identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03869D6CFFF64131B9AAFCD3CD72F8D7.text	03869D6CFFF64131B9AAFCD3CD72F8D7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pempheris adusta Bleeker 1877	<div><p>Pempheris adusta Bleeker, 1877</p><p>Fig. 1, Tables 1–5</p><p>Pempheris adusta Bleeker, 1877: 50, table 383, fig. 1: Fricke, 1999: 320: Koeda et al., 2013a, b: Koeda et al., in press.</p><p>Pempheris mangula (not of Cuvier): Günther, 1874: 102, table 59, fig. B: Klunzinger, 1870: 469.</p><p>Pempheris molucca (not of Cuvier): Carcasson, 1977: 147.</p><p>Pempheris oualensis (not of Cuvier, in Cuvier &amp; Valenciennes): Snyder, 1912: 497: Okada, 1938: 179: Okada &amp; Matsubara, 1938: 179: Matsubara, 1955: 590: Tominaga, 1963: 289.</p><p>Pempheris vanicolensis (not of Cuvier, in Cuvier &amp; Valenciennes): Allen &amp; Steene, 1987: 55, pl. 36, figs. 5, 6: Randall, 1992: 72, fig. 147: Thamrongnawasawat &amp; Saisaeng, 2009: 115, upper fig.</p><p>Pempheris flavicycla flavicycla Randall et al., 2013: 1 –23.</p><p>Pempheris flavicycla marisrubri Randall et al., 2013: 1 –23.</p><p>Pempheris sp.: Hatooka, 2002: 879: Senou et al., 2006: 77: Senou et al., 2007: 56: Koeda et al., 2010: 74: Koeda et al., 2012 a, b.</p><p>Diagnosis. Faint blackish spot on pectoral fin base; pored lateral-line scales 56–64 (52–58 in Andaman Sea; 51–62 in the Pacific); scale rows above lateral line 4 1/2–6 1/2 (usually 5 1/2; 4 1/2–5 1/2, usually 4 1/ 2in Andaman Sea and the Pacific Ocean); circumpeduncular scales 14–18, usually 16; distinct blackish band on outer edge of anal fin (rarely faint or only anterior half prominent; usually none in Pacific); blackish band on posterior edge of caudal fin (caudal fin whole yellowish in Andaman Sea); upper-jaw length 14.2–15.6% SL; body depth 41.4–45.4% SL. Pempheris adusta in the Pacific is distinguished from the other members of the genus by the following combination of characters: scales ctenoid and deciduous, thin, semicircular in shape; pored lateral-line scales 51–62; scale rows above lateral line 4 1/2–5 1/2 (usually 4 1/2); faint blackish spot on pectoral fin base; usually no blackish outer margin on anal fin; dusky band on anal fin base.</p><p>Description [based on Indian Ocean specimens]. Body strongly compressed, body width 5.8–8.9 in SL; body deep, body depth 2.2–2.4 in SL; head length 3.3–3.8 in SL; snout very short, rounded, snout length 4.0– 4.4 in HL; eye large, the diameter 2.2–2.6 in HL; interorbital very narrow, 3.1–3.7 in HL; dorsal outline loosely convex to dorsal fin base, extending somewhat linearly to caudal peduncle; ventral outline convex to anal fin base, extending somewhat linearly to caudal peduncle; chest usually not keeled, but sometimes weakly keeled.</p><p>Mouth large and strongly oblique, upper jaw length 1.9–2.0 in HL; the maxilla extending to middle of pupil; maxilla broadly expanded posteriorly, its surface with level; lower jaw projecting beyond upper jaw; narrow band of villiform teeth in jaws.</p><p>Scales ctenoid and deciduous, thin, semicircular in shape; concealed small scales under surface scales; scales of ventral area larger than those of dorsal area; almost all parts of head scaled, except for just anterior to orbit; about one-third of basal part of anal fin covered with small scales; scales above lateral line more deciduous; pored lateral-line scales adherent, running parallel to dorsal outline to middle of caudal fin.</p><p>Coloration when fresh. Body scales shiny reddish brown; tip of dorsal fin broadly black, the rest hyaline; paired fins pink; posterior margin of caudal fin distinctly blackish, remainder reddish brown; entire caudal fin yellow to orange in the Andaman Sea fishes (Randall, 1992; Allen &amp; Steene, 1987).</p><p>Coloration when preserved. Body scales dark brown to reddish brown; areas missing scales light tan to pale brown with irregular vertical dark brown lines marking scale pockets; black pigmentation on dorsal, anal, and caudal fins usually persistent, but sometimes not; paired fins hyaline.</p><p>Genetics. Molecular analysis reveals the base sequences between the Red Sea (Rabigh, Saudi Arabia) and the Andaman Sea (Phuket, Thailand) showed no genetic difference (Fig. 2). Furthermore, only 0.4 % difference was shown on mitochondrial 16S ribosomal DNA between Indian Ocean (Rabigh, Saudi Arabia; Phuket, Thailand) and Pacific Ocean (Thao I., Thailand; Taitung, Taiwan; Okinawa I., Japan), and the groups did not comprise different monophyletic groups. In this paper, discussion is limited to P. adusta from the Indian Ocean; Indo-Pacific Pempheris will be treated in a revision of the entire genus.