. Pinnae are relatively large, upright, and rounded at tips. Supratragus is swollen and twisted backward on a constricted stalk. Snout is long, thin, and flexible. Dorsum is dark brown to dark gray-brown, and venter is dark gray. White eye-ring is present, without intruding post-ocular patch. Skin of plantar pes is dark and hairless. Females have two anterior, two intermediate, and two posterior nipples; males have no nipples. Five digits are present on each manus and pes. Pectoral gland is absent, and subcaudal gland is present. Dental formula is I 3/3,C1/1,P4/4,M 2/3 (x2) = 42. Third lower molaris present in only three extant species: the Short-snouted Sengi ( E. brachyrhynchus), the Dusky Sengi, and the Duskyfooted Sengi ( E. fuscipes)—the basis for their previous assignment to the now defunct genus Nasilio. Canine sizes are subequal to adjacent teeth. Several bilateral pairs of palatal foramina are present. Postorbital processes are absent. In lateral view, margin of infraorbital foramen is oblique, and in anterior view, this opening appears somewhat triangular. Karyotype is unknown.</p><p>Habitat. Grasslands with compact sandy substrates and scattered trees and bushes.</p><p>Food and Feeding. There is no specific information available for this species, but diets of the Dusky Sengi are probably similar to other species of Elephantulus .</p><p>Breeding. No information.</p><p>Activity patterns. No information.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. Population trend of the Dusky Sengi is unknown. A specimen sighting was most recently published in 2005, but all collected voucher specimens predate 1968. About twenty localities of occurrence were recorded in southern Malawi and central Mozambique in ¢.115,000 km?. If these data were current and distribution was not severely fragmented, size of this area could justify a classification of Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. However, distribution overlaps some areas that are densely populated by humans, so extent of suitable habitat could be much smaller than generalized polygons suggest from old records.</p><p>Bibliography. Corbet (1974), Corbet &amp; Hanks (1968), Evans (1942), Perrin (2013c), Rathbun (2009, 20159), Smithers &amp; Lobéao Tello (1976).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038C87A8FFACAC02FA177CEFF94B3F72	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Macroscelididae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 206-234, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6646565
038C87A8FFACAC0DFA13745AFE3F3CFF.text	038C87A8FFACAC0DFA13745AFE3F3CFF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Elephantulus intufi (A. Smith 1836)	<div><p>16.</p><p>Bushveld Sengi</p><p>Elephantulus intufi</p><p>French: Sengi du bushveld / German: Trockenland-Elefantenspitzmaus / Spanish: Sengi de Bushveld</p><p>Other common names: Bushveld Elephant-shrew</p><p>Taxonomy. Macroscelides intufi A. Smith, 1836,</p><p>“ Flats beyond Kurrichane,” Marico District, North West Province, South Africa.</p><p>This species is monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. SW Angola, Namibia, Botswana, N &amp; NE South Africa, and extreme S Zimbabwe.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 116-123 mm, tail 102-131 mm, ear 22-26 mm, hindfoot 32-39 mm; weight 34-62 g. Female Bushveld Sengis can be slightly larger than males, but there is no substantial sexual dimorphism in body size. Tailis relatively long at c.105% of head-body length. Pinnae are broad and upright, and snout is long,thin, and flexible. Dorsum is gray, with yellow-buff hair tips. Some dorsal hairs, especially on</p><p>rump, have black tips, giving overall grizzled appearance. Pelage of dorsal head and face is similar in color to dorsal body. Lateral fur is paler, and venter is graywhite to off-white. Behind each ear, distinctive patch of yellow-buff hair extends onto nape of neck. Long white hairs grow along anterior margin of each pinna. Distinctive white eye-ring is present, without intruding post-ocular patch. Hairs on dorsal tail are white, with black tips yielding speckled appearance. Ventral tail hairs are off-white. There is no tail tuft. Skin of plantar pesis pale brown and hairless. Individuals from the southern distribution tend to be paler than those from the north (e.g. northern Namibia and south-western Angola). Five digits are present on each manus and pes. Pectoral gland is absent, and subcaudal gland is present (but can be only slightly developed). Females have two anterior, two intermediate, and two posterior nipples; males have no nipples. Dental formulais13/3,C1/1,P4/4,M 2/2 (x2) = 40. Canine sizes are subequal to adjacent teeth. Several bilateral pairs of palatal foramina are present. Postorbital processes are absent. Karyotype is 2n = 26.