taxonID	type	description	language	source
038F87A3AF03216EFE6DFEEED2F2CFF4.taxon	description	(figures 1 – 5)	en	Sawicki, Thomas, Holsinger, John (2004): Systematics of the subterranean amphipod genus Bahadzia (Hadziidae), with description of a new species, redescription of B. yagerae, and analysis of phylogeny and biogeography. Journal of Natural History 38 (11): 1397-1414, DOI: 10.1080/0022293031000155386, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0022293031000155386
038F87A3AF03216EFE6DFEEED2F2CFF4.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Cayman Islands. Grand Cayman Island: West Bay Cave, holotype female (5.0 mm), 27 paratypes, J. H. Carpenter, 8 January 1997. The holotype is deposited in the National Museum of Natural History (Smithsonian Institution) under the catalogue number of the former United States National Museum (USNM 1006978); paratypes are in the collection of J. R. Holsinger (H- 3667).	en	Sawicki, Thomas, Holsinger, John (2004): Systematics of the subterranean amphipod genus Bahadzia (Hadziidae), with description of a new species, redescription of B. yagerae, and analysis of phylogeny and biogeography. Journal of Natural History 38 (11): 1397-1414, DOI: 10.1080/0022293031000155386, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0022293031000155386
038F87A3AF03216EFE6DFEEED2F2CFF4.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Small to medium-sized stygobitic species that can easily be distinguished from other members of the genus, except Bahadzia yagerae Ortiz and Pérez and B. patilarga Sawicki et al. (Sawicki et al., 2003) by having a tiny, round, pigmentless eye. The new species differs from B. yagerae by having proportionately longer pereopods 6 and 7, and from B. patilarga by having proportionately shorter pereopods 6 and 7 and shorter antenna 1. Further distinguished from all other species in the genus by possession of two-segemented accessory flagellum on antenna 1. Largest males, 4.5 mm; largest female, 6.5 mm. Female. Head with tiny round, pigmentless eye or eye spot. Antenna 1 approximately 75 % length of body and approximately two times longer than antenna 2; primary flagellum with up to 24 segments, accessory flagellum twosegmented, subequal in length to the first two primary flagellar segments; peduncular segments becoming progressively shorter distally. Antenna 2: flagellum with up to 10 segments; peduncular segment 4 subequal in length to segment 5. Mandible: molar well developed; spine row with about 13 weakly serrate spines; lacinia mobilis of left mandible four-dentate, that of right two-dentate and smaller; incisors of left and right mandibles six-dentate; palp segment 3 approximately 20 % shorter than combined lengths of 1 and 2, bearing one long A seta, long row of approximately 9 – 10 comparatively short D setae and three to four E setae; B and C setae absent. Lower lip: inner lobes poorly developed or vestigial; lateral processes short, rounded apically. Maxilla 1: inner plate with 18 short, lightly plumose setae; outer plate bearing nine pectinate spines; left and right palps similar, expanded and rounded distally, broad apex with eight bladespines and two short, naked setae. Maxilla 2: inner plate narrowing distally, with row of approximately 42 naked submarginal facial setae and row of approximately 14 thicker setae located on extreme inner margin. Maxilliped: apex of inner plate even, armed on inner half with five to six short spines, inner margin with row of 11 weakly plumose setae; outer plate rounded distally, armed with single short spine and numerous setae on distal margin; palp segment 3 pubescent distally, distal inner margin of segment 3 not lobate; palp segment 4 as long as segment 3, nail small and spine-like. Gnathopod 1: propod subrectangular, about twice as long as broad, posterior margin setose distally, palm short, transverse but lobate at defining angle and bearing four spines on lobe; carpus approximately 40 % longer than propod, bearing several clusters of long setae on posterior margin and toward distal end; merus weakly lobiform distally and pubescent; basis with nine long setae on posterior margin; coxa long with about three to four short spines and 11 – 12 short setae. Gnathopod 2: propod subrectangular about twice longer than propod of gnathopod 1, palm short, oblique, bearing one short spine and two long setae at defining angle, posterior margin with five sets of long setae, anterior margin with five sets of one or two setae; carpus subequal in length to propod, posterior margin with seven clusters of long setae; basis with five long setae on posterior margin; coxa longer than broad, margin with about three to four short spines and seven to eight short setae. Pereopod 3: coxa relatively small, deeper than broad, margin with three short setae. Pereopod 4: coxa