taxonID	type	description	language	source
03FBE152FFC8FFE0FDF9FE72FAAF05AC.taxon	materials_examined	Type species	en	Gustafsson, Daniel R., Zou, Fasheng, Oslejskova, Lucie, Najer, Tomas, Sychra, Oldřich (2019): Four new species of Brueelia Kéler, 1936 (Phthiraptera: Ischnocera) from African hosts, with a redescription of Nirmus bicurvatus Piaget, 1880. European Journal of Taxonomy 507: 1-48, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.507
03FBE152FFC8FFE0FDF9FE72FAAF05AC.taxon	discussion	Remarks Clay (1954) discussed the use of the post-spiracular sensillum in determining homology in the abdominal chaetotaxy of Ischnocera. She stated that in Brueelia, these sensilla are known from segments III – VII, whereas in all other groups of ischnoceran lice, they are never found posterior to segment V. Gustafsson & Bush (2017) included these sensilla in their illustrations, but neglected to discuss their importance in the text. Based on our investigation of several hundred species of lice in the Brueelia complex, it seems that these sensilla occur on segments II – III only in the following genera: Brueelia, Teinomordeus Gustafsson & Bush, 2017, Acronirmus Eichler, 1953 and Sychraella Gustafsson & Bush, 2017. In all other genera of the Brueelia complex, these sensilla only occur on segments IV – V. However, they are typically very hard to see, especially in species with reduced tergopleurites. Gustafsson & Bush (2017) also neglected to explicitly state that it is the position of post-spiracular setae in relationship to this sensillum that determines whether they are psps or aps. Any setae positioned laterally to the sensillum are aps, whereas any setae situated immediately median to this sensillum are psps. Note that aps and psps on the first abdominal segment bearing post-spiracular setae (often segment V or VI in Brueelia) may be similar in length. Moreover, in some species of, e. g., Olivinirmus Złotorzycka, 1964 there may be more than one psps per side on some segments. To our knowledge, no species in the Brueelia complex has more than one aps per side on any segment. Several of the species here belong to a group of pied Brueelia species found mainly on African hosts in the families Ploceidae, Estrildidae and Paridae. The only species of this group known from hosts outside Africa is Brueelia plocea (Lakshminarayana, 1968), from India. We have seen many additional species in this group, all from African hosts; however, suitable hosts in the same genera are found in South Asia. We here refer to this group as the “ African pied Brueelia ” group, to distinguish it from the New World ornatissima group, which have similar pigmentation patterns. This group comprises the following species: Brueelia plocea (Lakshminarayana, 1968); B. queleae Sychra & Barlev in Sychra et al., 2010 a; B. cantans Sychra in Sychra et al., 2010 b; B. aguilarae Gustafsson & Bush, 2017; B. mpumalangensis Gustafsson et al., 2018; B. semiscalaris sp. nov.; B. terspichore sp. nov.; B. sima sp. nov. The main characteristic of this group is the striking pigmentation pattern. This varies slightly between species, but typically includes having dark pigmentation on the anterior and posterior margins of sternites III – VI, the female tergopleurite IX + X, along the lateral margins of the abdomen, around the distal section of femora I – III and on the subgenital plates. The dark areas are generally at least dark brown, but may appear black in some species; both sternal and subgenital plates typically have distinct translucent fenestrae in both sexes. In the phylogeny of Bush et al. (2016), members of this group (e. g., Brueelia queleae and Brueelia sp. (= B. mpumalangensis) ex Melaniparus niger) were placed in different parts of the tree, suggesting that they do not form a natural group; however, these placements received no statistical support. Apart from pigmentation patterns, the morphological