</p><p>Habitat. Very arid woodlands and bushlands with open canopies, predominantly low shrubs and scrub with some scattered grasses, and compact sandy soils. Bushveld Sengis shelter at bases of bushes, among rocks, and occasionally in abandoned rodent burrows.</p><p>Food and Feeding. Insects, predominantly ants and termites, are the principal diet of the Bushveld Sengi. Other small invertebrates and small quantities of plant material are eaten. A study in the southern Kalahari estimated a diet of ¢.87% insects, c.12% herbage, and negligible proportions of seeds.</p><p>Breeding. The Bushveld Sengi is monogamous, and pairs mate for life. In Namibia, breeding occurs nearly year-round. In more southern localities, reproduction can be seasonal, with births more frequently occurring in warm and wet months (August March). Females can produce up to eight ova per ovary per cycle, but limited uterus implantation sites constrain litter size. Litters have 1-2 young. At parturition, newborns are highly precocial. Mothers visit young perhaps only once a day to nurse them. There is no direct paternal care of young. No species of soft-furred sengis use nests to shelter or for rearing their young.</p><p>Activity patterns. Bushveld Sengis are fully terrestrial. Activity is polycyclic, with crepuscular peaks and some nocturnal tendencies. Midday activity is least frequent.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Home ranges of monogamous pairs overlap, but combined area does not overlap home ranges of neighboring pairs. One study found that average home ranges were c.0-5 ha for males and c.0-3 ha for females. Individuals in a pair shelter separately and infrequently interact. Males can engage territorial defense. Monogamous mating system is probably a mate-guarding strategy. Trail systems are actively maintained by sweeping aside debris with forelimbs.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Bushveld Sengi is widespread, but its population trend is unknown.</p><p>Bibliography. Corbet &amp; Hanks (1968), Evans (1942), Kerley et al. (1990), Olbricht &amp; Stanley (2009), Perrin &amp; Rathbun (2013d), Rathbun (2009, 2015b), Rathbun &amp; Rathbun (2006), Skinner &amp; Smithers (1990), Tolliver et al. (1989), Tripp (1971, 1972).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038C87A8FFACAC0DFA13745AFE3F3CFF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Macroscelididae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 206-234, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6646565
038C87A8FFA3AC0DFFCC77DFF95731C1.text	038C87A8FFA3AC0DFFCC77DFF95731C1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Elephantulus rupestris (A. Smith 1831)	<div><p>17.</p><p>Western Rock Sengi</p><p>Elephantulus rupestris</p><p>French: Sengi des rochers / German: Westliche Elefantenspitzmaus / Spanish: Sengi de roca occidental</p><p>Other common names: Western Rock Elephant-shrew, Smith's Rock Elephant-shrew, Smith's Rock Sengi</p><p>Taxonomy. Macroscelides rupestris A. Smith, 1831,</p><p>mountains near the mouth of the Orange River . Restricted by G. C. Shortridge in 1934 to Little Namaqualand, South Africa.</p><p>This species is monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. W &amp; S Namibia and W South Africa (Northern Cape, Western Cape, and Eastern Cape provinces).</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 116-133 mm, tail 124-162 mm, ear 25-31 mm, hindfoot 32-35 mm; weight 44-65 g. Female Western Rock Sengis can be slightly larger than males, but there is no substantial sexual dimorphism in bodysize. Overall, the Western Rock Sengi looks very much likeits sister species, the Bushveld Sengi ( E. intufi). In the wild, these two species can be difficult to distinguish, particularly where they occur adjacent to one another in areas where scrublands abut rocky outcrops. Distinguishing characteristics include longer tail (Western Rock Sengi c.115% of head-body length vs. Bushveld Sengi ¢.105%), darker dorsal tail (Western Rock Sengi near-black vs. Bushveld Sengi speckled gray), and presence of terminal tail tuft (absent in Bushveld Sengi). Pinnae are broad and upright, and snoutis long, thin, and flexible. Dorsum is gray-brown or rufous-brown. Some hairs, particularly along mid-dorsal axis, are longer and have black tips. Pelage of dorsal head and face is similar in color to dorsal body. Lateral fur is gray, and venter is gray-white to off-white. Behind each ear, distinctive