taxonID	type	description	language	source
03871B11FFAA3E53FCFDFF58FAD0FAD0.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Up to large size (150 mm long); 20 tentacles in two (15 + 5) or three (10 + 5 + 5) circles; tube feet scattered over the body, or confined to the radii; calcareous ring not composite, radial and inter-radial plates of ring high, posterior paired radial prolongations distinct but short, not fragmented; ossicles either tables with rudimentary disc and tall two-pillared spires or rudimentary spires, or irregular short thick variably spinous rods and clubs related to tables; rosettes frequently present. Type species. Cladolabes limaconotus Brandt, 1835 (by monotypy) (NW Pacific)	en	P. Mark O’Loughlin, Melanie Mackenzie, Didier Vandenspiegel (2014): New dendrochirotid sea cucumbers from northern Australia (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida). Memoirs of Museum Victoria 72: 5-23, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1298027
03871B11FFAA3E53FCFDFF58FAD0FAD0.taxon	distribution	Other species, with distributions. Cladolabes aciculus (Semper, 1867) (Fiji, tropical Indo-West Pacific); C. arafurus O’Loughlin, sp. nov. (below) (NE Australia); C. bifurcatus (Deichmann, 1944) (Natal, South Africa); C. crassus (H. L. Clark, 1938) (Hong Kong); C. hamatus (Sluiter, 1914) (Indo- Malayan Archipelago); C. perspicillus (Selenka, 1867) (E Australia); C. pichoni Cherbonnier, 1988 (Madagascar); C. roxasi (Domantay, 1934) (Philippines); C. schmeltzii (Ludwig, 1875) (NE Australia to S China).	en	P. Mark O’Loughlin, Melanie Mackenzie, Didier Vandenspiegel (2014): New dendrochirotid sea cucumbers from northern Australia (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida). Memoirs of Museum Victoria 72: 5-23, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1298027
03871B11FFAA3E53FCFDFF58FAD0FAD0.taxon	discussion	Remarks. We have emended the earlier diagnoses of Heding and Panning (1954), Thandar (1989) and Liao and Clark (1995) to include the presence of rudimentary table spires that are present in our new species (below). We noted above that the variety of ossicle form in the species of Cladolabidae suggested to Smirnov (2012) that the family might be polyphyletic. We endorse this view for the same reason. For this same reason, and the added reason of the variation in tube foot distribution, we judge that Cladolabes might also be polyphyletic.	en	P. Mark O’Loughlin, Melanie Mackenzie, Didier Vandenspiegel (2014): New dendrochirotid sea cucumbers from northern Australia (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida). Memoirs of Museum Victoria 72: 5-23, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1298027
03871B11FFAA3E53FF5FF9B6FEEFF8A3.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Heding and Panning (1954) initially described the Cladolabinae as a sub-family within the Phyllophoridae Östergren, 1907. Pawson and Fell (1965) transferred the Cladolabinae to be a sub-family within the Sclerodactylidae Panning, 1949. Smirnov (2012) raised Cladolabinae to family status as Cladolabidae, based on the very short segmented or unsegmented posterior prolongations on the radial plates of the calcareous ring. The variety of ossicle form in the species of Cladolabidae suggested to Smirnov (2012) that the family might be polyphyletic.	en	P. Mark O’Loughlin, Melanie Mackenzie, Didier Vandenspiegel (2014): New dendrochirotid sea cucumbers from northern Australia (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida). Memoirs of Museum Victoria 72: 5-23, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1298027
03871B11FFAA3E50FCFDFA98FB11FE1A.taxon	description	Figures 1, 2.	en	P. Mark O’Loughlin, Melanie Mackenzie, Didier Vandenspiegel (2014): New dendrochirotid sea cucumbers from northern Australia (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida). Memoirs of Museum Victoria 72: 5-23, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1298027
03871B11FFAA3E50FCFDFA98FB11FE1A.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype. N Australia, Arafura Sea, GA cruise SS 2012 t 07, stn / site 01 BS 01, sample 110, 11.23 ° S 134.73 ° E, RV Southern Surveyor, benthic sled, 31 m, B. Alvarez de Glasby et al., 16 Oct 2012, NMV F 202989 (UF tissue lot MOLAF 1530). Paratype. NE Australia, Queensland, Yeppoon, dredged off Middle Island, 23.13 ° S 150.74 ° E, 9 – 37 m, B. J. Smith, 6 Sept 1967, NMV F 204070 (1).	en	P. Mark O’Loughlin, Melanie Mackenzie, Didier Vandenspiegel (2014): New dendrochirotid sea cucumbers from northern Australia (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida). Memoirs of Museum Victoria 72: 5-23, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1298027
03871B11FFAA3E50FCFDFA98FB11FE1A.taxon	description	Description. Form sub-spherical, up to 63 mm long (preserved), slightly convex dorsally, deeply convex ventrally, mouth anterior dorsal, anus posterior dorsal, slightly developed oral and anal cones (preserved); dorsal body wall thicker than ventral wall, creased, covered closely with numerous tube feet, diameters about 0.5 mm; ventral body wall thin, scattered cover of tube feet; lacking anal scales; 20 dendritic tentacles, 15 large (variable sizes) in outer circle, 5 smaller (not significantly smaller) in inner circle (proximal peri-oral); calcareous ring not composite, radial and inter-radial plates of ring high, narrow anteriorly, posterior paired radial prolongations distinct, short, not fragmented; single polian vesicle; gonad tubules branched basally; respiratory trees extending throughout coelom. Ossicles sparsely scattered in mid-body dorsal and ventral body wall, small plates, rods and rosettes; plates frequently regular, oval with 2 large central perforations and single smaller perforation at each end (judged to be reduced table discs), short blunt pillar frequently projecting from centre of plate (judged to be reduced spires), plates 56 – 90 µ m long; rods related to plates, 1 or 2 perforations, sometimes with central short pillar, up to 70 µ m. Peri-anal body wall ossicles plates, rods, rosettes and small scales; plates similar to midbody wall (judged to be reduced tables); rods irregular, many branched, distal ends of rod and branches widened and perforate, up to 120 µ m long; multi-layered anal scale about 320 µ m long. Tube feet endplate diameters up to 400 µ m, tube foot and endplate support ossicles elongate perforated curved plates up to 160 µ m long. Tentacles with rod ossicles and rosettes; rods fine to thick, ends widened with few perforations, rods up to 400 µ m long. Oral disc and introvert with abundant rosettes, rosette rods and rare plates. Preserved body colour off-white with fine brown flecking and spotting, tube feet brown.	en	P. Mark O’Loughlin, Melanie Mackenzie, Didier Vandenspiegel (2014): New dendrochirotid sea cucumbers from northern Australia (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida). Memoirs of Museum Victoria 72: 5-23, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1298027
03871B11FFAA3E50FCFDFA98FB11FE1A.taxon	distribution	Distribution. N Australia, Arafura Sea to Yeppoon, 9 – 37 m.	en	P. Mark O’Loughlin, Melanie Mackenzie, Didier Vandenspiegel (2014): New dendrochirotid sea cucumbers from northern Australia (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida). Memoirs of Museum Victoria 72: 5-23, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1298027
