identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
038E87AFDA263744FD9EAC5BFD69FC92.text	038E87AFDA263744FD9EAC5BFD69FC92.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gallancyra Gustafsson & Zou 2020	<div><p>Genus  Gallancyra Gustafsson &amp; Zou gen. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 7C0E09CF-B1F7-4A97-81E5-74DF2C0CD4C6</p><p>Figs 5–14</p><p>Lipeurus Nitzsch, 1818: 292 (in partim).</p><p>Oxylipeurus Mjöberg, 1910: 91 (in partim).</p><p>Reticulipeurus Kéler, 1958: 332 (in partim).</p><p>Type species</p><p>Lipeurus dentatus Sugimoto, 1934 .</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Lipeurus dentatus was previously placed either in  Oxylipeurus (e.g., Price et al. 2003) or in  Reticulipeurus (e.g., Mey 2003). Of these two genera,  Gallancyra is most similar to  Reticulipeurus (see, e.g., Kéler (1958) and Gustafsson et al. (2020) for illustrations of most of these characters in  Reticulipeurus, and Mey (1990) for corresponding characters in  Oxylipeurus s. str.; see also Table 3), with which it shares the following characters: stylus extends beyond distal margin of abdomen (Fig. 7); intertergal plates absent (Figs 5–6); mesosome large, with hook-shaped antero-lateral corners, rugose distal margins, and ventral gonopore associated with transverse sclerite which bears setae laterally (Fig. 13); parameres symmetrical, at most about twice as long as mesosome, and roughly finger-shaped (Fig. 12); female subgenital plate much reduced, typically divided medially (Fig. 8); vulval opening converging medially to single, typically narrow, point,  not forming convex lobes laterally (Fig. 12); post-antennal suture absent (Fig. 9).</p><p>Etymology</p><p>Gallancyra is constructed from the Latin name ‘  gallus ’, for ‘chicken’ and the genus of the type host of the type species, and the Greek word ‘ ancyra ’, for ‘anchor’. This refers to the shape of the stylus of the male subgenital plate. The gender is feminine.</p><p>Differential diagnosis</p><p>Gallancyra gen. nov. can be separated from  Reticulipeurus by the following characters: preantennal head pointed in  Gallancyra gen. nov. (Fig. 9), but rounded in  Reticulipeurus; preantennal head in  Gallancyra gen. nov. ventrally with clypeo-labral suture that divides sclerotized section of ventral head into two lobes, and that expands in anterior end, seemingly making ventral side of frons hyaline (Fig. 9), but without any clypeo-labral suture and with no ventral hyaline region in  Reticulipeurus; tergopleurites with clear reticulation at least laterally on some segments in  Reticulipeurus, but without clear reticulation in  Gallancyra gen. nov. (Figs 5–6); stylus arising from distal margin and with protruding section expanded into anchor-shape in  Gallancyra gen. nov. (Fig. 7), but arising subterminally and with protruding section  not or only little expanded, and never anchor-shaped in  Reticulipeurus; rugose section of distal mesosome limited to lateral margins and expanding medially in anterior end in  Gallancyra gen. nov. (Fig. 13), but typically limited to distal margin and  not expanded in anterior end in  Reticulipeurus; sclerotized plate present on distal mesosome in  Gallancyra gen. nov. (Fig. 13), but absent in  Reticulipeurus; pst1–2 placed close-together subterminally, and both with visible microsetae in  Gallancyra gen. nov. (Fig. 12), but pst1 is a sensillus and typically placed well proximal of pst 2 in  Reticulipeurus; subvulval sclerites present in  Reticulipeurus, but absent in  Gallancyra gen. nov. (Fig. 8).</p><p>1 This character is  not clearly visible in the illustrations of Mey (1990), and we have  not examined any specimens belonging to any species of  Oxylipeurus s. str.</p><p>The structure of the preantennal head (Fig. 9) and the stylus (Fig. 7) of  Gallancyra dentata gen. et comb. nov. are unique within the  Oxylipeurus -complex and, to the extent of our knowledge, the entire  Ischnocera . These two characters should separate  Gallancyra gen. nov. from all other genera of ischnoceran chewing lice.</p><p>Description</p><p>Both sexes</p><p>Head overall trapezoidal, widening posteriorly, but with frons triangularly extended into medial point (Fig. 9). Hyaline margin seemingly present as very narrow translucent band near frons; this is  not visible in all examined specimens, and in many cases differs between sides of the same specimen. Marginal carina uninterrupted, but displaced dorsally anterior to as2; most preantennal setae with clear attendant canals going through the marginal carina. Internal thickenings present anterior to ads, varying in extent among specimens. Dorsal preantennal suture present, enveloping aperture of ads, and approaching but  not reaching lateral margins of head. Ventrally, head capsule appears to be hyaline medially and anteriorly, with sclerotized sections densely decorated with semi-reticulated pattern. Ventral carina  not clearly visible. Head and antennal chaetotaxy as in Fig. 9. Preantennal nodi large, bulging. Antennae sexually dimorphic (Figs 9–10). Pre-and postocular nodi present. Occipital carinae  not visible. Temporal carinae visible only in posterior section, connecting to bulbous nodi. Gular plate diffuse, approximately as in Fig. 9; area around gular plate with conspicuous spiculate thickenings.