identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03F887AA9C13FFD3FF3EFB165A9CFB8A.text	03F887AA9C13FFD3FF3EFB165A9CFB8A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Squatina albipunctata	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Squatina albipunctata new species</p>
            <p>Eastern Angel Shark</p>
            <p>Figs 2, 3, 8 a, Table 2.</p>
            <p> Squatina sp. A: Last and Stevens, 1994, Sharks and Rays of Australia, pp 277, 278, figs 31.1, pl. 38. Compagno &amp; Niem, 1998,  Squatinidae , angelsharks, sand devils. In: Carpenter &amp; Niem (eds), 1998, FAO species identification guide for fisheries purposes. The marine living resources of the Western Central Pacific, pp 1237, figs. </p>
            <p>Holotype. CSIRO H 6561–01, adult male 985 mm TL, south of Lakes Entrance, Victoria, 38°42' S, 148°18' E, 84–92 m, 27 July 1993.</p>
            <p>Paratypes. 12 specimens. C 4896, immature male 616 mm TL, southeast of Ulladulla, New South Wales, 35°27' S, 150°51' E, 15 Sep. 1976; CA 2842, immature male 407 mm TL, northeast of Sydney, New South Wales, 33°40' S, 151°50' E, 204–210 m, 25 Jan. 1982; CA 3077, immature male 296 mm TL, east of Sydney, New South Wales, 33°44' S, 151°49' E, 348–350 m, 25 Jan. 1982; CSIRO H 594–01, immature male 580 mm TL, northeast of Townsville, Queensland Plateau, 18°10' S, 147°13' E, 240–248 m, 8 Dec. 1985; CSIRO H 713–02, immature male 722 mm TL, south of Saumarez Reef, Queensland, 22°35' S, 153°40' E, 314–319 m, 16 Nov. 1985; CSIRO H 864–01, female 420 mm TL, CSIRO H 864–02, immature male 321 mm TL, east of Batemans Bay, New South Wales, 35°40' S, 150°26' E, 115–117 m, 10 Sep. 1986; CSIRO H 877–07, immature male 596 mm TL, east of Broken Bay, New South Wales, 33°34' S, 151°41' E, 131–133 m, 10 Feb. 1986; CSIRO H 1111–01, female 276 mm TL, Great Barrier Reef off Cairns, Queensland, 17°45' S, 146°53' E, 302– 306 m, 30 Nov. 1985; CSIRO H 1112–01, female 319 mm TL, west of Flinders Reef, Queensland, 17°58' S, 147°01' E, 212 m, 9 Dec. 1985; CSIRO H 1113–01, female 301 mm TL, south of Saumarez Reef, Queensland, 22°06' S, 153°18' E, 246–254 m, 19 Nov. 1985; CSIRO H 1114–01, female 566 mm TL, east of Townsville, Queensland, 19°01' S, 149°28' E, 397–415 m, 26 Nov. 1985.</p>
            <p>Other material. 6 specimens. CSIRO H 3538–05, female 340 mm TL, east of Bermagui, New South Wales, 36°24' S, 150°11' E, 77–85 m, 14 Aug. 1993; CSIRO H 3578–02, female 722 mm TL, CSIRO H 3578–03, female 726 mm TL, south of Bermagui, New South Wales, 36°39' S, 150°02' E, 37–60 m, 27 Nov. 1993; CSIRO H 3683–01, immature male 461 mm TL, south east of Disaster Bay, New South Wales, 37°21' S, 150°11' E, 108–110 m, 23 Feb. 1994; CSIRO H 3706–01, female 476 mm TL, east of Wollongong, New South Wales, 34°24' S, 151°11' E, 135–139 m, 20 Apr. 1994; CSIRO H 6560–01, female 1177 mm TL, east of Bermagui, New South Wales, 36°26' S, 150°18' E, 229–236 m, 14 Aug. 1993.</p>
            <p> Diagnosis. A moderately large  Squatina with the following characters: dorsal coloration complex, yellowish brown with small, white flecks and spots, and pale yellowish blotches; no subdorsal saddles; anterior ventral surface of pectoral fin not black; no median row of scute-like denticles on trunk; anterior nasal flap with strongly fringed barbels; upper lip forming a relatively broad, moderately convex border with snout (lip arch width 3.3–4.5% TL, height 1.0–1.8% TL); interorbital region moderately concave; pectoral–pelvic space 11.9–13.7% TL; pectoral-fin apex broadly rounded to weakly angular, slightly less than 120°; pelvic-fin free rear tips usually extending just beyond first dorsal-fin origin; tail relatively short, pelvic-fin origin to ventral caudal lobe 3.0–3.5 times pectoral-fin base; pectoral fins long, length 34.1–37.1% TL; dorsal fins not lobelike; first dorsal-fin base longer than second dorsal-fin base; caudal fin of adult with narrowly rounded apices; monospondylous centra 48–51; total vertebral centra 134–141. </p>
            <p>Description. Body robust, strongly depressed anteriorly, firm; trunk similarly depressed, almost ray-like, deepest over abdomen; not tapering abruptly at pelvic-fin insertion, tail strongly depressed, even at origin of caudal fin. Abdomen moderately elongate, pectoral–pelvic space 12.9 (11.9–13.7)% TL, 0.86 (0.70–0.90) of pre-branchial length; pelvic–caudal space 1.23 (1.03–1.17) times pelvic-fin length; tail short, height at pelvic insertions 1.88 (1.90–2.56) in its width; caudal peduncle strongly depressed, short; lateral keels very welldeveloped, greatly expanded anteriorly, originating slightly forward of insertion of second dorsal fin (below in most paratypes), well below lateral midline, falling short of middle of caudal fin; well-developed dorsal precaudal pit; pit absent ventrally.</p>
            <p>Head broad, extended laterally, strongly depressed; oval in cross-section; subcircular, with truncate anterior margin when viewed from above (somewhat rounded in small paratypes); well-developed dermal folds present along ventrolateral margin of head, no lobes present near mouth corners; head width 18.7 (19.1– 21.5)% TL, 3.34 (2.76–3.41) times head height. Snout very short, bluntly rounded in lateral view, horizontal preorbital length 3.2 (3.0–3.9)% TL; slightly bulbous between nostril and eye; no obvious preorbital pit present; apex not indented anteriorly (sometimes slightly indented in paratypes). Eye dorsolateral on head, small, slightly elevated, suboval, length 1.9 (2.2–3.0)% TL, 7.98 (5.59–7.17) in pre-branchial length; interorbit and midline of preorbital snout moderately concave; no subocular pouches; widely separated, interorbital space 4.32 (2.99–3.62) times eye length, 2.55 (2.27–2.83) times horizontal preorbital length, 0.97 (0.88–0.96) times direct prespiracular length, 4.78 (3.63–4.57) times spiracle length. Spiracle small, crescentic to elongate oval, slightly oblique, well separated from eye, subequal to eye; anterior margin strongly concave, barely elevated above flattened posterior margin; posterior margin almost flat to forming a slight depression leading into spiracle; greatest diameter 4.29 (3.49–4.33) in interspiracular space. Gill slits large, pleated, lateral on head, subequal in length, located well forward of midbase of pectoral fin, intergill distance 7.5 (7.4–8.2)% TL, 2.48 (2.51–2.69) in head width; posterior lateral head fold partly overlapping anterior tip of pectoral fin (in some paratypes not overlapping when head is twisted).</p>
