identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
038687839C547407FF58FF4E354BFB68.text	038687839C547407FF58FF4E354BFB68.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhadinocyba Faust 1889	<div><p>Genus Rhadinocyba Faust, 1889</p><p>This genus is currently the second largest genus of Apionidae in New Caledonia, approximating 30 species in the collected material. As suggested by Wanat (2001) and confirmed in further field studies, it encompasses two distinct species groups: the more speciose Rh. singularis -group, with apparently all members living on Hibbertia species ( Dilleniaceae), and the enigmatic Rh. sulcifrons -group, with still unknown host associations and most of the members known from single, incidentally collected specimens.</p><p>Rhadinocyba singularis (Wencker, 1863) is by far the commonest species, widespread throughout Grande Terre. It was found on many species of Hibbertia, usually on H. lucens, but occasionally also on H. pancheri, H. trachyphylla, H. altigena, H. baudouinii, H. comptonii and other, unidentified species. Eggs are laid probably directly into ovaries in open flowers or through the base of opening bud (Figs. 4, 5). Infested buds are lost, probably soon after the larvae hatch (no larvae were ever found in buds remaining on the plant), so further development likely takes place in fallen buds laying on the ground and shaded by the plant (Fig. 1). Larvae of Rh. singularis were found occupying ovaries (Figs. 2, 3) and feeding on developing seeds inside the aborted flower buds of H. lucens [1, 2]. Older larvae may leave the ovary chamber through gnawed holes and make “excursions for feeding to the flower bud inside. Freshly emerged beetles were regularly observed through a long period between 27th October and 15th January, hence two generations per season are most likely. Beetles are frequently seen on flowers, piercing the ovaries and gnawing small round holes in petals.</p><p>The mode of development for Rh. singularis and its several close allies is likely not common for all members of Rhadinocyba, especially those living on Dilleniaceae . A number of these species are tiny beetles, with body length much less than 2.0 mm, and they have never been observed on Hibbertia flowers or buds, though sometimes are abundantly beaten from the foliage of flowering Hibbertia plants. Some teneral specimens of these minute species were collected in May and August, so out of flowering season of the host plants, therefore, their larvae are expected to feed in leaf tissue, stalks or thin twigs, rather than flower buds.</p><p>Members of the Rh. sulcifrons -group, usually much greater than 3 mm in body length, were collected in forested sites, but never from the Dilleniaceae . Two females of an undescribed species were once beaten from a small Cryptocarya sp. cf. guillaumini tree ( Lauraceae) [3], while one female cf. Rh. sulcifrons Wanat, 2001 was collected from Spiraeanthemum meridionale (Hoogland) Pillon (Cunoniaceae) in the Koghi forest [4]. Both records have not been confirmed by further findings despite several attempts to sample the same plant species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038687839C547407FF58FF4E354BFB68	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Wanat, Marek;Munzinger, Jérôme	Wanat, Marek, Munzinger, Jérôme (2012): Biology of the Apionidae (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea) in New Caledonia, a preliminary report. Zootaxa 3554: 59-74, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.282867
038687839C547406FF58FB2C34C3FCB6.text	038687839C547406FF58FB2C34C3FCB6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Megatracheloides Lucas 1920	<div><p>Genus Megatracheloides Lucas, 1920</p><p>All six species of this striking New Caledonian genus are associated with various plants of the genus Hibbertia (Dilleniaceae) . They are either oligophagous, utilizing several species of Hibbertia, or monophagous on particular species of this plant genus. Adults feed on leaves, flowers, and buds, gnawing distinct holes. The larvae develop inside fully grown flower buds (one per bud), that fall onto the ground soon after oviposition or larval hatching ( M. cornutus and M. jourdani), or eventually remained with the inflorescence ( M. bidentipes). Pupation takes place in a bud, and teneral adults were seen on leaves through October–March. Thus probably two generations can be completed in the flowering season, being extended in most Hibbertia plants. The preferred biotope is maquis, only one species ( M. blaffarti) is strictly confined to humid forest. More detailed data are summarised below for each species.