</p><p>Thoracic segments and chaetotaxy as in Figs 5–6. Pronotum and pteronotum each medially continuous. Meso- and metanota fused into single plate. Metepisterna broad, medial end with finger-like extension that may reach pteronotum. Legs and leg chaetotaxy as in Fig. 14; anterior setae of trochanters II–III may be present, but  not visible in examined species as legs are distorted. At least two setae on medial margin of tibiae II–III appear to be hyaline and larger than other setae (illustrated as hollow). Abdominal segments and chaetotaxy as in Figs 5–6. Tergopleurites II–VIII medially divided, tergopleurite IX+X medially continuous. Internal thickening of antero-lateral corners of tergopleurites present on segments III–VII. Sternal plates present on segments II–VII.</p><p>Male</p><p>Antennae as in Fig. 9; scape, pedicel, and flagellomere I expanded compared to female; flagellomere I with thumb-like extension and rugose medial surface. Subgenital plate seemingly protruding internally to sternal plate VII (Fig. 7). Stylus arises from distal margin of subgenital plate and reaches beyond distal margin of abdomen; distal section of stylus expanded, with lateral margins extended into small “hooks” in anterior end. Basal apodeme slender, lateral margins slightly concave, anterior end diffuse (Fig. 11). Mesosome with antero-lateral sclerotized hook-shaped extensions, distally with rounded margin and rugose area only laterally (Fig. 13). Gonoporal complex small compared to mesosome. Sclerotized plate with arched antero-lateral extensions. Parameres as in Fig. 12; pst1–2 both microsetae.</p><p>Female</p><p>Antennae as in Fig. 10. Distal end of abdomen as in Fig. 8. Subgenital plate divided medially, with conspicuous honey-comb reticulation in central parts. Vulval margin deeply concave. Most distal anal seta apparently modified to sensilla, as only alveoli are visible in examined specimens.</p><p>Host distribution</p><p>Presently only known from hosts in the genus  Gallus Brisson, 1760 . This genus is closely related to the genus  Bambusicola Gould, 1836 (Armstrong et al. 2001; Dyke et al. 2003; Kimball &amp; Braun 2008; Wang et al. 2013), but no species of the  Oxylipeurus -complex lice are known from hosts in the genus  Bambusicola .</p><p>Geographical range</p><p>See Table 1 and Fig. 4; primarily the Indo-Malayan region and Central America, but also known from New Guinea, the Caribbean, and islands in the Central Pacific. Seemingly absent over large parts of the host’s (introduced) range, but may be overlooked.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Złotorzycka (1966) considered the species here placed in  Gallancyra gen. nov. to belong in  Oxylipeurus s. str., but did  not justify this placement other than by reference to published illustrations. Presumably her judgement was based on the presence of an anteriorly pointed head in both  Gallancyra dentata gen. et comb. nov. and species of  Oxylipeurus, whereas other genera in the complex generally have rounded preantennal heads. Comparing  G. dentata gen. et comb. nov. to more recent illustrations of  Oxylipeurus s. str. (e.g., Mey 1990) shows that, apart from the pointed head, there are few morphological similarities between the two genera. For instance,  Oxylipeurus s. str. has intertergal plates, medially continuous tergopleurites VII–VIII, a post-antennal suture, much reduced and highly modified male genitalia, and a small, distally blunt, stylus.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038E87AFDA263744FD9EAC5BFD69FC92	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Gustafsson, Daniel R.;Zou, Fasheng	Gustafsson, Daniel R., Zou, Fasheng (2020): Gallancyra gen. nov. (Phthiraptera: Ischnocera), with an overview of the geographical distribution of chewing lice parasitizing chicken. European Journal of Taxonomy 685: 1-36, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.685