</p><p>Comparisons. Pempheris adusta is widely distributed in the Indian Ocean, Andaman Sea and southern and western Pacific, and is abundant in these regions. Most of the counts characters were overlapped between the western Pacific fish and the Indian Ocean, and Andaman Sea fishes, and some modal differences could found in following characters: pored lateral-line scales 51–62 (vs. 56–64 in Indian Ocean; 52–58 in Andaman Sea; Table 2); scale rows above lateral line 4 1/2–5 1/2, usually 4 1/2 (vs. usually 5 1/2; usually 4 1/2; Table 3); usually no blackish band on anal fin (distinct blackish band on outer edge of anal fin in Indian Ocean and Andaman Sea); blackish band on anal fin base (no band on anal fin base in Indian Ocean and Andaman Sea); anterior margin of dorsal fin blackish (vs. tip of dorsal fin blackish in Indian Ocean and Andaman Sea); posterior margin of caudal fin dusky (vs. distinct blackish in Indian Ocean; dusky or more faint than Pacific in Andaman Sea). Although, some of the specimens in Indian Ocean have the same coloration as Pacific specimens, and some of the specimens from the Pacific have have the same coloration as fish from the Indian Ocean. In the PCA of 19 measured characters, PC1 explained 90.3% of the variance and all of the 19 characters loaded on the same level (Table 6), and PC2 explained only 2.2%. On the PC1 axis, plots of Indian Ocean, Andaman Sea, and western Pacific fishes were almost completely overlapped (Fig. 3).</p><p>The molecular analyses revealed sequences of specimens (listed as P. adusta) collected from the Red Sea and the Andaman Sea have exactly the same DNA sequence, and have only a 0.4% difference between these and Pacific Ocean fish for mitochondrial 16S ribosomal DNA. This is a minimal divergence compared to the other species in this genus (Fig. 2). For example, P. oualensis, the most diversified [diverse/different?] species in this genus, had 2.8% divergence in the single species. The Red Sea and the Andaman Sea groups do not comprise different monophyletic groups from the Pacific Ocean group. This means that the variations between the Indian, Andaman and the Pacific are regional, and that the species cannot be considered as more than a single species. Randall et al. (2013) described two subspecies, P. flavicycla flavicycla Randall, Satapoomin and Alpermann, 2013 from the Indian Ocean and Andaman Sea, and P. flavicycla marisrubri Randall, Bogorodsky and Alpermann, 2013 from the Red Sea, but they did not compare these species with P. adusta, or with most of the other Pacific species. In the present study, the counts and measurement of two holotypes (BPBM 17633: P. flavicycla flavicycla; SMF 33630: P. flavicycla marisrubri) and most of the paratypes completely overlap those of characters to P. adusta as determined in this study (Tables 4, 5). In addition, the specimens (SMF 33631, 33636) collected in same time with their holotype of P. flavicycla marisrubri have exactly same DNA sequences as our P. adusta . This evidence and our results confirm that the two subspecies are junior synonyms of P. adusta .</p><p>Anal-fin soft rays</p><p>34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45</p><p>P. adusta (Indian Ocean) 1 2 2 5 2 7 3 1 P. adusta (Andaman Sea) 1 7 20 8 9 5 P. adusta (Pacific Ocean) 2 1 6 15 22 23 12 4 3 P. mangula 2 2 3 7 9 8 5 4 2 P. nesogallica 1 8 4 4</p><p>P. tominagai 1 1 5 3 4 3</p><p>Pored lateral-line scales (Left)</p><p>47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 P. adusta (Indian Ocean) 1 7 6 11 5 7 1 2 P. adusta (Andaman Sea) 1 7 11 7 14 9 1</p><p>P. adusta (Pacific Ocean) 1 5 7 19 41 51 39 30 23 12 4 3 P. mangula 2 3 1 4 10 11 6 5 4 1 2 P. nesogallica 1 6 10 10 7 2 1 P. tominagai 3 8 6 16 4 5</p><p>Scale rows above lateral line 4 1/2 5 1/2 6 1/ 2 P. adusta (Indian Ocean) 12 52 4 P. adusta (Andaman Sea) 45 5</p><p>P. adusta (Pacific Ocean) 210 24</p><p>P. nesogallica 43</p><p>P. mangula 24 28</p><p>P. tominagai 35</p><p>10+15 10+15 10+15 10+15 10+15 Remarks. Fishes of the genus Pempheris from the Red Sea and Mediterranean Sea were mostly recorded as Pempheris vanicolensis in several publications (Ben-Tuvia, 1985; Diamant et al., 1986; Golani &amp; Ben-Tuvia, 1989; Golani &amp; Diamant, 1991; Golani, 1998; Goren &amp; Galil, 2001). These reports are faunal lists with no species descriptions, but, as P. vanicolensis is only known from the western Pacific (Koeda et al., unpublish data), and not from the Indian Ocean (except the Andaman Sea). What might account for the misidentifications of P. adusta as P. vanicolensis from the Red Sea, is the blackish band on the anal fin that both species share. Several studies have reported P. vanicolensis from the Indian Ocean by photograph (Randall, 1992; Thamrongnawasawat &amp; Saisaeng, 2009). However, these images appear to be of P. adusta because of the blackish band along the anal fin margin and blackish spot on the pectoral fin base. Pempheris vanicolensis can clearly distinguish from the species here considered in having no blackish spot on pectoral fin base; a bright yellow pectoral fin; pored lateral-line scales 57–65; scale rows above lateral line 5 1/2–6 1/2.</p><p>This species spawn mainly during April to June, but spawning occurred year round in Okinawa I., Japan (Koeda et al., in press). The spawning occurred after sunset, and only individuals larger than 110 mm SL join to the spawning group.</p><p>Distribution. Pempheris adusta is widely distributed in the Indian Ocean and Red Sea, but not in the Mediterranean Sea. This species also widely distribute in the Pacific Ocean and Andaman Sea, and has widest distribution all species in the genus. The specimens were collected from 0–20 m depth.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03869D6CFFF64131B9AAFCD3CD72F8D7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Koeda, Keita;Yoshino, Tetsuo;Imai, Hideyuki;Tachihara, Katsunori	Koeda, Keita, Yoshino, Tetsuo, Imai, Hideyuki, Tachihara, Katsunori (2014): A review of the genus Pempheri s (Perciformes, Pempheridae) of the Red Sea, with description of a new species. Zootaxa 3793 (3): 301-330, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3793.3.1