            <p>Mouth large, terminal (or very slightly inferior), horizontally expanded, broadly arched, terminating at about mid-eye, width 11.8 (12.1–13.8)% TL, 1.58 (1.46–1.60) in head width, 1.46 (1.49–1.61) times interorbital space; upper lip rather broad, forming a moderately convex border with snout; upper labial furrows very large, forming deep preoral groove from symphysis to posterior of jaw angle; lower labial furrows elongate, deep, separated from each other by much less than their length, lip forming a prominent lateral fold; shorter postoral groove very deep, extending parallel to lower labial furrow from jaw angle, length about half lower labial furrow length. Teeth upright or directed orally, widely spaced, unicuspid, dagger-like with a broad base; upper jaw with 3 small rows on each side of symphysis, midlateral teeth slightly larger (about twice size of symphysial teeth in smallest paratypes) and more widely spaced than those adjacent; lower jaw edentate at symphysis, lateral teeth evenly spaced, slightly larger than those of upper jaw; no smaller, unpaired teeth at symphysis of upper jaw; teeth not visible when mouth closed (2 or 3 pairs of teeth protruding in most paratypes); teeth by row, in 8 paratypes, 18 in upper jaw, 14–18 in lower jaw.</p>
            <p>Nostrils large, terminal on head, widely separated, internarial space 6.0 (6.1–7.1)% TL, 3.10 (2.79–3.37) in head width; adjacent upper lip of mouth. Anterior nasal flap very large, overlapping mouth, with two very well-developed, strongly fringed barbels; very large, basally flattened, posterolaterally directed barbel with a very strongly fringed tip; distal fringes much larger than incurrent aperture of nostril; broad, strongly fringed membranous basal mesial lobe (partly concealed on inner basal edge of barbel and not distinct from posterolateral extension); central margin of flap with an enlarged, moveable, filamentous barbel (thallate and very strongly fringed in some paratypes), directed ventrally or mesially, originating from a prominent, shallow pocket near border of flap; posteroventral margin of nostril with a variably developed, mostly strongly fringed, membranous flap; no nasoral or circumnarial grooves; no dermal lobes.</p>
            <p>Dermal denticles densely covering entire dorsal surface of body (less dense, absent on posterior borders of fins in smaller paratypes, anterior apex of pectoral fins usually naked). Trunk denticles small, widely spaced in smaller paratypes, broadly subconical, raked posteriorly; anterior bases with clearly defined anterior ridges; cusps bluntly pointed. No row of enlarged scute-like denticles on midline. Pre- and postorbit with patches of enlarged, conical denticles, more widely spaced than those above midorbit; a few smaller enlarged denticles on postnarial snout. Adult male holotype with non-embedded, pungent, widely spaced, elevated to slightly posteriorly recurved denticles; much larger than adjacent trunk denticles; denticle patch extending well around pectoral-fin apex; pelvic fin with similar denticles along the outer anterior margin, extending posteriorly along posterior margin for about two thirds its length (absent in immature male paratypes); edge of pectoral and pelvic fin anterior margins with dense coverage of minute aspinous denticles (similar to those of ventral surface). Smallest paratype (CSIRO H 864–02) with less well-developed trunk squamation, denticles in ill-defined linear rows, more or less evenly spaced; enlarged denticles on head well developed, spinose, prominent, two postnasal denticles on each side of head, two on preorbit (posterior larger), two on postorbit (anterior larger); enlarged denticles becoming less distinct in larger paratypes. Ventral surface of body and fins largely naked; broad longitudinal band extending along almost entire length of anterior margin of pectoral fin, sharply demarcated from rest of fin, its mesial border regular, greatest width less than twice orbit diameter; similar but less extensive band around apex of pelvic fin, extending almost from fin origin to its free rear tip, broadest at fin apex (more restricted in smallest paratype); post-pelvic tail mostly covered with denticles, commencing at midline, well anterior of free rear tip of pelvic fins and extending to caudal fin (less welldeveloped in smallest paratypes); ventrolateral surfaces of tail with distinctly larger denticles than on rest of tail; denticles minute, densely packed, aspinous with smooth circular crowns with mostly entire margins, slightly more widely spaced near mesial border. Claspers of adult male holotype naked dorsally; posterior two thirds with a dense patch of denticles resembling those on paired fin margins (immature male paratypes with a weak development of denticles on ventral surface of clasper). Anterior half of dorsal fins with similar coverage of denticles to basal portions of pelvic and pectoral fins; similar denticles on most of caudal fin (smallest paratype with less well-developed denticle patches on dorsal and caudal fins).</p>
            <p>Pectoral fins very large, expanded, base very fleshy, length 34.1 (35.1–37.1)% TL, 1.73 (1.83–2.03) times width; anterior margin weakly convex, 1.57 (1.49–1.69) times inner margin; apex broadly rounded to weakly angular, angle slightly less than 120°; posterior margin slightly concave; inner margin very strongly convex, free rear tip broadly rounded. Pelvic fins large, elongate, length 24.1 (22.8–25.8)% TL, 1.42 (1.44–1.57) in pectoral-fin length; anterior margin strongly convex, apex broadly rounded; posterior margin strongly convex (weakly convex in some paratypes); inner margin almost straight; free rear tip bluntly rounded (narrowly pointed in smaller paratypes), not quite reaching origin of first dorsal fin (extending beyond fin origin in most paratypes); pelvic-fin origin anterior to pectoral-fin free rear tip. Claspers of adult male slender, tapering, elongate, somewhat pointed and depressed distally, apex membranous, cartilage at glans opening not sharpedged, outer margin 7.6% TL, 2.20 times base width. Dorsal fins similar in size and shape, somewhat upright (strongly raked in smaller paratypes), close together, height of first 1.06 (0.99–1.12) times height of second; anterior margins straight to slightly convex; apices narrowly rounded (somewhat angular in some paratypes), well posterior to fin insertions; posterior margins slightly convex (almost straight), almost upright; inner margin weakly convex, free rear tip obtuse, broadly rounded; posteriorly located, interdorsal space 1.65 (1.37– 1.81) times first dorsal-fin base, 1.00 (0.96–1.09) times dorsal–caudal space. Caudal fin hypocercal, short, dorsal caudal margin 11.9 (9.9–12.1)% TL, 2.50 (2.18–2.71) in pelvic–caudal space, height 15.7 (13.3– 15.8)% TL; lower lobe much larger than upper lobe, preventral caudal margin 1.62 (1.39–1.75) times dorsal caudal margin; apices narrowly rounded; dorsal caudal margin almost weakly convex or straight; preventral caudal margin strongly convex; postventral margin strongly notched, deepest slightly above its midlength.</p>
            <p>Vertebral counts: monospondylous centra 50 (48–51); precaudal centra 108 (102–106); caudal centra 33 (31–34); total centra 141 (134–139).</p>