</p><p>Megatracheloides chloris (Faust, 1889) . Adults of this species, common and widespread in the South, and local in central Grande Terre (only in ultramafic spots, northerly up to Kopeto and Vallée d’Amoa), were mostly collected from Hibbertia pancheri, but occasionally also from the narrow-leaved species like H. lucens and H. trachyphylla . Beetles commonly rest and feed on the underside of leaves (Fig. 6) or pierce flower buds; larval development remains unstudied. Subtle differences in adult morphology were observed between northern, isolated populations (Wanat 2001; 2008), hence M. chloris may well be a complex of sibling species.</p><p>Megatracheloides bidentipes Wanat, 2008 . As in in the previous species, adults were collected from various plants of Hibbertia, and it has been confirmed that this weevil is oligophagous on Hibbertia also in the larval stage. It is the only apionid species regularly collected from, and probably also developing on, H.</p><p>trachyphylla (teneral beetles were observed on this plant several times) [5, 6], although the apparently preferred hosts are H. lucens and H. baudouinii . Despite its large body size, it was occasionally collected also from the inconspicuous H. altigena [7], and H. pancheri [8], both of which appear to have flower buds apparently too small to host its larvae. Adults of M. bidentipes were observed feeding on leaves, flowers and flower buds of host plants (Figs. 7, 8). The pupa (Figs. 9, 10) was once found [9] inside a decayed flower bud that was still attached to an inflorescence of H. baudouinii, its contents almost totally consumed by the larva. The adult female emerged in a vial after 16–17 days, a relatively long period for pupal development compared to the European species of Apionidae .</p><p>Megatracheloides cornutus Wanat, 2008 and M. jourdani Wanat, 2008 . These two sister species are both apparently monophagous on Hibbertia lucens (occurrence on the closely related H. podocarpifolia requires confirmation). The larvae (Figs. 11, 12) were found inside flower buds lying on shaded ground below the host trees, of M. cornutus on Koghi Mts [10], and of probably M. jourdani at Nyamié creek [11]. At the latter site no adults were found, but the species identity is inferred from the known ranges of these two vicariants in Grande Terre (Wanat 2008). Unlike smaller larvae of Rhadinocyba species inhabiting neighboring buds, the larvae of both M. cornutus and M. jourdani consume the entire contents of the bud, including rolled petals and stamens, and prepare a kind of pupation chamber with walls made mainly of pressed faeces.</p><p>Megatracheloides blaffarti Wanat, 2008 . This is the largest species of the genus, endemic to the Mt Panié range and living there exclusively on Hibbertia comptonii .</p><p>Megatracheloides millei Wanat, 2008 . This species is closely related to M. chloris, and at Pic d’Amoa (Powila) was abundantly collected from H. wagapii (Wanat 2008) . In Aoupinié it is found on the closely related H. pancheri [12]. Distinctness of these two host species of Hibbertia has never been studied in detail.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038687839C547406FF58FB2C34C3FCB6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Wanat, Marek;Munzinger, Jérôme	Wanat, Marek, Munzinger, Jérôme (2012): Biology of the Apionidae (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea) in New Caledonia, a preliminary report. Zootaxa 3554: 59-74, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.282867
038687839C557404FF58FACF3112FD7E.text	038687839C557404FF58FACF3112FD7E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pterapion Faust 1889	<div><p>Genus Pterapion Faust, 1889</p><p>This genus comprises four flightless species (one undescribed), all living in rain forest and oligophagous on a number of the Sapotaceae . The host plants all produce large seeds, likely where the larvae of Pterapion develop, judging from the observations of P. monstrosum (see below). Larval development (possibly also oviposition) apparently takes place in decaying fruits and seeds laying on the ground, not in the immature fruits on the plant. This would provide an explanation of the loss of functional wings and gigantism of Pterapion, which is completely unusual for typical seed-eaters living in fruits still growing on the plant. Freshly emerged beetles can be observed in almost every month, further confirming that larval food is available for a whole year, not only in the fruiting season of particular host plants. Hypertrophic abdomens of Pterapion might have also evolved as fat reservoirs for a long walks of the adult in search of the host plants which are often widely dispersed in the rain forest.