03869D6CFFFC4139B9AAFACACA8BFE99.text	03869D6CFFFC4139B9AAFACACA8BFE99.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pempheris mangula Cuvier 1829	<div><p>Pempheris mangula Cuvier, 1829</p><p>Fig. 4; Tables 1–3, 7, 8</p><p>Pempheris mangula Cuvier, 1829: 195; Cuvier, in Cuvier &amp; Valenciennes, 1831; Fricke, 1999: 320; Laith and Koeda, 2013. Pempheris rhomboidea Kossmann &amp; Räuber, 1877: 398, pl. 3 (Type locality: Massawa or Dahla, Eritrea; Fig. 4 b). Pempheris erythraea Kossmann &amp; Räuber, 1877: 398 (Red Sea).</p><p>Pempheris russellii Day, 1888 (Type locality: Sind, Pakistan; Fig. 4 c).</p><p>Pempheris vanicolensis (not of Cuvier, in Cuvier &amp; Valenciennes): Randall, 1983: 85.</p><p>Diagnosis. Pored lateral-line scales 49–60; scale rows above lateral line 4 1/2–5 1/2; circumpeduncular scales 14–18, usually 16; no blackish spot on pectoral fin base; usually only the tip of dorsal fin blackish; huge eye, the diameter 13.0–15.3% SL, 43.6–51.5% HL; body very deep 44.6–49.1% SL; usually irregular faint longitudinal light stripes on the body side.</p><p>Description. Body strongly compressed, body width 6.5–7.0 in SL; body very deep, body depth 2.0– 2.4 in SL; head length 2.7–3.4 in SL; snout very short, rounded, snout length 3.9–4.8 in HL; interorbital very narrow, 3.2–3.7 in HL; dorsal outline weakly convex to dorsal fin base, extending somewhat linearly to caudal peduncle; ventral outline convex to anal fin base, extending somewhat linearly to caudal peduncle; chest usually keeled, but sometimes weakly or not at all.</p><p>Mouth large and strongly oblique, upper jaw length 1.7–2.0 in HL; the maxilla extending to anterior pupil or slightly beyond, but reaching middle of pupil; maxilla broadly expanded posteriorly; lower jaw projecting beyond upper jaw; narrow band of villiform teeth in jaws.</p><p>Scales ctenoid, thin, semicircular in shape, wider than long, and deciduous; concealed small scales under surface scales; scales of ventral area larger than those of dorsal area; almost all parts of head scaled, except for just anterior to orbit; about one-third of basal part of anal fin covered with small scales; scales above lateral line more deciduous; pored lateral-line scales adherent, running parallel to dorsal outline to middle of caudal fin.</p><p>Coloration when fresh. Body scales shiny reddish brown; tip or anterior half of anal fin rarely blackish, the rest brownish; paired fins pink or brown; caudal fin brown, rarely with dusky posterior margin (Randall, 1983).</p><p>Coloration when preserved. Body scales light brown to dark brown; areas missing scales pale brown with irregular vertical dark brown lines marking scales pockets; black pigmentation on anal and caudal fins usually not persistent; paired fins hyaline.</p><p>P. adusta P. adusta P. adusta P. adusta P. flavicycla Holotype (Indian Ocean) (Andaman Sea) (Pacific Ocean) Holotypes Number of Individuals 1 19 50 84 2</p><p>Standard length (mm) 130.4 100.5‒143.2 83.2‒135.9 62.4‒145.7 102.4, 137.0 As % of standard length</p><p>Head length 26.2 26.4‒30.3 (29.3) 27.7‒30.1 (28.9) 26.3‒31.6 (28.1) 28.3, 29.8 Head depth 31.5 31.1‒36.1 (33.1) 31.0‒33.9 (32.3) 29.8‒39.5 (32.5) 33.7, 34.2 Snout length 6.2 6.2‒7.0 (6.6) 5.7‒7.1 (6.3) 5.2‒7.9 (6.2) 6.7 Eye diameter 12.3 11.2‒14.0 (12.5) 10.9‒13.6 (12.5) 10.0‒13.2 (11.7) 11.7, 12.5 Interorbital width 9.2 8.3‒9.5 (8.9) 7.1‒8.4 (8.0) 7.2‒9.6 (8.0) 8.7, 9.2 Upper jaw length 14.6 14.2‒15.6 (15.0) 14.9‒16.7 (15.4) 13.1‒16.7 (14.5) 14.2, 15.4 Predorsal length 38.5 37.3‒41.6 (38.6) 36.0‒38.6 (37.3) 35.9‒48.2 (38.6) 39.5, 40.0 Prepelvic length 36.9 35.8‒41.2 (38.4) 34.9‒36.9 (36.4) 34.0‒44.7 (36.5) 37.5, 38.5 Preanal length 51.5 48.1‒55.5 (52.7) 47.1‒53.2 (49.3) 46.5‒53.7 (49.8) 50.0, 52.9 Body depth 40.0 41.4‒45.4 (43.6) 40.2‒44.3 (42.1) 40.2‒47.3 (43.8) 44.2, 45.2 Dorsal-fin length damaged 22.9‒26.1 (24.7) 22.9‒25.0 (24.2) 21.3‒26.4 (24.1) 24.0, 25.0 Anal-fin length damaged 12.7‒16.0 (14.7) 13.5‒17.0 (15.6) 10.9‒16.7 (13.8) 13.5, 14.2 Pectoral-fin length damaged 23.6‒26.3 (25.2) 23.8‒26.1 (25.0) 22.7‒27.4 (24.7) 25.0, 26.0 Pelvic-fin length damaged 12.7‒16.0 (14.3) 12.9‒15.1 (14.2) 10.4‒16.0 (13.1) 13.5 Dorsal-fin base 16.9 14.3‒16.8 (15.8) 15.1‒16.1 (15.7) 13.9‒17.6 (15.9) 15.4, 15.8 Anal-fin base 53.1 51.4‒56.4 (53.3) 52.4‒57.1 (55.6) 50.4‒61.3 (54.9) 51.9, 55.8 Caudal-peduncle length 8.5 7.6‒10.1 (9.0) 7.9‒9.1 (8.2) 7.3‒11.2 (8.8) 8.7, 9.2 Caudal-peduncle depth 9.2 7.6‒9.3 (8.6) 8.0‒8.9 (8.3) 7.2‒9.7 (8.4) 8.7, 9.2 As % of head length</p><p>Snout length 23.5 21.1‒25.0 (22.7) 20.0‒25.0 (21.9) 17.4‒27.3 (22.3) 22.6, 23.5, Eye diameter 47.1 38.1‒45.5 (42.2) 39.3‒46.2 (43.1) 36.1‒47.1 (41.5) 41.9, 41.2 Interorbital width 35.3 27.3‒32.4 (30.1) 24.0‒29.2 (27.6) 25.0‒32.4 (28.6) 29.0, 32.4 Upper jaw length 55.9 50.0‒53.6 (51.1) 52.0‒56.0 (53.3) 48.1‒57.1 (51.5) 50.0, 51.6 Genetics. Molecular analysis shows the base sequences of P. mangula between the Red Sea (Jaffa and Elat, Israel) and the Indian Ocean (Muscat, Oman; Cabo Delgado, Mozambique) have only slight genetic divergences (Fig. 2), showing the species as widely distribute in the Red Sea and western Indian Ocean, and the Mediterranean Sea.