characters of this group are also very diverse, suggesting that the division of this group in the phylogeny of Bush et al. (2016) may be correct. Nevertheless, for the purposes of identification and keying, we consider the ʻAfrican pied Brueelia ʼ group a useful grouping to help sort out the vast diversity of species of Brueelia on African hosts. As more species of Brueelia from African hosts become known, the relationships of the species in this informal group may have to be revised, and the group may be found to be artificial. We provide a key to the described species in this group below.	en	Gustafsson, Daniel R., Zou, Fasheng, Oslejskova, Lucie, Najer, Tomas, Sychra, Oldřich (2019): Four new species of Brueelia Kéler, 1936 (Phthiraptera: Ischnocera) from African hosts, with a redescription of Nirmus bicurvatus Piaget, 1880. European Journal of Taxonomy 507: 1-48, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.507
03FBE152FFC6FFE4FDD0FB29FEAA02C2.taxon	description	Figs 2 – 8, 37 – 38	en	Gustafsson, Daniel R., Zou, Fasheng, Oslejskova, Lucie, Najer, Tomas, Sychra, Oldřich (2019): Four new species of Brueelia Kéler, 1936 (Phthiraptera: Ischnocera) from African hosts, with a redescription of Nirmus bicurvatus Piaget, 1880. European Journal of Taxonomy 507: 1-48, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.507
03FBE152FFC6FFE4FDD0FB29FEAA02C2.taxon	biology_ecology	Type host Passer melanurus damarensis Reichenow, 1902 – Cape sparrow (Passeridae).	en	Gustafsson, Daniel R., Zou, Fasheng, Oslejskova, Lucie, Najer, Tomas, Sychra, Oldřich (2019): Four new species of Brueelia Kéler, 1936 (Phthiraptera: Ischnocera) from African hosts, with a redescription of Nirmus bicurvatus Piaget, 1880. European Journal of Taxonomy 507: 1-48, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.507
03FBE152FFC6FFE4FDD0FB29FEAA02C2.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality Pofadder, Cape Province, South Africa.	en	Gustafsson, Daniel R., Zou, Fasheng, Oslejskova, Lucie, Najer, Tomas, Sychra, Oldřich (2019): Four new species of Brueelia Kéler, 1936 (Phthiraptera: Ischnocera) from African hosts, with a redescription of Nirmus bicurvatus Piaget, 1880. European Journal of Taxonomy 507: 1-48, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.507
03FBE152FFC6FFE4FDD0FB29FEAA02C2.taxon	biology_ecology	Other hosts Passer melanurus vicinus Clancey, 1958.	en	Gustafsson, Daniel R., Zou, Fasheng, Oslejskova, Lucie, Najer, Tomas, Sychra, Oldřich (2019): Four new species of Brueelia Kéler, 1936 (Phthiraptera: Ischnocera) from African hosts, with a redescription of Nirmus bicurvatus Piaget, 1880. European Journal of Taxonomy 507: 1-48, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.507
03FBE152FFC6FFE4FDD0FB29FEAA02C2.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Brueelia pofadderensis sp. nov. is a fairly typical species of Brueelia from hosts in the genus Passer Brisson, 1760. This informal group of Brueelia parasitizing Passer spp. is characterized by long, slender heads with convex lateral margins of the preantennal area, elongated parameres and the presence of aps but not psps on the male tergopleurite V. We have seen several undescribed species of this group (D. R. Gustafsson and S. E. Bush, in prep.), but the only described species in this group is Brueelia cyclothorax (Burmeister, 1838) (including N. subtilis Nitzsch in Giebel, 1874 and B. obligata Eichler, 1954). No adequate illustrations or descriptions of B. cyclothorax have been published, but partial illustrations were published by Eichler (1954) and Złotorzycka (1964, 1977). Note that the illustration in Eichler (1954) of the female abdomen mixes dorsal and ventral setae and characters on the same side. The frons in his illustrations are also incorrectly illustrated, as the hyaline margin has collapsed in his specimens. Brueelia pofadderensis sp. nov. can be separated from B. cyclothorax by