identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
038387AC9A48B572FF61FF3D3E85061D.text	038387AC9A48B572FF61FF3D3E85061D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Percoidei	<div><p>Percoidei</p> <p>Pentacerotidae. Histiopterus typus (Temminck and Schlegel, 1844), HUMZ 72430 (145 mm SL); Evistias acutirostris (Temminck and Schlegel, 1844), HUMZ 97737, 114459 (123.3, 143 mm SL); Zanclistius elevatus (Ramsay and Ogilby, 1888), NMNZ P.010834 (180.3 mm SL); Pentaceropsis recurvirostris (Richardson, 1845), NMV A 1294, A 1305 (200.9, 190.7 mm SL); Paristiopterus labiosus (Günther, 1872), AMS I.23955-001 (175.8 mm SL); P. gallipavo (Whitley, 1944), HUMZ 33215 (288.3 mm SL); Parazanclistius hutchinsi (Hardy, 1983), HUMZ 33239 (196.5 mm SL); Pentaceros capensis (Cuvier, 1829), SAIAB 8292 (142.5, 254.2 mm SL); P. decacanthus (Günther, 1859), NMNZ P.021397, P.032853 (190.8, 183.7 mm SL); P. japonicus (Steindachner, 1883), HUMZ 36478, 90278 (143.1, 114.0 mm SL); P. quinquespinis (Parin and Kotlyar, 1988), HUMZ 164613 (214.4 mm SL); Pseudopentaceros richardsoni (Smith, 1844), NMNZ P.15180 (319.9 mm SL); P. wheeleri (Hardy, 1983), HUMZ 147629 (261.0 mm SL).</p> <p>Latidae. Lates mariae (Steindachner, 1909), HUMZ 125944 (97.7 mm SL).</p> <p>Percichthyidae. Coreoperca herzi (Herzenstein, 1896), CNUC 37660 (139.8 mm SL).</p> <p>Acropomatidae. Synagrops japonicus (Döderlein, 1883), HUMZ 79944 (107.7 mm SL); Doederleinia berycoides (Hilgendorf, 1879), HUMZ 79421 (135.8 mm SL).</p> <p>Ostracoberycidae. Ostracoberyx dorygenys (Fowler, 1934), HUMZ 143188, 193736 (72.8, 76.2 mm SL); O. paxtoni (Quéro and Ozouf-Costaz, 1991), AMS I.27693-005 (88.8 mm SL).</p> <p>Banjosidae. Banjos banjos (Richardson, 1846), HUMZ 199907 (85.6 mm SL).</p> <p>Centrarchidae. Lepomis macrochirus (Rafinesque, 1819), HUMZ 119326 (97.4 mm SL).</p> <p>Lutjanidae. Macolor macularis (Fowler, 1931), HUMZ 63074 (123.4 mm SL).</p> <p>Pempheridae. Pempheris japonica (Döderlein, 1883), HUMZ 49213 (100.2 mm SL).</p> <p>Chaetodontidae. Chaetodon modestus (Temminck and Schlegel, 1844), HUMZ 199873, 199875 (95.5, 89.7 mm SL).</p> <p>Kyphosidae. Microcanthus strigatus (Cuvier, 1831), HUMZ 105899 (107.8 mm SL).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038387AC9A48B572FF61FF3D3E85061D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kim, Seong-Yong	Kim, Seong-Yong (2012): 3366. Zootaxa 3366: 1-111
038387AC9A44B57EFF61FEC73ED803E3.text	038387AC9A44B57EFF61FEC73ED803E3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pentacerotidae	<div><p>Synapomorphies of Pentacerotidae</p> <p>SA 1. Second infraorbital articulating with the lateral ethmoid.</p> <p>The pentacerotids have a second infraorbital that articulates with the lateral ethmoid anteromedially. This is a derived character, because in the primitive condition in typical percoids, the lateral ethmoid usually articulates with first infraorbital, but not with the second infraorbital (e.g., Gosline, 1984; Yabe, 1985; pers. obs.).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038387AC9A44B57EFF61FEC73ED803E3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kim, Seong-Yong	Kim, Seong-Yong (2012): 3366. Zootaxa 3366: 1-111
038387AC9A5BB561FF61FB133BD8045F.text	038387AC9A5BB561FF61FB133BD8045F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pentacerotidae	<div><p>Synapomorphies of Pentacerotidae</p> <p>SA 2. Many exposed tubercles are present on the dorsal and lateral surfaces of the head (including frontal, supraoccipital and pterotic).</p> <p>Many exposed tubercles are present on the dorsal and lateral surfaces of the head (including frontal, supraoccipital, and pterotic) in pentacerotids. The exposed tubercles are absent on the head in typical percoids (e.g., Gregory, 1933; Imamura, 1996; pers. obs.). The exposed tubercles are present in pentacerotids, and are therefore a synapomorphy.</p> <p>SA 3. Supraoccipital crest high and stout.</p> <p>The supraoccipital crest is low and thin in typical percoids (e.g., Gosline, 1985; Yabe, 1985; Sasaki, 1989; Tyler et al., 1989; pers. obs.), while the supraoccipital crest is high and stout in pentacerotids. This condition is a synapomorphy of the family.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038387AC9A5BB561FF61FB133BD8045F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kim, Seong-Yong	Kim, Seong-Yong (2012): 3366. Zootaxa 3366: 1-111
