taxonID	type	description	language	source
B97AFCB9567638321DA0C4AA7D923BCB.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Eastern North America; central Illinois and east Tennessee.	en	Kuo, Michael, Matheny, P. Brandon (2015): Contemporary documentation of the rare eastern North American species Inocybeinsignis (Inocybaceae, Agaricales). MycoKeys 11: 23-31, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.11.5604, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.11.5604
B97AFCB9567638321DA0C4AA7D923BCB.taxon	discussion	Discussion. The Illinois collection described agrees with the macroscopic description of Smith (1941) in all details except the " somewhat bulbous base " recorded by Smith (basidiomes in Kuo 07101101 feature prominent, rimmed basal bulbs) and the color of the bruising, recorded by Smith as " greenish, " " sordid green, " and " sordid greenish gray " (basidiomes in Kuo 07101101 bruised greenish blue to blackish blue). The microscopic features recorded by Smith are also in agreement with those of Kuo 07101101, except for a slight difference in basidiospore morphology; Smith recorded spores with dimensions of " (8) 9 - 12 x (6) 7 - 10 μ " and 9 - 13 nodules, somewhat larger than the Illinois collection. Aside from these subtle differences, we find our current collection in complete agreement with the description of the type, which consists of but a portion of a single basidiome. While it is not possible to draw conclusions about the demographics of this species (now known from only two collections), we did observe genetic heterogeneity in all three gene regions sequenced. Based on a multi-gene phylogenetic analysis (Fig. 1), Inocybe insignis is most closely related, and indeed the sister group to, a small consortium of species from southeast Asia and Australasia. Inocybe pileosulcata E. Horak, Matheny & Desjardin has been recorded from Thailand and Malaysia in association with a wide assortment of ectomycorrhizal plant associates (Dipterocarpus, Shorea, Castanopsis, Pinus) in tropical lowland and montane forests (Horak et al. 2015). We are also aware of this species from dipterocarp forests in tropical regions of India. The two provisionally named Australasian species, Inocybe vagata Matheny & Bougher ined. (= Inocybe asterospora sensu E. Horak) and Inocybe nobilissima Matheny & Bougher ined., occur in Australia and / or New Zealand, and have been recorded in forests dominated by sclerophyll vegetation (Eucalyptus, Leptospermum, Allocasuarina, Acacia) and / or mixed with Nothofagus in New Zealand. Despite the wide geographical disjunction in this group, all of these species share the presence of stellate-shaped basidiospores, distinct marginate basal bulb, and conspicuous odor, typically spermatic. All three Australasian and Asian species discussed above lack the strong sweet smell (but with a spermatic component) and the greenish blue staining of basidiomes that characterize Inocybe insignis. Collections of Inocybe xanthomelas Boursier & Kuehner could possibly be confused with Inocybe insignis due to their discoloration to a fuscous or grayish black color especially after drying. However, Inocybe xanthomelas does not discolor greenish blue or blackish blue, nor is it closely related phylogenetically to Inocybe insignis. Other species from Europe have been documented with nodulose spores, a marginate stipe base, and flesh that changes color, particularly upon drying. The taxonomic status of these species has been addressed by Esteve-Raventos et al. (2015), but none of these have the stellate spores that characterize Inocybe insignis, and all are phylogenetically remotely related to the Inocybe asterospora group (Ryberg et al. 2010). The biogeographical relationship exhibited here (Fig. 1) - a disjunct relationship between eastern North America and southeast Asia and Australasia - is one not often recorded in mushroom-forming fungi. Disjunct relationships between eastern North America and temperate east Asian species have been suggested in various groups of macrofungi (Wu and Mueller 1997; but see Mueller et al. 2001) and between eastern North America and the Caribbean (Baroni et al. 1997). In other groups some cohesion between Asia and western North American macrofungal species has been reported (Petersen and Hughes 2003). A group worthy of investigation that might share a similar southeast Asia / Australasia-eastern North American disjunct is Gloeocantharellus (Corner 1969, Giachini et al. 2010). However, northern South American species have also been ascribed to Gloeocantharellus, and this element is apparently missing from the Inocybe asterospora group.	en	Kuo, Michael, Matheny, P. Brandon (2015): Contemporary documentation of the rare eastern North American species Inocybeinsignis (Inocybaceae, Agaricales). MycoKeys 11: 23-31, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.11.5604, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.11.5604