broadly expanded distally and excavate posteriorly, margin with 15 short setae. Pereopod 6 approximately 80 % length of body, approximately 25 % longer than pereopod 7 and approximately 35 % longer than pereopod 5. Pereopods 5 – 7: basis relatively narrow, with rather large, bluntly rounded distoposterior lobes. Dactyl of pereopod 5 approximately 30 % length of corresponding propod; dactyls of pereopods 6 and 7 approximately 33 % and 26 % length of corresponding propods, respectively. Coxal gills on pereopods 2 – 6 subovate, with short peduncle, very large on pereopods 2 – 4. Brood plates sublinear, small relative to gills. Pleonal plates: posterior margins with one setule each, posterior corners small but distinct, ventral margin of plate 1 without spines, plate 2 with one spine, plate 3 with two spines. Pleopods normal, two rather long coupling spines on peduncle. Uropod 1: inner ramus shorter than peduncle, longer than outer ramus, bearing about six spines; peduncle with 11 spines, one of which is basofacial in position. Uropod 2: inner ramus subequal to peduncle, longer and broader than outer ramus, armed with 10 spines; outer ramus with about six spines; peduncle with nine spines, six forming a comb row on dorsodistal end. Uropod 3 approximately 13 % length of body; inner ramus subequal in length to outer ramus, margins with short spines and plumose setae; outer ramus with short terminal segment, inner margin with plumose setae and a few spines, outer margin with spines only; peduncle with five spines. Telson rather long and narrow, in two separate lobes; lateral margins with about two to five small spines, none in sets of two; medial margins with two to three small spines, apices each with one or two short spines and three long, distally plumose setae. Male. Differing from female in structure of gnathopod 2 as follows: dactyl and propod proportionately longer; propod palm long, oblique, with double row of about six blunt-tipped spines, defining angle with two long and one short setae, posterior margin longer than palm, with four sets of setae.	en	Sawicki, Thomas, Holsinger, John (2004): Systematics of the subterranean amphipod genus Bahadzia (Hadziidae), with description of a new species, redescription of B. yagerae, and analysis of phylogeny and biogeography. Journal of Natural History 38 (11): 1397-1414, DOI: 10.1080/0022293031000155386, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0022293031000155386
038F87A3AF03216EFE6DFEEED2F2CFF4.taxon	etymology	Etymology. This species is named for its occurrence on Grand Cayman Island.	en	Sawicki, Thomas, Holsinger, John (2004): Systematics of the subterranean amphipod genus Bahadzia (Hadziidae), with description of a new species, redescription of B. yagerae, and analysis of phylogeny and biogeography. Journal of Natural History 38 (11): 1397-1414, DOI: 10.1080/0022293031000155386, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0022293031000155386
038F87A3AF092176FE27FCC1D323CE32.taxon	description	(figures 6 – 8)	en	Sawicki, Thomas, Holsinger, John (2004): Systematics of the subterranean amphipod genus Bahadzia (Hadziidae), with description of a new species, redescription of B. yagerae, and analysis of phylogeny and biogeography. Journal of Natural History 38 (11): 1397-1414, DOI: 10.1080/0022293031000155386, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0022293031000155386
038F87A3AF092176FE27FCC1D323CE32.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Cuba. Metanzas Province: Cueva Susana, Playa Girón, five paratypes, J. Yager, 27 June 1994, and two paratypes, D. Williams, 11 September 1992. Holotype (not examined in the present study) deposited in the collection of the Institute of Ecology and Systematics of the Department of Science, Technology and Environment, Cuba. The paratypes are in the collection of J. R. Holsinger (H- 3250, H- 3792).	en	Sawicki, Thomas, Holsinger, John (2004): Systematics of the subterranean amphipod genus Bahadzia (Hadziidae), with description of a new species, redescription of B. yagerae, and analysis of phylogeny and biogeography. Journal of Natural History 38 (11): 1397-1414, DOI: 10.1080/0022293031000155386, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0022293031000155386
