identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
0383475BFFFBFFA574E07C93CE7BF8E7.text	0383475BFFFBFFA574E07C93CE7BF8E7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dominikia litorea Blaszk. & Kozlowska 2018	<div><p>Dominikia litorea Błaszk. &amp; Kozłowska, sp. nov. Fig. 3A‒H</p> <p>MycoBank MB 823832</p> <p>Collections examined: Holotype:— ZT Myc 58910 (Z + ZT), isotypes: 3602‒3614 (DEPSE), and OSC 161511, OSC 161512 (OSC).</p> <p>Etymology:— litorea, referring to the sandy dunes, in which the species exists.</p> <p>Diagnosis:—Differs from D. indica in the phenotypic and histochemical properties of spore wall layers, the morphological characters of the spore subtending hypha, and in molecular phylogeny.</p> <p>Description:—Spores formed in soil in loose to compact clusters of 3‒22 spores; develop blastically at the tip of hyphae branched from a parent hypha continuous with a mycorrhizal extraradical hypha (Fig. 3A‒H); clusters frequently with incorporated soil debris (Fig. 3D, E). Spores hyaline; globose to subglobose; (11‒)25(‒35) μm diam; rarely egg-shaped or irregular, 23‒33 × 29‒50 μm; with one subtending hypha (Fig. 3A‒H). Spore wall consists of two layers (layers 1 and 2) of equal thickness, (0.8‒)1.0(‒1.2) μm thick (Fig. 3B‒H). Layer 1, forming the spore surface, permanent, unit (not divided into visible sublayers), smooth. Layer 2 permanent, laminate, smooth, consisting of very thin, &lt;0.5 μm, sublayers tightly adherent to each other and therefore difficult to see; this layer frequently separates from the lower surface of layer 1 in crushed spores and uncrushed spores subjected to the pressure of a microscope cover slip (Fig. 3B‒G). In Melzer’s reagent, only layer 2 usually stains pale red (7A3) to pastel red (7A5), rarely high red (9A8), or turns pastel yellow (3A4; Fig. 3C‒H). Subtending hypha hyaline; straight or recurved, usually funnel-shaped, more rarely cylindrical, rarely slightly constricted at the spore base; (2.5‒)3.7(‒9.0) μm wide at the spore base (Fig. 3C‒H). Wall of subtending hypha hyaline; (0.8‒)1.3(‒2.0) μm thick at the spore base; composed of two layers continuous with spore wall layers 1 and 2 (Fig. 3G, H). Pore (0.8‒)1.6(‒5.8) μm diam, open (Fig. 3F‒H). Germination unknown.</p> <p>Mycorrhizal associations:—As indicated studies of trap cultures, in the field, D. litorea probably lived in mycorrhizal symbiosis with X. spinosum that had colonized sand dunes of the Mediterranean Sea located near Verico, Greece. However, spores of the fungus were not found in the field-collected rhizosphere soil of X. spinosa and no molecular analyses were performed to confirm the presence of D. litorea in roots of the plant species.</p> <p>In single-species cultures with P. lanceolata as host plant, D. litorea formed mycorrhiza with arbuscules, vesicles, and intra- and extraradical hyphae. All the structures were widely distributed along the root fragments examined and stained clearly [violet white (16A2) to deep violet (16E8)] in 0.1% Trypan Blue.</p> <p>Distribution and habitat:—Despite during the last 34 years J. Błaszkowski examined the occurrence of AMF in ca. 2500 field-collected soil samples and ca. 3000 trap cultures that represented different habitats, mainly maritime dunes, located in different regions of Africa, Asia, Europe, Brazil and USA, D. litorea was found only in one trap culture. The culture represented the Greece sand dunes of the Mediterranean Sea located near Verico. However, BLAST searches indicated that D. litorea has probably also been associated with roots of an unnamed plant species growing in China. The identity of the SSU‒ITS‒LSU sequences of D. litorea and two SSU‒ITS‒LSU sequences (KF836940, KF836961) of the Chinese AMF named Glomus sp. 6, which were obtained in so called environmental studies, was 98%. Of the RPB1 gene sequences deposited in public databases, the percent identity of none suggested a molecular conspecificity with our new species. The highest identity was only 92% and regarded, among others, D. indica.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0383475BFFFBFFA574E07C93CE7BF8E7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Błaszkowski, Janusz;Ryszka, Przemysław;Kozłowska, Anna	Błaszkowski, Janusz, Ryszka, Przemysław, Kozłowska, Anna (2018): Dominikia litorea, a new species in the Glomeromycotina, and biogeographic distribution of Dominikia. Phytotaxa 338 (3): 241-254, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.338.3.2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.338.3.2
0383475BFFF8FFAB74E07E31C8FCFD2D.text	0383475BFFF8FFAB74E07E31C8FCFD2D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dominikia litorea Blaszk. & Kozlowska 2018	<div><p>Dominikia litorea</p> <p>The most peculiar morphological character of D. litorea is the equal thickness of its two spore wall layers (Fig. 3B‒H). The dextrinoid reaction of spore wall layer 2, which appears in most spores mounted in Melzer’s reagent, also distinguishes the new species (Fig. 3C‒E, G, H). In addition, the facts that D. litorea forms spores only in clusters and the spores remain hyaline regardless of age are noteworthy.</p> <p>Of the 12 previously described Dominikia spp., only D. indica and D. minuta produce spores that remain hyaline throughout their entire life cycle and the spores have a spore wall consisting of two layers (Błaszkowski et al. 2000, 2010b).