patch of rufous-buff-yellow hair extends onto nape of neck. Long pale hairs grow along anterior margin of each pinna. White eyering is present (but subtle), without intruding post-ocular patch. Hairs on top oftail</p><p>are nearly black but are paler below. Black hairs form tuft near tip of tail. Skin of plantar pesis black and hairless. Females have two anterior, two intermediate, and two posterior nipples; males have no nipples. Five digits are present on each manus and pes. Pectoral gland is absent, and subcaudal gland is present. Dental formula is 13/3,C1/1,P 4/4, M 2/2 (x2) = 40. Canine sizes are subequal to adjacent teeth. Several bilateral pairs of palatal foramina are present. Postorbital processes are absent. Karyotype is 2n = 26.</p><p>Habitat. Arid to semiarid rocky substrates including kopjes, outcrops, and boulder piles. Habitats of Western Rock Sengis have minimal vegetative cover but can be adjacent to relatively flat and sparsely vegetated compact sandy ground. Sheltering occurs among boulders and in rock crevices.</p><p>Food and Feeding. Insects, predominantly ants and termites, are the principal diet of the Western Rock Sengi. Other small invertebrates and small quantities of plant material are eaten.</p><p>Breeding. The Western Rock Sengi is probably monogamous. Females can produce severallitters per year, suggesting year-round mating, but in southern areas, reproduction can be seasonalas in the Bushveld Sengi. Embryo counts indicate that litters have 1-2 young. Direct paternal investment is absent from all species of sengis that have been studied. No species of soft-furred sengis use nests to shelter or for rearing their young.</p><p>Activity patterns. Western Rock Sengis are fully terrestrial and mainly crepuscular, with nocturnal tendencies. Midday activity is least frequent.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Trapping efforts often yield male— female pairs of Western Rock Sengi, suggesting their home ranges overlap.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Western Rock Sengiis widespread, but its population trend is unknown.</p><p>Bibliography. Corbet &amp; Hanks (1968), Evans (1942), Faurie (1996), Olbricht &amp; Stanley (2009), Perrin (2013e), Rathbun (2009), Rathbun &amp; Smit-Robinson (2015b), Rautenbach &amp; Schlitter (1977), Shortridge (1934, 1942), Tolliver et al. (1989), Withers (1979).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038C87A8FFA3AC0DFFCC77DFF95731C1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Macroscelididae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 206-234, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6646565
038C87A8FFA3AC0CFAC47AE9FDF1373B.text	038C87A8FFA3AC0CFAC47AE9FDF1373B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Elephantulus myurus Thomas & Schwann 1906	<div><p>18.</p><p>Eastern Rock Sengi</p><p>Elephantulus mywrus</p><p>French: Sengi du Limpopo / German: Ostliche Elefantenspitzmaus / Spanish: Sengi de roca oriental</p><p>Other common names: Eastern Rock Elephant-shrew, Transvaal Elephant-shrew, Transvaal Sengi</p><p>Taxonomy. Elephantulus rupestris myurus Thomas &amp; Schwann, 1906, “ Woodbush, North-eastern Transvaal,” Limpopo Province, South Africa .</p><p>This species is monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. Zimbabwe, W Mozambique, E Botswana, N, C &amp; E South Africa, and N Swaziland; perhaps Lesotho.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 114-133 mm, tail 125-159 mm, ear 25-28 mm, hindfoot 37-42 mm; weight 48-67 g.</p><p>There is no evidence of sexual dimorphism in body size. Tail of the Eastern Rock Sengi is relatively long at ¢.110% of head-body length, pinnae are broad and upright, and snout is long, thin, and flexible. Dorsum is buff-gray, with dark gray hair tips. Lateral pelage is paler, and fewer hairs have dark gray tips. Colors of dorsal head and face are similar to dorsal body. White eye-ring is present, without intruding post-ocular patch. Venter is off-white or pale gray. Behind each ear, patch of buff hair extends onto nape of neck; it can be more conspicuous on individuals from northern parts of the distribution. Long pale hairs grow along anterior margin of each pinna, but otherwise pinnae are nearly hairless. Sparse hair covers tail, darker above than below. There is no tail tuft. Skin of plantar pes is black. Females have two anterior, two intermediate, and two posterior nipples; males have no nipples. Five digits are present on each manus and pes. Pectoral gland is absent, and subcaudal gland is present. Dental formula is I 3/3, C1/1,P 4/4, M 2/2 (x2) = 40. Canine sizes are subequal to adjacent teeth. Several bilateral pairs of palatal foramina are present. Postorbital processes are absent. Karyotype is 2n = 30.