</p><p>Although unable to fly, Pterapion species are all fast walkers and climbers of their arborescent host plants. Unlike most other weevils which easily fall down from the plant when disturbed, it is hard to force any Pterapion to come off the plant, even after touching the beetle with the frame of an entomological net.</p><p>Pterapion monstrosum Faust, 1889 . Two completely teneral specimens were obtained from seeds of Pycnandra canaliculata [15]. They had a relatively well sclerotised and hard head, rostrum, thorax and legs, with the narrow abdomen and elytra still completely soft and crumpled. Such disharmonious hardening of body helps immature beetle to leave its pupal chamber, which otherwise could be problematic for a beetle having so enormously inflated elytra. Another specimen was found piercing a cotyledon of a sprouting seed of Pycnandra canaliculata with its rostrum [16] (Figs. 13, 14).</p><p>Adults were beaten from Beccariella sebertii and Pycnandra canaliculata (Sapotaceae), but occasionally also from unrelated plants, e.g. repeatedly from Carpolepis laurifolia J.W. Dawson (J.W. Dawson) (Myrtaceae) . Although flightless, surprisingly hundreds of beetles were sampled in a Malaise trap in Col d’Amieu [17].</p><p>Pterapion kanalae Heller, 1916 . This large apionid (up to 13 mm long without rostrum) was repeatedly observed resting under broad leaves of Pycnandra balansae (Aoupinié Range) and P. comptonii (Mt Mandjélia) . The beetles, usually a few on one tree, were selectively attracted to the plants with freshly developed, whitish leaves, on which they occasionally fed (Fig. 15). In November 2010, when the season of development of fresh leaves by the above-listed Pycnandra species was delayed due to low temperatures, adults of P. kanalae were collected in Aoupinié also from other species of Sapotaceae, like Pycnandra benthamii and Beccariella sp.</p><p>Pterapion wagneri Heller, 1916 . One of three peculiar New Caledonian apionid species with horned elytra (each of different genus), it is relatively common through Grande Terre. Adults are regularly collected from Beccariella rubicunda, Pycnandra balansae, and P. benthamii, likely living also on other Sapotaceae . Teneral specimens were recorded between 17 November and 29 June.</p><p>Pterapion sp. Several specimens of still unnamed species, including teneral ones (recorded through October to November), were collected from Beccariella lasiantha on the Poro Plateau, but one also from Pycnandra balansae in Koghi Mts.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038687839C557404FF58FACF3112FD7E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Wanat, Marek;Munzinger, Jérôme	Wanat, Marek, Munzinger, Jérôme (2012): Biology of the Apionidae (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea) in New Caledonia, a preliminary report. Zootaxa 3554: 59-74, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.282867
038687839C5A7409FF58FF4E3175FB57.text	038687839C5A7409FF58FF4E3175FB57.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tetrapion Wanat 2001	<div><p>Genus Tetrapion Wanat, 2001</p><p>This is another very diverse genus, comprising probably not less than 24 species in Grande Terre. Several of them (all undescribed) were collected from various species of Codia (Cunoniaceae) . Adults of one species (over 40 specimens collected) were observed feeding on young leaves of Codia discolor several times (Figs. 19, 20). Other plants associated with the weevils are C. jaffreyi, C. nitida, and (in the North of Grande Terre) C. incrassata, on which at least two members of Tetrapion s. str. have regularly been observed, apart from another, wingless species representing a new subgenus (see below). Seven specimens of one species were collected at night from one plant of Pancheria billardierii, another Cunoniaceae [22]. In some northern and central localities (Thoven, Aoupinié, Mandjélia, Farino) 2–3 undescribed species of Tetrapion of one distinct species-group were repeatedly beaten, often in numbers, from Guioa microsepala, G. ovalis, G. glauca, and Cupaniopsis species (all Sapindaceae).