038387AC9A51B56BFF61FD373E2B06EF.text	038387AC9A51B56BFF61FD373E2B06EF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pentacerotidae	<div><p>Synapomorphies of Pentacerotidae</p> <p>SA 4. Ascending and articular processes continuous.</p> <p>The ascending and articular processes continue to form a common process lacking a distinct notch in pentacerotids. A notch between the ascending process and cranial condyle is present in typical percoids (e.g., Fraser, 1968; Tominaga, 1968; Sasaki, 1989; Imamura, 1996; pers. obs.). The lack of the notch is considered a synapomorphy.</p> <p>SA 5. Supramaxilla absent.</p> <p>The supramaxilla is primitively present in percoids (e.g., Tominaga, 1968; Baldwin and Johnson, 1993; Kim, 2002; pers. obs.), and the absence of such supramaxilla is regarded as an apomorphy. The supramaxilla is absent in pentacerotids.</p> <p>SA 6. Distal ends of premaxilla and maxilla articurate.</p> <p>The distal ends of the premaxillary and maxillary bones have a specialized articulation in pentacerotids. In most typical percoids, the distal ends of the premaxilla and maxilla are not articulated (e.g., Sasaki, 1989; Kim, 2002; pers. obs.). Thus, the former condition can be regarded as a synapomorphy.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038387AC9A51B56BFF61FD373E2B06EF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kim, Seong-Yong	Kim, Seong-Yong (2012): 3366. Zootaxa 3366: 1-111
038387AC9A6CB556FF61FB83392107B7.text	038387AC9A6CB556FF61FB83392107B7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pentacerotidae	<div><p>Synapomorphies of Pentacerotidae</p> <p>SA 7. Palatine teeth are absent.</p> <p>The palatine teeth are present in most typical percoids (e.g., Johnson, 1980; Kim, 2002; Imamura, 2004; Otero, 2004; pers. obs.), whereas the palatine teeth are absent in pentacerotids; therefore, this condition is a synapomorphy.</p> <p>SA 8. Endopterygoid articulating with the lateral ethmoid.</p> <p>The endopterygoid articulates with the lateral ethmoid in all pentacerotids. This condition is a synapomorphy, because in the typical percoids the palatine usually articulates with the lateral ethmoid, and not the endopterygoid (e.g., Gosline, 1984; Sasaki, 1989; Kim, 2002; pers. obs.).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038387AC9A6CB556FF61FB83392107B7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kim, Seong-Yong	Kim, Seong-Yong (2012): 3366. Zootaxa 3366: 1-111
038387AC9A69B553FF61FA733AD807E3.text	038387AC9A69B553FF61FA733AD807E3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pentacerotidae	<div><p>Synapomorphies of Pentacerotidae</p> <p>None.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038387AC9A69B553FF61FA733AD807E3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kim, Seong-Yong	Kim, Seong-Yong (2012): 3366. Zootaxa 3366: 1-111
038387AC9A61B55BFF61FF773BC00313.text	038387AC9A61B55BFF61FF773BC00313.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pentacerotidae	<div><p>Synapomorphies of Pentacerotidae</p> <p>SA 9. Absence of a tooth plate on the third epibranchial.</p> <p>The third epibranchial tooth plate is present in most typical percoid (e.g., Tominaga, 1968; Kim, 2002; Imamura, 2004; Otero, 2004; pers. obs.), whereas the epibranchial tooth plate is lacking in pentacerotids, and is therefore a synapomorphy.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038387AC9A61B55BFF61FF773BC00313	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kim, Seong-Yong	Kim, Seong-Yong (2012): 3366. Zootaxa 3366: 1-111
038387AC9A7DB547FF61FAC73AD8074C.text	038387AC9A7DB547FF61FAC73AD8074C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pentacerotidae	<div><p>Synapomorphies of Pentacerotidae</p> <p>None.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038387AC9A7DB547FF61FAC73AD8074C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kim, Seong-Yong	Kim, Seong-Yong (2012): 3366. Zootaxa 3366: 1-111
