taxonID	type	description	language	source
038E7151FFCF2505FF555747FA88FC51.taxon	description	Hypoaspis (Gaeolaelaps) praesternalis. — Evans & Till, 1966: 173. Specimens examined: Nine females, Tanzania, Zanzibar, forest litter, 06 ° 16 ' S, 039 ° 25 ' E, 8 m. a. s. l., 2 February 2018, coll. S. G. Ermilov, A. A. Khaustov (in TUMZ). One female, Poland, Roztoczanski National Park, Jarugi Reserve, beech forest, 27 September 1986, D. Sell coll.; one female, Poland, Roztocze Region, Hrebenne, beech forest, 6 August 1986, Błoszyk & Hałka coll.; one female, Poland, Roztocze Region, Kąty, xerophyllous grasses, 5 August 1986, Błoszyk & Hałka coll. (in ANIC). One male, Germany, Zorbig, Anhalt-Bitterfeld, 1960, det Willmann (in Zoologische Staatssammlungen, München). Notes. Gaeolaelaps praesternalis was described from meadow soil in Poland (Willmann, 1949). It has also been reported from Tanzania (Evans, 1953; Van Aswegen & Loots, 1970), Germany (Karg, 1962), South Africa (Ryke, 1963), Great Britain (Evans & Till, 1966), Japan (Saito & Takaku, 2011) and China (Ma & Yin, 2011). Our specimens agree very well with the description given by Evans & Till (1966). The species is recognised by the presence of 39 pairs of simple setae on the dorsal shield, including two pairs of Zx setae; some setae in the opisthonotal region long enough to reach the base of the next posterior setae; peritreme short, extending to the midlevel of coxa II; a pair of granular pre-sternal plates; and tarsus IV with two very elongate setae pd 2, pd 3 (88 – 98). The literature reveals some confusion about the identity of this species. The original description of Hypoaspis praesternalis by Willmann (1949) is brief, and both the description and illustrations lack some important details. The description of Hypoaspis nolli Karg, 1962 is more detailed, but does not include a direct comparison with H. praesternalis. Evans & Till (1966) synonymised these two species, but did not provide any explanation for that decision, and did not give details of the specimens they examined. Costa (1968) examined specimens of both species from Germany provided by Karg, and distinguished them by the length of the peritreme and the ornamentation of the dorsal shield. Karg (1971 and later papers) separated H. nolli from H. praesternalis on the basis of the length of the peritreme, the length of the setae on the dorsal shield, total body size, and the shape of the spermatodactyl of the male. Kavianpour et al. (2013) and Kavianpour & Nemati (2014) also recognised these two species, but reported that H. praesternalis sensu Evans & Till was actually a misidentification of H. nolli. Ma (2006) considered that Gaeolaelaps postreticulatus (Xu & Liang, 1996) is a synonym of G. praesternalis, without providing any supporting evidence. Ma & Yin (2011) then reported that G. praesternalis is very abundant in grassland soil in China. However, Xu & Liang (1996) distinguished between G. postreticulatus and G. praesternalis by the length of some dorsal shield setae, the number of dorsal shield setae, the length of the peritreme, and the shape of the spermatodactyl. Some of these interpretations are questionable, because the statements by Xu & Liang are not always consistent with their own illustrations. If their illustration of the male chelicera is accurate, the spermatodactyl is straight, pointed at the tip, and its free section is 50 % longer than the movable digit. In the chelicera of G. praesternalis illustrated by Evans & Till (1966), the spermatodactyl is curved upward, has a large distal knob, and its free section is shorter than the movable digit. Saito & Takaku (2011) showed the spermatodactyl of G. praesternalis from Japan as extremely long, curved downward, and with a blunt tip. Ma & Yin (2004) also illustrated a very long spermatodactyl for this species, with a blunt tip that curves upward. We have examined a male of G. praesternalis identified by Willmann (from Zörbig, Germany, 1960, therefore not a type specimen). Its spermatodactyl is sharply bent upward, distally pointed, and its free section is much shorter than the movable