03871B11FFAA3E50FCFDFA98FB11FE1A.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Named for the Arafura Sea from which the type specimen was collected.	en	P. Mark O’Loughlin, Melanie Mackenzie, Didier Vandenspiegel (2014): New dendrochirotid sea cucumbers from northern Australia (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida). Memoirs of Museum Victoria 72: 5-23, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1298027
03871B11FFAA3E50FCFDFA98FB11FE1A.taxon	discussion	Remarks. We had considerable difficulty in finding a genus to which we should refer this new species, but we did not feel justified in establishing yet another new dendrochirotid genus. We refer the new species to Cladolabes with major reservations. We judge that the plates with short central pillars of Cladolabes arafurus O’Loughlin sp. nov. are related to table discs and spires, the latter very reduced. This would account for the unusual ossicle forms. We have emended the diagnosis of Cladolabes to include this character. But we recognize that the reduced tables in species currently referred to Cladolabes are generally characterized by a rod-like spire and reduced disc, the opposite to Cladolabes arafurus. The forms of the calcareous ring in species currently referred to Cladolabes are quite variable but generally the inter-radial plates have posterior prolongations and are not truncate posteriorly as in Cladolabes arafurus. We anticipate that emerging genetic data will result in a major revision of family Cladolabidae and await this evidence as to where the new species belongs generically. The form of the ossicles is distinctive, especially what we judge to be the reduced tables, and distinguishes Cladolabes arafurus from all other species in the genus.	en	P. Mark O’Loughlin, Melanie Mackenzie, Didier Vandenspiegel (2014): New dendrochirotid sea cucumbers from northern Australia (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida). Memoirs of Museum Victoria 72: 5-23, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1298027
03871B11FFA93E50FCE5FE52FBA0FA19.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Cylindrical to ovoid dendrochirotid species, up to 100 mm long (preserved), sometimes with short oral and anal cones; mouth anterior dorsal, anus posterior dorsal; lacking anal teeth; 20 dendritic tentacles, 15 large, 5 inner small; radial plates of calcareous ring with paired composite posterior prolongations, each comprising up to about 6 discrete segments; inter-radial plates truncate or with notch posteriorly, lacking posterior prolongations; tube feet scattered over whole body, more numerous dorsally or ventrally; gonad tubules in 2 tufts, branched. Body wall ossicles thick plates, irregularly round to oval to sub-rectangular, up to 90 µ m long, perforations very small or lacking, sometimes finely knobbed on margin and surface, plates sometimes with 4 larger central perforations, sometimes with one large central perforation surmounted by a cross; tables with four pillars sometimes present in body wall, spires sometimes incomplete; rosettes may be present; tentacles with rods, perforated distally.	en	P. Mark O’Loughlin, Melanie Mackenzie, Didier Vandenspiegel (2014): New dendrochirotid sea cucumbers from northern Australia (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida). Memoirs of Museum Victoria 72: 5-23, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1298027
03871B11FFA93E50FCE5FE52FBA0FA19.taxon	materials_examined	Type species. Globosita argus (Heding and Panning, 1954) (type locality Java).	en	P. Mark O’Loughlin, Melanie Mackenzie, Didier Vandenspiegel (2014): New dendrochirotid sea cucumbers from northern Australia (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida). Memoirs of Museum Victoria 72: 5-23, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1298027
03871B11FFA93E50FCE5FE52FBA0FA19.taxon	diagnosis	Other species, with distributions. Globosita dobsoni (Bell, 1883) (Honduras); G. elnazae O’Loughlin sp. nov. (N Australia); G. murrea Cherbonnier, 1988 (Madagascar).	en	P. Mark O’Loughlin, Melanie Mackenzie, Didier Vandenspiegel (2014): New dendrochirotid sea cucumbers from northern Australia (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida). Memoirs of Museum Victoria 72: 5-23, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1298027
03871B11FFA93E50FCE5FE52FBA0FA19.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Cherbonnier (1958) recognized that the genus name Sphaerella was occupied, and provided the replacement name Globosita. Cherbonnier (1988) examined the holotype of Globosita argus and observed ‘ pseudo-tables’. Deichmann (1930) expressed the opinion that the juveniles of Globosita dobsoni would have tables.	en	P. Mark O’Loughlin, Melanie Mackenzie, Didier Vandenspiegel (2014): New dendrochirotid sea cucumbers from northern Australia (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida). Memoirs of Museum Victoria 72: 5-23, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1298027
03871B11FFA83E57FF5FFF58FE74FCC8.taxon	description	Figures 3, 4, table 1.	en	P. Mark O’Loughlin, Melanie Mackenzie, Didier Vandenspiegel (2014): New dendrochirotid sea cucumbers from northern Australia (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida). Memoirs of Museum Victoria 72: 5-23, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1298027
03871B11FFA83E57FF5FFF58FE74FCC8.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype. NW Australia, Joseph Bonaparte Gulf, Kimberley region, off King George River, 13.79 ° S 127.24 ° E, RV Solander, 55 m, J. Keesing, 10 Jun 2013, WAM Z 27872 (KGR lot 23426; UF tissue lot MOLAF 1484). Paratypes. Off King George River, 13.85 ° S 127.29 ° E, RV Solander, 45 m, J. Keesing, 6 Jun 2013, WAM Z 27861 (1) (KGR lot 23322; UF tissue lot MOLAF 1459); 13.82 ° S 127.32 ° E, 73 m, 12 Jun 2013, WAM Z 27853 (1) (KGR lot 29381; UF tissue lot MOLAF 1442); 13.90 ° S 127.33 ° E, 11 m, 7 Jun 2013, NMV F 202999 (2) (KGR lot 23425; UF tissue lots MOLAF 1468, 1469). Other material. NE Australia, Queensland, near Cairns, Machans Beach, 16.85 ° S 145.73 ° E, on beach after cyclone, B. Collins, 25 Dec 1996, NMV F 203014 (1).	en	P. Mark O’Loughlin, Melanie Mackenzie, Didier Vandenspiegel (2014): New dendrochirotid sea cucumbers from northern Australia (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida). Memoirs of Museum Victoria 72: 5-23, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1298027
