taxonID	type	description	language	source
038687D8FFA8FFDEFF4EFEC2FD5085A7.taxon	type_taxon	Type species: Caridina natalensis Bouvier, 1925, by present designation and monotypy.	en	Castelin, Magalie, Marquet, Gerard, Klotz, Werner (2013): Elephantis, a new genus for Caridina natalensis Bouvier, 1925 from eastern rivers of Madagascar. Zootaxa 3702 (6): 573-586, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3702.6.5
038687D8FFA8FFDEFF4EFEC2FD5085A7.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Small Caridina - like crustacean; carapace without supraorbital spine, with well-developed antennal spine; third maxilliped ending in a claw-like spine; 9 pairs of gills, podobranch on second maxilliped well developed, well developed (with distal hooks) epipods on third maxilliped and first to fourth pereiopod; third pereiopod moderately strong, merus inflated, propodus sexual dimorphic, with numerous scattered spinules on posterior margin in males, with few spinules arranged in two rows in females; endopod of first pleopod of males broadened distally, appendix interna arising from distal ¼ of endopod; appendix masculina on males second pleopod club-shaped, longer than endopod in adult males, armed with a row of strong spines on inner margin and a bottle-brush like spinulation on distal 1 / 3, appendix interna arising from about 0.4 times length of appendix masculina.	en	Castelin, Magalie, Marquet, Gerard, Klotz, Werner (2013): Elephantis, a new genus for Caridina natalensis Bouvier, 1925 from eastern rivers of Madagascar. Zootaxa 3702 (6): 573-586, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3702.6.5
038687D8FFA8FFDEFF4EFEC2FD5085A7.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The holotype of C. natalensis was not available for the present study. Indeed the detailed description and drawings of Richard & Clark (2009, fig. 7 - 8) in their work on African Caridina let no doubts on the identity of the present specimen. Caridina natalensis resembles other species of this genus in branchial formula and shape of chelipeds. Some characters of this species, especially the structure of male sexual appendages is clearly different from all other members of Caridina. Since shape of sexual appendages are frequently used as diagnosis criteria in atyid genera (Kubo, 1938; Chace, 1983; Cai, 2010), a new genus, Elephantis gen. nov. is proposed here for this species.	en	Castelin, Magalie, Marquet, Gerard, Klotz, Werner (2013): Elephantis, a new genus for Caridina natalensis Bouvier, 1925 from eastern rivers of Madagascar. Zootaxa 3702 (6): 573-586, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3702.6.5
038687D8FFA8FFDEFF4EFEC2FD5085A7.taxon	description	The conspicuous enlargement of the appendix masculina with appendix interna arising from about 0.4 times length of appendix masculina differs this species from all other members of Caridina. The shape of endopod of first pleopod in males (dilated distally) was used as a distinguishing feature from Caridina when Kubo erected the new genus Neocaridina in 1938 (Kubo, 1938). The endopod of first pleopod is also dilated in Elephantis but this species could be differentiated from all known members of Neocaridina by bearing long spines on distal margin of this appendage (versus distal margin without long spines and anterior surface of endopod beset with numerous small spinules in Neocaridina) and appendix interna is arising from distal ¼ of endopod (versus arising from basal part in Neocaridina). The appendix masculina on male’s second pleopod is kidney- or taper-shaped in Neocaridina and thus clearly different from the