038E87AFDA3D3746FE50A81EFBF3FB49.text	038E87AFDA3D3746FE50A81EFBF3FB49.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gallancyra dentata (Sugimoto 1934) Gustafsson & Zou 2020	<div><p>Gallancyra dentata (Sugimoto, 1934) gen. et comb. nov.</p><p>Lipeurus dentatus Sugimoto, 1934: 2, figs 1–11 + 2 unnumbered photos.</p><p>Lipeurus angularis Peters, 1935: 101, figs 1–3.</p><p>Oxylipeurus dentatus – Clay, 1938: 181.</p><p>Reticulipeurus dentatus (Sugimoto, 1935) [sic] – Mey 2003: 90.</p><p>Type host</p><p>Gallus gallus (Linnaeus, 1758) – Red Junglefowl (domestic chicken).</p><p>Other hosts</p><p>Gallus gallus murghi Robinsson &amp; Kloss, 1920;  Gallus gallus spadiceus (Bonnaterre, 1790) (Emerson &amp; Elbel 1956: 382);  Gallus lafayettii Lesson, 1831 (Price et al. 2003: 203) – Sri Lanka Junglefowl. “[S]everal of the wild chickens of Southeast Asia” (Emerson 1956: 78).</p><p>Type locality</p><p>Taiwan.</p><p>Material examined</p><p>Non-type material</p><p>Ex  Gallus gallus murghi</p><p>INDIA • 1 ♂, 2 ♀♀; Sikkim; Jan. 1922; R. Meinertzhagen, 345; NHMUK010682390; NHMUK .</p><p>Ex  Gallus gallus ssp.</p><p>PAPUA NEW GUINEA • 2 ♀♀;  Central District, Kapogere Area; Apr. 1971; I.L. Owen leg.; 1192/71; Brit.Mus. 1971-292; NHMUK010682394; NHMUK  .</p><p>MALAYSIA • 1 ♀; Trengganu; 1968; A. Mustaffa leg.; Brit. Mus. 1968-292; NHMUK010682389 •  2 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀; Trengganu; Jun. 1969; A. Mustaffa leg.; Brit. Mus. 1969-396; NHMUK010682393; NHMUK .</p><p>Description</p><p>Both sexes</p><p>See genus description; below are listed only details of those characters typically variable among species in the  Oxylipeurus -complex.</p><p>Male</p><p>Proximal mesosome extended into rather trapezoidal structure that overlaps with distal section of basal apodeme (Fig. 13); this section is rather diffuse in specimens, and has here been illustrated approximately. Antero-lateral sections of mesosome elongated hook-shaped, more intensely sclerotized than trapezoidal section. Distal mesosome gently rounded, with rugose areas limited to lateral margins; rugose section expands medially in anterior end. Sclerotized plate present in central part of distal mesosome, with arched antero-lateral extensions on each side. Gonopore slender,  not reaching distal half of mesosome. A single tube situated on each side of gonopore, which may terminate in sensilla, but no such sensillae visible in examined specimens. Two pmes microsetae visible on each side lateral to gonopore. Parameres slender, without distinct head; pst1–2 as in Fig. 12, both subterminal microsetae. Measurements (n = 3, except TL and PTW where n = 2); TL = 2.22–2.32; HL = 0.63–064; HW = 0.44–0.46; PRW = 0.32–0.35; PTW = 0.44–0.46; AW = 0.53–0.62.</p><p>Female</p><p>Vulval margin with 20–32 vms on each side, and 11–15 vss gathered in the central section. In both sets of setae, lateral setae are longer than medial setae. Measurements (n = 8); TL = 2.54–2.84; HL = 0.70–0.74; HW = 0.51–0.55; PRW = 0.36–0.42; PTW = 0.52–0.59; AW = 0.69–0.75.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Peters (1935), Clay (1938), Emerson (1956) and Price et al. (2003) all list “  Lipeurus denticlypeus Sugimoto, 1934 ” as a synonym or potential synonym of  O. dentatus . Clay (1938: 181) noted that the change in name is only in the reprint,  not in the published version of the manuscript. As such, it has never been published, and is at best considered a manuscript name, with no nomenclatorial existence.</p><p>Moreover, the translation of this manuscript is usually given as “On a new species of  Mallophaga,  Lipeurus denticlypeatus n. sp., from the Formosan fowl” (e.g., Price et al. 2003). The original Japanese title does  not include either the name of the louse, the name of the host, or the origin of the specimens. It roughly translates to “Additional information on the head lice of domestic birds”. No information on the location on Sugimoto’s type specimens appears to be included in the original description, and the location of the holotype is unknown. As we have no evidence that it has been destroyed or lost, we here do  not select a neotype for  L. dentatus .</p><p>A single examined male of  G. dentata gen. et comb. nov. from  Gallus gallus murghi has a larger head with a blunter preantennal area than males from G. g.  gallus, but heads of females from the two host subspecies are near identical. Other characters are largely indistinguishable between specimens from the two host subspecies, but the male genitalia of the single male from G. g. murghi are destroyed and partially obscured by gut content, and cannot be compared adequately. As so few specimens have been examined from either host subspecies, and the natural variation is thus  not known, we presently do  not consider these differences to be significant, until a large series of specimens have been examined. We therefore consider specimens from both host subspecies to be conspecific.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038E87AFDA3D3746FE50A81EFBF3FB49	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Gustafsson, Daniel R.;Zou, Fasheng	Gustafsson, Daniel R., Zou, Fasheng (2020): Gallancyra gen. nov. (Phthiraptera: Ischnocera), with an overview of the geographical distribution of chewing lice parasitizing chicken. European Journal of Taxonomy 685: 1-36, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.685