</p><p>Habitat. Semiarid savanna woodlands among scattered boulders and kopjes and rocky outcrops with minimal vegetative cover but sometimes adjacent to relatively flat and sparsely vegetated compact sandy grounds. The Eastern Rock Sengishelters in cracks and crevices of rocks and boulders.</p><p>Food and Feeding. Insects, mainly ants and termites, are the principal diet of the Eastern Rock Sengi. Other small invertebrates and limited plant material are eaten. Foraging occurs from covered areas, with rapid emergence to seize prey. Larger insects (e.g. grasshoppers) are carried back to cover for ingestion; this is probably a risk sensitive behavior.</p><p>Breeding. The Eastern Rock Sengi is monogamous, and pairs mate forlife. In South Africa, births occur in September—March, corresponding with the warm, wet season. Male sperm are viable year-round, buttestes size and sperm count drop significantly when reproduction pauses during the cool season. Females can produce up to 89 ova per ovary per cycle, but limited uterus implantation sites constrain litter size. In Botswana and South Africa,litters have 1-2 young. Young are born with open eyes, fully furred, and highly precocial. Mothersvisit young infrequently for nursing, and there is no direct paternal care. Young females become sexually mature at 35-42 days. No species of soft-furred sengis use nests to shelter or for rearing their young.</p><p>Activity patterns. Eastern Rock Sengis are fully terrestrial. At the Weenen Game Reserve, South Africa, individuals are active at all hours (polycyclic) but are most active</p><p>and furthest from their home range center for periods of about five hours beginning at dusk and at dawn. Periods of least activity are overnight and during the afternoon.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Home ranges of monogamous pairs overlap, but combined area has limited overlap with home ranges of neighboring pairs. Males and females of a pair infrequently interact except during estrus. If a male disappears, a neighboring male might engage in temporary polygyny during the vacancy. One study found that average home ranges were ¢.0-3 ha for males and c.0-2 ha for females, and maximum home range of males was c.1-3 ha. Monogamous mating system is probably a mate-guarding strategy. Limited home range overlap with neighboring pairs might indicate territoriality or at least mutual avoidance.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Eastern Rock Sengi is widespread, and its population trend is stable.</p><p>Bibliography. Corbet &amp; Hanks (1968), Evans (1942), Olbricht &amp; Stanley (2009), Perrin &amp; Rathbun (2013e), Rathbun (2009, 2015e), Rautenbach &amp; Schlitter (1977), Ribble &amp; Perrin (2005), Tripp (1971, 1972), Woodall &amp; Mackie (1987), Woodall &amp; Skinner (1989).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038C87A8FFA3AC0CFAC47AE9FDF1373B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Macroscelididae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 206-234, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6646565
038C87A8FFA2AC0CFF117C82F59836D1.text	038C87A8FFA2AC0CFF117C82F59836D1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Elephantulus edwardii (A. Smith 1839)	<div><p>19.</p><p>Cape Rock Sengi</p><p>Elephantulus edwardii</p><p>French: Sengi du Cap / German: Kap-Elefantenspitzmaus / Spanish: Sengi de roca de El Cabo</p><p>Other common names: Cape Elephant-shrew, Cape Rock Elephant-shrew, Cape Sengi</p><p>Taxonomy. Macroscelides edwardii A. Smith, 1839,</p><p>“ one of the central districts of the colony, near to the Oliphant’s river,” Western Cape Province, South Africa.</p><p>G. B. Corbet and J. Hanks in 1968 stated that Smith’stype locality could refer to the Oliphants River (= Olifantsrivier) in the Oudtshoorn district but more likely refers to the Oliphants River that originates in the Grootwinterhoek Wilderness Area and flows into the Atlantic near Papendorp— both in Western Cape Province. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. South Africa (Northern Cape, Western Cape, and Eastern Cape provinces).