enlarged club-shaped structure in Elephantis. The proposed new genus is also different from Caridina and Neocaridina showing robust 3 rd perieopods with merus inflated. From most species assigned to these two genera Elephantis could be differentiated by the sexual dimorphism of the propodus of 3 rd and 4 th pereiopod. The inner margin of propodus of these pereiopods is beset with numerous small spinules in male specimen whereas just two rows of medium-sized spinules are shown on propodus of females. A similar form of sexual dimorphism is shown in members of the Caridina pareparensis species group known from Sulawesi, Indonesia (Klotz & von Rintelen, 2013). All members of this species group are different from Elephantis showing a stick-like, slender appendix masculina not reaching to distal end of endopod and a non-dilated endopod of male´s first pleopod. The new genus is only represented by one species Elephantis natalensis comb. nov. known from South Africa and Madagascar.	en	Castelin, Magalie, Marquet, Gerard, Klotz, Werner (2013): Elephantis, a new genus for Caridina natalensis Bouvier, 1925 from eastern rivers of Madagascar. Zootaxa 3702 (6): 573-586, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3702.6.5
038687D8FFA8FFDEFF4EFEC2FD5085A7.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Elephantis is a humorous name after an ancient Greek erotical poetess in reference to the enlarged sexual appendages of males. Gender is feminine.	en	Castelin, Magalie, Marquet, Gerard, Klotz, Werner (2013): Elephantis, a new genus for Caridina natalensis Bouvier, 1925 from eastern rivers of Madagascar. Zootaxa 3702 (6): 573-586, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3702.6.5
038687D8FFAFFFD7FF4EFF32FEC482C9.taxon	description	(Figs. 2 – 4, color plate 1)	en	Castelin, Magalie, Marquet, Gerard, Klotz, Werner (2013): Elephantis, a new genus for Caridina natalensis Bouvier, 1925 from eastern rivers of Madagascar. Zootaxa 3702 (6): 573-586, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3702.6.5
038687D8FFAFFFD7FF4EFF32FEC482C9.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: 100 specimens from Madagascar, totalling 22 males, 52 ovigerous females and 26 non ovigerous females. One non ovigerous female cl 6.7 mm; 18 ovigerous females cl 5.8 – 8.8 mm; one male cl 4.4 mm (Station 1) (MNHN - IU- 2009 - 2682), coll. P. Bosc, H. Grondin & P. Valade, 01. May 2004. One male cl 4.1 mm (Station 1) (MNHN - IU- 2009 - 2689), coll. P. Bosc, H. Grondin & P. Valade, 01. May 2004. 12 ovigerous females cl 5.3 – 6.1 mm; 2 males cl 4.5 and 5.0 mm (Station 2) (MNHN - IU- 2009 - 2683), coll. P. Bosc, H. Grondin & P. Valade, 08. May 2004. One male cl 3.9 mm (Station 2) (MNHN - IU- 2009 - 2691), coll. P. Bosc, H. Grondin & P. Valade, 08. May 2004. 3 ovigerous females cl 5.0 – 5.5 mm; 4 males cl 3.0 – 4.5 mm (Station 3) (MNHN - IU- 2009 - 2684), coll. P. Bosc, H. Grondin & P. Valade, 08. May 2004. One male cl 4.4 mm, (Station 3) (MNHN - IU- 2009 - 727), coll. P. Bosc, H. Grondin & P. Valade, 08. May 2004. 2 ovigerous females cl 6.0 and 6.1 mm (Station 3) (MNHN - IU- 2009 - 728), coll. P. Bosc, H. Grondin & P. Valade, 08. May 2004. 2 ovigerous females cl 6.0 and 6.1 mm (Station 3) (RMNH. CRUS. D. 55046), coll. P. Bosc, H. Grondin & P. Valade, 08. May 2004. 2 ovigerous females cl 6.1 and 6.5 mm (Station 3) (OUMNH. ZC. 2012 - 05 - 005), coll. P. Bosc, H. Grondin & P. Valade, 08. May 2004. One non ovigerous female cl 6.7 mm (Station 3) (MNHN - IU- 2009 - 2688), coll. P. Bosc, H. Grondin & P. Valade, 08. May 2004. One male cl 4.8 mm (Station 3) (OUMNH. ZC. 2012 - 05 - 065), coll. P. Bosc, H. Grondin & P. Valade, 08. May 2004. One male cl 4.7 mm (Station 3) (RMNH. CRUS. D. 55047), coll. P. Bosc, H. Grondin & P. Valade, 08. May 2004. 