            <p> Colour. In preservative (when mucous removed): Dorsal surface coloration complex; dark yellowish brown, punctuated with dense coverage of small, sharp-edged, white flecks and spots (paratype CSIRO C 4896 appears to be bleached through preservation but still evidence of spots on anterior head) and paler yellowish blotches; edges of lateral keel pale yellowish; no subdorsal saddles; no blotch on caudal fin near its base; short, broad white stripe present on anterior basal half of caudal fin; spiracles brownish; anterior nasal flap brownish and filaments yellowish or brownish. White markings not densest on head, irregularly scattered over dorsal surface; variable in size and shape (more consistent in juveniles), largest slightly less than eye diameter; prominent median post-spiracular spot present; narrow white bar at insertion of pectoral fin; some markings with slightly darker borders than ground colour; scattered paler, diffuse-edged, yellowish blotches over  S. albipunctata n. sp. S. australis S. tergocellata</p>
            <p>Paratypes (n = 12) n = 5 n = 7</p>
            <p>Holotype Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. TL – Total length 985 276 722 251 599 291 655 PCL – Precaudal length 85.3 84.3 85.9 83.1 84.8 84.7 86.4 PD1 – Predorsal length 64.0 63.6 65.5 63.3 65.0 62.5 64.8 PP2 – Prepelvic length 42.8 42.2 45.7 39.0 41.7 41.5 43.4 PP1 – Prepectoral length 18.5 19.4 22.0 19.9 21.1 19.5 20.5 PG1 – Prebranchial length 15.0 15.2 17.2 16.0 16.6 15.5 16.7 PSP – Prespiracular length 8.4 8.4 9.8 8.9 9.6 8.7 9.3 PEY – Pre-eye length 5.6 5.7 6.7 5.7 6.3 5.9 6.4 POB – Preorbital length 3.2 3.0 3.9 3.7 4.5 3.2 4.0 HDW – Head width 18.7 19.1 21.5 19.5 20.7 19.4 20.7 MOW – Mouth width 11.8 12.1 13.8 12.5 14.0 12.4 13.5 HDH – Head height 5.6 6.1 7.5 7.1 8.5 5.9 7.5 INO – Interorbital space 8.1 8.0 9.1 7.5 8.4 8.2 8.8 EYL – Eye length 1.9 2.2 3.0 1.9 2.6 2.5 3.1 INW – Internarial space 6.0 6.1 7.1 6.9 7.4 6.1 6.8 INS – Interspiracular space 7.3 7.5 8.8 8.9 10.1 7.6 8.4 SPL – Spiracle length 1.7 1.8 2.3 1.8 2.0 1.8 2.1 ING1 – Intergill width 7.5 7.4 8.2 8.2 8.9 7.3 8.1 ING – Intergill length 2.2 2.0 2.8 2.2 2.8 2.1 3.0 IDS – Interdorsal space 6.9 5.8 7.1 6.3 7.2 6.0 6.9 DCS – Dorsal–caudal space 6.9 6.2 7.5 5.6 6.4 6.3 7.4 PPS – Pectoral–pelvic space 12.9 11.9 13.7 7.4 8.6 10.5 12.6 POCS – Pelvic (origin)–caudal space 42.6 38.8 42.1 42.2 44.7 41.0 43.8 PCA – Pelvic–caudal space 29.7 25.4 28.1 27.0 28.9 26.6 29.5 WP1 – Width at pectoral origins 14.5 14.5 16.2 16.6 18.2 14.3 15.2 TRW – Trunk width 15.7 15.4 18.0 18.6 20.4 16.1 18.7 TAW – Tail width 9.5 9.0 11.9 11.7 12.1 9.8 11.9 TAH – Tail height 5.0 4.1 5.1 5.0 5.6 4.2 4.9 P1L – Pectoral-fin length 34.1 35.1 37.1 31.3 33.8 34.2 36.9 P1A – Pectoral-fin anterior margin 27.5 27.3 29.9 27.4 29.5 28.6 30.5 P1B – Pectoral-fin base length 12.3 11.9 13.4 13.0 13.9 12.3 12.9 P1W – Pectoral-fin width 19.7 17.5 19.4 17.4 19.3 17.5 19.4 P 1I – Pectoral-fin inner margin 17.5 17.6 19.0 13.5 14.7 16.4 18.9 P2L – Pelvic-fin length 24.1 22.8 25.8 22.6 24.2 24.6 26.4 P2W – Pelvic-fin width 14.7 12.6 14.4 11.5 14.1 12.3 14.1 P 2I – Pelvic-fin inner margin 11.0 9.1 11.8 8.0 8.5 9.1 11.6 D1B – First dorsal-fin base length 4.2 3.8 4.4 3.8 4.3 4.1 4.6 to be continued... surface, obscure on holotype but pronounced on smaller individuals. Dorsal and caudal fins similar to body, white markings less evident; posterior margins almost translucent, distinctly paler than rest of fin; pectoral and pelvic-fin margins whitish or yellowish.</p>
            <p>Paratypes CSIRO H 1112–01 and CSIRO H 1114–01 have retained mucous; dorsal coloration greyish pink, white markings less evident; yellowish blotches appearing as dark greyish ocelli and blotches (these markings presumably embedded in the mucous coating and are removed with abrasion); prominent ocelli on pectoral fin adjacent its origin and on mid-portion of the rear lobe. Ventral surface and sides of abdomen usually uniformly whitish, holotype with some darker areas (somewhat translucent along posterior margins of pectoral and pelvic fins in smaller paratypes); denticulated areas usually more yellowish than rest of ventral surface; mouth, lateral head fold and lips whitish. Clasper of adult male holotype almost uniformly pale, distal dorsal portion of glans dusky.</p>
            <p>Size. Specimens examined ranged from 276 mm TL (paratype) to 1177 mm TL (female non-type); no information available on birth size. The adult male holotype was 985 mm TL whereas a 722 mm TL paratype was immature.</p>
            <p>Distribution. Occurs off eastern Australia between Cairns, Queensland (17°45′ S) and Lakes Entrance, Victoria (38°42′ S) in depths of 37– 415 m.</p>
            <p> Etymology. Combination of the Latin albi (meaning white) and  punctata (meaning spots) referring to the distinctive white-spotted colour pattern. </p>
            <p> Comparisons.  Squatina albipunctata differs from its sympatric congener  S. australis (Fig. 9) in coloration, morphometrics and meristics. Both species have whitish markings on the dorsal surface, however, in  S. albipunctata the markings are represented as regular-sized white spots on yellowish brown skin rather than pale irregular flecks on greyish brown. These species differ markedly in morphometrics: prepelvic length of  S. albipunctata 42.2–45.7% vs. 39.0–41.7% TL in  S. australis ; interspiracular space 7.3–8.8% vs. 8.9–10.1% TL; intergill width 7.4–8.2% vs. 8.2–8.9% TL; pectoral–pelvic space 11.9–13.7% vs. 7.4–8.6% TL; pectoralfin length 34.1–37.1% vs. 31.3–33.8% TL; pectoral-fin inner margin 17.5–19.0% vs. 13.5–14.7% TL; pelvicfin inner margin 9.1–11.8% vs. 8.0–8.5% TL; pelvic (origin)–caudal space 38.8–42.6% vs. 42.2–44.7% TL; tail height 4.1–5.1% vs. 5.0–5.6% TL and width 9.0–11.9% vs. 11.7–12.1% TL; trunk width 15.4–18.0% vs. 18.6–20.4% TL; and width at pectoral origins 14.5–16.2% vs. 16.6–18.2% TL. They also differ in the following ratios: pectoral–pelvic space 0.7–0.9 vs. about 0.5 times prebranchial length; interorbital space 2.3–2.8 vs. 1.8–2.2 times preorbital length; interspiracular space 3.5–4.3 vs. 4.4–5.5 times spiracle length; head width 2.5–2.7 vs. 2.3–2.4 times intergill width; and pectoral-fin anterior margin 1.5–1.7 vs. 1.9–2.2 times its inner margin.  Squatina albipunctata also has far more vertebrae than  S. australis (total centra 134–141 vs. 123).  Squatina tergocellata (Fig. 10) is very similar in shape to  S. albipunctata and, apart from their coloration, they differ only subtly in the observed mean values of some characters: prepectoral length 18.5–22.0 (mean 20.6)% TL in  S. albipunctata vs. 19.5–20.5 (mean 19.9)% TL in  S. tergocellata ; predorsal length 63.6–65.5 (mean 64.5)% vs. 62.5–64.8 (mean 63.7)% TL; prepelvic length 42.2–45.7 (mean 43.6)% vs. 41.5–43.4 (mean 42.5)% TL; pelvic-fin length 22.8–25.8 (mean 24.3)% vs. 24.6–26.4 (mean 25.4)% TL; pelvic (origin)–caudal space 38.8–42.6 (mean 40.7)% vs. 41.0–43.8 (mean 42.7)% TL; pelvic–caudal space 25.4–29.7 (mean 26.9)% vs. 26.6–29.5 (mean 28.5)% TL; 1st to 2nd dorsal-fin origins 9.6–10.8 (mean 10.4)% vs. 10.6–11.6 (mean 11.0)% TL; and first dorsal-fin base length 3.8–4.4 (mean 4.1)% vs. 4.1–4.6 (mean 4.4)% TL.  Squatina albipunctata is white spotted and lack the large, granular ocelli as in  S. tergocellata . They also differ slightly in the number of caudal vertebrae, 31–34 in  S. albipunctata vs. 27–31 in  S. tergocellata . </p>