03871B11FFA83E57FF5FFF58FE74FCC8.taxon	description	Description. Form sub-spherical, up to 100 mm long (preserved), slightly convex dorsally, deeply convex ventrally, mouth anterior dorsal, anus posterior dorsal, slightly developed oral and anal cones (preserved); lacking anal scales; thin soft body wall, slightly thicker dorsally; tube feet scattered over body, closer dorsally, clusters of numerous tube feet around mouth and anus, diameters about 0.4 mm; 20 dendritic tentacles, 15 large outer, 5 small inner (proximal peri-oral); calcareous ring composite, radial plates with paired tapered posterior prolongations comprising about 3 discrete segments; inter-radial plates pointed anteriorly, deep notch posteriorly, lacking posterior prolongations; single polian vesicle; madreporite multi-lobed, near posterior end of calcareous ring; gonad tubules short with numerous branches; respiratory trees extending the length of the coelom. Ossicles scattered sparsely in dorsal and ventral body wall, regular to irregular thick oval plates and incomplete tables; larger regular dorsal plates oval to rounded sub-rectangular in form, some with large central perforation with cross and 4 truncate pillars (not amongst ossicles illustrated), large and small surrounding perforations, surface sometimes finely knobbed, margin finely spinous, plates up to 90 µ m long; smaller irregular dorsal plates round to irregular in form, frequently with small perforations, sometimes with 2 large central perforations, surface variably finely knobbed, margin irregular to finely spinous, plates 40 – 70 µ m long. Ventral body wall with some tables, oval discs up to 100 µ m long, spires low, 4 pillars, sometimes not connected distally, sometimes with connecting distal bridge with short blunt spines. Tube feet endplate diameters about 250 µ m, tube foot and endplate support ossicles elongate perforated curved plates up to 160 µ m long. Peri-anal body wall with tables, endplates, tube foot support rod-plates; table discs irregularly round to rounded square, up to 80 µ m wide, spires with 4 pillars, short spines distally; endplates about 100 µ m diameter; tube foot support ossicles short, thick curved, rodplates, about 100 µ m long. Tentacles with rod ossicles only, rods smooth, ends widened with few perforations and denticulate margin, rods up to 120 µ m long. Rosette ossicles not observed in tentacles or peri-anal body wall. Colour live pale yellow to off-white; colour preserved offwhite to pale brown, tube feet mostly with brown rim.	en	P. Mark O’Loughlin, Melanie Mackenzie, Didier Vandenspiegel (2014): New dendrochirotid sea cucumbers from northern Australia (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida). Memoirs of Museum Victoria 72: 5-23, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1298027
03871B11FFA83E57FF5FFF58FE74FCC8.taxon	distribution	Distribution. N Australia, off King George River, Kimberley region, north Western Australia, to near Cairns, Queensland, 11 – 73 m.	en	P. Mark O’Loughlin, Melanie Mackenzie, Didier Vandenspiegel (2014): New dendrochirotid sea cucumbers from northern Australia (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida). Memoirs of Museum Victoria 72: 5-23, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1298027
03871B11FFA83E57FF5FFF58FE74FCC8.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Named elnazae for Elnaz Tavancheh (Museum Victoria Volunteer), with appreciation of Elnaz’s generous and skilled assistance with sea cucumber systematics.	en	P. Mark O’Loughlin, Melanie Mackenzie, Didier Vandenspiegel (2014): New dendrochirotid sea cucumbers from northern Australia (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida). Memoirs of Museum Victoria 72: 5-23, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1298027
03871B11FFA83E57FF5FFF58FE74FCC8.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The distinguishing characters of Globosita elnazae O’Loughlin sp. nov. are the more abundant tube feet dorsally and the presence of a large central perforation surmounted by a cross in some plate ossicles. We note that for Cherbonnier 1988 fig. 93, illustrating the ossicle for Globosita murrea, fig. “ E ” illustrating rosettes should be “ H ” and fig. “ H ” illustrating tables should be “ K ”. In Globosita elnazae we did not observe rosettes. Globosita elnazae sp. nov. is distinguished from the other species in the genus by the combination of morphological characters summarized in Table 1.	en	P. Mark O’Loughlin, Melanie Mackenzie, Didier Vandenspiegel (2014): New dendrochirotid sea cucumbers from northern Australia (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida). Memoirs of Museum Victoria 72: 5-23, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1298027
03871B11FFAE3E55FCFDFE9BFD6BFD9E.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis (emended from O’Loughlin et al. (2012) and Smirnov (2012 )). Dendrochirotid species with 20 dendritic tentacles; calcareous ring composite, comprising a mosaic of small pieces or discrete segments; radials and inter-radials prolonged posteriorly, prolongations frequently merge to create a tubular ring; radials frequently with median division for most of the length creating 2 narrow posterior prolongations that sometimes fuse with inter-radials, distal ends sometimes crosslinked; body wall tables with 2 or 3 or 4 spires.	en	P. Mark O’Loughlin, Melanie Mackenzie, Didier Vandenspiegel (2014): New dendrochirotid sea cucumbers from northern Australia (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida). Memoirs of Museum Victoria 72: 5-23, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1298027
03871B11FFAE3E55FCFDFE9BFD6BFD9E.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Smirnov (2012) raised the sub-family Thyoninae Panning, 1949 to family status as Thyonidae, with a diagnostic emphasis on the mosaic structure of the composite and frequently tubular calcareous ring. He included the two sub-families Thyoninae (with 10 tentacles) and Semperiellinae (with 15 or 20 tentacles). O’Loughlin et al. (2012) noted that Rowe and Richmond (2004) judged that Semperiella Heding and Panning, 1954 (in the then new sub-family Semperiellinae) is a junior synonym of Thyonidiella Heding and Panning, 1954 (in the then new sub-family Phyllophorinae). As a consequence genera of the sub-family Semperiellinae have 20 tentacles. We have emended the diagnosis of Semperiellinae to include this fact, to include species with tables that have three pillars in each spire (see new genus and species below), and to provide a more detailed description of the calcareous ring. Michonneau and Paulay (2014) judged that Semperiella and Thyonidiella are junior synonyms of Phyrella Heding and Panning, 1954, and referred Phyrella to the Phyllophoridae Östergren, 1907. They suggested that a phylogenetic re-assessment of the family Phyllophoridae remains unresolved. We recognize that molecular genetic data will be crucial to resolving the many emerging issues.	en	P. Mark O’Loughlin, Melanie Mackenzie, Didier Vandenspiegel (2014): New dendrochirotid sea cucumbers from northern Australia (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida). Memoirs of Museum Victoria 72: 5-23, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1298027
03871B11FFAE3E55FCFDFE9BFD6BFD9E.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Frequently semi-spherical species with oral and anal dorsal orientations; 20 dendritic tentacles arranged in two circles of 10 large outer and 10 small inner (proximal peri-oral); tube feet distributed all over mid-body; calcareous ring elongate, tubular, with both radial and inter-radial plates fragmented into a mosaic of small pieces, and posterior prolongations linked distally to form inter-radial oval non-calcified spaces beneath the water vascular ring; polian vesicles from 1 to 4; ossicles variably include granuliform rods, rosettes, pseudo-buttons and tables; table spires with 1 or 2 or 3 or reduced pillars.	en	P. Mark O’Loughlin, Melanie Mackenzie, Didier Vandenspiegel (2014): New dendrochirotid sea cucumbers from northern Australia (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida). Memoirs of Museum Victoria 72: 5-23, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1298027