</p><p>Comparisons. Russell (1803, vol. 1: 10, pl. 111) described and illustrated a species of Pempheris from the Visakhapatnam coast of eastern India under the native name Mangula-kutti (Fig. 5). Cuvier (1829: 195) noted that Russell's fish did not correspond to any of the species he knew, so he proposed the name P. mangula for it. Absence of type specimens precipitated much subsequent confusion. Day (1876: 175) described the characters for which he thought was '' P. mangula '', but these characters are mostly consistent with P. molucca Cuvier 1829, especially in counts of anal-fin rays, pored scales above lateral line, and lack of coloration on any of the fins. Day also concluded that the P. mangula of Cuvier (1829) and Günther (1874) did not correspond with Russell's fish, and named it Pempheris russellii Day, 1888, designating as type specimen a fish collected from Pakistan (ZSI 910, Fig. 4 c). However, this specimen has similar characters to P. mangula (Tables 6, 7), and means that P. russellii is a junior synonym of P. mangula . Kossmann &amp; Räuber (1877) designated three syntypes collected from the Red Sea for P. rhomboidea . However, only one syntype (ZMB 9850, Fig. 4 b) remains; the other two are lost. Therefore, we herein establish the remaining syntype as lectotype of P. rhomboidea . The designated lectotype has completely overlapping characters with P. mangula (Tables 7, 8), and our molecular analysis shown only very slight genetic differences between Red Sea and Indian Ocean specimens, meaning that P. rhomboidea is junior synonym of P. mangula . Kossmann &amp; Räuber (1877) claimed P. mangula of Klunzinger (1870) did not match any other species in the Red Sea, and proposed the new scientific name, P. erythraea . However, Klunzinger (1870) described P. mangula with the following characters: dorsal-fin rays: VI, 9–10; anal-fin rays: III, 37–38; pored lateral-line scales: 45–60; faint blackish spot on pectoral fin base, but sometimes not. These combined characters, especially the last, indicate that Klunzinger might have included two species in their reassessment of P. mangula . Because the black spot on the pectoral fin base is a specific character for P. adusta in the Red Sea, with pored lateral-line scales 45–60 less so for the species, and as we examined five specimens (SMNS 3498, 26606) of '' P. mangula '' identified by Klunzinger and confirms these as true P. mangula . Thus we conclude P. erythraea is also a junior synonym of P. mangula .</p><p>Remarks. Five Indian species, P. molucca and four species from the Red Sea, were collected from Southern India and/or Sri Lanka, but no specimens have been reported from the Visakhapatnam coast where Russell reported ''Mangula-kutti''. Pempheris malabarica Cuvier in Cuvier &amp; Valenciennes, 1831, described from Southern India, is considered to be a junior synonym of P. molucca in our taxonomical revision on whole genus (Koeda et al., unpublish data). Our analyses based on the illustration yields the following characters: high [large] body depth; dorsal-fin rays V, 10; anal-fin rays III, 39; pectoral-fin rays I, 17; pelvic-fin rays I, 5; caudal-fin rays 19; pored lateral-line scales 59; scale rows above lateral line 4 1/2–5 1/2; scale rows below lateral line 14. The shaded parts on each fin might indicate branched rays. The specimens here, listed above as P. mangula, do not exactly match the characters in Russell's illustration, but do match some of the significant characters from the illustration, in having 39 anal-fin soft rays (34–42), pored lateral-line scales 59 (49–60), and scale rows above lateral line 4 1/2–5 1/2 (4 1/2–5 1/2). Additionally, Russell (1803) specified ''eyes enormously large'' in the text, which corresponds with the diagnosis of the present species.</p><p>The Visakhapatnam coast is located on southeastern Indian, and no specimens have been collected from this coast. However, many specimens of P. molucca, P. nesogallica, P. tominagai sp. nov., and P. mangula have been collected from Kerara and/or Tuticorin, southern India. Pempheris adusta also has similar characters to Russell's species, and has been collected from the Maldives and Sri Lanka, but has never been collected from the coast of India. Compared to Russell's description, P. nesogallica has a significantly smaller eye, and is not abundant along the Indian coast. Pempheris tominagai sp.nov. has lower scale counts, a shallower body depth, and a smaller eye. From these facts, we conclude that the present species correspond with the species described by Russell (1803), and our genetic results supported that this species widely distribute between the Indian Ocean to the Red Sea. Thus, the specimen collected at the southern India (BPBM 41095; 129.7 mm SL) are here designated the neotype of P. mangula .