            <p> Of the other  Squatina species, only  S. aculeata ,  S. oculata and  S. tergocellatoides Chen have strongly fringed or bifurcated nasal barbels and moderately or strongly fringed lateral margins of the anterior nasal flaps.  Squatina albipunctata lacks ocellate markings (present in  S. tergocellatoides ), lacks spines along the midline of the back (present in  S. aculeata ), and the pelvic-fin free rear tips usually extend beyond the first dorsal-fin origin (well forward in  S. oculata ) and the anterior nasal barbel is strongly fringed (weakly fringed according to Compagno, 1984). </p>
            <p> Squatina albipunctata also differs from all other Australian species and the undescribed Indonesian species in its genetic barcode (Ward et al., 2008). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F887AA9C13FFD3FF3EFB165A9CFB8A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Last, Peter R.;White, William T.	Last, Peter R., White, William T. (2008): Three new angel sharks (Chondrichthyes: Squatinidae) from the Indo-Australian region. Zootaxa 1734: 1-26, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.181433
03F887AA9C1CFFD7FF3EFB44595BF9FC.text	03F887AA9C1CFFD7FF3EFB44595BF9FC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Squatina legnota	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Squatina legnota new species</p>
            <p>Indonesian Angel Shark</p>
            <p>Figs 4, 5, 8 b, Table 3.</p>
            <p> Squatina sp. 1: White et al., 2006, Economically Important Sharks &amp; Rays of Indonesia, pp 76, 77, fig. </p>
            <p>Holotype. MZB 15500, female 471 mm TL, Cilacap fish landing site, Central Java, Indonesia, 07°44' S, 109°00' E, 2004.</p>
            <p>Paratype. CSIRO H 6565–01, adult male 1252 mm TL, Tanjung Luar fish landing site, Lombok, Indonesia, 08°45' S, 116°35' E, 9 Sep. 2004.</p>
            <p>Other material. Adult male 1341 mm TL, not retained, collected at same locality as paratype, 10 Mar. 2005.</p>
            <p> Diagnosis. A moderately large  Squatina with the following characters: dorsal coloration simple, uniformly greyish brown; two dark subdorsal saddles; anterior ventral surface of pectoral fin blackish; no median row of scute-like denticles on trunk; anterior nasal flap with unfringed barbels; upper lip arch half-oval in shape (lip arch width 3.4–4.1% TL, height 0.9–1.2% TL); interorbital region weakly concave; pectoral–pelvic space 9.4–10.9% TL; pectoral-fin apex angular, not more than 120°; pelvic-fin free rear tips reaching first dorsal-fin origin; tail relatively long, pelvic-fin origin to ventral caudal lobe 3.8–4.0 times pectoral-fin base; pectoral fins moderately long, length 33.5–33.7% TL; dorsal fins not lobe-like; first dorsal-fin base longer than second dorsal-fin base; caudal fin of adult with angular apices; monospondylous centra 50 or 51; total vertebral centra 144. </p>
            <p>Description. Body strongly depressed anteriorly, firm; trunk strongly depressed, almost ray-like, deepest at pectoral-fin base; not tapering abruptly at pelvic-fin insertion, tail strongly depressed, even at origin of caudal fin. Abdomen moderately elongate, pectoral–pelvic space 9.4 (10.9)% TL, 0.63 (0.74) of pre-branchial length; pelvic–caudal space 1.38 (1.28) times pelvic-fin length; tail moderately long, height at pelvic insertions 2.06 (2.24) in its width; caudal peduncle strongly depressed, short; lateral keels moderately developed, not greatly expanded anteriorly, originating below insertion of second dorsal fin, slightly below lateral midline, extending about two eye lengths past caudal-fin origin.</p>
            <p>Head broad, extended laterally, strongly depressed; oval in cross-section; subcircular, with weakly convex anterior margin when viewed from above (somewhat truncate in large adult male paratype); well-developed dermal folds present along ventrolateral margin of head, no lobes present near mouth corners; head width 19.9 (19.3)% TL, 3.17 (2.28) times head height. Snout very short, bluntly rounded in lateral view, horizontal preorbital length 3.5 (2.9)% TL; elevated slightly between nostril and eye; weak preorbital pit present, barely connected to snout apex by a shallow groove at midline; apex not indented anteriorly. Eye dorsolateral on head, small, suboval, length 2.4 (1.8)% TL, 6.11 (8.13) in pre-branchial length, interorbit weakly concave, no subocular pouches; widely separated, interorbital space 3.23 (4.45) times eye length, 2.26 (2.74) times horizontal preorbital length, 0.85 (0.93) times direct prespiracular length, 3.37 (3.06) times spiracle length. Spiracle of moderate size, cresentic, almost transverse to slightly oblique, well separated from eye, much larger than eye; anterior margin strongly concave, barely elevated above flattened posterior margin; posterior margin almost flat to forming a slight depression leading into spiracle; greatest diameter 3.31 (2.89) in interspiracular space. Gill slits large, pleated, lateral on head, subequal in length, located well forward of midbase of pectoral fin, intergill distance 7.4 (8.6)% TL, 2.68 (2.24) in head width; posterior lateral head fold partly overlapping anterior tip of pectoral fin.</p>
            <p>Mouth large, terminal (or very slightly inferior), horizontally expanded, broadly arched, terminating just forward of mid-eye (slightly more posterior in large male paratype), width 12.8 (12.1)% TL, 1.55 (1.59) in head width, 1.62 (1.50) times interorbital space; upper lip forming a broad, moderately convex border with snout; upper labial furrows very large, forming deep preoral groove from symphysis to posterior of jaw angle; lower labial furrows elongate, deep, separated from each other by less than their length; shorter postoral groove very deep, extending parallel to lower labial furrow from jaw angle, length slightly greater than half lower labial furrow length. Teeth widely spaced, unicuspid, small and dagger-like, conical without cusplets on a broad base; upper jaw with 3 small rows on each side of symphysis, midlateral teeth larger (about twice size of symphysial teeth) and more widely spaced than those adjacent; lower jaw edentate at symphysis, lateral teeth evenly spaced, slightly larger than those of upper jaw; no smaller, unpaired teeth at symphysis of upper jaw in holotype (large male paratype with well-developed symphysial teeth); anterior two lateral pairs at symphysis protruding anteriorly when mouth closed (5 rows in paratype); teeth by row in holotype, 18 in upper jaw, 18 in lower jaw, in holotype.</p>
            <p>Nostrils large, terminal on head, widely separated, internarial space 5.7 (6.2)% TL, 3.51 (3.12) in head width; adjacent upper lip of mouth. Anterior nasal flap large, overlapping mouth, with two well-developed, unfringed barbels; very large, basally flattened, posterolaterally directed barbel with an irregular membranous tip and large, membranous basal mesial lobe (partly concealed on inner basal edge of barbel); anteroventral margin of flap with a smaller, much more slender, semitubular barbel (capable of being unraveled) with a slightly expanded distal tip, directed mesially; posteroventral margin of nostril with a variably developed, membranous flap, margin sometimes irregular; no nasoral or circumnarial grooves; no dermal lobes.</p>