03871B11FFAE3E55FCFDFE9BFD6BFD9E.taxon	materials_examined	Type species. Massinium maculosum Samyn and Thandar, 2003 (original designation) (South Africa).	en	P. Mark O’Loughlin, Melanie Mackenzie, Didier Vandenspiegel (2014): New dendrochirotid sea cucumbers from northern Australia (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida). Memoirs of Museum Victoria 72: 5-23, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1298027
03871B11FFAE3E55FCFDFE9BFD6BFD9E.taxon	distribution	Other species, with distributions. Massinium albicans Samyn et al., 2010 (New Caledonia); M. arthroprocessum (Thandar, 1989) (South Africa); M. bonapartum O’Loughlin sp. nov. (NW Austraila); M. dissimilis (Cherbonnier, 1988) (Madagascar); M. granulosum Samyn et al., 2010 (NE Australia); M. keesingi O’Loughlin sp. nov. (NW Australia); M. magnum (Ludwig, 1882) (Indonesia); M. melanieae O’Loughlin in O’Loughlin et al., 2012 (S Australia); M. vimsi O’Loughlin in O’Loughlin et al., 2012 (SE Australia); M. watsonae O’Loughlin in O’Loughlin et al., 2012 (SE Australia).	en	P. Mark O’Loughlin, Melanie Mackenzie, Didier Vandenspiegel (2014): New dendrochirotid sea cucumbers from northern Australia (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida). Memoirs of Museum Victoria 72: 5-23, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1298027
03871B11FFAE3E55FCFDFE9BFD6BFD9E.taxon	discussion	Remarks. We have emended the diagnosis of Massinium from that in Samyn et al. (2010) to reflect our observations in this review.	en	P. Mark O’Loughlin, Melanie Mackenzie, Didier Vandenspiegel (2014): New dendrochirotid sea cucumbers from northern Australia (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida). Memoirs of Museum Victoria 72: 5-23, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1298027
03871B11FFAC3E5AFCFDFD12FD7BFCD6.taxon	description	Figures 5, 6, key.	en	P. Mark O’Loughlin, Melanie Mackenzie, Didier Vandenspiegel (2014): New dendrochirotid sea cucumbers from northern Australia (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida). Memoirs of Museum Victoria 72: 5-23, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1298027
03871B11FFAC3E5AFCFDFD12FD7BFCD6.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype. NW Australia, Joseph Bonaparte Gulf, Kimberley region, off King George River, 13.85 ° S 129.29 ° E, RV Solander, 45 m, J. Keesing, 6 Jun 2013, WAM Z 27860 (KGR lot 23323; UF tissue lot MOLAF 1457). Paratype. Joseph Bonaparte Gulf, 11.54 ° S 129.83 ° E, RV Solander, 173 m, Geosciences Australia, 14 Sep 2009, NMV F 202985 (1) (GA lot SOL 4934 35 BS 24; UF tissue lot MOLAF 1519).	en	P. Mark O’Loughlin, Melanie Mackenzie, Didier Vandenspiegel (2014): New dendrochirotid sea cucumbers from northern Australia (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida). Memoirs of Museum Victoria 72: 5-23, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1298027
03871B11FFAC3E5AFCFDFD12FD7BFCD6.taxon	description	Description. Form sub-spherical, slightly elongate, up to 43 mm long (preserved), mouth anterior dorsal, anus posterior dorsal, slightly developed oral and anal cones; firm leathery body wall; tube feet scattered over body, withdrawn, diameters about 0.2 mm, sparse dorsally, close cover ventrally and around mouth and anus; 20 dendritic tentacles, 5 pairs large in an outer ring, 5 pairs very small in an inner ring (proximal circumoral); calcareous ring long, tubular, composite; radial plates blunt anteriorly with 2 lateral shallow notches and deeper central notch, radial plates lacking median un-calcified section; inter-radial plates pointed anteriorly, large oval un-calcified posterior section closed distally by thin calcified link; 2 polian vesicles; short branched gonad tubules; respiratory trees extending the length of the coelom. Ossicles in mid-body wall tables only, sparse dorsally, more numerous ventrally; table disc outlines irregularly round, typically 4 larger central and some small outer perforations, margin smooth or spinous, discs up to 112 µ m wide; spires with 2 frequently fused pillars, low or residual, few thick blunt apical spines. Oral disc with abundant tables with discs up to 112 µ m long, irregularly oval, many perforations, margins smooth; spires discrete, up to 70 µ m long, 2 partly fused pillars, rarely single, 1 to 3 median perforations, long apical spines typically widely splayed. Peri-anal body wall with abundant tables similar to those in the mid-body wall; some rods with distal perforations, rods up to 80 µ m long; small multi-layered anal scales about 200 µ m long. Tube feet with endplates, up to 320 µ m diameters, margin thick, lacking support ossicles; body wall type tables. Tentacles with abundant rods and rosette-like rod ossicles and some tables; rods up to 70 µ m long with ends widened with few perforations; rosette-like rods up to 88 µ m long with short rod widened distally with many small perforations created by dendritic branch fusing; few tables, similar to those in peri-oral disc. Colour live off-white to pale yellow; colour preserved offwhite to pale brown, tube feet brown; tentacle dendritic branches black, trunks off-white to grey.	en	P. Mark O’Loughlin, Melanie Mackenzie, Didier Vandenspiegel (2014): New dendrochirotid sea cucumbers from northern Australia (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida). Memoirs of Museum Victoria 72: 5-23, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1298027
03871B11FFAC3E5AFCFDFD12FD7BFCD6.taxon	distribution	Distribution. NW Australia, Joseph Bonaparte Gulf, Kimberley region, off King George River, 45 – 173 m.	en	P. Mark O’Loughlin, Melanie Mackenzie, Didier Vandenspiegel (2014): New dendrochirotid sea cucumbers from northern Australia (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida). Memoirs of Museum Victoria 72: 5-23, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1298027
03871B11FFAC3E5AFCFDFD12FD7BFCD6.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Named with reference to the Joseph Bonaparte Gulf from which the type specimens were collected.	en	P. Mark O’Loughlin, Melanie Mackenzie, Didier Vandenspiegel (2014): New dendrochirotid sea cucumbers from northern Australia (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida). Memoirs of Museum Victoria 72: 5-23, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1298027
03871B11FFAC3E5AFCFDFD12FD7BFCD6.taxon	discussion	Remarks. A distinctive character of Massinium bonapartum O’Loughlin sp. nov. is the widely splayed long apical spines frequently present on the tables. We observed the five pairs of small tentacles to be in an inner ring. Massinium bonapartum sp. nov. is distinguished from other species in the genus by the combination of morphological characters shown in the key.	en	P. Mark O’Loughlin, Melanie Mackenzie, Didier Vandenspiegel (2014): New dendrochirotid sea cucumbers from northern Australia (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida). Memoirs of Museum Victoria 72: 5-23, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1298027