038387AC9A7FB545FF61FF773AD802FF.text	038387AC9A7FB545FF61FF773AD802FF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pentacerotidae	<div><p>Synapomorphies of Pentacerotidae</p> <p>None.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038387AC9A7FB545FF61FF773AD802FF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kim, Seong-Yong	Kim, Seong-Yong (2012): 3366. Zootaxa 3366: 1-111
038387AC9A7BB541FF61FBDF3AD80657.text	038387AC9A7BB541FF61FBDF3AD80657.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pentacerotidae	<div><p>Synapomorphies of Pentacerotidae</p> <p>None.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038387AC9A7BB541FF61FBDF3AD80657	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kim, Seong-Yong	Kim, Seong-Yong (2012): 3366. Zootaxa 3366: 1-111
038387AC9A77B54DFF61FDA83AD800AE.text	038387AC9A77B54DFF61FDA83AD800AE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pentacerotidae	<div><p>Synapomorphies of Pentacerotidae</p> <p>None.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038387AC9A77B54DFF61FDA83AD800AE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kim, Seong-Yong	Kim, Seong-Yong (2012): 3366. Zootaxa 3366: 1-111
038387AC9A70B54AFF61F8D23AD80540.text	038387AC9A70B54AFF61F8D23AD80540.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pentacerotidae	<div><p>Synapomorphies of Pentacerotidae</p> <p>None.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038387AC9A70B54AFF61F8D23AD80540	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kim, Seong-Yong	Kim, Seong-Yong (2012): 3366. Zootaxa 3366: 1-111
038387AC9A0CB536FF61F8EA3AD80568.text	038387AC9A0CB536FF61F8EA3AD80568.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pentacerotidae	<div><p>Synapomorphies of Pentacerotidae</p> <p>None.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038387AC9A0CB536FF61F8EA3AD80568	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kim, Seong-Yong	Kim, Seong-Yong (2012): 3366. Zootaxa 3366: 1-111
038387AC9A0CB536FF61FD533AD800C3.text	038387AC9A0CB536FF61FD533AD800C3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pentacerotidae	<div><p>Synapomorphies of Pentacerotidae</p> <p>None.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038387AC9A0CB536FF61FD533AD800C3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kim, Seong-Yong	Kim, Seong-Yong (2012): 3366. Zootaxa 3366: 1-111
038387AC9A08B532FF61FCBF3AD6060F.text	038387AC9A08B532FF61FCBF3AD6060F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pentacerotidae	<div><p>Synapomorphies of Pentacerotidae</p> <p>SA. 9. Pad-like bundle of transversus dorsalis anterior.</p> <p>The transversus dorsalis anterior is a pad-like branch of muscle in pentacerotids. These conditions are considered a synapomorphy of pentacerotids, because the transversus dorsalis anterior is a bar-like unbranched muscle in typical percoids (e.g., Yabe, 1985; Sasaki, 1989; Imamura, 2004; Springer and Johnson, 2004; pers. obs.).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038387AC9A08B532FF61FCBF3AD6060F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kim, Seong-Yong	Kim, Seong-Yong (2012): 3366. Zootaxa 3366: 1-111
038387AC9A04B53DFF61F8BE3BBB02F9.text	038387AC9A04B53DFF61F8BE3BBB02F9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pentacerotidae	<div><p>Synapomorphies of Pentacerotidae</p> <p>SA 10. Adductor radialis.</p> <p>The adductor radialis originates from the medial surface of the third actinost in pentacerotids. It originates from the medial surface of all actinosts, except for the first actinost, in typical percoids (e.g., Winterbottom, 1974;</p> <p>Sasaki, 1989; Kim, 2002; pers. obs.). Thus, the former condition can be regarded as a synapomorphy of the family for phylogenetic analysis.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038387AC9A04B53DFF61F8BE3BBB02F9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kim, Seong-Yong	Kim, Seong-Yong (2012): 3366. Zootaxa 3366: 1-111