digit. Willmann (1949) described the metasternal setae of the female of G. praesternalis as inserted on small triangular plates. Ryke (1963) and Evans & Till (1966) specifically stated that the metasternal plates are absent, and the metasternal setae are inserted in the soft integument. This evidence from both the males and females strongly suggests that different authors have used the name G. praesternalis to refer to several different species. We have been unable to locate the holotype of H. praesternalis. It is not present in the Willmann collection in the Zoologische Staatssammlungen, München (Stefan Friedrich, pers. comm.). Our identification of specimens from Zanzibar is supported by comparison with three females from Poland in ANIC (identified by Halliday).	en	Joharchi, Omid, Halliday, Bruce, Khaustov, Alexander A., Ermilov, Sergey G. (2018): Some soil-inhabiting mites from Zanzibar (Acari: Laelapidae). Zootaxa 4514 (1): 23-40, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4514.1.2
038E7151FFCC2504FF55577EFB5EF979.taxon	description	(Figs 1 – 17)	en	Joharchi, Omid, Halliday, Bruce, Khaustov, Alexander A., Ermilov, Sergey G. (2018): Some soil-inhabiting mites from Zanzibar (Acari: Laelapidae). Zootaxa 4514 (1): 23-40, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4514.1.2
038E7151FFCC2504FF55577EFB5EF979.taxon	materials_examined	Type material: Holotype, female, Tanzania, Zanzibar, forest litter, 06 ° 16 ' S, 039 ° 25 ' E, 8 m. a. s. l., 2 February 2018, coll. S. G. Ermilov, A. A. Khaustov (in TUMZ); paratypes: six females, same data as holotype (four in TUMZ, two in ANIC).	en	Joharchi, Omid, Halliday, Bruce, Khaustov, Alexander A., Ermilov, Sergey G. (2018): Some soil-inhabiting mites from Zanzibar (Acari: Laelapidae). Zootaxa 4514 (1): 23-40, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4514.1.2
038E7151FFCC2504FF55577EFB5EF979.taxon	description	Description. Female (n = 7 specimens) Dorsal idiosoma. Dorsal shield oval shaped, 520 – 550 long, 330 – 340 wide, covering entire idiosoma, with weak reticulation, more distinct in opisthonotal and lateral regions (Figs 1, 10). Dorsal shield with 39 pairs of long setae, 22 pairs on podonotal region (j 1 – 6; z 1 – 6; s 1 – 6; r 2 – 5) and 17 pairs on opisthonotal region (J 1 – 5; Z 1 – 5; S 1 – 5; and two pairs of Zx), unpaired supernumerary seta Jx absent, all setae curved and uniform in length (35 – 50) and thickness except j 1 (28 – 31), z 1 (24 – 30); Z 5 (50 – 55) and some setae on podonotal region with 2 – 4 minute barbs (J 3 – J 5, Z 4, Zx, Z 5, S 5, see Figs 1, 10). Shield with 16 pairs of discernible pore-like structures, six on podonotum (id 1, id 2, id 4, id 5, gd 1, gd 5, see Fig. 1) and ten on opisthonotum (idm 1 – idm 5, idx, is 1, idl 1, idl 3, idl 4, see Fig. 1). Ventral idiosoma (Figs 2, 11, 12, 13, 17). Tritosternum with paired pilose laciniae (40 – 50), columnar base 30 – 35 long × 10 – 12 wide; pre-sternal plates well sclerotised, with two conspicuous transverse lines (Figs 2, 11). Sternal shield (length 127 – 133) narrowest between coxae II (96 – 105), widest between coxa II-III (147 – 154), with almost straight posterior margin; with three pairs of simple and subequal sternal setae, st 1 33 – 35, st 2 30 – 32, st 3 30 – 32, and two pairs of poroids, iv 1 slit-like and iv 2 sub-oval, adjacent to setae st 1 and between st 2 and st 3, respectively; reticulated antero-laterally, median region smooth (Figs 2, 11, 12); lateral margins alongside coxa II – III fused with endopodal plates. Metasternal platelets absent, one pair of simple metasternal setae st 4 (29 – 32) and pore-like iv 3 inserted on soft cuticle posterior to sternal shield; endopodal plates III / IV elongate, narrow, curved and free from sternal shield. Genital shield elongate, rounded posteriorly, expanded just posterior to genital setae, width 126 – 132 and length 222 – 225. Surface reticulated with irregular longitudinal lines in anterior half, enclosing nine polygonal cells in posterior part, shield bearing smooth genital setae st 5 (28 – 32) on the edges (Figs 2, 11). Paragenital poroids (iv 5) located on