038F87A3AF092176FE27FCC1D323CE32.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Small to medium-sized stygobitic species, similar to Bahadzia caymanensis and B. patilarga by having a tiny, round, pigmentless eye, but differing from all other species of Bahadzia by possession of at least 50 pectinate spines on distal end of outer plate of maxilla 1. Female. Corresponding to the description of Ortiz and Peréz (1995) with the following additions and corrections. Mandible: molar well developed; spine row with about 11 weakly serrate spines; lacinia mobilis of left mandible fourdentate, that of right two-dentate and smaller; incisor of left mandible fivedentate, that of right five-dentate and narrower; palp segment 3 subequal to the combined lengths of 1 and 2, bearing long row of approximately 22 – 23 D setae and three to four E setae; A, B and C setae absent. Lower lip: inner lobes present and distinct; lateral processes short, rounded apically. Maxilla 1: inner plate with 17 short, lightly plumose setae: outer plate bearing at least 50 pectinate spines; left and right palps similar, expanded and rounded distally, broad apex with nine blade spines and one short, naked seta. Maxilla 2: inner plate narrowing distally, with row of approximately 48 naked submarginal facial seatae and row of approximately 17 thicker setae located on extreme inner margin. Maxilliped: apices of inner plate even, armed on entire distal end with approximately nine short spines, inner margin with row of 17 weakly plumose setae; outer plate rounded distally, armed with single short spine on distal margin and few naked setae; palp segment 3 pubescent distally, distal inner margin of segment 3 not lobate; palp segment 4 as long as segment 3, nail small and spine-like. Gnathopod 1: propod subrectangular, about twice as long as broad, posterior margin heavily setose distally, palm short, transverse but lobate at defining angle and bearing three spines on lobe; carpus approximately 80 % longer than propod, bearing several clusters of long setae on posterior margin and toward distal end; merus weakly lobiform and pubescent; basis with 12 long setae; coxa long and deep with about three to four short spines and eight to nine short setae. Gnathopod 2: propod subrectangular, palm short, oblique, bearing three long setae at defining angle, posterior margin with six sets of long setae, anterior margin with three sets of setae; carpus approximately 20 % longer than propod, posterior margin with nine clusters of long setae; basis with six long setae on posterior margin; coxa deeper than broad, margin with 12 short setae. Pleopods normal, peduncles each with two rather large coupling spines, and one unmodified spine on distal inner margin. Uropod 1: inner ramus shorter than peduncle, longer than outer ramus bearing about five spines; peduncle with 13 spines, one of which is basofacial in position. Uropod 2: inner ramus subequal in length to peduncle, longer and broader than outer ramus, armed with 11 spines; outer ramus with about six spines; peduncle with 12 spines, eight of which form a comb row on dorsodistal end. Uropod 3: approximately 15 % length of the body; inner ramus slightly larger than outer ramus, margins with short spines and plumose setae; outer ramus with short terminal segment, inner margin with short spines and plumose setae, outer margin with spines only; peduncle with six spines. Telson rather long and narrow, in two separate lobes; lateral margins with about six spines, none in sets of two; medial margins with two to four spines, apices each with one or two small spines and three long, distally plumose setae. Male. Differing from female in structure of gnathopod 2 as follows: dactyl and propod proportionately longer; propod palm long, oblique with double row of about 14 blunt-tipped spines, defining angle with three long setae, posterior margin longer than palm with four sets of setae.	en	Sawicki, Thomas, Holsinger, John (2004): Systematics of the subterranean amphipod genus Bahadzia (Hadziidae), with description of a new species, redescription of B. yagerae, and analysis of phylogeny and biogeography. Journal of Natural History 38 (11): 1397-1414, DOI: 10.1080/0022293031000155386, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0022293031000155386
038F87A3AF092176FE27FCC1D323CE32.taxon	discussion	Discussion Based on the geographic distribution of Bahadzia, most species of which are clustered in widespread insular habitats (figure 10), it could be hypothesized that the derived phylogeny would be highly predictable and resolved. The presently known species of Bahadzia are restricted to the Bahamas, Cuba, Hispaniola, Yucatan Peninsula (including Cozumel Island) and the Cayman Islands. With two exceptions, there appears to be a relationship between species distribution and phylogeny. The species found in the Bahamas / Turks and Caicos group together and the Hispaniola species group together. However, the species found in Cuba and the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico do not form nested subgroups relative to their geographic distribution. Given the close geographic proximity of these species, this lack of resolution is surprising. For instance, the type-localities of the two Cuban species, B. patilarga and B. yagarae, are separated by only 17 km. Although B. latipalpus and B. jaraguensis do form a nested subgroup relative to their