            <p>Dermal denticles covering entire dorsal surface of body, slightly less dense on distal edges of all fins (anterior apex of pectoral fins usually naked). Trunk denticles small, pungent, subconical, strongly raked posteriorly; anterior bases stellate, with clearly defined anterior ridges; similar in size along midline; well-separated, not imbricate; much larger on midline of trunk and tail than on pectoral and pelvic bases; no enlarged, thorn-like denticles on midline; pre- and postorbit with slightly enlarged denticles, much larger and more upright and strongly conical than those on dorsal midline of trunk and tail, more widely spaced than those above midorbit; similarly enlarged patches on postnarial snout. Adult male paratype with partly embedded, malar thorn-like denticles along posteroanterior margin of pectoral fin; denticles slender, spear-shaped, directed posterolaterally or posteriorly; edge of pectoral and pelvic fin anterior margins with dense coverage of minute aspinous denticles (similar to those of ventral surface). Ventral surface largely naked; narrow longitudinal band extending along anterior margin of pectoral fin, sharply demarcated from rest of fin, greatest width slightly larger than orbit diameter; similar but less extensive band around apex of pelvic fin; post-pelvic tail mostly covered with denticles, commencing just anterior of free rear tip of pelvic fins and extending to caudal fin (in adult male paratype, band better developed along pectoral and pelvic fins and tail, width of pectoral band about two eye lengths); denticles very small, dense, partially imbricate, aspinous, crowns circular with entire margins. Claspers of paratype largely naked, large ovoid patches on mid-ventral surface beside free rear tip of pelvic fin. Dorsal and caudal fins mostly with dense coverage of denticles (less so in holotype than adult male).</p>
            <p>Pectoral fins very large, expanded, base very fleshy, length 33.7 (33.6)% TL, 1.87 (1.77) times width; anterior margin almost straight to weakly convex, 1.39 (1.44) times inner margin; apex angular, angle slightly less than 120°; posterior margin slightly concave (almost straight in paratype); inner margin very strongly convex, free rear tip broadly rounded. Pelvic fins large, elongate, length 23.2 (24.4)% TL, 1.45 (1.38) in pectoral-fin length; anterior margin convex, apex broadly rounded; posterior margin weakly convex; inner margin almost straight; free rear tip narrowly pointed (more bluntly pointed in paratype), reaching origin of first dorsal fin; pelvic-fin origin anterior to pectoral-fin free rear tip. Claspers of adult male robust, elongate, expanded slightly subdistally, slightly depressed distally with narrowly rounded posterior margin, cartilage at glans opening not sharp-edged, outer margin 5.9% TL, 2.17 times base width. Dorsal fins similar in size and shape (first slightly larger in holotype), strongly raked, close together, height of first 1.06 (1.17) times height of second; anterior margins straight to slightly convex; apices narrowly rounded to somewhat angular, well posterior to fin insertion; posterior margins convex (straight in paratype), directed anteroventrally from top to bottom; inner margin almost parallel to dorsal surface, free rear tip obtuse, broadly rounded; posteriorly located, interdorsal space 1.63 (1.32) times first dorsal-fin base, 0.84 (0.79) times dorsal–caudal space. Caudal fin hypocercal, short, dorsal caudal margin 12.9 (15.2)% TL, 2.48 (2.06) in pelvic–caudal space, height 14.3 (17.0)% TL; lower lobe larger than upper lobe, preventral caudal margin 1.23 (1.06) times dorsal caudal margin; apices somewhat rounded (more angular in adult paratype); dorsal caudal margin almost straight; preventral caudal margin slightly convex; postventral margin strongly notched, deepest slightly above its midlength.</p>
            <p>Vertebral counts: monospondylous centra 51 (50); precaudal centra 112 (113); caudal centra 32 (31); total centra 144 (144).</p>
            <p>Colour. In preservative: Dorsal surface almost uniformly dark greyish brown; slightly darker over enlarged denticle patches, around eye and on snout; evidence of weak paler blotches on central trunk and tail. Ventral surface almost uniformly white, slightly darker on denticle band along anterior margin of pectoral fin; upper lip dusky; mouth dusky; spiracles pale. Pectoral and pelvic fins similar to body, outer margin pale, almost white; dorsal fins mostly greyish brown, posterior margins translucent; caudal fin similar to body, posterior margin pale to translucent. Adult male paratype (CSIRO H 6565–01) similar to holotype, evidence of blackish subdorsal saddles; margins of pectoral and pelvic fins not white; denticle bands along pectoral and pelvic fins dark, somewhat blackish; darker areas on chin and behind gills; part of tail covered with denticles slightly darker than naked portion. Clasper dorsal surface bicoloured; anterior basal half white; posterior basal half and glans brownish; almost uniformly pale ventrally (denticulated area slightly darker).</p>
            <p>Fresh coloration of adult male paratype similar, dark brownish subdorsal saddles much more evident. An additional male specimen (not retained) had similar general coloration but with large, dark brownish blotches and ocelli irregularly scattered over the dorsal surfaces (Fig. 4 b).</p>
            <p>Size. Known from only four specimens, a female of 471 mm TL (holotype), and three adult males of 1252–1341 mm TL (the paratype and two other specimens not retained).</p>
            <p>Distribution. Occurs off southern Indonesia. Observed or collected from 4 fish landing sites, Palabuhanratu in West Java (06°59' S, 106°32' E), Cilacap in Central Java (07°44' S, 109°00' E), Kedonganan in Bali (08°45' S, 115°10' E), and Tanjung Luar in Lombok (08°48' S, 116°28' E). Depth information not known.</p>
            <p>Etymology. Derived from Greek legnotos meaning ‘having a coloured border’ with reference to the dark anterior edges of pectoral and pelvic fins.</p>