soft cuticle lateral to shield near st 5. Two pairs of minute paragenital platelets present between posterolateral margins of genital shield and metapodal platelets. Anal shield subtriangular, length 85 – 90, width 101 – 110, bearing three sub-equal, simple and smooth circumanal setae, post-anal seta (22 – 25), and a pair of para-anal setae (19 – 22), its anterior half with lineate ornamentation and a pair of lateral pores (gv 3); cribrum small, without extensions. Soft opisthogastric cuticle surrounding genital and anal shields with one pair of sub-oval metapodal plates (35 – 37 long × 7 – 10 wide), six pairs of setae (Jv 1 – Jv 3, Zv 1 – Zv 3) and five pairs of discernible pore-like structures including iv 3 and iv 5; all setae uniform in length (20 – 25) and thickness, except Zv 3 shorter (14 – 16) (Figs 2 & 12). Peritreme short, extending to mid-level of coxa II (Fig. 13), peritrematal shield wide, free from exopodal shields, each shield bearing five discernible pore-like structures, a poroid ip at level of coxa II and a gland pore gp at level of coxa III, two poroids ip and a gland pore gp on post-stigmatic section and also a small pore-like structure within peritreme at level of coxa III (Figs 11, 13, 17); anterior part of shield fused with dorsal shield. Gnathosoma (Figs 3, 4, 5, 14, 15, 16). Hypostome with three pairs of hypostomal setae, h 1 35 – 38, h 2 22 – 25, h 3 30 – 35, and a pair of palpcoxal setae (pc) (32 – 34). Deutosternal groove wide, with six transverse rows of 12 – 20 denticles, corniculi horn-like and parallel to each other, almost reaching mid-level of palp femur (Figs 3, 16). Palp chaetotaxy normal: trochanter 2, femur 5, genu 6, tibia 12, tarsus 15, all setae smooth and needle-like except al 1 and al 2 on palp genu apically spatulate (Fig. 15); palp tarsal claw two-tined (Fig. 15). Internal malae with a pair of pointed lobes, laterally coarsely fimbriate; labrum with spiculate surface. Anterior edge of epistome arched, strongly denticulate (Figs 4, 14). Fixed digit of chelicera with five teeth of various sizes, a setaceous pilus dentilis, dorsal cheliceral setae short. Arthrodial brush present at base of movable digit, movable digit with two teeth, cheliceral lyrifissure distinct (Fig. 5). Legs (Figs 6 – 9). Tarsi I – IV each with a pair of claws and pulvillus. Legs II (333 – 336) and III (297 – 299) shorter than legs I (452 – 460) and IV (460 – 480). Chaetotaxy normal for free-living Laelapidae: Leg I (Fig. 6): coxa 0 0 / 1 0 / 1 0, trochanter 1 0 / 2 1 / 1 1, femur 2 2 / 1 3 / 3 2, genu 2 3 / 2 3 / 1 2 (pl 1 and pl 2 longer than the other dorsal and lateral setae, Fig. 6), tibia 2 3 / 2 3 / 1 2 (pl 1 and pl 2 longer than the other dorsal and lateral setae, Fig. 6). Leg II (Fig. 7): coxa 0 0 / 1 0 / 1 0, trochanter 1 0 / 1 1 / 2 1, femur 2 3 / 1 2 / 2 1 (al 1 and al 2 longer than the other dorsal and lateral setae), genu 2 3 / 1 2 / 1 2 (ventral setae thickened, Fig. 7), tibia 2 2 / 1 2 / 1 2 (ventral setae thickened, Fig. 7). Leg III (Fig. 8): coxa 0 0 / 1 0 / 1 0, trochanter 1 0 / 1 0 / 2 1, femur 1 2 / 1 1 / 0 1 (pd thickened, Fig. 8), genu 2 2 / 1 2 / 1 1 (al 1 longer than the other dorsal and lateral setae, ventral setae thickened), tibia 2 1 / 1 2 / 1 1 (ventral setae thickened, Fig. 8). Leg IV (Fig. 9): coxa 0 0 / 1 0 / 0 0, trochanter 1 1 / 1 0 / 1 1, femur 1 2 / 1 1 / 1 0 (pd strongly thickened), genu 2 2 / 1 3 / 0 1, tibia 2 1 / 1 3 / 1 2 (ventral setae strongly thickened, Fig. 9). All setae fine and needle-like unless otherwise noted in parentheses above. Tarsi II – IV with 18 setae 3 3 / 2 3 / 2 3 + mv, md, all setae simple and needle-like; setae al 1, pl 1 and pd 2 on tarsus of leg II (Fig. 7) and all ventral setae slightly thickened; setae pd 2 – 3, al 2 – 3 on tarsus IV longer than the other setae on this segment. All pre-tarsi with a well-developed ambulacral stalk, a pair of claws and three rounded pulvillar lobes, projecting well beyond claws. Insemination structures: Not seen, apparently unsclerotised. Male. Unknown.	en	Joharchi, Omid, Halliday, Bruce, Khaustov, Alexander A., Ermilov, Sergey G. (2018): Some soil-inhabiting mites from Zanzibar (Acari: Laelapidae). Zootaxa 4514 (1): 23-40, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4514.1.2