03871B11FFA33E58FCE5FF57FC9EFCD1.taxon	description	Figures 7, 8, key.	en	P. Mark O’Loughlin, Melanie Mackenzie, Didier Vandenspiegel (2014): New dendrochirotid sea cucumbers from northern Australia (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida). Memoirs of Museum Victoria 72: 5-23, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1298027
03871B11FFA33E58FCE5FF57FC9EFCD1.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype. NW Australia, Joseph Bonaparte Gulf, Kimberley region, off King George River, 13.85 ° S 127.29 ° E, RV Solander, large epibenthic sled, 45 m, J. Keesing, 6 Jun 2013, NMV F 203008 (KGR lot 23324; UF tissue lot MOLAF 1458).	en	P. Mark O’Loughlin, Melanie Mackenzie, Didier Vandenspiegel (2014): New dendrochirotid sea cucumbers from northern Australia (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida). Memoirs of Museum Victoria 72: 5-23, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1298027
03871B11FFA33E58FCE5FF57FC9EFCD1.taxon	description	Description. Form sub-spherical, 40 mm long (preserved), mouth anterior dorsal, anus posterior dorsal, slightly developed oral and anal cones (preserved); firm leathery body wall; tube feet scattered over body, withdrawn, sparse dorsally, more numerous ventrally, diameters about 0.2 mm; 20 dendritic tentacles, 5 pairs large in an outer ring, 5 pairs very small in an inner ring (proximal circum-oral); calcareous ring long, tubular, composite; radial plates blunt anteriorly with 2 lateral small notches and deeper central notch, most of radial plates with long median un-calcified section; inter-radial plates pointed anteriorly, small oval un-calcified section posteriorly; 1 polian vesicle; gonad tubules long, branched; respiratory trees extending the length of the coelom. Ossicles in mid-body wall tables only, sparse, scattered, tables abundant in oral disc and peri-anally; table discs oval to round, variable sizes, up to 90 µ m long, margin smooth or slightly undulating, not spinous, 4 large central perforations, variable number of smaller outer perforations, some very small; spires rare or reduced, if present 1 or 2 pillars, spires up to half disc length long, few short spines apically. Oral disc with rods as in tentacles and abundant tables with multiperforate discs and predominantly single pillar spires, discs oval to sub-rectangular, 4 large central perforations, numerous smaller outer perforations, discs up to 96 µ m long, spires with 1 or 2 pillars, few short apical spines, length about half disc length. Tube feet with endplates, diameters about 150 µ m, lacking support ossicles. Tentacles with rod ossicles only, up to 90 µ m long, smooth, ends widened with few perforations and denticulate margin. Rosette ossicles not observed in tentacles or oral disc or body wall. Colour preserved off-white; tube feet pale brown.	en	P. Mark O’Loughlin, Melanie Mackenzie, Didier Vandenspiegel (2014): New dendrochirotid sea cucumbers from northern Australia (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida). Memoirs of Museum Victoria 72: 5-23, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1298027
03871B11FFA33E58FCE5FF57FC9EFCD1.taxon	distribution	Distribution. NW Australia, Joseph Bonaparte Gulf, Kimberley region, off King George River, 45 m.	en	P. Mark O’Loughlin, Melanie Mackenzie, Didier Vandenspiegel (2014): New dendrochirotid sea cucumbers from northern Australia (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida). Memoirs of Museum Victoria 72: 5-23, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1298027
03871B11FFA33E58FCE5FF57FC9EFCD1.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Named keesingi for John Keesing (CSIRO), the leader of the King George River Expedition, with appreciation of John’s gracious and helpful collaboration in our work with the sea cucumber collection.	en	P. Mark O’Loughlin, Melanie Mackenzie, Didier Vandenspiegel (2014): New dendrochirotid sea cucumbers from northern Australia (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida). Memoirs of Museum Victoria 72: 5-23, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1298027
03871B11FFA33E58FCE5FF57FC9EFCD1.taxon	discussion	Remarks. A distinctive character of Massinium keesingi O’Loughlin sp. nov. is the frequent presence of table spires with a single pillar. We observed the five pairs of small tentacles to be in an inner ring. Massinium keesingi sp. nov. is distinguished from other species in the genus by the combination of morphological characters as detailed in the key.	en	P. Mark O’Loughlin, Melanie Mackenzie, Didier Vandenspiegel (2014): New dendrochirotid sea cucumbers from northern Australia (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida). Memoirs of Museum Victoria 72: 5-23, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1298027
03871B11FFA13E59FCE5FF58FC91FE26.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Dendrochirotid species with mouth anterior, anus posterior, lacking anal teeth; tube feet scattered over body; 20 dendritic tentacles, 15 large, 5 inner small; calcareous ring composite, comprising small calcareous pieces, radial and inter-radial composite plates adjoin to create tubular ring, radial plates elongate with thin posterior distal prolongations adjoining inter-radial plate elongations, radial plates with median division for most of the length, inter-radial plates with deep posterior notch; ossicles throughout the body wall tables, discs triangular, typically with 6 large marginal knobs and 6 small perforations, spires with three pillars; tentacles with rods, rosettes, few tables.	en	P. Mark O’Loughlin, Melanie Mackenzie, Didier Vandenspiegel (2014): New dendrochirotid sea cucumbers from northern Australia (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida). Memoirs of Museum Victoria 72: 5-23, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1298027
03871B11FFA13E59FCE5FF58FC91FE26.taxon	materials_examined	Type species. Triasemperia stola O’Loughlin sp. nov. (monotypic).	en	P. Mark O’Loughlin, Melanie Mackenzie, Didier Vandenspiegel (2014): New dendrochirotid sea cucumbers from northern Australia (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida). Memoirs of Museum Victoria 72: 5-23, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1298027
03871B11FFA13E59FCE5FF58FC91FE26.taxon	etymology	Etymology. From the Greek tria (three), referring to the three pillars of the table spires, with semperia, referring to the subfamily Semperiellinae and in turn to the esteemed biologist Carl Gottfried Semper.	en	P. Mark O’Loughlin, Melanie Mackenzie, Didier Vandenspiegel (2014): New dendrochirotid sea cucumbers from northern Australia (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida). Memoirs of Museum Victoria 72: 5-23, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1298027
03871B11FFA13E59FCE5FF58FC91FE26.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The new genus Triasemperia is referred to the subfamily Semperiellinae on the bases of the presence of 20 dendritic tentacles and composite tubular calcareous ring. The new genus is distinguished from the other genera of the Semperiellinae by the presence of table spires with three pillars.	en	P. Mark O’Loughlin, Melanie Mackenzie, Didier Vandenspiegel (2014): New dendrochirotid sea cucumbers from northern Australia (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida). Memoirs of Museum Victoria 72: 5-23, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1298027