the following characters: abdominal segment III in both sexes without ps in B. pofadderensis sp. nov. (Figs 2 – 3), but with 1 ps on each side in B. cyclothorax; male tergopleurite IV without aps in B. pofadderensis sp. nov. (Fig. 2), but with aps in B cyclothorax; antero-lateral corners of mesosomal lobes blunt in B. pofadderensis sp. nov. (Figs 5 – 6), but acute in B. cyclothorax; distal section of mesosome almost square-shaped in B. pofadderensis sp. nov. (Figs 5 – 6), but with more convergent lateral margins in B. cyclothorax; parameres more elongated in B. cyclothorax than in B. pofadderensis sp. nov. (Fig. 7).	en	Gustafsson, Daniel R., Zou, Fasheng, Oslejskova, Lucie, Najer, Tomas, Sychra, Oldřich (2019): Four new species of Brueelia Kéler, 1936 (Phthiraptera: Ischnocera) from African hosts, with a redescription of Nirmus bicurvatus Piaget, 1880. European Journal of Taxonomy 507: 1-48, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.507
03FBE152FFC6FFE4FDD0FB29FEAA02C2.taxon	etymology	Etymology The specific epithet is derived from the type locality.	en	Gustafsson, Daniel R., Zou, Fasheng, Oslejskova, Lucie, Najer, Tomas, Sychra, Oldřich (2019): Four new species of Brueelia Kéler, 1936 (Phthiraptera: Ischnocera) from African hosts, with a redescription of Nirmus bicurvatus Piaget, 1880. European Journal of Taxonomy 507: 1-48, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.507
03FBE152FFC6FFE4FDD0FB29FEAA02C2.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Holotype SOUTH AFRICA • ♂, ex Passer melanurus damarensis; Cape Province, Pofadder; May 1949; R. Meinertzhagen leg.; NHML 19050. Paratypes SOUTH AFRICA • 3 ♂♂; same data as for holotype; NHML 19050. UNKNOWN COUNTRY • 1 ♂, 1 ♀, ex Passer melanurus demarensis; locality unknown; Mar. 1913; J. Waterston Collection, formerly South Africa Museum; British Museum; NHML 1930 - 232. Other material SOUTH AFRICA • 1 ♂, 1 ♀, ex Passer melanurus vicinus; West Transvaal, Potchefstroom; May 1953; British Museum; NHML 1955 - 660 • 2 ♂♂, 1 ♀, ex Passer melanurus vicinus; Transvaal, Ventersdorf; 12 Jul. 1954; H. E. Paterson leg.; British Museum; NHML 1955 - 660.	en	Gustafsson, Daniel R., Zou, Fasheng, Oslejskova, Lucie, Najer, Tomas, Sychra, Oldřich (2019): Four new species of Brueelia Kéler, 1936 (Phthiraptera: Ischnocera) from African hosts, with a redescription of Nirmus bicurvatus Piaget, 1880. European Journal of Taxonomy 507: 1-48, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.507
03FBE152FFC6FFE4FDD0FB29FEAA02C2.taxon	description	Description Head slenderly rounded, dome-shaped (Fig. 4), lateral margins of preantennal area convex, frons slightly convex. Marginal carina narrow, with shallowly undulating median margins, displaced and widened at osculum. Ventral anterior plate large, with flat to shallowly concave anterior margin. Head chaetotaxy and pigmentation patterns as in Fig. 4; head sensilla and pts not visible in examined specimens. Pre- and postocular nodi of similar size. Marginal temporal carina slender, with undulating median margin. Gular plate broad, lanceolate. Thoracic and abdominal segments and pigmentation patterns as in Figs 2 – 3, 37 – 38. Male Thoracic and abdominal chaetotaxy as in Fig. 2; 1 – 2 tps on tergopleurite VI. Basal apodeme broad, with shallowly concave lateral margins (Fig. 5). Proximal mesosome broadly trapezoidal, widening slightly distally (Fig. 6). Mesosomal lobes wide, angular, with extensive rugose area along distal margin. Gonopore oval, slightly longer than wide. Penile arms reach beyond distal margin of mesosome. Parameres slender, elongated distally (Fig. 7); pst 1 – 2 as in Fig. 7. Measurements ex P. m. damarensis (n = 5): TL = 1.30 – 1.40; HL = 0.34 – 0.35; HW = 0.26 – 0.27; PRW = 0.16 – 0.18; PTW = 0.27; AW = 0.35 – 0.38. Measurements ex P. m. vicinus (n = 3): TL = 1.39 – 1.51; HL = 0.34 – 0.36; HW = 0.26 – 0.30; PRW = 0.16 – 0.19; PTW = 0.27 – 0.31; AW = 0.36 – 0.41. Female Thoracic and abdominal chaetotaxy as in Fig. 3. Subgenital plate rounded trapezoidal, with moderately wide connection to cross piece (Fig. 8). Vulval margin convergent to rounded median point, in specimen from type host subspecies with 2 – 3 short, slender vms and 3 short, thorn-like vss on each side; 3 short, slender vos on each side of subgenital plate; distal 1 vos median to vss. In material from P. m. vicinus, with 4 short, slender vms and 3 – 5 short, thorn-like vss on each side of vulval margin, and 2 – 3 short, slender vos on each side of subgenital plate, with distal 1 vos situated median to vss. Measurements ex P. m. damarensis (n = 1): TL = 1.66; HL = 0.40; HW = 0.30; PRW = 0.20; PTW = 0.31; AW = 0.46. Measurements ex P. m. vicinus (n = 2): TL = 1.69 – 1.81; HL = 0.37 – 0.40; HW = 0.29 – 0.34; PRW = 0.17 – 0.21; PTW = 0.29 – 0.33; AW = 0.40 – 0.47.	en	Gustafsson, Daniel R., Zou, Fasheng, Oslejskova, Lucie, Najer, Tomas, Sychra, Oldřich (2019): Four new species of Brueelia Kéler, 1936 (Phthiraptera: Ischnocera) from African hosts, with a redescription of Nirmus bicurvatus Piaget, 1880. European Journal of Taxonomy 507: 1-48, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.507
03FBE152FFC6FFE4FDD0FB29FEAA02C2.taxon	discussion	Remarks Specimens from the Transvaal host subspecies, Passer melanurus vicinus, differ from the specimens from the type host subspecies by having proportionately shorter and more rounded preantennal heads, in size and in the female genital chaetotaxy; the latter character may be different only due to the small number of specimens examined. The male genitalia and abdominal chaetotaxy are essentially similar between the two populations. We presently do not consider these differences substantial enough to warrant the erection of a new taxon for the specimens from Transvaal, but note that in some other cases, different host subspecies are parasitized by different species of Brueelia (D. R. Gustafsson and S. E. Bush, in prep.).	en	Gustafsson, Daniel R., Zou, Fasheng, Oslejskova, Lucie, Najer, Tomas, Sychra, Oldřich (2019): Four new species of Brueelia Kéler, 1936 (Phthiraptera: Ischnocera) from African hosts, with a redescription of Nirmus bicurvatus Piaget, 1880. European Journal of Taxonomy 507: 1-48, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.507
03FBE152FFC2FFE7FDEAFBCAFAAE07CE.taxon	description	Figs 9 – 15, 39 – 40	en	Gustafsson, Daniel R., Zou, Fasheng, Oslejskova, Lucie, Najer, Tomas, Sychra, Oldřich (2019): Four new species of Brueelia Kéler, 1936 (Phthiraptera: Ischnocera) from African hosts, with a redescription of Nirmus bicurvatus Piaget, 1880. European Journal of Taxonomy 507: 1-48, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.507
03FBE152FFC2FFE7FDEAFBCAFAAE07CE.taxon	biology_ecology	Type host Granatina granatina (Linnaeus, 1766) – violet-eared waxbill (Estrildidae).	en	Gustafsson, Daniel R., Zou, Fasheng, Oslejskova, Lucie, Najer, Tomas, Sychra, Oldřich (2019): Four new species of Brueelia Kéler, 1936 (Phthiraptera: Ischnocera) from African hosts, with a redescription of Nirmus bicurvatus Piaget, 1880. European Journal of Taxonomy 507: 1-48, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.507
03FBE152FFC2FFE7FDEAFBCAFAAE07CE.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality Mahalapye, Botswana.	en	Gustafsson, Daniel R., Zou, Fasheng, Oslejskova, Lucie, Najer, Tomas, Sychra, Oldřich (2019): Four new species of Brueelia Kéler, 1936 (Phthiraptera: Ischnocera) from African hosts, with a redescription of Nirmus bicurvatus Piaget, 1880. European Journal of Taxonomy 507: 1-48, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.507