038E7151FFCC2504FF55577EFB5EF979.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific name is derived from the type locality.	en	Joharchi, Omid, Halliday, Bruce, Khaustov, Alexander A., Ermilov, Sergey G. (2018): Some soil-inhabiting mites from Zanzibar (Acari: Laelapidae). Zootaxa 4514 (1): 23-40, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4514.1.2
038E7151FFCC2504FF55577EFB5EF979.taxon	diagnosis	Differential diagnosis. In the key provided in Nemati & Mohseni (2013) to species with short peritremes, the new species will run to couplet 16, where it is unique in having 39 pairs of short dorsal shield setae, including two pairs of Zx setae, genital shield length / width nearly 2: 1, iv 2 pore-like, J 2 located behind J 1, palp tarsal claw 2 - tined and lateral margins of genital shield not parallel (shared with Gaeolaelaps koseii (Hafez et al., 1982) and G. similisetae (Karg, 1965 )), but with a much larger body size and wider genital shield (body size 443 long 275 wide in G. koseii and 440 – 460 long 240 – 260 wide in G. similisetae). Additional characters separating these species include the shape of dorsal shield setae and the size of peritrematal shield (curvate and with minute 2 – 4 barbs on podonotal region in G. zanzibarensis, versus without any barbs and smooth in G. similisetae and G. koseii; peritrematal shield wide in G. zanzibarensis, versus narrow in G. similisetae and G. koseii).	en	Joharchi, Omid, Halliday, Bruce, Khaustov, Alexander A., Ermilov, Sergey G. (2018): Some soil-inhabiting mites from Zanzibar (Acari: Laelapidae). Zootaxa 4514 (1): 23-40, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4514.1.2
038E7151FFCD2502FF555456FBA8FC61.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Dorsal shield sub-oval, almost completely covering dorsal idiosoma, dorsal shield bearing at least one Zx setae, unpaired setae Jx sometimes present; dorsolateral soft integument with 0 – 9 pairs of simple setae, presternal platelets always present, metasternal setae (st 4) always present and situated on soft cuticle; genital shield tongue-or-flask-shaped, bearing one pair of simple setae and well separated from anal shield; anal shield subtriangular or pear-shaped; peritremes long extending to coxa I, peritrematal shield never enlarged around stigmatic opening; opisthogastric soft cuticle bearing 7 – 12 pairs of smooth pointed setae; anterior margin of epistome always smooth; deutosternal groove with six rows of denticles, each row bearing two to seven denticles; lateral branches of the internal malae absent, chelicerae well developed, chelate-dentate, pilus dentilis setiform; all legs with ambulacra and claws, leg chaetotaxy normal for Laelapidae, genu IV usually with nine setae 2 2 / 1 3 / 0 1. Hypoaspisella is similar to Gaeolaelaps and Pneumolaelaps Berlese, 1920, but can be easily distinguished from both of these genera. The most significant character that separates Hypoaspisella from the other two genera is the shape of the anterior margin of the epistome, which is curved and smooth in Hypoaspisella but denticulate and gable-shaped in Gaeolaelaps and Pneumolaelaps respectively. The deutosternal groove is reduced in Hypoaspisella, with 2 – 7 denticles per row, and no large teeth (versus with 1 – 5 denticles per row and at least one denticle per row enlarged in Pneumolaelaps). Also, the lateral branches of the internal malae are absent in most species of Hypoaspisella. In most species of Hypoaspisella there is only one ventral seta on genu IV, and all species occur in soil. In Pneumolaelaps genu IV always bears two ventral setae and its species are always associated with bumblebees. The peritrematal shields are widened in Pneumolaelaps and narrow in Hypoaspisella (see table 1).	en	Joharchi, Omid, Halliday, Bruce, Khaustov, Alexander A., Ermilov, Sergey G. (2018): Some soil-inhabiting mites from Zanzibar (Acari: Laelapidae). Zootaxa 4514 (1): 23-40, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4514.1.2