03871B11FFA03E5EFF5FFDA6FA3BFDAC.taxon	description	Figures 9, 10.	en	P. Mark O’Loughlin, Melanie Mackenzie, Didier Vandenspiegel (2014): New dendrochirotid sea cucumbers from northern Australia (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida). Memoirs of Museum Victoria 72: 5-23, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1298027
03871B11FFA03E5EFF5FFDA6FA3BFDAC.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype. N Australia, Joseph Bonaparte Gulf, 12.32 ° S 129.94 ° E, shell and sand substrate, RV Solander, 46 m, AIMS & GA, 5 Aug 2010, NMV F 174889 (GA specimen 29084, SOL 5117, 013 BS 010; UF tissue lot MOLAF 1541). Paratypes. NE Australia, Queensland, Yeppoon, dredged off Middle Island, 23.13 ° S 150.74 ° E, 9 – 37 m, B. J. Smith, 6 Sept 1967, NMV F 204083 (1); same data, NMV F 204088 (1).	en	P. Mark O’Loughlin, Melanie Mackenzie, Didier Vandenspiegel (2014): New dendrochirotid sea cucumbers from northern Australia (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida). Memoirs of Museum Victoria 72: 5-23, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1298027
03871B11FFA03E5EFF5FFDA6FA3BFDAC.taxon	description	Description. Form cylindrical, elongate, upturned oral and anal ends, tapered orally, long taper anally, U-shape up to 45 mm wide (preserved); hard, thick, calcareous body wall, ‘ prickly’ to touch; mouth anterior, anus posterior, lacking anal teeth; tube feet scattered over body, withdrawn, inconspicuous (preserved), diameters about 0.2 mm, paired radial series of tube feet on withdrawn introvert; 20 dendritic tentacles, 15 large, 5 inner small; calcareous ring composite, comprising small calcareous pieces, radial and inter-radial composite plates adjoin to create tubular ring, radial plates elongate with thin posterior distal prolongations adjoining inter-radial plate elongations, radial plates with median division for most of the length, inter-radial plates with deep posterior notch; single polian vesicle; gonad tubules with numerous branches; respiratory trees extending throughout the coelom. Ossicles throughout body wall densely crowded thick tables, table discs triangular, typically with 6 large marginal knobs and 6 small perforations, discs 80 – 120 µ m wide, spires with 3 pillars and 6 pointed spines distally, disc width and spire height sub-equal. Introvert and tube feet with tables, rods, endplates; tables smaller, irregular, some lacking spires, perforations up to 19, discs up to 56 – 104 µ m wide; smooth rods with distal ends enlarged and perforated, up to 120 µ m long; endplates with diameters about 136 µ m, tube foot support ossicles tables only. Tentacles with rods, rosettes, tables; fine to thick smooth rods with swollen perforated ends; tables rare, form regular or irregular, some not knobbed, discs up 96 µ m wide. Live colour red-brown to brown, preserved colour brown to off-white with residual violet colouration.	en	P. Mark O’Loughlin, Melanie Mackenzie, Didier Vandenspiegel (2014): New dendrochirotid sea cucumbers from northern Australia (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida). Memoirs of Museum Victoria 72: 5-23, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1298027
03871B11FFA03E5EFF5FFDA6FA3BFDAC.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Northern Australia, from Joseph Bonaparte Gulf to Yeppoon Queensland, 9 – 53 m.	en	P. Mark O’Loughlin, Melanie Mackenzie, Didier Vandenspiegel (2014): New dendrochirotid sea cucumbers from northern Australia (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida). Memoirs of Museum Victoria 72: 5-23, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1298027
03871B11FFA03E5EFF5FFDA6FA3BFDAC.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Named stola with reference to the genus Stolus that has species with heavily knobbed button-like ossicles that are similar to the table discs of this species.	en	P. Mark O’Loughlin, Melanie Mackenzie, Didier Vandenspiegel (2014): New dendrochirotid sea cucumbers from northern Australia (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida). Memoirs of Museum Victoria 72: 5-23, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1298027
03871B11FFA03E5EFF5FFDA6FA3BFDAC.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The distinguishing morphological character of Triasemperia stola is the presence of table spires with three pillars. The calcareous ring and ossicles are similar to those of Stolus crassus Liao and Pawson, 2001, but S. crassus from the South China Sea is described as having 10 tentacles and only 2 pillars in the table spires. Family Thyonidiidae Heding and Panning, 1954 (sensu Smirnov 2012) Remarks. Heding and Panning (1954) initially described the Thyonidiinae as a sub-family within the Phyllophoridae Östergren, 1907. Based on the absence of posterior segmented prolongations on the calcareous ring Pawson and Fell (1965) transferred the Thyonidiinae to a sub-family within the Cucumariidae Ludwig, 1894. Based on the presence of more than 10 tentacles and table ossicles Smirnov (2012) raised Thyonidiinae to family status as Thyonidiidae. The plate ossicles in Parathyonidium Heding (in Heding and Panning), 1954 and “ reduced ” ossicles in Athyonidium Deichmann, 1941 and Patallus Selenka, 1868 suggested to Smirnov (2012) that these genera were probably unrelated to the genera with tables.	en	P. Mark O’Loughlin, Melanie Mackenzie, Didier Vandenspiegel (2014): New dendrochirotid sea cucumbers from northern Australia (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida). Memoirs of Museum Victoria 72: 5-23, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1298027
03871B11FFA73E5CFCE5FD1CFC5FFDD1.taxon	distribution	Other species and type localities. Actinocucumis chinensis Liao and Pawson, 2001 (off Hainan, South China Sea); A. cornus (Heding, 1934) (Hong Kong); A. difficilis Bell, 1884 (Torres Strait, north-east Australia); A. longipedes Clark, 1938 (Broome, north-west Australia); A. simplex (Sluiter, 1914) (Indonesia); A. solanderi O’Loughlin sp. nov. (off King George River, northern Australia) (see below).	en	P. Mark O’Loughlin, Melanie Mackenzie, Didier Vandenspiegel (2014): New dendrochirotid sea cucumbers from northern Australia (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida). Memoirs of Museum Victoria 72: 5-23, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1298027