18 non ovigerous females cl 4.0 – 5.9 mm; 3 ovigerous females cl 4.6 – 5.2 mm; 5 males cl 3.4 – 4.1 mm (Station 4) (MNHN - IU- 2009 - 2685), coll. E. Feunteun & T. Robinet, 03. July 2008. 2 non ovigerous females cl 4.1 and 4.7 mm; one male cl 3.0 mm (Station 5) (MNHN - IU- 2009 - 2686), coll. H. Grondin, G. Marquet & T. Robinet, 08. May 2010. 3 non ovigerous females cl 3.4 – 4.0 mm; 8 ovigerous females cl 5.6 – 6.4 mm; 2 males 3.1 and 4 mm (Station 6). (MNHN - IU- 2009 - 2687), coll. H. Grondin, G. Marquet & T. Robinet, 21. May 2010. One ovigerous female cl 5.3 mm (Station 6) (MNHN - IU- 2009 - 2690), coll. H. Grondin, G. Marquet & T. Robinet, 21. May 2010. One ovigerous female cl 6.1 mm, one non ovigerous female, two males cl 4.3 and 4.6 mm (Station 6) (coll. WK 54 - 11), coll. H. Grondin, G. Marquet & T. Robinet, 21. May 2010.	en	Castelin, Magalie, Marquet, Gerard, Klotz, Werner (2013): Elephantis, a new genus for Caridina natalensis Bouvier, 1925 from eastern rivers of Madagascar. Zootaxa 3702 (6): 573-586, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3702.6.5
038687D8FFAFFFD7FF4EFF32FEC482C9.taxon	description	Description. Cephalothorax and cephalic appendages. Carapace length 3.1 – 8.8 mm. Rostrum (Figure 2 A) slightly sigmoid, pointed, unarmed near tip, reaching to mid-length of second segment of antennular peduncle or slightly beyond this segment, 0.39 – 0.48 (median 0.46) times as long as carapace. Rostrum formula 0 – 2 + 9 – 13 / 2 – 5. Inferior orbital angle fused with a strong antennal spine. Pterygostomian angle blunt. Eyes well developed with cornea globular. Antennular peduncle 0.50 – 0.62 (median 0.56) times as long as carapace, first segment 2.55 – 2.88 (median 2.65) times as long as second segment, second segment 1.46 – 1.73 (median 1.61) times length of third segment. Stylocerite reaching to 0.84 – 0.93 (median 0.88) times of basal segment of antennular peduncle. Scaphocerite (Figure 2 C) 2.52 – 3.30 (median 2.82) times as long as wide. Abdominal somites, telson and uropods. Sixth abdominal somite 0.43 – 0.51 (median 0.46) times length of carapace, 1.25 – 1.45 (median 1.40) times as long as fifth somite, 0.79 – 0.84 (median 0.80) times as long as telson. Telson (Figures 4 E, F) 2.72 – 3.01 (median 2.83) times as long as proximally wide, distal margin convex with median projection, with 4 – 6 pairs of dorsal spinules and one pair of dorsolateral spinules; distal end with 2 lateral spines and 7 – 12 long, feathered setae overreaching lateral spines. Preanal carina (Figure 4 D) rounded, armed with a tooth. Uropodal diaeresis (Figure 4 C) with 14 – 18 movable spinules, outermost ones shorter than lateral angle. Mouthparts and branchiae. Incisor process of mandible ending in irregular teeth, molar process truncated (Figure 2 D). Lower lacinia of maxillula broadly rounded, upper lacinia elongate, with numerous distinct teeth on inner margin, palp slender with few simple setae at tip (Figure 2 E). Upper endites of maxilla subdivided, palp slender, scaphognathite tapering posteriorly, fringed with long, curved setae at posterior margin (Figure 2 F). Palp of first maxilliped ending in a stout semi-triangular extension (Figure 2 G). Podobranch on second maxilliped well developed. (Figure 2 H). Third maxilliped with two arthrobranches, ultimate segment distinctly shorter than penultimate segment (Figure 3 A). First pereiopod with an arthrobranch. Pleurobranchs present on all pereiopods. Well-developed epipods (with hooks on distal end) present on third maxilliped and first 4 pereiopods. Pereiopods. Chela and carpus of first pereiopod stouter and broader than chela and carpus of second pereiopod (Figures 3 B, C); chela of first pereiopod 1.71 – 2.24 (median 1.96) times as long as wide, 1.43 – 1.56 (median 1.50) times length of carpus; tips of fingers rounded, without hooks; dactylus 0.87 – 1.14 (median 1.99) times as long as palm; carpus distinctly excavated distally 1.22 – 1.67 (median 1.43) times as long as wide, 0.78 – 0.86 (median 0.82) times length of merus. Merus 2.18 – 3.10 (median 2.65) times as long as wide, longer than ischium. Chela of second pereiopod 1.91 – 2.57 (median 2.30) times as long as wide, 0.92 – 1.01 (median 0.95) times length of carpus; tips of fingers rounded, without hooks, dactylus 1.18 – 1.29 (median 1.23) times as long as palm; carpus 2.83 – 4.33 (median 3.70) times as long as wide, 0.85 – 0.96 (median 0.95) times as long as merus; merus 3.81 – 4.89 (median 4.33) times as long as wide, longer than ischium. Third pereiopod moderately strong (Figures 3 D – F), sexual dimorphic, dactylus 2.15 – 2.62 (median 2.37) times as long as wide (terminal claw and spines on flexor margin included), terminating in one large claw with 5 or 6 accessory spines on flexor margin; propodus short, with numerous spinules on posterior margin in males, with few spinules in females, 3.60 – 7.88 (median 6.38) times as long as wide, 3.25 – 3.52 (median 3.52) times as long as dactylus; carpus 3.06 – 3.91 (median 3.40) times as long as wide, 0.67 – 0.75 (median 0.70) times as long as propodus, 0.52 – 0.60 (median 0.55) times as long as merus; merus inflated, 3.19 – 4.38 (median 3.75) times as long as wide, 1.68 – 1.93 (median 1.80) times as long as carpus, bearing 4 – 5 strong, apressed movable spinules on posterior margin of outer surface. Ischium without spinule. Fifth pereiopod slender (Figures 3 H, I), dactylus 2.32 – 2.73 (median 2.52) times as long as wide (terminal claw and spines on flexor margin included), terminating in one large claw with 14 spinules on flexor margin; propodus 7.56 – 11.35 (median 9.46) times as long as wide, 3.72 – 3.78 (median 3.75) times length of dactylus, carpus 2.75 – 4.00 (median 3.38) times as long as wide, 0.62 – 0.64 (median 0.63) times as long as propodus, 0.69 – 0.77 (median 0.73) times as long as merus; merus 3.28 – 5.13 (median 4.30) times as long as wide, 1.30 – 1.44 (median 1.37) times length of carpus, bearing 2 – 4 movable spinules on posterior margin of outer surface. Ischium without spinule. Pleopods. Endopod of male first pleopod (Figure 4 A) trapezoid, widened distally, 1.60 – 1.64 times as long as distal width (n = 2), 0.81 – 0.90 times as long as exopod, distal margin with long spines, inner margin with few short spinules, appendix interna arising from distal ¼ of endopod, not overreaching distal margin of endopod. Appendix masculina on male second pleopod (Figure 4 B) club-shaped, longer than endopod in adult males (7.47 – 8.74 (n = 2) times as long as wide, 1.15 – 1.37 times as long as endopod), armed with a row of strong spines on inner margin and a bottle-brush like spinulation on distal 1 / 3, appendix interna arising from about 0.4 times length of appendix masculina. Reproductive biology. Ovigerous females with numerous (1600 eggs counted in one specimen) small eggs; size of undeveloped eggs (without eyes) 0.23 – 0.24 x 0.37 – 0.39 mm. Size. Postorbital carapace length 3.0 – 8.8 mm. Colour pattern. Colours (Colour plate 1) vary and tend to match the substrate the shrimp lives on. The body is either black or brownish with numerous small red dots. In some specimens, carapace and abdomen show blackish and whitish transversal bands. The coloration is lost on preserved animals. Habitat. All specimens were collected in the lower course of rivers (altitude 5 – 53 m), in running waters.	en	Castelin, Magalie, Marquet, Gerard, Klotz, Werner (2013): Elephantis, a new genus for Caridina natalensis Bouvier, 1925 from eastern rivers of Madagascar. Zootaxa 3702 (6): 573-586, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3702.6.5