038E7151FFCD2502FF555456FBA8FC61.taxon	description	Notes on the genus. The nomenclatural history of Hypoaspisella presents some unusual problems. The name Hypoaspisella was first used as a subgenus of Hypoaspis by Bernhard (1955) in an unpublished PhD thesis (not seen by us). No new names are available from that source, because the thesis does not satisfy Article 8.1.3 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. Karg (1962) described Hypoaspis (Hypoaspisella) heyi as a new species, placed in the subgenus Hypoaspis (Hypoaspisella) Bernhard, 1955. In his discussion of H. heyi, Karg provided enough descriptive information to make the name Hypoaspisella available. He also mentioned the name H. intermedius Bernhard, 1955 as a member of the subgenus, but H. intermedius is a nomen nudum. Hypoaspis heyi is therefore the only nominal species included in Hypoaspis (Hypoaspisella), and becomes its type species by monotypy. Karg (1965) included Hypoaspisella in a key to genera and subgenera of Hypoaspidinae, and repeated his assertion that its type species is H. heyi. He also added Hypoaspis (Hypoaspisella) richteri Karg, 1965 and H. (H.) procera Karg, 1965 to the subgenus. Hirschmann et al. (1969) then described and illustrated five species of Hypoaspis (Hypoaspisella), four of which were shown with authorship " Bernhard 1955 i. l. ". The notation " i. l. " is an abbreviation of in litteris, meaning unpublished, and correctly refers to Bernhard's 1955 thesis. Bernhard (1971, page 6) provided a more complete description of " Hypoaspisella nov. subgen. " and stated that its type species is " Hypoaspisella berlesei nov. spec. ". This action overlooks that fact that Karg had designated H. heyi as the type species, and that H. berlesei had been made available by Hirschmann et al. (1969). Karg (1971) treated Hypoaspisella as a junior synonym of a very broadly conceived subgenus Hypoaspis (Holostaspis) Kolenati, 1858, which also included Pneumolaelaps. Karg (1979, 1982, 1993), however, placed Hypoaspis (Hypoaspisella) heyi in Hypoaspis (Pneumolaelaps), which makes Hypoaspisella a synonym of Pneumolaelaps. Karg (1993) also considered H. richteri as a synonym of Hypoaspis (Holostaspis) forcipata (Willmann). Karg (1971) described Hypoaspis (Holostaspis) lubricoides as a new species. Khalili-Moghadam et al (2016) recorded this species from Iran, and reclassified it as Pneumolaelaps (Hypoaspisella) lubricoides (Karg), without providing an explanation. That record was catalogued by Nemati et al. (2018). However H. lubricoides is certainly not consistent with current concepts of Pneumolaelaps, because in Pneumolaelaps genu IV always bears two ventral setae, and all the known species are associated with bumblebees. In addition, the peritrematal shields are widened in Pneumolaelaps but narrow in H. lubricoides. This species is consistent with the concept of Hypoaspisella we have used here, but the description of H. lubricoides is brief and both the description and illustrations lack many important details. It will be necessary to examine the type specimens before its correct placement can be determined. We consider Hypoaspisella as a valid genus, which differs from Pneumolaelaps in a number of characters as discussed in the diagnosis above. It appears likely that some of the 27 species placed in Hypoaspis (Pneumolaelaps) by Karg (1993) will be transferred to Hypoaspisella or some other genus, after a detailed revision of these species. The current composition of the genus Hypoaspisella becomes:	en	Joharchi, Omid, Halliday, Bruce, Khaustov, Alexander A., Ermilov, Sergey G. (2018): Some soil-inhabiting mites from Zanzibar (Acari: Laelapidae). Zootaxa 4514 (1): 23-40, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4514.1.2
038E7151FFCB2501FF55572BFABCFAE1.taxon	description	(Figs 18 – 32)	en	Joharchi, Omid, Halliday, Bruce, Khaustov, Alexander A., Ermilov, Sergey G. (2018): Some soil-inhabiting mites from Zanzibar (Acari: Laelapidae). Zootaxa 4514 (1): 23-40, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4514.1.2