</p><p>As % of head length</p><p>Snout length 22.5 20.9–25.6 (22.9) 21.9 21.2 Eye diameter 45.0 43.6–48.1 (45.6) 46.9 51.5 Interorbital width 27.5 26.8–30.8 (28.9) 28.1 27.3 Upper jaw length 52.5 51.2–55.6 (53.2) 56.3 60.6 Fowler (1931) described the distribution of P. mangula as the Red Sea, South Africa, Madagascar, India, East Indies, Philippines, Vietnam, and New South Wales. However, the characters mostly align with P. schwenkii Bleeker, 1855, and a new species, P. tominagai sp. nov., based on the low pored lateral line scale counts, number of scale rows above and below lateral line, and anal fin counts.</p><p>Pempheris mangula has been reported from South China Sea (Randall &amp; Lim, 2000), Indonesia (Allen &amp; Adrim, 2003), Mauritius (Gudger, 1929), western coast of India (Manilo &amp; Bogorodsky, 2003), Réunion, Mauritius, Comoros, Madagascar, and the Seychelles (Fricke et al., 2009). These reports are faunal lists with no species descriptions, but, as P. mangula is only known from the Indian Ocean, and is not in the Pacific Ocean, the report from South China Sea and Indonesia is likely a misidentification of other species. Randall (1983) reported P. vanicolensis from the Red Sea, and provided a color photograph. However, the photographed specimen (BPBM 18188) has been re-identified as P. mangula .</p><p>Distribution. Pempheris mangula is widely distributed in the western Indian Ocean, the Red Sea and the eastern Mediterranean Sea. This species is also distributed along the northwestern coast of Australia, but not along the coasts and islands of Indonesia. This species is the only species that has migrated to the Mediterranean Sea from the Red Sea. The specimens were collected from 0–20 m depth.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03869D6CFFFC4139B9AAFACACA8BFE99	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Koeda, Keita;Yoshino, Tetsuo;Imai, Hideyuki;Tachihara, Katsunori	Koeda, Keita, Yoshino, Tetsuo, Imai, Hideyuki, Tachihara, Katsunori (2014): A review of the genus Pempheri s (Perciformes, Pempheridae) of the Red Sea, with description of a new species. Zootaxa 3793 (3): 301-330, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3793.3.1
03869D6CFFFA4127B9AAFE8ACDC9F99C.text	03869D6CFFFA4127B9AAFE8ACDC9F99C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pempheris nesogallica Cuvier	<div><p>Pempheris nesogallica Cuvier, in Cuvier &amp; Valenciennes, 1831</p><p>Fig. 6; Tables 1–3, 9, 10</p><p>Pempheris nesogallica Cuvier, in Cuvier &amp; Valenciennes, 1831: 306: Heemstra &amp; Heemstra, 2004: 327: Fricke et al., 2009: 70. Pempheris mangula (not of Cuvier, in Cuvier &amp; Valenciennes): Smith &amp; Heemstra, 1986: 669, pl. 84.</p><p>Pempheris vanicolensis (not of Cuvier, in Cuvier &amp; Valenciennes): Randall, 1995: 244, fig. 637: Fricke, 1999: 322.</p><p>Diagnosis. Pored lateral-line scales 52–59; scale rows above lateral line 5 1/2; circumpeduncular scales 16; no blackish spot on pectoral fin base; usually only the tip of dorsal fin blackish; chest usually keeled, but sometimes weakly or not at all; eye small, diameter 11.6–12.8% SL, 39.4–42.3% HL; body very deep 46.1–53.4% SL.</p><p>Description. Body strongly compressed, body width 6.2–8.7 in SL; body very deep, body depth 1.9–2.1 in SL; head length 3.2–3.5 in SL; snout very short, rounded, snout length 4.1–4.9 in HL; interorbital very narrow, 3.1–3.5 in HL; dorsal outline convex to dorsal fin base, extending somewhat linearly to caudal peduncle; ventral outline convex to anal fin base, extending somewhat linearly to caudal peduncle.</p><p>Mouth large and strongly oblique, upper jaw length 1.9 in HL; the maxilla extending to anterior pupil or slightly beyond, but not reaching middle of pupil; maxilla broadly expanded posteriorly, its surface with level; lower jaw projecting beyond upper jaw; narrow band of villiform teeth in jaws.</p><p>Scales ctenoid, thin, semicircular in shape, far wider than long, and deciduous; concealed small scales under surface scales; scales of ventral area larger than those of dorsal area; almost all parts of head scaled, except for just anterior to orbit; about one-third of basal part of anal fin covered with small scales; scales above lateral line more deciduous; pored lateral-line scales adherent, running parallel to dorsal outline to middle of caudal fin.</p><p>Coloration when fresh. Body scales silver, their posterior edge copperish; tip of dorsal fin distinctly blackish, the rest faintly orange; tip or anterior half of anal fin rarely blackish, the rest pale; paired fins pink; posterior margin of caudal fin dusky, the rest orange (Randall, 1995).