            <p> Comparisons.  Squatina legnota differs from all Australian angel sharks in having a simple anterior nasal flap with unfringed (rather than strongly fringed) barbels. It also has a less complex color pattern being uniformly coloured apart from its two darker subdorsal saddles (rather than covered with spots, flecks, blotches or ocelli). The scaled anterior ventral margin of the pectoral fin is black (otherwise pale or whitish). Four species of  Squatina occur in the western North Pacific:  S. formosa Shen &amp; Ting ,  S. japonica Bleeker ,  S. nebulosa Regan and  S. tergocellatoides (Walsh &amp; Ebert, 2007) .  Squatina legnota does not possess a row of median scutes or spines. Compagno (1984) claimed that all 4 western North Pacific species have a row of spines on the midline of the back and tail, but according to Walsh &amp; Ebert (2007), this state is only present in  S. japonica . The three remaining western North Pacific species have different colour patterns to  S. legnota .  Squatina formosa and  S. nebulosa are both covered with black and white spots and appear to have fewer vertebrae (total central 137–139 and 138–139 respectively vs. 144 in  S. legnota ).  Squatina tergocellatoides , which is known from nearby Borneo (Yano et al., 2005), has large blackish spots on the pectoral fin and origins of the dorsal fins, but lacks distinct subdorsal saddles. Based on comments by Walsh &amp; Ebert (2007), its pelvic-fin tips and dorsal fin appear to be more widely spaced and it seems to have more ornate nasal barbels.  Squatina legnota also possesses more vertebrae than the four species of  Squatina from the western North Pacific, i.e. 144 vs. &lt;140, respectively. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F887AA9C1CFFD7FF3EFB44595BF9FC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Last, Peter R.;White, William T.	Last, Peter R., White, William T. (2008): Three new angel sharks (Chondrichthyes: Squatinidae) from the Indo-Australian region. Zootaxa 1734: 1-26, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.181433
03F887AA9C18FFC0FF3EF9735DBCFEC1.text	03F887AA9C18FFC0FF3EF9735DBCFEC1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Squatina pseudocellata	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Squatina pseudocellata new species</p>
            <p>Western Angel Shark</p>
            <p>Figs 6, 7, 8 c, Table 3.</p>
            <p> Squatina sp. B: Last and Stevens, 1994, Sharks and Rays of Australia, pp 277, 279, figs 31.2, pl. 38.  Squatina tergocellata: Sainsbury, Kailola and Leyland, 1985 , Continental Shelf Fishes of Northern and North-Western Australia, pp 38, fig. </p>
            <p> Squatina sp.: Allen, 1997, Marine Fishes of the Great Barrier Reef and South-East Asia, pp 46, 47, fig. </p>
            <p> S. legnota n. sp. S. pseudocellata n. sp.</p>
            <p>Paratypes (n = 5)</p>
            <p>Holotype Paratype non-type Holotype Min. Max. to be continued...</p>
            <p> S. legnota n. sp. S. pseudocellata n. sp. Paratypes (n = 5) Holotype Paratype non-type Holotype Min. Max. D1A – First dorsal-fin anterior margin 7.9 9.7 9.9 8.9 8.5 9.0 D1H – First dorsal-fin height 5.5 6.8 7.2 5.8 5.8 6.2 D 1I – First dorsal-fin inner margin 2.9 2.8 3.1 3.3 2.7 3.2 D2B – Second dorsal-fin base length 3.7 4.1 3.8 3.8 3.6 3.9 D2A – Second dorsal-fin anterior margin 8.1 9.2 9.9 8.3 8.1 9.0 D2H – Second dorsal-fin height 5.2 5.8 6.7 5.9 5.0 6.1 D 2I – Second dorsal-fin inner margin 2.6 2.7 3.1 3.0 2.6 3.3 CDM– Dorsal caudal-fin margin 12.9 15.2 15.8 11.7 11.6 12.8 CVM – Preventral caudal-fin margin 15.8 16.1 15.8 16.7 16.1 17.4 CAH – Caudal-fin height 14.3 17.0 17.8 14.0 14.1 15.8 CLI – Clasper inner length - 14.4 - 20.5 - - CLO – Clasper outer length - 5.9 5.4 7.4 - - CLB – Clasper base width - 2.7 2.8 2.6 - - Holotype. CSIRO H 2567–01, adult male 751 mm TL, west of Dorre Island, Western Australia, 25°09' S, 112°09' E, 312 m, 28 Jan. 1991. </p>
            <p>Paratypes. 6 specimens. CSIRO CA 3291, immature male 412 mm TL, north of Port Hedland, Western Australia, 18°33' S, 118°20' E, 150 m, 28 Mar. 1982; CSIRO CA 3663, female 640 mm TL, northwest of Port Hedland, Western Australia, 19°01' S, 117°27' E, 142–144 m, 29 Jan. 1983; CSIRO CA 4474, immature male 568 mm TL, northwest of Port Hedland, Western Australia, 23 Nov. 1982; CSIRO H 4070–01, immature male 647 mm TL, northwest of Port Hedland, Western Australia, 18°12' S, 118°14' E, 266–269 m, 8 Sep. 1995; CSIRO H 5188–03, immature male 319 mm TL, north of Dampier Archipelago, Western Australia, 19°10' S, 116°19' E, 256 m, 27 Oct. 1998; WAM P 26195–001, female 376 mm TL, north of Dampier Archipelago, Western Australia, 19°10' S, 116°46' E, 175–178 m, 16 May. 1978.</p>
            <p>Other material. CSIRO CA 292, immature male 491 mm TL, north of Dampier Archipelago, Western Australia, 19°17' S, 116°18' E, 170–172 m, 16 May 1978.</p>
            <p> Diagnosis. A moderately small  Squatina with the following characters: dorsal coloration complex, yellowish brown with small, greyish blue spots; faint brownish subdorsal saddles; anterior ventral surface of pectoral fin not black; single median row of enlarged scute-like denticles present on trunk; anterior nasal flap with strongly fringed barbels; upper lip forming a relatively narrow, strongly convex border with snout (lip arch width 2.6–4.0% TL, height 1.1–1.6% TL); interorbital region strongly concave; pectoral–pelvic space 11.7– 13.5% TL; pectoral-fin apex broadly rounded, much less than 120°; pelvic-fin free rear tips reaching or just beyond first dorsal-fin origin; tail relatively long, pelvic-fin origin to ventral caudal lobe 3.6–3.9 times pectoral-fin base; pectoral fins long, length 34.1–35.6% TL; dorsal fins not lobate; caudal fin of adult with bluntly pointed apices; monospondylous centra 46 or 47; total vertebral centra 130–135. </p>
            <p>Description. Body strongly depressed anteriorly, firm; trunk strongly depressed, almost ray-like, deepest over abdomen; not tapering abruptly at pelvic-fin insertion, tail strongly depressed, even at origin of caudal fin. Abdomen moderately elongate, pectoral–pelvic space 13.3 (11.7–13.5)% TL, 0.89 (0.78–0.90) of prebranchial length; pelvic–caudal space 1.22 (1.11–1.27) times pelvic-fin length; tail relatively short, height at pelvic insertions 2.05 (2.00–2.27) in its width; caudal peduncle strongly depressed, short; lateral keels very well-developed, greatly expanded anteriorly, originating below insertion of second dorsal fin, well below lateral midline, extending well past middle of caudal fin; well-developed dorsal precaudal pit; pit absent ventrally.</p>
            <p>Head broad, extended laterally, strongly depressed; oval in cross-section; subcircular, with truncate anterior margin when viewed from above (somewhat variable, truncate to weakly convex in paratypes); welldeveloped dermal folds present along ventrolateral margin of head, no lobes present near mouth corners; head width 18.7 (18.9–20.6)% TL, 3.25 (3.00–3.23) times head height. Snout very short, bluntly rounded in lateral view, horizontal preorbital length 3.5 (3.2–3.6)% TL; bulbous between nostril and eye; no obvious preorbital pit present; apex not indented anteriorly (sometimes slightly indented). Eye dorsolateral on head, small, slightly elevated, suboval, length 2.3 (2.2–2.9)% TL, 6.38 (5.59–6.75) in pre-branchial length; interorbit and midline of preorbital snout strongly concave; no subocular pouches; widely separated, interorbital space 3.47 (2.97–3.64) times eye length, 2.31 (2.31–2.56) times horizontal preorbital length, 0.94 (0.87–0.96) times direct prespiracular length, 4.47 (3.69–4.03) times spiracle length. Spiracle small, crescentic to elongate oval, slightly oblique, well separated from eye, subequal to eye; anterior margin strongly concave, barely elevated above flattened posterior margin; posterior margin almost flat to forming a slight depression leading into spiracle; greatest diameter 4.16 (3.41–4.16) in interspiracular space. Gill slits large, pleated, lateral on head, subequal in length, located well forward of midbase of pectoral fin, intergill distance 6.6 (6.6–7.3)% TL, 2.84 (2.68–2.87) in head width; posterior lateral head fold partly overlapping anterior tip of pectoral fin (in some paratypes not overlapping when head is twisted).</p>