038E7151FFCB2501FF55572BFABCFAE1.taxon	materials_examined	Type material: Holotype, female, Tanzania, Zanzibar, forest litter, 06 ° 16 ' S, 039 ° 25 ' E, 8 m. a. s. l., 2 February 2018, coll. S. G. Ermilov, A. A. Khaustov (in TUMZ); paratypes: 14 females, same data as holotype (10 in TUMZ, 4 in ANIC).	en	Joharchi, Omid, Halliday, Bruce, Khaustov, Alexander A., Ermilov, Sergey G. (2018): Some soil-inhabiting mites from Zanzibar (Acari: Laelapidae). Zootaxa 4514 (1): 23-40, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4514.1.2
038E7151FFCB2501FF55572BFABCFAE1.taxon	description	Description. Female (n = 15 specimens). Dorsal idiosoma (Figs 18, 28). Dorsal shield (length 581 – 605, width 387 – 382) well sclerotised, with distinct reticulate ornamentation over whole surface, shield bearing 41 pairs of smooth, subequal and moderately long setae (44 – 53) except j 1, z 1 and Z 5 shorter (23 – 27); 22 pairs on podonotal region (j 1 – 6; z 1 – 6; s 1 – 6; r 2 – 5) and 19 pairs on opisthonotal region (J 1 – 5; Z 1 – 5; S 1 – 5; and four pairs of Zx setae), opisthonotal region with two or three unpaired supernumerary seta Jx in each specimen. Dorsal shield with 22 pairs of discernible pore-like structures, six on podonotum (id 1, id 2, id 4, id 5, gd 2, gd 5, see Fig. 18) and 16 on opisthonotum (idm 1 – idm 6, idx, is 1, idl 1 – idl 4, gd 8, gd 9, see Fig. 1). Four to five pairs of setae in R series on the lateral soft skin surrounding the shield. Ventral idiosoma (Figs 19, 29). Tritosternum with a pair of sparsely pilose laciniae (71 – 79), narrow columnar base 21 – 24 long 7 – 9 wide; presternal area strongly sclerotised, with conspicuous transverse lines. Sternal shield (length 114 – 118) narrowest between coxae II (92 – 94), widest between coxa II – III (156 – 159), with almost straight posterior margin, but slightly convex in some specimens; with three pairs of simple long sternal setae, reaching base of next posterior seta, st 1 (43 – 45), st 2 (48 – 52), st 3 (39 – 43), and two pairs of poroids (iv 1 slit-like and iv 2 suboval, adjacent to setae st 1 and between st 2 and st 3, respectively), anterolateral corners of the shield not extend between coxae I / II and merged with endopodal elements between coxae III / IV, almost all surface of the shield reticulated with polygonal cells and lineate patterns (Figs 19, 29); lateral margins alongside coxa II – III fused with endopodal plates. Metasternal platelets absent, one pair of simple metasternal setae st 4 (40 – 45) and pore-like iv 3 inserted on soft cuticle posterior to sternal shield; endopodal plates III / IV elongate, narrow, curved and free from sternal shield. Genital shield elongate, broadened and rounded posteriorly, width 158 – 162 and length 263 – 277; surface reticulated with irregular longitudinal lines in anterior half and enclosing eight granulated polygonal cells in posterior half (see Figs 19, 29), genital setae st 5 (45 – 50) smooth, on edges of shield. Paragenital poroids (iv 5) located on soft cuticle lateral to shield near st 5. Anal shield subtriangular, length 97 – 101, width 110 – 118, bearing three smooth and simple circumanal setae, post-anal seta (22 – 25) longer than para-anal setae (18 – 22), its anterior half with lineate ornamentation and a pair of lateral pores (gv 3); cribrum small, without lateral projections. Soft opisthogastric cuticle surrounding genital and anal shields with one pair of sub-oval metapodal plates (47 – 52 long 10 – 12 wide), ten pairs of setae (Jv 1 – Jv 5, Zv 1 – Zv 5) and three pairs of discernible pore-like structures including iv 3 and iv 5; all setae uniform in length (39 – 45) and thickness. Peritreme long, extending to mid-level of coxa I (Figs 19, 29), peritrematal shield narrow, free from exopodal shields, each shield bearing four discernible pore-like structures, a gland pore gp at level of coxa III, two poroids ip and a gland pore gp on post-stigmatic section and anterior part of shield fused with dorsal shield. Gnathosoma (Figs 20 – 23, 30 – 32). Hypostome with three pairs of hypostomal setae [h 1 (35 – 38), h 2 (20 – 23), h 3 (52 – 58)] and a pair of palpcoxal setae (pc) (41 – 