</p><p>Coloration when preserved. Body scales light to dark brown; areas missing scales pale brown with irregular vertical lines marking scale pockets; black pigmentation on dorsal fin persistent; black pigmentation on anal and caudal fins usually persistent, but sometimes only faintly visible or not discernable; paired fins hyaline.</p><p>Comparisons. Pempheris nesogallica and P. mangula have frequently been confused, but the former species can be distinguished from the latter species by a smaller eye, diameter 39.4–42.3% HL, mean 41.1% (vs 43.6–51.5%, mean 45.6%), and no stripes on side of the body (usually irregular faint longitudinal light stripes), 5 1/ 2 scale rows above lateral line (vs 4 1/2–5 1/ 2 in P. mangula). This species also differs from P. vanicolensis in having 52–59 pored lateral-line scales (vs 57–65), a deeper body, 46.1–53.4% SL, mean 49.1% (42.4–46.3%, mean 43.2%), hyaline pectoral fins (vs bright yellow pectoral fins), and no blackish band on anal fin (vs blackish band on anal fin outer margin).</p><p>Remarks. Two syntypes were allocated to P. nesogallica Cuvier (MNHN A222, MNHN B2514). However, these two specimens are of two different species, and one of them (MNHN A222) has the same characters as P. mangula . Thus, we select MNHN B2514 as lectotype of P. nesogallica . Fricke et al. (2009) reported P. nesogallica from Réunion, and Mauritius. There are no specimen descriptions, and it is thus difficult to comment on the validity of this record. Randall (1995) reported P. vanicolensis from Oman, and gave two color photographs (Figs. 637 and 638). However, one photographed specimen (Fig. 637: BPBM 36341) had been reidentified as P. nesogallica in present study, and the other photo (Fig. 638) seems to be of an assemblage of P. tominagai, based on the blackish band at the anal fin base (see below).</p><p>Distribution. Pempheris nesogallica is widely distributed in the Western Indian Ocean, but has only been collected from the southern part of the Red Sea.</p><p>P. nesogallica P. nesogallica P. nesogallica Lectotype Non-types Paralectotype Number of Individuals 1 25 1</p><p>Standard length (mm) 130.3 89.6–116.8 138.6 As % of standard length</p><p>Head length 30.0 28.5–31.2 (29.9) 30.9 Head depth 34.6 33.6–37.0 (35.7) 34.5 Snout length 6.2 6.3–7.3 (6.9) 6.5 Eye diameter 12.3 11.6–12.8 (12.3) 14.4 Interorbital width 8.5 8.4–10.1 (9.3) 8.6 Upper jaw length 15.4 15.0–16.5 (15.6) 16.5 Predorsal length 40.8 37.8–40.4 (39.4) 41.7 Prepelvic length 40.0 37.5–40.7 (39.3) 41.0 Preanal length 55.4 50.5–56.0 (53.7) 51.8 Body depth 46.9 46.1–53.4 (49.1) 44.6 Dorsal-fin length damaged 23.4–25.0 (24.0) 25.2 Anal-fin length damaged 14.3 damaged Pectoral-fin length 24.6 24.1–27.1 (25.5) 25.2 Pelvic-fin length 13.1 12.7–14.4 (13.6) damaged Dorsal-fin base 16.2 16.1–18.0 (17.2) 15.1 Anal-fin base 53.1 51.4–56.1 (53.7) 52.5 Caudal-peduncle length 9.2 8.1–10.2 (9.3) 10.1 Caudal-peduncle depth 8.5 8.9–10.2 (9.4) 7.9 Length of dorsal-fin origin to pelvic-fin origin 45.4 44.5–47.5 (46.0) 44.6 Length of dorsal-fin origin to anal-fin insertion 59.8 58.5–63.1 (60.1) 54.7 Length of pelvic-fin origin to anal-fin origin 16.9 14.0–17.9 (15.9) 16.5 Body width 11.5 14.3–16.2 (15.1) 11.5 As % of head length</p><p>Snout length 20.5 21.9–24.2 (23.1) 20.9 Eye diameter 41.0 39.4–42.3 (41.1) 46.5 Interorbital width 28.2 29.0–32.4 (31.1) 27.9 Upper jaw length 51.3 51.4–53.1 (52.3) 53.5</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03869D6CFFFA4127B9AAFE8ACDC9F99C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Koeda, Keita;Yoshino, Tetsuo;Imai, Hideyuki;Tachihara, Katsunori	Koeda, Keita, Yoshino, Tetsuo, Imai, Hideyuki, Tachihara, Katsunori (2014): A review of the genus Pempheri s (Perciformes, Pempheridae) of the Red Sea, with description of a new species. Zootaxa 3793 (3): 301-330, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3793.3.1
03869D6CFFE44123B9AAF991CAEDFDA6.text	03869D6CFFE44123B9AAF991CAEDFDA6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pempheris tominagai Koeda, Yoshino & Tachihara	<div><p>Pempheris tominagai Koeda, Yoshino &amp; Tachihara sp. nov.</p><p>Fig. 7; Tables 1–3, 11, 12</p><p>Pempheris molucca (not of Cuvier): Mouneimne, 1979: 105.</p><p>Pempheris oualensis (not of Cuvier, in Cuvier &amp; Valenciennes): Allen &amp; Steene, 1987: 55, pl. 36, fig. 7.</p><p>Pempheris schwenkii (not of Bleeker): Smith &amp; Heemstra, 1986: 669, pl. 84; Smith, 1965: 247; Fricke, 1999: 322; Heemstra &amp; Heemstra, 2004: 327; Laith &amp; Koeda, 2013.</p><p>Pempheris vanicolensis (not of Cuvier, in Cuvier &amp; Valenciennes): Randall, 1995: 244, fig. 638: Siliotti, 2009: 31, 112.</p><p>Holotype. NSMT-P 106826, 95 mm, Sharm el-Sheikh (27° 51' 29'' E; 34° 17' 41'' N), Egypt.</p><p>Paratypes. NSMT-P 106827, 106828 (2), 82, 99 mm, Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt; SAIAB 77935, 92 mm, Cap Matoopa, Seychelles; SAIAB 97406 (2), 116, 117 mm, Libanona Beach, Madagascar; SAIAB 62146, 75871 (5), 60–117 mm, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; URM-P 46336, 100 mm, Muscat, Oman; URM-P 46567, 46568 (2), 93, 100 mm, Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt; BMNH 1982.9.9.1, 60 mm, Mombasa, Kenya; SMNS 21172, 107 mm, Saint Paul (21° 04' 41'' S, 55° 13' 03'' E), Mauritius.