</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 94-125 mm, tail 117-160 mm, ear 25-36 mm, hindfoot 31-36 mm; weight 37-83 g. Female Cape Rock Sengis can be slightly larger than males, but there is no substantial sexual dimorphism in body size. Tail is relatively long at c.125% of head-body length. Tail hairs are very short and black on dorsal side. On ventral side of tail, proximal hairs are paler, and distal hairs are black; longer hairs form small tail tuft near tip. Pinnae are broad and upright, and snout is long, thin, and flexible. Dorsum is gray to gray-brown, perhaps with tinge of yellow. Lateral pelage transitions into paler ash-gray. Venter is gray to gray-white. Hairs of dorsal head and face are similar in color to lateral pelage. Some hairs of dorsal body, flanks, and face have black tips, giving grizzled appearance. Inconspicuous patches of gray-brown to orange-brown hairs behind ears extend onto nape of neck and grade into graybrown dorsum. Long ash-gray hairs grow along anterior margin of each pinna. Pale gray-white eye-ring is present, without an intruding post-ocular patch. Females have two anterior, two intermediate, and two posterior nipples; males have no nipples. Five digits are present on each manus and pes. Pectoral gland is absent, and subcaudal gland is present. Dental formulais 13/3, C1/1,P 4/4, M 2/2 (x2) = 40. Canine sizes are subequal to adjacent teeth. Severalbilateral pairs of palatal foramina are present. Postorbital processes are absent. Karyotype is 2n = 26.</p><p>Habitat. Arid rocky substrates on mountains, small outcrops, and flat rock sills with minimal vegetative cover but sometimes adjacent to relatively flat compact sandy grounds with sparse dwarf shrubs. The Cape Rock Sengi shelters among boulders and in rock crevices.</p><p>Food and Feeding. Insects, mainly ants, are the principal diet of the Cape Rock Sengi. Other arthropod prey includes termites, beetles, roaches, and locusts. Small amounts of green plant material can also be eaten. Some observations have found that the Cape Rock Sengi acts as a pollination vector while foraging on insects near flowers ( Protea, Proteaceae) and drinking nectar of bulbous perennials ( Whiteheadia, Asparagaceae). Main foraging strategy has been described as “wait, dash, and snatch,” which is consistent with observations of many species of sengis. The Cape Rock Sengi has been observed turning over hyrax (Procavidae) dung piles to pursue underlying insects.</p><p>Breeding. The Cape Rock Sengi is probably monogamous. Births occur more frequently in September-February during the warm, wet seasons. Females can produce up to 55 ova per ovary per cycle, but limited uterus implantation sites constrain litter size. Litters usually have one young, sometimes two. At birth, young are ¢.10 g, highly precocial with eyes open, and fully mobile. There is no direct paternal care of young. No species of soft-furred sengis use nests to shelter or for rearing their young.</p><p>Activity patterns. Cape Rock Sengis are fully terrestrial. Activity is polycyclic with crepuscular peaks and some nocturnal tendencies. Midday activity is least frequent.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Cape Rock Sengi probably forms monogamous pairs where individuals interact infrequently. Male—female pairs are sometimes trapped together, suggesting some degree of overlap in their home</p><p>ranges. Lack of same-sex trappings might indicate territoriality or at least mutual avoidance. Home rangesizes of Cape Rock Sengis are probably comparable with those of the Eastern Rock Sengi ( E. myurus, less than 0-5 ha), given that both species are rupicolous and occur in comparable habitats.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Cape Rock Sengi is widespread in suitable habitat, but its population trend is unknown.</p><p>Bibliography. Corbet &amp; Hanks (1968), Dempster et al. (1992), Evans (1942), Fleming &amp; Nicolson (2002), Leon et al. (1983), Olbricht &amp; Stanley (2009), Perrin &amp; Rathbun (2013c), Rathbun (2009), Rathbun &amp; Smit-Robinson (2015¢), Rautenbach &amp; Schlitter (1977), Stuart et al. (2003), Tripp (1971), Wester (2010), Woodall et al. (1989).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038C87A8FFA2AC0CFF117C82F59836D1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Macroscelididae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 206-234, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6646565