44). Deutosternal groove narrow, with six transverse rows of 5 – 7 denticles, corniculi horn-like and parallel to each other, almost reaching mid-level of palp femur (Figs 20, 30). Palp chaetotaxy normal: trochanter 2, femur 5, genu 6, tibia 14, tarsus 15, all setae smooth and needle-like except al on femur and al 1 and al 2 on palp genu thickened and apically spatulate; palp tarsal tarsal claw two-tined (Fig. 22). Internal malae with a pair of pointed lobes, laterally coarsely fimbriate; labrum with spiculate surface. Anterior edge of epistome arch-shaped and smooth (Figs 21, 31). Fixed digit of chelicera with four teeth of various sizes and a setaceous pilus dentilis, dorsal cheliceral seta short and robust. Arthrodial brush present at base of movable digit, movable digit with two teeth and distinct cheliceral lyrifissure (Figs 23, 32). Legs (Figs 24 – 27). Legs II (342 – 368) and III (326 – 341) shorter than legs I (460 – 477) and IV (455 – 487). Chaetotaxy normal for free-living Laelapidae: Leg I (Fig. 24): coxa 0 0 / 1 0 / 1 0, trochanter 1 0 / 2 1 / 1 1, femur 2 2 / 1 3 / 3 2, genu 2 3 / 2 3 / 1 2, tibia 2 3 / 2 3 / 1 2. Leg II (Fig. 25): coxa 0 0 / 1 0 / 1 0, trochanter 1 0 / 1 1 / 2 1, femur 2 3 / 1 2 / 2 1, genu 2 3 / 1 2 / 1 2, tibia 2 2 / 1 2 / 1 2. Leg III (Fig. 26): coxa 0 0 / 1 0 / 1 0, trochanter 1 1 / 1 0 / 1 1, femur 1 2 / 1 1 / 1 1, genu 2 2 / 1 2 / 1 1, tibia 2 1 / 1 2 / 1 1. Leg IV (Fig. 27): coxa 0 0 / 1 0 / 0 0, trochanter 1 1 / 1 0 / 1 1, femur 1 2 / 0 1 / 1 1, genu 2 2 / 1 3 / 0 1, tibia 1 2 / 1 3 / 1 2. All setae fine and needle-like. Tarsi II – IV with 18 setae 3 3 / 2 3 / 2 3 + mv, md, all setae simple and needle-like; all pre-tarsi with a well-developed ambulacral stalk, a pair of claws and three rounded pulvillar lobes, extensively projecting beyond claws. Insemination structures: Not seen, apparently unsclerotised. Male. Unknown.	en	Joharchi, Omid, Halliday, Bruce, Khaustov, Alexander A., Ermilov, Sergey G. (2018): Some soil-inhabiting mites from Zanzibar (Acari: Laelapidae). Zootaxa 4514 (1): 23-40, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4514.1.2
038E7151FFCB2501FF55572BFABCFAE1.taxon	etymology	Etymology. This species is named in honour of Friedrich Bernhard, who described the genus Hypoaspisella.	en	Joharchi, Omid, Halliday, Bruce, Khaustov, Alexander A., Ermilov, Sergey G. (2018): Some soil-inhabiting mites from Zanzibar (Acari: Laelapidae). Zootaxa 4514 (1): 23-40, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4514.1.2
038E7151FFCB2501FF55572BFABCFAE1.taxon	diagnosis	Differential diagnosis. Hypoaspisella bernhardi can be easily distinguished from any other Hypoaspisella species by the following characters: (1) dorsal shield bearing 41 pairs of setae (four pairs of Zx setae) (2) long sternal setae, reaching base of next posterior setae; (3) genital shield elongated, broadened and surface reticulated with irregular longitudinal lines in anterior and enclosing eight granulated polygonal cells in the posterior part.	en	Joharchi, Omid, Halliday, Bruce, Khaustov, Alexander A., Ermilov, Sergey G. (2018): Some soil-inhabiting mites from Zanzibar (Acari: Laelapidae). Zootaxa 4514 (1): 23-40, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4514.1.2
038E7151FFC72509FF5554F4FCF0FE34.taxon	description	Ololaelaps placentulus. — Farrier & Hennessey, 1993: 83.	en	Joharchi, Omid, Halliday, Bruce, Khaustov, Alexander A., Ermilov, Sergey G. (2018): Some soil-inhabiting mites from Zanzibar (Acari: Laelapidae). Zootaxa 4514 (1): 23-40, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4514.1.2