distribution, they also form a clade with the outgroup genera Mayaweckelia and Tuluweckelia. Most species of Bahadzia live within a very narrowly defined ecological niche at or near the halocline in anchialine caves. Physiochemical in situ measurements in these caves, such as Mayan Blue Cenote, a cave on the Yucatan Peninsula where B. bozanici is found, have shown a large drop in oxygen levels at the halocline to less than 1 mg / l (Pohlman et al., 1997). Most species of Bahadzia have very large coxal gills relative to other stygobitic and epigean amphipod species, and this may be an adaptation to living and feeding within this low oxygen environment. Pohlman et al. (1997) conducted a stable isotope study of the water in Mayan Blue Cenote and concluded that chemoautotrophic nitrifying bacteria played a key role as the base of the food chain for the stygobitic fauna in this cave. In anchialine caves of Cuba inhabited by Bahadzia, Yager (1994) reported measurements of dissolved oxygen, temperature and salinity similar to those in Mayan Blue Cenote. Most species of Bahadzia appear to be adapted to life in this unique ecosystem typical of anchialine cave waters. The base of the food chain may be a chemoautotrophic bacterium located at the halocline of these caves, where temperature, salinity and oxygen requirements appear to be very narrowly defined. Bahadzia is not the only crustacean that is adapted to this specific physical and chemical environment. A number of other taxa of crustaceans are almost always found living sympatrically with Bahadzia, including thermosbaenaceans, remipedes, cirolanid isopods and ostracods. Pohlman et al. (1997) were able to define the trophic structure of these crustacean groups within Mayan Blue Cenote. Based on the data reported by these workers, we suggest that there are very specific physical, chemical and biological selective pressures acting on species of Bahadzia and other crustaceans living at or near the halocline in anchialine caves. Moreover, these selection pressures are apparently very different from those found in most other aquatic subterranean habitats. With regard to habitat, Bahadzia latipalpus and B. jaraguensis are exceptional in comparison with the eight species recorded from anchialine waters; however, as previously noted the ecology of B. caymanensis is unclear. Bahadzia latipalpus was collected from fresh and oligohaline well water (Stock, 1985) and B. jaraguensis was taken from weakly brackish water on the cave floor in mats of filamentous green algae (Jaume and Wagner, 1998). It is perhaps significant that Mayaweckelia and Tuluweckelia also occur in either fresh or weakly brackish water (Holsinger, 1977, 1990) and that an earlier cladistic analysis by Holsinger (1992) of ‘ weckeliid group’ genera and the genus Bahadzia suggested that Mayaweckelia and Tuluweckelia are sister genera to Bahadzia. Our present analysis offers further support of this hypothesis. In contrast to the anchialine cave-dwelling species of Bahadzia, B. latipalpus and B. jaraguensis live under very different physiochemical and biological selection pressures and display morphological differences as well. Holsinger (1992) suggested that the putative common ancestor of Bahadzia, Mayaweckelia and Tuluweckelia might not have differed significantly from modern Bahadzia. With the exception of two characters, which include absence of the mandibular palp and second segment of the outer ramus of uropod 3, both apparently relatively uncomplicated structural losses, Mayaweckelia and Tuluweckelia share more apomorphic characters with Bahadzia than any ‘ weckeliid group’ genus. Moreover, both Mayaweckelia and Tuluweckelia were excluded from the ‘ weckeliid group’ in a recent redefinition of the group by Holsinger and Ruffo (2002). Our observations suggest that strong selection pressures may act on marine amphipods that invade anchialine and later freshwater caves, and that these pressures may result in morphological convergence of species from different lineages. Conceivably, this has occurred in the species of Bahadzia on Hispaniola and the species of Mayaweckelia and Tuluweckelia on the Yucatan Peninsula. Continued research utilizing molecular data may assist in resolving the phylogeny of Bahadzia and determine whether or not this genus is monophyletic. Molecular data may also help us to clarify the relationship between Bahadzia and other species in the hadziid / melitiid family complex.	en	Sawicki, Thomas, Holsinger, John (2004): Systematics of the subterranean amphipod genus Bahadzia (Hadziidae), with description of a new species, redescription of B. yagerae, and analysis of phylogeny and biogeography. Journal of Natural History 38 (11): 1397-1414, DOI: 10.1080/0022293031000155386, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0022293031000155386