            <p>Mouth large, terminal (or very slightly inferior), horizontally expanded, broadly arched, terminating at mid-eye (slightly forward or at mid-eye in paratypes), width 12.1 (12.1–13.8)% TL, 1.54 (1.50–1.62) in head width, 1.50 (1.50–1.61) times interorbital space; upper lip forming a relatively narrow, strongly convex border with snout; upper labial furrows very large, forming deep preoral groove from symphysis to posterior of jaw angle; lower labial furrows elongate, deep, separated from each other by less than their length; shorter postoral groove very deep, extending parallel to lower labial furrow from jaw angle, length slightly greater than half lower labial furrow length. Teeth widely spaced, unicuspid, small, conical (dagger-like in smaller paratypes), without cusplets on a broad base; upper jaw with 3 small rows on each side of symphysis, midlateral teeth larger (about twice size of symphysial teeth) and more widely spaced than those adjacent; lower jaw edentate at symphysis, lateral teeth evenly spaced, slightly larger than those of upper jaw; no smaller, unpaired teeth at symphysis of upper jaw in holotype; teeth not protruding when mouth closed (1–3 pairs protruding in paratypes); teeth by row, in 4 paratypes, 16 in upper jaw, 14–16 in lower jaw.</p>
            <p>Nostrils large, terminal on head, widely separated, internarial space 6.4 (6.2–6.9)% TL, 2.92 (2.97–3.34) in head width; adjacent upper lip of mouth. Anterior nasal flap large, overlapping mouth, with two well-developed, strongly fringed barbels; very large, basally flattened, posterolaterally directed barbel with a strongly fringed tip; distal fringes subequal in length to incurrent aperture of nostril; broad, strongly fringed membranous basal mesial lobe (partly concealed on inner basal edge of barbel and not distinct from posterolateral extension); central margin of flap with a long, thallate, moveable, strongly fringed barbel, directed ventrally, originating from a prominent, shallow pocket near border of flap; posteroventral margin of nostril with a variably developed, membranous flap, anterior margin weakly irregular, lateral margin somewhat filamentous; no nasoral or circumnarial grooves; no dermal lobes.</p>
            <p>Dermal denticles covering entire dorsal surface of body; less dense, absent on posterior borders of fins (anterior apex of pectoral fins usually naked). Trunk denticles small, widely spaced, broadly subconical, strongly raked posteriorly; anterior bases with clearly defined anterior ridges; cusps bluntly pointed. Single enlarged, linear row of about 46 (in holotype) small, scute-like denticles along midline, originating just forward of pectoral-fin insertions and extending to first dorsal fin; denticles broad based, with pronounced radial ridges, their base widths more than 3 times base width of trunk denticles; with a short, blunt posteriorly directed cusp (more upright in smaller paratypes); separated from dorsal denticles by more than twice length of each denticle. Pre- and postorbit with greatly enlarged, spine-like denticles, much larger and more upright and strongly conical than those on dorsal midline of trunk and tail, more widely spaced than those above midorbit; slightly smaller enlarged denticles on postnarial snout. Adult male holotype with non-embedded, elevated, pungent, denticle patch extending from distal third of anterior pectoral fin around fin apex to just short of free rear tip, much larger than adjacent trunk denticles; pelvic fin with similar denticles along the outer anterior margin, extending posteriorly along posterior margin for about two thirds its length; absent in immature male paratypes; edge of pectoral and pelvic fin anterior margins with dense coverage of minute aspinous denticles (similar to those of ventral surface). Smallest paratype (CSIRO H 5188–03) with less welldeveloped trunk squamation, denticles in ill-defined linear rows, more or less evenly spaced; scute-like denticles with subcircular bases, prominent, bases almost abutting in row posteriorly; large scute-like denticles, paired at origin of each dorsal fin; enlarged denticles on head well developed, spinose, prominent, two postnasal denticles on each side of head, two to three on preorbit (posterior larger), triangular patch of three on postorbit (anterior larger); enlarged denticles becoming less distinct in larger paratypes. Ventral surface of body and fins largely naked (paratype CSIRO CA 3663 with a larger irregular patch on central abdomen); broad longitudinal band extending along almost entire length of anterior margin of pectoral fin, sharply demarcated from rest of fin but its mesial border irregular, greatest width about twice orbit diameter; similar but less extensive band around apex of pelvic fin, extending almost from fin origin to its free rear tip, broadest at fin apex (more restricted in smallest paratype); post-pelvic tail mostly covered with denticles, commencing at midline, well anterior of free rear tip of pelvic fins and extending to caudal fin (less well-developed in smallest paratypes); ventrolateral surfaces of tail with distinctly larger denticles than on rest of tail; denticles minute, densely packed, aspinous with smooth circular crowns with mostly entire margins, slightly more widely spaced near mesial border. Claspers of adult male holotype largely naked, most of outer half of ventral surface with minute denticles (immature male paratypes CSIRO CA 4474 and CSIRO H 4070–01 with an obvious development of denticles on ventral surface of clasper). Anterior half of dorsal fins with similar coverage of denticles to basal portions of pelvic and pectoral fins; similar denticles on most of caudal fin (smallest paratype with less well-developed denticle patches on dorsal and caudal fins).</p>