</p><p>Diagnosis. Pored lateral-line scales 47–52; scale rows above lateral line 4 1/2; scale rows below lateral line 10–11; predorsal scales 25–30; circumpeduncular scales 12; body depth 40.0–47.7% SL; no blackish spot on pectoral fin base; anterior edge of dorsal fin usually blackish, the rest faint orange; anal fin pale with base zonal black, and margin very faintly black; chest keeled, rarely weakly so; posterior (outer) nostril (closest to eye) usually open, not compressed (Fig. 8).</p><p>P. tominagai P. tominagai P. schwenkii P. schwenkii Holotype Paratypes and non-types Syntypes non-types Number of Individuals 1 124 2 176</p><p>Standard length (mm) 95.1 53.4‒106.9 87.2, 89.7 35.4‒125.9 Counts</p><p>Dorsal-fin rays VI, 9 VI, 9 VI, 9 VI, VII rarely VII,</p><p>9‒10 rarely 10 Anal-fin rays III, 38 III, 35‒40 rarely 35, 36 III, 35, 36 III, 35‒42 Description. Body strongly compressed, body width 6.3–8.2 in SL; body deep, body depth 2.2–2.3 in SL; head length 3.2–3.4 in SL; snout very short, rounded, snout length 3.7–4.8 in HL; eye large 2.2–2.5 in HL; interorbital very narrow 3.0– 3.7 in HL; dorsal outline convex to dorsal fin base, extending somewhat linearly to caudal peduncle; ventral outline convex to anal fin base, extending somewhat linearly to caudal peduncle.</p><p>Mouth large and strongly oblique, upper jaw length 1.8–1.9 in HL; the maxilla extending to middle of pupil; maxilla broadly expanded posteriorly, its surface with level; lower jaw projecting beyond upper jaw; narrow band of villiform teeth in jaws.</p><p>Scales ctenoid, thin, semicircular in shape, far wider than long, and very deciduous; concealed small scales under surface scales; scales of ventral area larger than those of dorsal area; almost all parts of head scaled, except for just anterior to orbit; about one-third of basal part of anal fin covered with small scales; scales above lateral line more deciduous than body side scales; pored lateral-line scales adherent, running parallel to dorsal outline to middle of caudal fin.</p><p>Coloration when fresh. Body scales gold in daylight (Allen &amp; Steene, 1987); paired fins pink to orange; caudal fin usually yellowish; body coloration silvery, and coloration of fins pale at night.</p><p>Coloration when preserved. Body scales light brown; areas missing scales pale brown with irregular vertical dark brown lines marking scale pockets; black pigmentation on dorsal and anal fin usually persistent; blackish pigmentation on anal fin margin sometimes not discernable; posterior edge of caudal fin dusky; paired fins hyaline.</p><p>Genetics. On the mitochondrial 16S ribosomal DNA, two haplotypes occurred in P. tominagai, and a single specimen from the Indian Ocean (Seychelles) had slightly different sequence from the other Red Sea specimens (Fig. 2). The molecular analysis shows that P. tominagai and P. schwenkii, which is distributed in the Pacific Ocean, are sister species. However, these two species can clearly be separated by a minimum of 2.1% sequence divergence, and comprised different monophyletic groups.</p><p>P. tominagai P. tominagai P. schwenkii P. schwenkii Holotype Paratypes and non-types Syntypes non-types Number of Individuals 1 19 2 53</p><p>Standard length (mm) 95.1 74.9‒107.3 89.7 71.3‒125.9 As % of standard length</p><p>Head length 30.2 29.1‒32.0 (30.6) 28.4, 30.0 27.9‒33.0 (29.7) Head depth 33.3 31.3‒37.1 (34.3) 30.7, 31.1 30.6‒36.4 (33.4) Snout length 7.3 6.0‒8.0 (6.9) 6.7 5.6‒8.4 (6.8) Eye diameter 12.5 12.2‒15.0 (13.0) 12.2, 12.5 10.6‒14.2 (12.0) Interorbital width 8.3 8.1‒10.0 (9.1) 8.0, 8.9 7.1‒9.9 (8.1) Upper jaw length 16.7 15.9‒17.3 (16.4) 15.9, 15.6 14.3‒17.0 (15.6) Predorsal length 38.6 38.4‒40.1 (39.6) 39.8. 40.0 37.0‒41.1 (39.0) Prepelvic length 40.6 39.0‒43.2 (40.9) 39.8, 40.0 38.0‒43.0 (40.4) Preanal length 54.2 53.0‒59.8 (55.5) 52.3, 51.1 49.5‒59.6 (54.4) Body depth 42.7 40.0‒47.7 (43.5) 41.1, 42.0 40.2‒47.2 (43.6) Dorsal-fin length 22.9 21.3‒25.6 (23.0) damaged 20.0‒26.8 (22.1) Anal-fin length 13.5 9.4‒14.0 (12.3) damaged 9.4‒15.5 (13.2) Pectoral-fin length 27.1 25.5‒28.4 (27.1) Damaged 23.4‒29.6 (25.4) Pelvic-fin length 13.5 10.4‒14.1 (13.0) Damaged 9.9‒14.1 (12.8) Dorsal-fin base 15.6 15.6‒18.2 (16.4) 16.7, 17.0 14.0‒17.9 (16.0) Anal-fin base 49.0 45.9‒54.7 (49.5) 48.9, 50.0 45.9‒53.8 (50.4) Caudal-peduncle length 10.4 8.6‒10.6 (9.6) 8.9, 7.6‒10.2 (9.0)</p><p>9.1</p><p>Caudal-peduncle depth 8.3 7.8‒10.5 (8.7) 7.8, 9.1 7.4‒10.1 (8.6) As % of head length</p><p>Snout length 24.1 20.7‒26.1 (22.9) 22.2, 24.0 18.2‒27.3 (23.0) Eye diameter 41.4 40.0‒46.9 (42.8) 40.7, 44.0 35.5‒45.5 (40.4) Interorbital width 27.6 27.6‒33.3 (29.9) 28.0, 29.6 23.3‒32.3 (27.3) Upper jaw length 55.2 50.0‒56.7 (53.8) 51.9, 56.0 50‒56.7 (52.8) Comparisons. Compare with the other Pempheris species, P. tominagai is similar to P. s c h w e n ki i in most counts and measurement, and as a result has been frequently