038E7151FFC72509FF5554F4FCF0FE34.taxon	description	Ololaelaps confinis. — Hull, 1918: 66. Specimens examined: Three females, Tanzania, Zanzibar, forest litter, 06 ° 16 ' S, 039 ° 25 ' E, 8 m. a. s. l., 2 February 2018, coll. S. G. Ermilov, A. A. Khaustov (in TUMZ). Notes. This species may be easily recognised by the lateral fusion of the metapodal shields to the genitoventro-anal shield, but the posterior of peritrematal and exopodal shields behind coxa IV are usually free. Our concept of the species is based on that of Evans & Till (1966), and our specimens agree completely with Evans & Till (1966, Figure 52). We have presented an extensive synonymy of the species to emphasise that it is well-known under several different names, and very widely distributed in North America, Europe, and Russia. It is now recorded in Zanzibar for the first time, from soil and litter.	en	Joharchi, Omid, Halliday, Bruce, Khaustov, Alexander A., Ermilov, Sergey G. (2018): Some soil-inhabiting mites from Zanzibar (Acari: Laelapidae). Zootaxa 4514 (1): 23-40, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4514.1.2
038E7151FFC02509FF555297FD4DFAE6.taxon	description	Notes. Most of the information on this species has been published under the names Ololaelaps venetus or Pseudoparasitus (Ololaelaps) venetus. Hennessey & Farrier (1988) considered that Ololaelaps venetus, Laelaps flavus and Laelaps magnichela are synonyms of Ololaelaps placidus. Ryke (1962) and Evans & Till (1966) considered that Laelaps tumidulus (Koch) sensu G. & R. Canestrini (1882 a), which was redescribed by Berlese (1889: 5), is a synonym of Ololaelaps venetus. Evans & Till (1966) and Bregetova (1977) considered that Ololaelaps halaskovae is also synonym of Ololaelaps venetus. We have presented an extensive synonymy of the species to emphasise that it is well-known under several different names, and very widely distributed in North America, Europe, and Russia. It is now recorded in Zanzibar for the first time, from soil and litter. The species may be recognised easily by the fusion of the peritrematal, metapodal and exopodal shields behind coxa IV, and the lateral fusion of these shields to the genito-ventro-anal shield. Our concept of the species is based on that of Evans & Till (1966) and specimens agree completely with Evans & Till (1966, Figure 49) and is now recorded in Zanzibar for the first time, from soil and litter.	en	Joharchi, Omid, Halliday, Bruce, Khaustov, Alexander A., Ermilov, Sergey G. (2018): Some soil-inhabiting mites from Zanzibar (Acari: Laelapidae). Zootaxa 4514 (1): 23-40, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4514.1.2
038E7151FFC02509FF5556AAFB10F911.taxon	materials_examined	Type species Laelaps meridionalis G. & R. Canestrini, 1882 b, by original designation.	en	Joharchi, Omid, Halliday, Bruce, Khaustov, Alexander A., Ermilov, Sergey G. (2018): Some soil-inhabiting mites from Zanzibar (Acari: Laelapidae). Zootaxa 4514 (1): 23-40, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4514.1.2
038E7151FFC02509FF5556AAFB10F911.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. The concept of Pseudoparasitus used here is based on that of Joharchi et al. (2011).	en	Joharchi, Omid, Halliday, Bruce, Khaustov, Alexander A., Ermilov, Sergey G. (2018): Some soil-inhabiting mites from Zanzibar (Acari: Laelapidae). Zootaxa 4514 (1): 23-40, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4514.1.2
038E7151FFC02508FF5555B4FA48FD91.taxon	description	Gymnolaelaps austriacus. — Hunter, 1961: 680. Pseudoparasitus austriacus. — Hunter, 1966: 9. Hypoaspis austriacus. — Hirschmann & Bernhard, 1969: 132. Hypoaspis (Gymnolaelaps) austriacus. — Bregetova, 1977: 526.	en	Joharchi, Omid, Halliday, Bruce, Khaustov, Alexander A., Ermilov, Sergey G. (2018): Some soil-inhabiting mites from Zanzibar (Acari: Laelapidae). Zootaxa 4514 (1): 23-40, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4514.1.2
038E7151FFC02508FF5555B4FA48FD91.taxon	description	22902290 Notes. Most of the published information on this species has been published under the name G. austriacus. It has been recorded many times, from North America, Europe and Russia. The species may be recognised by the relatively narrow exopodal plates behind coxa IV, very long and narrow metapodal plates, the very wide rounded genito-ventral shield, and a pair of opisthogastric setae in the soft skin between the genito-ventral and anal shields.	en	Joharchi, Omid, Halliday, Bruce, Khaustov, Alexander A., Ermilov, Sergey G. (2018): Some soil-inhabiting mites from Zanzibar (Acari: Laelapidae). Zootaxa 4514 (1): 23-40, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4514.1.2