038387AC9A01B53BFF61FF773AD802FF.text	038387AC9A01B53BFF61FF773AD802FF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pentacerotidae	<div><p>Synapomorphies of Pentacerotidae</p> <p>None.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038387AC9A01B53BFF61FF773AD802FF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kim, Seong-Yong	Kim, Seong-Yong (2012): 3366. Zootaxa 3366: 1-111
038387AC9A01B53BFF61FAF23AD80760.text	038387AC9A01B53BFF61FAF23AD80760.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pentacerotidae	<div><p>Synapomorphies of Pentacerotidae</p> <p>None.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038387AC9A01B53BFF61FAF23AD80760	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kim, Seong-Yong	Kim, Seong-Yong (2012): 3366. Zootaxa 3366: 1-111
038387AC9A03B539FF61FC873AD8018F.text	038387AC9A03B539FF61FC873AD8018F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pentacerotidae	<div><p>Synapomorphies of Pentacerotidae</p> <p>None.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038387AC9A03B539FF61FC873AD8018F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kim, Seong-Yong	Kim, Seong-Yong (2012): 3366. Zootaxa 3366: 1-111
038387AC9A03B539FF61F8963AD8059C.text	038387AC9A03B539FF61F8963AD8059C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pentacerotidae	<div><p>Synapomorphies of Pentacerotidae</p> <p>None.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038387AC9A03B539FF61F8963AD8059C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kim, Seong-Yong	Kim, Seong-Yong (2012): 3366. Zootaxa 3366: 1-111
038387AC9A1CB526FF61FF773AD802FF.text	038387AC9A1CB526FF61FF773AD802FF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pentacerotidae	<div><p>Synapomorphies of Pentacerotidae</p> <p>None.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038387AC9A1CB526FF61FF773AD802FF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kim, Seong-Yong	Kim, Seong-Yong (2012): 3366. Zootaxa 3366: 1-111
038387AC9A1AB520FF61FA9538C004D9.text	038387AC9A1AB520FF61FA9538C004D9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Histiopterinae Bleeker 1876	<div><p>Subfamily Histiopterinae</p> <p>Diagnosis. Vomer toothless; supratemporals connected with pterotic ventrally; branched sensory canal extended from posttemporal present; accessory subpelvic keel well developed and extending anteroventrally; subpelvic process well developed and long; first dorsal fin proximal pterygiophore inserted into space between first and second neural spines; adductor mandibulae section Aw quite expanded dorsally and fused by a tendon separated from section A3 posterodorsally.</p> <p>Remarks. The subfamily Histiopterinae includes 6 genera, Histiopterus, Evistias, Zanclistius, Pentaceropsis, Paristiopterus, and Parazanclistius, and seven species. This subfamily differs from the Pentacerotinae in having the vomer toothless and the supratemporals connected with the pterotic ventrally (vs. vomer with teeth and supratemporals connected with pterotic laterally).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038387AC9A1AB520FF61FA9538C004D9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kim, Seong-Yong	Kim, Seong-Yong (2012): 3366. Zootaxa 3366: 1-111
038387AC9A1AB520FF61FDA738D001B4.text	038387AC9A1AB520FF61FDA738D001B4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pentacerotidae	<div><p>Family Pentacerotidae</p> <p>Subfamily Histiopterinae</p> <p>Genus Histiopterus Temminck and Schlegel, 1844</p> <p>Genus Evistias Jordan, 1907</p> <p>Genus Zanclistius Jordan, 1907</p> <p>Genus Pentaceropsis Steindachner and Döderlein, 1883</p> <p>Genus Paristiopterus Bleeker, 1876</p> <p>Genus Parazanclistius Hardy, 1983</p> <p>Subfamily Pentacerotinae</p> <p>Genus Pentaceros Cuvier, 1829</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038387AC9A1AB520FF61FDA738D001B4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kim, Seong-Yong	Kim, Seong-Yong (2012): 3366. Zootaxa 3366: 1-111