03871B11FFA73E5CFCE5FD1CFC5FFDD1.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Heding and Panning (1954) listed numerous synonymies for Actinocucumis typica, with lengthy discussion. We have not examined the relevant type specimens but based on the figures and descriptions in the literature, and on our sensu stricto diagnosis of A. typica below, we raise all of these species out of synonymy. We note that in discussing their synonymies Heding and Panning (1954) observed in their slide preparations from Actinocucumis typica and Actinocucumis cornus specimens small elongate plates with two long mid-plate perforations and two small distal ones. This form of ossicle was illustrated by H. L. Clark (1938) for Actinocucumis longipedes. Ludwig (1875) did not illustrate this form of ossicle and we have never observed such ossicles in our preparations from specimens of A. typica from the region of the type locality and across northern Australia. It appears to us that Heding and Panning were not examining specimens of A. typica. Two ossicles are drawn for Actinocucumis typica in Clark and Rowe (1971; fig. 95 e and e’). We have seen only the left hand side form (e) in the specimens of A. typica that we have examined, and this is the only form in the original description by Ludwig (1875). The right hand side form (e’) appears to be typical of Actinocucumis longipedes and was referred to by Heding and Panning (1954) above. The two ossicle forms appear to have been drawn from a specimen of A. longipedes. We note that the Clark and Rowe (1971) illustration of ossicles from A. typica (pl. 30 fig. 4) is in fact from a type specimen of Actinocucumis difficilis Bell that was judged to be a con-specific with A. typica. The ossicles appear to us to exemplify A. typica, and that adds weight to the probability of a synonymy (NHMUK type information confirmed by Andrew Cabrinovic). There are no small elongate plates with two long mid-plate perforations and two small distal ones in this preparation. The single type specimen from Hong Kong of Phyllophorus cornus Heding, 1934 has tube feet all over the body, five inner tentacles and 15 outer, and five anal teeth. Ossicles from the type of Actinocucumis cornus were used for the illustration in Heding and Panning (1954, fig. 19) of the ossicles of A. typica. The original illustration of ossicles for A. cornus (Heding 1934) did not show fenestrated ellipsoids. That in Heding and Panning (1954) did show fenestrated ellipsoids. Neither illustrated the small plates with two long and two small distal perforations that Heding and Panning (1954) indicated were present. We judge that the status of A. cornus as conspecific with A. typica remains uncertain, and we raise it out of synonymy as an Actinocucumis species. Pseudocucumis quinqangularis Sluiter, 1901 from Indonesia has posterior prolongations on the radial plates of a composite calcareous ring, 12 large outer and six small inner tentacles, and an absence of figure- 8 ossicles and fenestrated ellipsoids. It is not a species of Actinocucumis and we raise the species out of synonymy in the original combination to await further study. The single small type specimen from Ceylon of Actinocucumis donnani Pearson, 1903 does not have the tentacles present, has a composite calcareous ring with long posterior prolongations on the radial plates, and has body wall ossicles that are not fenestrated ellipsoids or any form of table. It is not an Actinocucumis species. In the absence of tentacles it is not possible to re-assign the species that we regard as incertae sedis. The illustrations for Phyllophorus simplex Sluiter, 1914 indicate ossicles that do not include fenestrate ellipsoids and typical figure- 8 plates, and the description reports tube feet covering the body. It is not conspecific with Actinocucumis typica, and we raise it out of synonymy with reservations as an Actinocucumis species. H. L. Clark (1938, 1946) examined numerous specimens of Actinocucumis from northern Australia and was convinced of the existence of four species: A. typica, A. difficilis, A. longipedes, A. quinuangularis. We reject A. quinuangularis as an Actinocucumis species (above), but accept the judgment by Clark who recognized the other three species. We raise A. difficilis and A. longipedes out of synonymy here. In the case of A. difficilis we defer to the experience of H. L. Clark (1938, 1946) who had an abundance of material to examine, but we also judge that the morphological characters that he used to distinguish this species are probably variable characters. We think that a confirmed synonymy requires more consideration. The presence in A. longipedes of small elongate plates with two long mid-plate perforations and two small distal ones is apparently systematically distinctive. We note the absence of fenestrated ellipsoids and radial papillae in Actinocucumis chinensis and continue to refer this species to Actinocucumis with reservation, as did Liao and Pawson (2001).	en	P. Mark O’Loughlin, Melanie Mackenzie, Didier Vandenspiegel (2014): New dendrochirotid sea cucumbers from northern Australia (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida). Memoirs of Museum Victoria 72: 5-23, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1298027
03871B11FFA53E5DFCE5FD97FB7DFEA1.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. NE Australia, Queensland: Yeppoon, dredged off Middle Island, 23.13 ° S 150.74 ° E, 9 – 37 m, B. J. Smith, 6 Sept 1967, NMV F 204078 (1); Mackay harbour, 21.15 ° S 149.18 ° E, Ian Kirwan, 14 Jul 1982, NMV F 206362 (1); near Cairns, Machans Beach, 16.85 ° S 145.73 ° E, on beach after cyclone, B. Collins, 25 Dec 1996, NMV F 203016 (2); N Australia, Joseph Bonaparte Gulf, 11.55 ° S 129.82 ° E, RV Solander, 48 m, AIMS & GA, 26 Aug 2010, NMV F 173265 (1) (GA lot SOL 5117 lot 082 BS 040; UF tissue lot MOLAF 1552); NW Australia, Dampier Archipelago, 1.3 km E of Eaglehawk I., FRV Flinders, DA 2 / 73 / 01, 20.67 ° S 116.46 ° E, coarse sand, 13 m, 24 Jul 1999, NMV F 209501 (1).	en	P. Mark O’Loughlin, Melanie Mackenzie, Didier Vandenspiegel (2014): New dendrochirotid sea cucumbers from northern Australia (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida). Memoirs of Museum Victoria 72: 5-23, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1298027
03871B11FFA53E5DFCE5FD97FB7DFEA1.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis (sensu stricto). Dendrochirotid species, uniform brown colour (NMV F 204078), or yellowish brown with some red patches and fine black flecking (NMV F 173265), or pale brown to cream with fine brown flecking on body and larger brown patches on tube feet (NMV F 206362); body pentagonal in section with raised radial ridges; five thick oral valves; about 20 dendritic tentacles, variable in arrangement and size, ventral pair smallest; tube feet confined to radii, small papillae and tube feet also on radii and encroaching inter-radially; tube feet in 4 – 6 rows (80 mm long specimen, Ludwig 1875), or in paired rows (smaller 35 – 44 mm long specimens, this work); calcareous ring not composite, radial plates with vertical sides, radial and inter-radial plates lacking posterior prolongations. Body wall ossicles abundant, crowded, small plates and ellipsoids, and rare, thick large plates; bi-perforate plates (figure- 8 form, “ acorn ” plates in Ludwig 1875 and Clark 1938, 1946) predominate, up to about 40 – 50 µ m long with one central and 5 marginal knobs, the apical knob typically projecting; bi-perforate plates inter-grade with abundant but less numerous irregularly ovoid fenestrated ellipsoids, up to about 40 – 55 µ m long; large plates thick, irregular in outline, perforation sizes irregular, plates frequently more than 150 µ m long. Tube feet with endplates and support tables; large endplate diameters about 240 µ m, small endplate diameters about 120 µ m; table discs elongate, up to 160 µ m long, narrow, widened centrally and distally, spires with 4 - pillar base, pillars frequently joined to form an arch, arches frequently with single, long, thick, pointed, apical spine. Introvert with abundant tables, spires with four-pillar base and pillars fused with distal narrow arch or long spine or 2 short blunt spines. Papillae with body wall ossicles, rare tables, and lacking endplates. Lacking anal scales.	en	P. Mark O’Loughlin, Melanie Mackenzie, Didier Vandenspiegel (2014): New dendrochirotid sea cucumbers from northern Australia (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida). Memoirs of Museum Victoria 72: 5-23, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1298027