</p><p>Most members of Tetrapion have short, thick, and sexually not differentiated rostra, allowing for a very shallow deposition of eggs, presumably subcortical or directly into soft, green tissues. Such a shape for the female rostrum generally excludes larval development in reproductive organs of the plant, and indeed, the beetles have never been observed on flowers or fruits. However, several poorly known, tiny species of this diverse genus have females with long, thin and curved rostra specialized for preparation of deeper oviposition holes.</p><p>Although recently collected several times in Grande Terre and Loyalty Is (Lifou), nothing can be concluded about plant preferences of T. (A.) thoracicum Wanat, 2001, the sole member of the subgenus Axinapion. One specimen was incidentally beaten from Pycnandra balansae (Sapotaceae) in Aoupinié [23].</p><p>A peculiar flightless species was discovered on Mt Mandjélia by Mrs L. E. Cheesmann nearly 60 years ago (1 3, Natural History Museum, London), and provisionally placed in Pterapion (Apterapion) by Wanat (2001). After a re-discovery of this species on the summit of Mt Mandjélia by MW in 2007, and thorough morphological studies of several dozen specimens of both sexes, the species is now considered to represent a new subgenus within Tetrapion, not a congener of Apterapion hamiota . It is noteworthy that both these species were found on the same host and plant community, but allopatric on two hills separated by less than 1 km. The new Tetrapion is monophagous on Codia incrassata (Cunoniaceae), and beetles feed both on inflorescences (Fig. 18) and fresh leaves (Fig. 17). Nevertheless, no hypothesis can be formulated about the way of larval development of this species after negative results from in situ controls of flower heads and fresh leaf buds of C. incrassata in January 2007 and November 2008.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038687839C5A7409FF58FF4E3175FB57	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Wanat, Marek;Munzinger, Jérôme	Wanat, Marek, Munzinger, Jérôme (2012): Biology of the Apionidae (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea) in New Caledonia, a preliminary report. Zootaxa 3554: 59-74, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.282867
038687839C5B7408FF58F91B317AF878.text	038687839C5B7408FF58F91B317AF878.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sterculapion Rheinheimer 1999	<div><p>Genus Sterculapion Rheinheimer, 1999</p><p>Like several Australian members of Sterculapion (Rheinheimer 1997), this sole representative of the subfamily Apioninae in Grande Terre is associated with a plant of the former family Sterculiaceae (now in Malvaceae). Sterculapion bartramiae Rheinheimer, 1999 lives on the autochthonous, but not endemic Commersonia bartramia . This host association has been confirmed by MW in several localities [32–34]. Details of larval development remain unknown.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038687839C5B7408FF58F91B317AF878	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Wanat, Marek;Munzinger, Jérôme	Wanat, Marek, Munzinger, Jérôme (2012): Biology of the Apionidae (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea) in New Caledonia, a preliminary report. Zootaxa 3554: 59-74, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.282867
038687839C5C740FFF58FF4E313FFEAB.text	038687839C5C740FFF58FF4E313FFEAB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Conapium Motschulsky 1866	<div><p>Genus Conapium Motschulsky, 1866</p><p>The only New Caledonian species, endemic to Lifou (Loyalty Is.) Conapium piscidiae (Montrouzier, 1860), belongs to the widespread Oriental C. nitidulum —species group, in which males have mucronate mid- and hind tibiae. According to its original description by P. Montrouzier, this weevil was collected from Orobus piscidia (Fabaceae) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038687839C5C740FFF58FF4E313FFEAB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Wanat, Marek;Munzinger, Jérôme	Wanat, Marek, Munzinger, Jérôme (2012): Biology of the Apionidae (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea) in New Caledonia, a preliminary report. Zootaxa 3554: 59-74, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.282867