038C87A8FFA2AC0CFA2F7DF7F58638F8.text	038C87A8FFA2AC0CFA2F7DF7F58638F8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Elephantulus pilicaudus Smit 2008	<div><p>20.</p><p>Karoo Rock Sengi</p><p>Elephantulus pilicaudus</p><p>French: Sengi du Karoo / German: Karoo-Elefantenspitzmaus / Spanish: Sengi de roca de Karoo</p><p>Other common names: Karoo Rock Elephant-shrew</p><p>Taxonomy. Elephantulus pilicaudus Smit, 2008,</p><p>“ <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=19.816668&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.8" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 19.816668/lat -31.8)">Vondelingsfontein Farm</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=19.816668&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.8" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 19.816668/lat -31.8)">Calvinia</a>, Northern Cape Province, South Africa (31°48’S, 19°49’E; 1,449 m above sea levcl).”</p><p>Specimens of E. pilicaudus were previously considered variants of their now sister species, E. edwardn. Detection of reciprocal monophyly for these two groups was a result of molecular phylogeographic work by H. A. Smit and others in 2008. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. Upper and Lower Karoo of the Nama Karoo biome, South Africa.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 111-135 mm, tail 112-131 mm, ear 25-32 mm, hindfoot 32-36 mm; weight 38-59 g. There is no evidence of sexual dimorphism in body size. Phenotypically, Karoo Rock Sengis and Cape Rock Sengis ( E. edwardii) are very similar, and their distinguishing features are subtle. Traits that might be used to differentiate the Karoo Rock Sengi from the Cape Rock Sengi include slightly more pronounced tail tuft and lateral pelage color that is more of a continuation of dorsal color than transition to a paler gray. For the Karoo Rock Sengi but not the Cape Rock Sengi, there may be small patches of buff-gray hair under proximal nose and near angles of mouth. On average, tail of the Karoo Rock Sengiis ¢.105% of head— body length but closer to 125% for the Cape Rock Sengi. Pinnae are broad and upright, and snout is long, thin, and flexible. Dorsum is gray to gray-brown, perhaps with tinge of yellow. Tips of some dorsal hairs are darker gray-brown or black, giving grizzled appearance. Hairs on top of head and face are similar in color to dorsal body. Venter is gray to gray-white. Color of dorsum continues onto flanks, becoming only slightly paler. Inconspicuous patches of gray-brown to orange-brown hairs behind ears extend onto nape of neck and grade into gray-brown dorsum. Long gray hairs grow along anterior margin of each pinna. Pale gray-cream eye-ring is present, without intruding post-ocular patch. Tail hairs are very short and black on dorsal side. On ventral tail, proximal hairs are paler, and distal hairs are black. Longer hairs form small tail tuft near tip. Females have two anterior, two intermediate, and two posterior nipples; males have no nipples. Five digits are present on each manus and pes. Pectoral gland is absent, and subcaudal gland is present. Dental formula is 13/3, C1/1,P 4/4. M 2/2 (x2) = 40. Canine sizes are subequal to adjacent teeth. Several bilateral pairs of palatal foramina are present. Postorbital processes are absent. Karyotype is 2n = 26.</p><p>Habitat. Rocks and scree with piles of boulders with minimal vegetation but adjacent areas of the semi-desert with low scattered shrubs and some desert succulents at elevations up to 1300 m. The Karoo Rock Sengi is endemic to Upper and Lower Karoo bioregions of Nama Karoo, South Africa. Climate is arid, with less than 250 mm of annual rainfall; temperatures in the Karoo can be extreme, ranging from -15°C in winter to more than 40°C in summer. The Karoo Rock Sengi shelters among boulders and in rock crevices.</p><p>Food and Feeding. Given the Karoo Rock Sengi’s formerstatus as a variant of the Cape Rock Sengi and the similar habitats of these species, many aspects of their basic biology, including diet, are probably similar.</p><p>Breeding. No information.</p><p>Activity patterns. No information.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. Population trend of the Karoo Rock Sengi is unknown. Parts of the distributions of the Karoo Rock Sengi and the Cape Rock Sengi are closely associated. Five localities of occur rence of the Karoo Rock Sengi are recorded in South Africa that occur in 23,000 km?. There are seventeen collected voucher specimens: five from the 2000s and twelve prior to the mid-1980s. Because the Karoo Rock Sengi was separated from the Cape Rock Sengi in 2008, there have been no published reports of any life history or habitat data. No explicit threats are known, but with limited localities and biological data, no conservation assessment can be made.</p><p>Bibliography. Corbet &amp; Hanks (1968), Rathbun (2009), Smit et al. (2008), Smit-Robinson &amp; Rathbun (2015).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038C87A8FFA2AC0CFA2F7DF7F58638F8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Macroscelididae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 206-234, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6646565