03871B11FFA53E5DFCE5FD97FB7DFEA1.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Because uncertainty remains about the assignment of species to this genus we provide a sensu stricto diagnosis of Actinocucumis typica, based on the morphological characters of the type species. We examined six northern Australian specimens of Actinocucumis (listed above). We confidently judge that four of these specimens are Actinocucumis typica as all of their morphological characters closely fit the original description and illustrations by Ludwig (1875). These characters are detailed in the generic diagnosis above. With less confidence we judge that the two beach-washed specimens are also A. typica (NMV F 203016). The ossicles of specimens from the Philippines that are illustrated by Reyes-Leonardo et al. (1985) appear to us to be close to those illustrated for Actinocucumis longipedes, although the description refers to the presence of fenestrated ellipsoids and irregular tables with pointed spires. The descriptive reference to “ wart-like ” podia scattered all over the body ” is not characteristic of A. typica.	en	P. Mark O’Loughlin, Melanie Mackenzie, Didier Vandenspiegel (2014): New dendrochirotid sea cucumbers from northern Australia (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida). Memoirs of Museum Victoria 72: 5-23, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1298027
03871B11FFA43E43FCFDFE26FDA5F9F1.taxon	description	Figures 11, 12.	en	P. Mark O’Loughlin, Melanie Mackenzie, Didier Vandenspiegel (2014): New dendrochirotid sea cucumbers from northern Australia (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida). Memoirs of Museum Victoria 72: 5-23, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1298027
03871B11FFA43E43FCFDFE26FDA5F9F1.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype. N Australia, Joseph Bonaparte Gulf, 13.82 ° S 127.32 ° E, 73 m, 12 Jun 2013, WAM Z 27850 (KGR specimen 29384; UF tissue lot MOLAF 1438). Paratype. Joseph Bonaparte Gulf, 11.04 ° S 129.81 ° E, RV Solander, 52 m, Geoscience Australia, 9 Jun 2009, NMV F 202991 (1) (GA lot SOL 4934 lot 23 BS 14; UF tissue lot MOLAF 1508).	en	P. Mark O’Loughlin, Melanie Mackenzie, Didier Vandenspiegel (2014): New dendrochirotid sea cucumbers from northern Australia (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida). Memoirs of Museum Victoria 72: 5-23, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1298027
03871B11FFA43E43FCFDFE26FDA5F9F1.taxon	description	Description. Form elongate, sub-cylindrical, slightly pentagonal with raised radial ridges tending to create 5 oral and 5 anal valves, mouth anterior, anus posterior, slightly tapered and up-turned orally and anally, up to 55 mm long (preserved); hard, thick, calcareous body wall; 20 dendritic tentacles, about 10 large dorsally, about 10 small ventrally; tube feet conspicuous, extended, predominantly on radii in irregular paired series, largest in mid-body on radii, diameters about 1.0 mm, small tube feet (with endplates) and papillae (lacking endplates) on radii and encroaching on inter-radii, diameters about 0.3 mm; lacking anal scales; calcareous ring comprising non-fragmented radial and inter-radial plates, lacking posterior prolongations, radial plates sub-rectangular with larger anterior median notch and smaller lateral notches, inter-radial plates with long anterior taper to blunt point; single polian vesicle; gonad tubules with multiple branches; respiratory trees extending throughout the coelom. Ossicles throughout the dorsal, ventral and peri-anal body wall are densely crowded small, thick irregular tables and reduced tables, and large, elongate smooth perforated plates; tables frequently box-like with round disc about 30 – 40 µ m wide with single perforation, disc width similar to spire height, spires about 25 – 35 µ m high with 4 pillars joined mid-spire and apically, short blunt spines apically, tables often reduced with incompletely formed and irregular disc and spire; body wall tables inter-grade in form with elongate tube foot support tables; perforated plates numerous in body wall, surface and margin smooth, up to about 240 µ m long. Tentacles with tables, rods and rod-plates, lacking rosettes; table discs irregularly round to elongate oval, central disc single perforation and few large or many small outer perforations, disc margin undulating to denticulate, discs up to about 80 µ m long, spires welldeveloped with four-pillar base, blunt spines distally and sometimes along spire, spires up to 50 µ m high; curved rods perforated along rod, margin denticulate; rod-plates thick, wide, perforate distally, sometimes bifid distally, up to 440 µ m long. Tube feet with endplates about 450 µ m in diameter; tube foot support ossicles elongate tables with narrow curved discs up to 450 µ m long and four pillar spires variably developed. Introvert with abundant tables as in tentacles. Colour preserved off-white to grey to pale brown with a hint of residual crimson dorsally, dark brown to black small spots spaced all over body; tube feet off-white with brown disc.	en	P. Mark O’Loughlin, Melanie Mackenzie, Didier Vandenspiegel (2014): New dendrochirotid sea cucumbers from northern Australia (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida). Memoirs of Museum Victoria 72: 5-23, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1298027
03871B11FFA43E43FCFDFE26FDA5F9F1.taxon	distribution	Distribution. N Australia, Joseph Bonaparte Gulf, 52 – 73 m.	en	P. Mark O’Loughlin, Melanie Mackenzie, Didier Vandenspiegel (2014): New dendrochirotid sea cucumbers from northern Australia (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida). Memoirs of Museum Victoria 72: 5-23, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1298027
03871B11FFA43E43FCFDFE26FDA5F9F1.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Named for the research vessel of the Australian Institute of Marine Science, the RV Solander, from which the King George River expedition and cruise SOL 4934 were conducted and these type specimens collected.	en	P. Mark O’Loughlin, Melanie Mackenzie, Didier Vandenspiegel (2014): New dendrochirotid sea cucumbers from northern Australia (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida). Memoirs of Museum Victoria 72: 5-23, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1298027
03871B11FFA43E43FCFDFE26FDA5F9F1.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The distinguishing morphological character of Actinocucumis solanderi O’Loughlin sp. nov. is the presence in the body wall of abundant small, thick, box-like tables and tables that are reduced to varying degrees.	en	P. Mark O’Loughlin, Melanie Mackenzie, Didier Vandenspiegel (2014): New dendrochirotid sea cucumbers from northern Australia (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida). Memoirs of Museum Victoria 72: 5-23, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1298027
