identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03833E1CFF8E617EDEEEFA22FB5EC3E8.text	03833E1CFF8E617EDEEEFA22FB5EC3E8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ixodes (Australixodes) Barker & Kelava & Heath & Seeman & Apanaskevich & Mans & Shao & Gofton & Teo & Byrne & Ito & Tan & Barker & Nakao 2023	<div><p>Subgenus Australixodes n. subgen. Barker, S.C. &amp; Barker, D.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: ADD7AD7C-1317-4FE4-87C7-D70D08847456</p><p>Type species: Ixodes anatis Chilton, 1904, here designated.</p><p>Subgeneric combination: Ixodes (Australixodes) anatis Chilton, 1904 .</p><p>Type depository: The record of Kwak &amp; Heath (2018) about the syntype are correct: Canterbury Museum, New Zealand (CMNZ, Reference number: 2015.162.1) (A.C.G. Heath) .</p><p>Species included: monotypic, Ixodes anatis Chilton, 1904 .</p><p>Diagnosis: With characteristics of its sole constituent species Ixodes (Australixodes) anatis . Kwak &amp; Heath (2018) provided detailed diagnoses and illustrations of the larvae, nymphs, males and females; these will not be repeated here. Ixodes (Australixodes) anatis is the only tick that is known from the kiwi (New Zealand); this information, together with the combination of morphological features noted by Kwak &amp; Heath (2018), make I. (Australixodes) anatis readily distinguishable from all other ticks. Ixodes anatis has been recorded from three taxa of kiwi in New Zealand: Apteryx mantelli Bartlett, 1852 (North Island kiwi), A. australis australis Shaw, 1813 (South Island brown kiwi) and A. a. lawryi Rothschild, 1891 (Stewart Island brown kiwi) (Heath 2010).</p><p>Etymology: The name of this new subgenus refers to the geographic distribution of I. (Australixodes) anatis in New Zealand in Australasia (masculine).</p><p>Distribution: New Zealand.</p><p>Remarks: Guglielmone et al. (2020) gives a list of the descriptions and redescriptions of the sole species in this subgenus, I. (Australixodes) anatis . Other papers pertinent to the geographic distribution and biology of I. (Australixodes) anatis: Heath (2010 a, 2010b) and Heath et al. (2011), Swift et al. (2015), Bansal et al. (2021).</p><p>Discussion: A subgenus is needed for I. anatis for two reasons. First, I. anatis does not fit, morphologically, into the subgenus Sternalixodes (Heath 1977; Kwak et al. 2017; Kwak &amp; Heath 2018). The differences are discussed in detail by Kwak &amp; Heath (2018) but here we reiterate that none of the life stages of I. anatis has a sternal plate, the eponymous character state that has been used to define the subgenus. Second, genetically, I. anatis does not fit into the subgenus Sternalixodes either (Fig. 2). Rather, our mt genome phylogeny revealed that the sister group of I. anatis is Ceratixodes + Sternalixodes (Fig. 2). Camicas et al. (1998) placed I. anatis in the I. unicavatus species group of the subgenus Scaphixodes but did not explain their reasons. The other three species in the I. unicavatus species group of Camicas et al. (1998) were I. unicavatus Neumann, 1908 from the Palaearctic, I. signatus (Birula, 1895) from Palaearctic and Nearctic, and I. downsi (Kohls, 1957) from the Neotropical region.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03833E1CFF8E617EDEEEFA22FB5EC3E8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Barker, Stephen C.;Kelava, Samuael;Heath, Allen C. G.;Seeman, Owen D.;Apanaskevich, Dmitry A.;Mans, Ben J.;Shao, Renfu;Gofton, Alexander W.;Teo, Ernest J. M.;Byrne, Andrew F.;Ito, Takuya;Tan, Craig J.;Barker, Dayana;Nakao, Ryo	Barker, Stephen C., Kelava, Samuael, Heath, Allen C. G., Seeman, Owen D., Apanaskevich, Dmitry A., Mans, Ben J., Shao, Renfu, Gofton, Alexander W., Teo, Ernest J. M., Byrne, Andrew F., Ito, Takuya, Tan, Craig J., Barker, Dayana, Nakao, Ryo (2023): A new subgenus, Australixodes n. subgen. (Acari: Ixodidae), for the kiwi tick, Ixodes anatis Chilton, 1904, and validation of the subgenus Coxixodes Schulze, 1941 with a phylogeny of 16 of the 22 subgenera of Ixodes Latreille, 1795 from entire mitochondrial genome sequences. Zootaxa 5325 (4): 529-540, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5325.4.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5325.4.4