misidentified as P. schwenkii . These two species can distinguish from the other species in genus Pempheris in having lower scale counts (less than 53 pored lateral-line scales; less than 41/2scale rows above lateral line; circumpeduncular scales 10–12), lower body depth 40.0–47.7%, and anal fin with base zonal black. Between these two species, P. tominagai can be distinguished from P. s c h w e n ki i by the following characters: scale rows above lateral line 4 1/2 (vs. 3 1/ 2 in P. s c h w e n ki i); usually yellowish caudal fin in fresh specimens (vs. pinkish); posterior nostril usually open (Fig. 8 a; vs. usually compressed: Fig. 8 b). In addition to these morphological differences, the adequate genetic divergence compared with other species, strongly indicated that P. tominagai is a validated species distribute in the western Indian Ocean and the Red Sea.</p><p>Remarks. Heemstra &amp; Heemstra (2004) reported P. schwenkii from South Africa, but it might be a misidentification of P. tominagai . Mouneimne (1979) reported P. molucca from the Mediterranean Sea, off the coast of Lebanon (the first record of Pempheris in this region), but, the illustration seems consistent with P.</p><p>tominagai . However, no specimens of P. tominagai collected from the Mediterranean Sea were verified in the present study. More Pempheris materials from the Mediterranean Sea are required to substantiate the presence of P. tominagai in this region. Randall (1995) reported P. vanicolensis from Oman, providing two color photographs (Fig. 637 and 638 in the literature). One of the photograph (Fig. 638) seems to depict an assemblage of P. tominagai, based on the blackish band on the anal fin base.</p><p>Distribution. Pempheris tominagai is widely distributed in the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean. This species is also distributed in the north western coast of Australia, but not along the coasts and islands of Indonesia and north eastern Australia. Specimens were collected from 0–10 m depth. Pempheris schwenkii which the sister species is widely distributed in the Pacific Ocean, but is not overlapped with that of P. tominagai, and neither species had never collected from the Andaman Sea.</p><p>Etymology. The specific name, tominagai, honors the late Yoshiaki Tominaga, pre-eminent Japanese ichthyologist who contributed to taxonomy and morphology of Pempheridae .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03869D6CFFE44123B9AAF991CAEDFDA6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Koeda, Keita;Yoshino, Tetsuo;Imai, Hideyuki;Tachihara, Katsunori	Koeda, Keita, Yoshino, Tetsuo, Imai, Hideyuki, Tachihara, Katsunori (2014): A review of the genus Pempheri s (Perciformes, Pempheridae) of the Red Sea, with description of a new species. Zootaxa 3793 (3): 301-330, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3793.3.1
03869D6CFFE04123B9AAFD88CC8FFBAD.text	03869D6CFFE04123B9AAFD88CC8FFBAD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pempheris	<div><p>Key to Red Sea Pempheris</p><p>1a Base of anal fin without blackish band; scale rows below lateral line 11–16; circumpeduncular scales 14–18; pored lateral-line scales 49–64; scale rows above lateral line 4 1/2–6 1/2; predorsal scales 27–39.................................... 2</p><p>1b Base of anal fin with blackish band; scale rows below lateral line 10–11; circumpeduncular scales 12; pored lateral-line scales 47–52; scale rows above lateral line 4 1/2; predorsal scales 25–30.............................. P. tominagai sp. nov.</p><p>2a Pectoral fin base with faint blackish spot; pored lateral-line scales 56–64; body depth 41.4–45.4% SL (mean 43.6%); upperjaw length 14.2–15.6% SL (15.0%); distinct blackish margin on outer edge of anal fin; Red Sea, Indian Ocean and Pacific Ocean......................................................................................... P. adusta</p><p>2b Pectoral fin base without blackish spot; pored lateral-line scales 49–60; body depth 44.6–53.4% SL; upper-jaw length 15.0–17.5% SL; anterior half or no distinct blackish margin on anal fin.......................................... 3</p><p>3a Eye diameter 13.0–15.3% SL (13.9%), 43.6–51.5% HL (45.6%); usually irregular faint longitudinal light stripes on the body side; Red Sea, Mediterranean Sea, and western Indian Ocean, north western coast of Australia ............... P. mangula</p><p>3b Eye diameter 11.6–12.8% SL (12.3%), 39.4–42.3% HL (41.1%); no stripes on the body side; southern Red Sea and western Indian Ocean............................................................................... P. nesogallica</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03869D6CFFE04123B9AAFD88CC8FFBAD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Koeda, Keita;Yoshino, Tetsuo;Imai, Hideyuki;Tachihara, Katsunori	Koeda, Keita, Yoshino, Tetsuo, Imai, Hideyuki, Tachihara, Katsunori (2014): A review of the genus Pempheri s (Perciformes, Pempheridae) of the Red Sea, with description of a new species. Zootaxa 3793 (3): 301-330, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3793.3.1