03FBE152FFC2FFE7FDEAFBCAFAAE07CE.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Brueelia semiscalaris sp. nov. belongs to the “ African pied Brueelia ” group (see above), but is the palest described member of this group. Within this group, B. semiscalaris sp. nov. is most similar to B. aguilarae Gustafsson & Bush, 2017, with which it shares the following characters: head relatively slender (Fig. 11), with flattened frons and only slightly convex lateral margins of the preantennal area; mesosome with nearly parallel lateral margins and somewhat angular postero-lateral corners (Fig. 13); aps absent on male tergopleurite IV (Fig. 9); tps absent on male tergopleurites V – VI (Fig. 9); ps present on female abdominal segment IV (Fig. 10). Brueelia semiscalaris sp. nov. can be separated from B. aguilarae by the following characters: tps present on male tergopleurite VII in B. semiscalaris sp. nov. (Fig. 9), but absent in B. aguilarae; parameres broad and roughly oval in B. semiscalaris sp. nov. (Fig. 14), but slender and elongated in B. aguilarae; proximal mesosome with convex lateral margins in B. aguilarae, but with concave lateral margins in B. semiscalaris sp. nov. (Fig. 13); gonopore about as long as wide and penile arms reaching beyond distal margin of mesosome in B. semiscalaris sp. nov. (Fig. 13), but gonopore very short and penile arms not reaching posterior margin of mesosome in B. aguilarae; female subgenital plate with central translucent, T-shaped fenestra in B. aguilarae, but with arched central dark pigmentation in B. semiscalaris sp. nov. (Figs 15, 39); vulval margin with flattened median section in B. semiscalaris sp. nov. (Fig. 15), but with median point in B. aguilarae.	en	Gustafsson, Daniel R., Zou, Fasheng, Oslejskova, Lucie, Najer, Tomas, Sychra, Oldřich (2019): Four new species of Brueelia Kéler, 1936 (Phthiraptera: Ischnocera) from African hosts, with a redescription of Nirmus bicurvatus Piaget, 1880. European Journal of Taxonomy 507: 1-48, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.507
03FBE152FFC2FFE7FDEAFBCAFAAE07CE.taxon	etymology	Etymology The specific epithet is derived from the Latin ʻ semi ʼ for ʻpartial, incompleteʼ and ʻ scalaris ʼ for ʻladderʼ, referring to the pigmentation pattern of the abdomen.	en	Gustafsson, Daniel R., Zou, Fasheng, Oslejskova, Lucie, Najer, Tomas, Sychra, Oldřich (2019): Four new species of Brueelia Kéler, 1936 (Phthiraptera: Ischnocera) from African hosts, with a redescription of Nirmus bicurvatus Piaget, 1880. European Journal of Taxonomy 507: 1-48, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.507
03FBE152FFC2FFE7FDEAFBCAFAAE07CE.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Holotype BOTSWANA • ♂; Bechuanaland (= Botswana), Mahalapye; 21 Dec. 1955; British Museum; NHML 1956 - 561. Paratype BOTSWANA • ♀; same data as for holotype.	en	Gustafsson, Daniel R., Zou, Fasheng, Oslejskova, Lucie, Najer, Tomas, Sychra, Oldřich (2019): Four new species of Brueelia Kéler, 1936 (Phthiraptera: Ischnocera) from African hosts, with a redescription of Nirmus bicurvatus Piaget, 1880. European Journal of Taxonomy 507: 1-48, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.507
03FBE152FFC2FFE7FDEAFBCAFAAE07CE.taxon	description	Description Head rounded trapezoidal (Fig. 11), lateral margins of preantennal area slightly convex proximally and slightly concave distally, frons concave. Marginal carina moderate, deeply displaced and much widened at osculum, with almost even median margin. Ventral anterior plate large, with deeply concave anterior margin. Head chaetotaxy and pigmentation patterns as in Fig. 11. Preantennal nodi elongated. Preocular nodi much larger than postocular nodi. Marginal temporal carina moderate in width, with undulating median margin. Gular plate slender, lanceolate. Thoracic and abdominal segments and pigmentation patterns as in Figs 9 – 10, 39 – 40. Male Antennae folded ventrally in single examined male and cannot be illustrated accurately. Seemingly similar to female antennae (Fig. 11 a – b) in shape and proportions, but paler. Thoracic and abdominal chaetotaxy as in Fig. 9; aps present on tergopleurite