</p> <p>However, most importantly, although spore wall layer 1 of D. litorea and D. indica is similar in thickness, in the former species it is permanent and nonreactive in Melzer’s reagent (Fig. 3C, E, G, H), and in the latter fungus layer 1 is short-lived, usually completely sloughed off in mature spores, and it stains pinkish (11A2) to pink (12A4) in Melzer’s (Błaszkowski et al. 2010b). In both species, spore wall layer 2 is laminate, but in D. litorea it is 1.5‒3.3-fold thinner and usually shows dextrinoid properties in Melzer’s reagent (Fig. 3‒E, G, H); in D. indica it remains nonreactive in this reagent. In addition, in comparison to D. indica, at the spore base the spore subtending hypha of D. litorea is 1.2‒1.6-fold narrower, has a 1.6‒2.0-fold thinner wall and a 1.1‒1.4-fold narrower pore, which rarely is closed by a septum continuous with some innermost laminae of spore wall layer 2; in D. litorea no such a septum was observed (Fig. 3C‒H).</p> <p>Morphologically, D. litorea and D. minuta differ significantly and the differences mainly regard some of the phenotypic and histochemical features of components of the spore wall (Błaszkowski et al. 2000). In both species, spore wall layers 1 and 2 are permanent and of the same types: uniform and laminate, respectively. However, the spore wall of D. litorea is 1.3‒2.3-fold thicker than that of D. minuta, despite the laminate spore wall layer 2 in both species is similar in thickness. Spore wall layer 1 of D. minuta measures only 0.2‒0.7 μm, thus it is 1.7‒4.0-fold thinner than in D. litorea. Moreover, spore wall layer 1 of D. minuta frequently swells in PVLG and easily cracks in mature spores following their crushing. In D. litorea, spore wall layer 1 never swells in PVLG and is not fragile (Fig. 3B‒H). Histochemically, D. minuta is distinguished by the lack of any reaction of its spore wall layers in Melzer’s reagent, whereas spore wall layer 2 of D. litorea usually stains in this reagent (Fig. 3C‒E, G, H). Finally, D. minuta frequently produces single spores, whereas those of D. litorea occur only in clusters (Fig. 3A).</p> <p>The clear morphological separateness of D. litorea relative to the other known Dominikia spp. discussed above much more and unambiguously confirmed phylogenetic analyses of sequences of the SSU‒ITS‒LSU nrDNA region and the RPB1 gene (Figs 1, 2). The analyses generated trees, in which D. litorea was placed basally relatively to all but D. indica (Fig. 1) or all previously described Dominikia spp. (Fig. 2) and showed a large molecular distance between D. litorea and the other species of the genus (see General data and phylogeny).</p> <p>Figure 3. Dominikia litorea spores. A. Intact spores in cluster. B‒E. Spore wall layers (swl) 1 and 2 of the same thickness and easily separating from each other; note the presence of soil debris in the spore clusters showed in Fig. 3D and E. F. Spore wall layers (swl) 1 and 2 and funnel-shaped subtending hypha (sh). G, H. Spore wall layers (swl) 1 and 2 continuous with subtending hyphal wall layers (shwl) 1 and 2. A, B. Spores in PVLG. C‒H. Spores in PVLG+Melzer’s reagent. A‒H. Differential interference microscopy. Bars: A‒H = 10 μm</p> <p>*N – no available data, M – identified by morphological analyses, MA – identified by molecular analyses, ES – identified based on the environmental sequence(s) showed</p> <p>The biogeographic data presented in this paper (see above) convincingly prove that AMF of the genus Dominikia are widely distributed on Earth and probably coexist with a wide range of plant species growing in habitats of extremely different abiotic and biotic environmental conditions (Table 1).</p> <p>No studies have been performed on the influence of Dominikia spp. on plants and plant communities with which they are associated, and ecosystems in which they exist. Their abundant sporulation even in very old (15 years) trap and single-species cultures (Błaszkowski, pers. observ.) indicate that they are persistent microorganisms, despite their extraradical structures (spores and hyphae) quickly undergo decomposition in the field. The persistence is certainly provided by protective structures of roots, in which the fungi frequently form abundant assemblages of spores and hypha (Błaszkowski 2012, Błaszkowski et al. 2009, 2010a, 2015a). The large number of spores produced in extraradical clusters by most Dominikia spp. also suggests that the colonization power of the fungi is very high. Thus, the fungi with a lot of confidence play an important role in establishing, shaping, and functioning of single plants and plant communities. In order to confirm the suppositions presented above and use Dominikia spp. in practice, for example, in protection of dune plants and ecosystems, where most species of the genus have been discovered, appropriately targeted studies should be performed. Such studies should not be difficult due to technical problems because all of the Dominikia spp. known to date have been easy to grow in sand cultures (Błaszkowski pers. observ. and comm.). An open question is whether they can be grown equally well in in vitro cultures.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0383475BFFF8FFAB74E07E31C8FCFD2D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Błaszkowski, Janusz;Ryszka, Przemysław;Kozłowska, Anna	Błaszkowski, Janusz, Ryszka, Przemysław, Kozłowska, Anna (2018): Dominikia litorea, a new species in the Glomeromycotina, and biogeographic distribution of Dominikia. Phytotaxa 338 (3): 241-254, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.338.3.2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.338.3.2