            <p>Pectoral fins very large, expanded, base very fleshy, length 34.1 (34.9–35.6)% TL, 1.87 (1.83–1.97) times width; anterior margin almost straight to weakly convex, 1.59 (1.50–1.62) times inner margin; apex broadly rounded, angle much less than 120°; posterior margin slightly concave (more so in some paratypes); inner margin very strongly convex, free rear tip broadly rounded. Pelvic fins large, elongate, length 25.0 (22.7– 25.2)% TL, 1.36 (1.38–1.54) in pectoral-fin length; anterior margin strongly convex, apex broadly rounded; posterior margin weakly convex (almost straight in some paratypes); inner margin almost straight; free rear tip narrowly pointed, reaching origin of first dorsal fin (extending more posteriorly in most paratypes); pelvic-fin origin anterior to pectoral-fin free rear tip. Claspers of adult male slender, tapering, elongate, somewhat pointed and depressed distally, apex membranous, cartilage at glans opening not sharp-edged, outer margin 7.4% TL, 2.83 times base width. Dorsal fins similar in size and shape, strongly raked, close together, height of first 0.98 (0.99–1.24) times height of second; anterior margins straight to slightly convex; apices narrowly rounded to somewhat angular, well posterior to fin insertions; posterior margins weakly convex or almost straight, almost upright; inner margin weakly convex, free rear tip obtuse, broadly rounded; posteriorly located, interdorsal space 1.91 (1.69–1.94) times first dorsal-fin base, 1.25 (0.92–1.09) times dorsal–caudal space. Caudal fin hypocercal, short, dorsal caudal margin 11.7 (11.6–12.8)% TL, 2.61 (2.27–2.54) in pelvic– caudal space, height 14.0 (14.1–15.8)% TL; lower lobe much larger than upper lobe, preventral caudal margin 1.43 (1.35–1.40) times dorsal caudal margin; apices bluntly pointed (more rounded in juveniles); dorsal caudal margin almost weakly convex; preventral caudal margin strongly convex; postventral margin strongly notched, deepest slightly above its midlength.</p>
            <p>Vertebral counts: monospondylous centra 47 (46 or 47, n=4); precaudal centra 103 (101–105); caudal centra 27 (28–30); total centra 130 (131–135).</p>
            <p>Colour. In preservative: Dorsal surface yellowish brown, punctuated with dense coverage of small greyish blue spots (faint or obscure in some paratypes); edges of lateral keel pale yellowish; evidence of narrow, darker brown subdorsal saddles, extending onto bases of dorsal fins (barely distinguishable in some paratypes); irregular dark brownish blotch on caudal fin near its base; spiracles brownish; anterior nasal flap brownish basally, filaments pale. Spots densest on head, more or less uniformly spaced (not clustered), about a third to a fifth of eye length, diffuse edged; less well defined on dorsal, caudal and outer posterior margins of pectoral and pelvic fins; weak evidence of larger ocellate blotches on mid-base of pectoral fin, larger than eye; white post-interspiracular spot on midline of some paratypes, absent in holotype. Posterior margin of dorsal and caudal fins pale yellow to translucent, distinctly paler than rest of fin; pectoral and pelvic-fin margins pale yellowish.</p>
            <p>Smallest paratype (CSIRO H 5188–03) with additional, large yellowish ocellate blotches; blotches much larger than eye, almost symmetrical, margins diffuse, partly distinguished by a rosette of smaller greyish blue spots. Ventral surface and sides of abdomen uniformly whitish; somewhat translucent along posterior margins of pectoral and pelvic fins, distinctly darker than rest of fin; scaled areas more yellowish than rest of ventral surface; mouth, lateral head fold and lips whitish. Clasper of adult male holotype almost uniformly pale, distal dorsal portion of glans dusky.</p>
            <p>Size. Specimens examined ranged from 319 mm TL (smallest paratype) to 751 mm TL (adult male holotype). Males still immature at 647 mm TL.</p>
            <p>Distribution. Endemic to tropical and subtropical Western Australia between Port Hedland (ca. 18° S) and Dorre Island (ca. 25° S); demersal on the outer continental shelf and upper slope in depths of 150– 312 m.</p>
            <p>Etymology. The epithet is a combination of the Latin pseudo (meaning false) and ocellata (ocelli) referring to the indistinct ocellate markings on the pectoral fins.</p>
            <p> Comparisons. Of the Australian species,  S. pseudocellata is most similar to  S. albipunctata in body shape.  Squatina pseudocellata has a slightly narrower intergill width (6.6–7.3% vs. 7.4–8.2% TL in  S. albipunctata ), shorter pectoral-fin base length (11.2–11.9% vs. 11.9–13.4% TL) and relatively longer pelvic (origin)–caudal space (42.1–45.2 (mean 43.2)% vs. 38.8–42.6 (mean 40.7)% TL). It also differs in two other ratios: head width 2.7–2.9 vs. 2.5–2.7 times intergill width; and preventral caudal-fin margin 1.3–1.4 vs. 1.4– 1.8 times dorsal caudal-fin margin. </p>
            <p> Squatina pseudocellata differs from the material examined of  S. tergocellata (Fig. 10) in having a narrower intergill (width 6.6–7.3% vs. 7.3–8.1% TL), thicker tail (height 4.8–5.4% vs. 4.2–4.9% TL), longer pectoral–pelvic space (11.7–13.5% vs. 10.5–12.6% TL) and dorsal caudal-fin margin (length 11.6–12.8% vs. 10.1–11.2% TL), and a shorter pectoral-fin base (length 11.2–11.9% vs. 12.3–12.9% TL), pectoral-fin anterior margin (length 28.0–29.0% vs. 28.6–30.5% TL) and pelvic-fin (length 22.7–25.2% vs. 24.6–26.4% TL). They differ slightly in at least four other ratios: pectoral–pelvic space 0.8–0.9 in  S. pseudocellata vs. 0.6–0.8 times prebranchial length in  S. albipunctata ; head width 2.7–2.9 vs. 2.5–2.7 times intergill width; interdorsal space 1.7–1.9 vs. 1.3–1.7 times first dorsal-fin base length; and preventral caudal-fin margin 1.3–1.4 vs. 1.4–1.6 times dorsal caudal-fin margin. </p>
            <p> Morphometrically,  S. pseudocellata and  S. australis (Fig. 9) are very different from each other: preorbital length 3.2–3.6% TL in  S. pseudocellata vs. 3.7–4.5% TL in  S. australis ; prebranchial length 14.6–16.0% vs. 16.0–16.6% TL; interspiracular space 7.4–8.8% vs. 8.9–10.1% TL; head height 5.7–6.8% vs. 7.1–8.5% TL; intergill width 6.6–7.3% vs. 8.2–8.9% TL; pectoral–pelvic space 11.7–13.5% vs. 7.4–8.6% TL; pectoral-fin base length 11.2–11.9% vs. 13.0–13.9% TL; pectoral-fin length 34.1–35.6% vs. 31.3–33.8% TL; pectoral-fin inner margin 17.9–19.0% vs. 13.5–14.7% TL; pelvic-fin inner margin 8.8–10.9% vs. 8.0–8.5% TL; dorsal-caudal space 6.6–7.5% vs. 5.6–6.4% TL; preventral caudal-fin margin 16.1–17.4% vs. 17.7–19.1% TL; trunk width 15.5–17.3% vs. 18.6–20.4% TL; width at pectoral origins 14.2–16.3% vs. 16.6–18.2% TL; internarial space 6.2–6.9% vs. 6.9–7.4% TL; pectoral–pelvic space 0.8–0.9 vs. 0.5 times prebranchial length; head width 3.0–3.3 vs. 2.3–2.9 times its height; interorbital space 2.3–2.6 vs. 1.8–2.2 times preorbital length; interspiracular space 3.4–4.2 vs. 4.4–5.5 times spiracle length; head width 2.7–2.9 vs. 2.3–2.4 times intergill width; pectoral-fin anterior margin 1.5–1.6 vs. 1.9–2.2 times its inner margin; and preventral caudal-fin margin 1.3–1.4 vs. 1.6–1.7 times dorsal caudal-fin margin. </p>
            <p> Squatina pseudocellata has more ornate nasal flaps and barbels than other angel sharks of the Indo-West Pacific, with the exception of  S. tergocellatoides . According to Walsh and Ebert (2007),  S. tergocellatoides lacks a median row of enlarged denticles whereas a row of scute-like denticles is present in  S. pseudocellata . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F887AA9C18FFC0FF3EF9735DBCFEC1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Last, Peter R.;White, William T.	Last, Peter R., White, William T. (2008): Three new angel sharks (Chondrichthyes: Squatinidae) from the Indo-Australian region. Zootaxa 1734: 1-26, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.181433