038387AC9A1AB520FF61FC263E85070C.text	038387AC9A1AB520FF61FC263E85070C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pentacerotidae	<div><p>Family Pentacerotidae</p> <p>Diagnosis. Second infraorbital articulating with lateral ethmoid anteromedially; many exposed tubercles present on infraorbital and head (including frontal, supraoccipital and pterotic); supraoccipital crest high and stout; ascending and articular processes of premaxilla continuous; supramaxilla absent; distal ends of premaxilla and maxilla articulating; palatine teeth absent; endopterygoid articulating with lateral ethmoid; pad-like bundle of transversus dorsalis anterior present; adductor radialis originating from medial surface of third actinost; number of abdominal vertebrae 12.</p> <p>Remarks. This family is redefined by the 12 synapomorphies listed above. No percoid families have this combination of characters. This family includes two subfamilies, 7 genera and 13 species.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038387AC9A1AB520FF61FC263E85070C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kim, Seong-Yong	Kim, Seong-Yong (2012): 3366. Zootaxa 3366: 1-111
038387AC9A1AB52FFF61F8A73E400349.text	038387AC9A1AB52FFF61F8A73E400349.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Histiopterus Temminck and Schlegel 1844	<div><p>Genus Histiopterus Temminck and Schlegel, 1844</p> <p>(Fig. 70)</p> <p>Histiopterus Temminck and Schlegel, 1844: 86 (type species: Histiopterus typus Temminck and Schlegel, 1844).</p> <p>Diagnosis. Number of abdominal vertebrae 12; upper caudal lobe supporting eight branched caudal fin rays; posterior portion of urostyle having long spine; third and forth dorsal spines long; second anal fin spine longest.</p> <p>Remarks. The genus is monotypic, containing only Histiopterus typus Temminck and Schlegel, 1844.</p> <p>In addition to derived characters recognized in Histiopterus based on the phylogenetic analysis (see section VI), two external characters, the third and fourth dorsal spines long and second anal-fin spine longest, are useful distinguishing this genus from other pentacerotid genera (vs. spines short in others).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038387AC9A1AB52FFF61F8A73E400349	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kim, Seong-Yong	Kim, Seong-Yong (2012): 3366. Zootaxa 3366: 1-111
038387AC9A15B52FFF61F9DA3B3105FE.text	038387AC9A15B52FFF61F9DA3B3105FE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Evistias Jordan 1907	<div><p>Genus Evistias Jordan, 1907</p> <p>(Fig. 71)</p> <p>Evistias Jordan, 1907: 236 (type species: Histiopterus acutirostris Temminck and Schlegel, 1844).</p> <p>Evistiopterus Whitley, 1932: 334 (type species: Histiopterus acutirostris Temminck and Schlegel, 1844).</p> <p>Diagnosis. Number of abdominal vertebrae 13; upper caudal lobe supporting 10 branched caudal fin rays; posterior portion of urostyle lacking spine; dorsal and anal fin spines short.</p> <p>Remark. The genus Evistias is monotypic, including only Evistias acutirostris Jordan, 1907.</p> <p>This genus is similar to the genus Histiopterus in having higher and striped body. Evistias is distinguished from the Histiopterus by its short dorsal and anal spines (vs. third and fourth dorsal, and third anal spines are long in Histiopterus).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038387AC9A15B52FFF61F9DA3B3105FE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kim, Seong-Yong	Kim, Seong-Yong (2012): 3366. Zootaxa 3366: 1-111
038387AC9A14B52EFF61FB1339930440.text	038387AC9A14B52EFF61FB1339930440.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Zanclistius Jordan 1907	<div><p>Genus Zanclistius Jordan, 1907</p> <p>(Fig. 72)</p> <p>Zanclistius Jordan, 1907: 236 (type species: Histiopterus elevatus Ramsay and Ogilby, 1888).</p> <p>Diagnosis. Arrector ventralis originating from posterolateral portion of cleithrum and coracoid; lower caudal lobe supporting eight branched fin rays; dark spot posteriorly on dorsal fin; number of lateral line pores 55-65.</p> <p>Remark. The genus Zanclistius is monotypic, containing only Zanclistius elevatus (Ramsay and Ogilby 1888). This genus is separable from other members of the pentacerotids from the Australian and New Zealand waters (e.g., Pentaceropsis, Paristiopterus, and Parazanclistius) by having falcate-shaped body and extremely long dorsal fin (vs. a crescent body and dorsal fin not extremely long in others).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038387AC9A14B52EFF61FB1339930440	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kim, Seong-Yong	Kim, Seong-Yong (2012): 3366. Zootaxa 3366: 1-111