03833E1CFF8D617EDEEEFCAFFA6AC794.text	03833E1CFF8D617EDEEEFCAFFA6AC794.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coxixodes (Coxixodes) Schulze 1941	<div><p>Subgenus Coxixodes Schulze, 1941</p><p>Type species: Ixodes ornithorhynchi Lucas, 1846 .</p><p>Type depository: The notes of Guglielmone et al. (2014) about the location of the types (syntypes) are correct: MNHN ( Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France) .</p><p>Species included: Ixodes ornithorhynchi Lucas, 1846 .</p><p>Subgeneric combination: Ixodes (Coxixodes) ornithorhynchi Lucas, 1846 .</p><p>Diagnosis: With characteristics of its sole constituent species, Ixodes ornithorhynchi . Roberts (1960) has generous diagnoses of the female, nymph and larvae; these will not be repeated here.</p><p>Distribution: eastern Australia.</p><p>Remarks: Ixodes ornithorhynchi is the only tick that is known to parasitise Ornithorhynchus anatinus (Shaw, 1799), the platypus, which occurs only in freshwater creeks and rivers in eastern Australia; this information together with the detailed diagnosis Roberts (1960) makes I. (Coxixodes) ornithorhynchi readily distinguishable from all other ticks.</p><p>Guglielmone et al. (2020) has a list of the descriptions and redescriptions of the sole species in this subgenus, I. ornithorhynchi . Coxixodes was described as a genus by Schulze (1941) with Ixodes ornithorhynchi as the type species. The decision by Schulze to describe a new genus was based mainly on the structure of Haller’s organ and characteristics of the coxae (refer to Guglielmone et al. 2017). The genus Coxixodes was then treated as valid by Zumpt (1951) but has been ignored by most of the other authors on this topic (Roberts 1960, 1970; Filippova 1977; Camicas et al. 1998, Guglielmone et al. 2017 among others): none of these authors synonymised Coxixodes Schulze, 1941 with another taxon although Roberts (1960, 1970) placed the sole species in Coxixodes, I. ornithorhynchi, in the genus Ixodes . Camicas et al. (1998), on the other hand, treated Coxixodes as a subgenus. We note that Roberts (1970) has a truncated version of the diagnosis of Roberts (1960) so readers may wish to use the diagnosis of Roberts (1960) in favour of Roberts (1970). Pagenstecher (1861), as explained in Neumann (1899), described the nymph (refer to Guglielmone et al. 2020). Roberts (1969) described the larvae. The male has not been described.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03833E1CFF8D617EDEEEFCAFFA6AC794	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Barker, Stephen C.;Kelava, Samuael;Heath, Allen C. G.;Seeman, Owen D.;Apanaskevich, Dmitry A.;Mans, Ben J.;Shao, Renfu;Gofton, Alexander W.;Teo, Ernest J. M.;Byrne, Andrew F.;Ito, Takuya;Tan, Craig J.;Barker, Dayana;Nakao, Ryo	Barker, Stephen C., Kelava, Samuael, Heath, Allen C. G., Seeman, Owen D., Apanaskevich, Dmitry A., Mans, Ben J., Shao, Renfu, Gofton, Alexander W., Teo, Ernest J. M., Byrne, Andrew F., Ito, Takuya, Tan, Craig J., Barker, Dayana, Nakao, Ryo (2023): A new subgenus, Australixodes n. subgen. (Acari: Ixodidae), for the kiwi tick, Ixodes anatis Chilton, 1904, and validation of the subgenus Coxixodes Schulze, 1941 with a phylogeny of 16 of the 22 subgenera of Ixodes Latreille, 1795 from entire mitochondrial genome sequences. Zootaxa 5325 (4): 529-540, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5325.4.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5325.4.4