038687D8FFAFFFD7FF4EFF32FEC482C9.taxon	distribution	Distribution. For the time being, this new genus was found only in South Africa and in the eastern rivers of Madagascar. The small and numerous eggs indicate a prolonged larval development and the habitat (lower course of rivers) suggests the possibility of a wider distribution range in Madagascar as well as in other rivers draining to the Indian Ocean.	en	Castelin, Magalie, Marquet, Gerard, Klotz, Werner (2013): Elephantis, a new genus for Caridina natalensis Bouvier, 1925 from eastern rivers of Madagascar. Zootaxa 3702 (6): 573-586, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3702.6.5
038687D8FFAFFFD7FF4EFF32FEC482C9.taxon	description	Molecular results. Six specimens were successfully sequenced at 16 S gene (Table 2). Sequences included 512 bp containing only 2 variable sites. After alignment with atyid sequences from von Rintelen et al. (2012), the 16 S dataset of 580 bp included 371 variable sites, of which 317 were phylogenetically informative. After removal of ambiguous blocks, 481 bp of sequence remained to be used in phylogenetic analyses (82 % of the original 580 positions), of which 289 bp were variable and 254 bp phylogenetically informative.	en	Castelin, Magalie, Marquet, Gerard, Klotz, Werner (2013): Elephantis, a new genus for Caridina natalensis Bouvier, 1925 from eastern rivers of Madagascar. Zootaxa 3702 (6): 573-586, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3702.6.5
038687D8FFAFFFD7FF4EFF32FEC482C9.taxon	discussion	Elephantis natalensis comb. nov. sequences were genetically well differentiated from all other sequences included in the analyses. Pairwise K 2 P genetic distances between E. natalensis and atyid sequences ranged from 9.8 to 33 %. Genetic distances between E. natalensis and Caridina - like sequences ranged from 9.8 to 18.7 %. Similar genetic distances were obtained when comparing E. natalensis sequences with Atya - like sequences. In the molecular analysis E. natalensis is placed within Caridina sensu lato. Indeed the genus Caridina was considered as polyphyletic in several molecular studies (Page et al., 2007; von Rintelen et al., 2008, 2012). Tree topology derived from both NJ and ML analyses using published 16 S sequences of atyid freshwater shrimps (von Rintelen et al. 2012) plus newly produced 16 S sequences of E. natalensis (present study) were similar to the 16 S topology produced by von Rintelen et al. (2012) (Fig. 5). Therefore we will present only the results obtained for E. natalensis from the ML analysis. The group including Atya - like shrimps and Caridina - like shrimps (von Rintelen et al, 2012) was found monophyletic (B (NJ analysis) = 79 %; B (ML analysis) = 71 %). Elephantis natalensis sequences formed a divergent group highly supported by bootstraps analyses (B (NJ analysis) = 100 %; B (ML analysis) = 99 %).	en	Castelin, Magalie, Marquet, Gerard, Klotz, Werner (2013): Elephantis, a new genus for Caridina natalensis Bouvier, 1925 from eastern rivers of Madagascar. Zootaxa 3702 (6): 573-586, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3702.6.5