038387AC9A17B52DFF61FB1D3AE70567.text	038387AC9A17B52DFF61FB1D3AE70567.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pentaceropsis Steindachner and Doderlein 1883	<div><p>Genus Pentaceropsis Steindachner and Döderlein, 1883</p> <p>(Fig. 73)</p> <p>Pentaceropsis Steindachner and Döderlein, 1883: 13 (type species: Histiopterus recurvirostris Richardson, 1845). Prosoplismus Waite, 1903: 59 (type species: Histiopterus recurvirostris Richardson, 1845).</p> <p>Diagnosis. Exposed tubercles absent on infraorbitals, nasal, lateral ethmoid, and parietal; first infraorbital rod like; subocular shelf present on fourth infraorbital; ethmoid projection blunt; number of abdominal vertebrae 13; posterior portion of urostyle having long spine; retractor dorsalis inserted onto ventrolateral part of first to third abdominal vertebra; lower caudal lobe supporting eight branched fin rays; snout deeply concave and extensively elongating.</p> <p>Remark. The genus Pentaceropsis is monotypic, containing only Pentaceropsis recurvirostris Steindachner and Döderlein, 1883.</p> <p>This genus is similar to the genera Histiopterus, Evistias, and Zanclistius in having a high body profile. Pentaceropsis differs from Histiopterus, Evistias, and Zanclistius in that it has a deeply concave and extensively elongated snout (Histiopterus, Evistias, and Zanclistius have a moderately cancave and somewhat elongated snout).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038387AC9A17B52DFF61FB1D3AE70567	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kim, Seong-Yong	Kim, Seong-Yong (2012): 3366. Zootaxa 3366: 1-111
038387AC9A16B52BFF61FC753ED80331.text	038387AC9A16B52BFF61FC753ED80331.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paristiopterus Bleeker 1876	<div><p>Genus Paristiopterus Bleeker, 1876</p> <p>(Fig. 74)</p> <p>Paristiopterus Bleeker, 1876: 268 [type species: Richardsonia insignis Castelnau, 1872: (junior synonym of Paristiopterus labiosus Günther, 1872)].</p> <p>Diagnosis. First infraorbital robust and triangular; villiform and enlarged cylindrical teeth present on both jaws; large facet for articulation with head of lateral ethmoid present on middle part of palatine; abductor superficialis originating from posterolateral portion of cleithrum and coracoid; number of lateral line pores 78–85.</p> <p>Remark. Two species, Paristiopterus labiosus (Günther, 1872) (= type species), and P. gallipavo (Whitley, 1944), are included in this genus.</p> <p>The genus Paristiopterus can be distinguished from other members of the family by having enlarged and cylindrical teeth on the inner margin of both jaws (vs. enlarged cylindrical teeth absent in others).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038387AC9A16B52BFF61FC753ED80331	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kim, Seong-Yong	Kim, Seong-Yong (2012): 3366. Zootaxa 3366: 1-111
038387AC9A11B52BFF61FE8F3E9600C4.text	038387AC9A11B52BFF61FE8F3E9600C4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parazanclistius Hardy 1983	<div><p>Genus Parazanclistius Hardy, 1983</p> <p>(Fig. 75)</p> <p>Parazanclistius Hardy, 1983: 373 (type species: Parazanclistius hutchinsi Hardy, 1983).</p> <p>Diagnosis. Arrector ventralis originating from posterolateral portion of cleithrum and coracoid; many exposed tubercles present on lateral or dorsal surface of nasal, lateral ethmoid and parietal; exposed tubercles absent on opercle; dark spot posteriorly on dorsal fin; number of lateral line pores 66–72.</p> <p>Remark. The genus Parazanclistius is monotypic, containing only Parazanclistius hutchinsi Hardy, 1983.</p> <p>This genus is similar to the genus Zanclistius in having a prominent dark spot on the dorsal fin posteriorly. Parazanclistius has a greater number of lateral line pores (66–72) than Zanclistius (55–65).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038387AC9A11B52BFF61FE8F3E9600C4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kim, Seong-Yong	Kim, Seong-Yong (2012): 3366. Zootaxa 3366: 1-111
038387AC9A11B52AFF61F8BB3E750312.text	038387AC9A11B52AFF61F8BB3E750312.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pentacerotinae Bleeker 1859	<div><p>Subfamily Pentacerotinae</p> <p>Diagnosis. Vomer toothed; supratemporals connected with pterotic laterally; branched sensory canal from posttemporal absent; accessory subpelvic keel undeveloped; subpelvic process short; first dorsal fin proximal pterygiophore inserted into space between second and third neural spines; adductor mandibulae section Aw quite expanded dorsally and tendinously fused with section A3 posterodorsally.</p> <p>Remarks. The subfamily Pentacerotinae includes a single genus Pentaceros and six species. This subfamily is distinguished from Histiopterinae by a toothed vomer and supratemporals connected with the pterotic laterally (vs. vomer toothless and supratemporals connected with pterotic ventrally in Histiopterinae).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038387AC9A11B52AFF61F8BB3E750312	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kim, Seong-Yong	Kim, Seong-Yong (2012): 3366. Zootaxa 3366: 1-111
038387AC9A10B52AFF61FE733F8A0680.text	038387AC9A10B52AFF61FE733F8A0680.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pentaceros Cuvier 1829	<div><p>Genus Pentaceros Cuvier, 1829</p> <p>(Fig. 76)</p> <p>Pentaceros Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1829: 30 (type species:</p> <p>Pentaceros capensis Cuvier, 1829).</p> <p>Pseudopentaceros Smith, 1844: unnumbered (type species: Pentaceros richardsoni Smith, 1844) [junior synonym of Pentaceros Cuvier, 1829].</p> <p>Diagnosis. Subocular shelf present on second infraorbital; subocular shelf present on fourth infraorbital; posteroventral margin of fourth infraorbital sutured with preopercle; subocular shelf present on fifth infraorbital; fifth infraorbital firmly attached to sphenotic; nasal bone firmly attached to ethmoid posteromedially; ethmoid projection blunt; ethmoid-maxillary ligament connected with ventral surface of nasal; preopercular sensory canal mostly covered by wide bridges; interopercle thin; ventral margin of interopercle concave; supratemporal firmly attached to neurocranium; supratemporal wide and disk like; mid-lateral corner of pelvic bone having processes connected, forming a small penetrated pore interlocked with ring-like structure of pelvic spine; base of anterior edge of anterior dorsal spines, except for first spine, serrated; parhypurapophysis robust; cheek scales scute-like and is firmly attached to skin; many exposed tubercles present on dentary, anguloarticular, nasal, lateral ethmoid, parietal, posttemporal, and opercle.</p> <p>Remarks. Pentaceros contains six species, Pentaceros capensis (Cuvier 1829) (= type species), P. decacanthus (Günther, 1859), P. japonicus (Döderlein in Steindachner and Döderlein, 1883), P. quinquespinis (Parin and Kotlyar, 1988), P. richardsoni (Smith, 1844) and P. wheeleri (Hardy, 1983). Among them, P. richardsoni and P. wheeleri have been previously included in the genus Pseudopentaceros, which is synonymous with Pentaceros in this study. This genus is easily separable from other genera due to their lack of the vomerine tooth.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038387AC9A10B52AFF61FE733F8A0680	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kim, Seong-Yong	Kim, Seong-Yong (2012): 3366. Zootaxa 3366: 1-111
038387AC9A27B51DFF61FBD838D007A7.text	038387AC9A27B51DFF61FBD838D007A7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pentacerotidae	<div><p>Family Pentacerotidae</p> <p>Subfamily Histiopterinae</p> <p>Genus Histiopterus Temminck and Schlegel, 1844</p> <p>Genus Evistias Jordan, 1907</p> <p>Genus Zanclistius Jordan, 1907</p> <p>Genus Pentaceropsis Steindachner and Döderlein, 1883</p> <p>Genus Paristiopterus Bleeker, 1876</p> <p>Genus Parazanclistius Hardy, 1983</p> <p>Subfamily Pentacerotinae</p> <p>Genus Pentaceros Cuvier, 1829</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038387AC9A27B51DFF61FBD838D007A7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kim, Seong-Yong	Kim, Seong-Yong (2012): 3366. Zootaxa 3366: 1-111