V; tps present on tergopleurite VII. Proximal basal plate almost entirely translucent, exact extent hard to ascertain; here illustrated tentatively (Fig. 12); slender with concave lateral margins. Proximal mesosome rounded trapezoidal, rather broad (Fig. 13). Mesosomal lobes with nearly parallel lateral margins and somewhat angular postero-lateral corners; rugose area extensive at distal end. Gonopore arched, about as wide as long. Penile arms long, reaching beyond distal margin of mesosome. Parameres broadly oval, not much elongated distally, with pst 1 – 2 as in Fig. 14. Measurements (n = 1): TL = 1.51; HL = 0.35; HW = 0.28; PRW = 0.18; PTW = 0.28; AW = 0.38. Female Thoracic and abdominal chaetotaxy as in Fig. 10; ps present on abdominal segment IV. Subgenital plate rounded triangular, with broad connection to cross piece and unique pigmentation pattern (Fig. 15). Vulval margin flattened, median section somewhat concave, with 6 – 7 short, slender vms and 7 – 8 short, thorn-like vss on each side; 3 short, slender vos on each side of subgenital plate; distal 1 vos just anterior to vss. Measurements (n = 1): TL = 1.91; HL = 0.40; HW = 0.31; PRW = 0.20; PTW = 0.32; AW = 0.46.	en	Gustafsson, Daniel R., Zou, Fasheng, Oslejskova, Lucie, Najer, Tomas, Sychra, Oldřich (2019): Four new species of Brueelia Kéler, 1936 (Phthiraptera: Ischnocera) from African hosts, with a redescription of Nirmus bicurvatus Piaget, 1880. European Journal of Taxonomy 507: 1-48, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.507
03FBE152FFC1FFFBFDDFF8CFFC530355.taxon	description	Figs 16 – 22	en	Gustafsson, Daniel R., Zou, Fasheng, Oslejskova, Lucie, Najer, Tomas, Sychra, Oldřich (2019): Four new species of Brueelia Kéler, 1936 (Phthiraptera: Ischnocera) from African hosts, with a redescription of Nirmus bicurvatus Piaget, 1880. European Journal of Taxonomy 507: 1-48, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.507
03FBE152FFC1FFFBFDDFF8CFFC530355.taxon	biology_ecology	Type host Vidua paradisaea (Linnaeus, 1758) – long-tailed paradise whydah (Ploceidae).	en	Gustafsson, Daniel R., Zou, Fasheng, Oslejskova, Lucie, Najer, Tomas, Sychra, Oldřich (2019): Four new species of Brueelia Kéler, 1936 (Phthiraptera: Ischnocera) from African hosts, with a redescription of Nirmus bicurvatus Piaget, 1880. European Journal of Taxonomy 507: 1-48, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.507
03FBE152FFC1FFFBFDDFF8CFFC530355.taxon	description	Type locality Original material from the Leiden Museum, but no type locality given by Piaget (1880).	en	Gustafsson, Daniel R., Zou, Fasheng, Oslejskova, Lucie, Najer, Tomas, Sychra, Oldřich (2019): Four new species of Brueelia Kéler, 1936 (Phthiraptera: Ischnocera) from African hosts, with a redescription of Nirmus bicurvatus Piaget, 1880. European Journal of Taxonomy 507: 1-48, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.507
03FBE152FFC1FFFBFDDFF8CFFC530355.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined ZAMBIA • 2 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀, ex Vidua paradisaea obtusa; North Rhodesia [= Zambia], Luanshya; 26 May 1955; British Museum; NHML 1955 - 486, ML / 121.	en	Gustafsson, Daniel R., Zou, Fasheng, Oslejskova, Lucie, Najer, Tomas, Sychra, Oldřich (2019): Four new species of Brueelia Kéler, 1936 (Phthiraptera: Ischnocera) from African hosts, with a redescription of Nirmus bicurvatus Piaget, 1880. European Journal of Taxonomy 507: 1-48, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.507
03FBE152FFC1FFFBFDDFF8CFFC530355.taxon	description	Description Head rounded trapezoidal (Fig. 18), lateral margins of preantennal area slightly convex proximally, but slightly concave distally, frons broadly flattened to slightly concave. Marginal carina slender, deeply displaced and much widened at osculum, and with median margin slightly undulating. Ventral anterior plate oblong, with rounded posterior margin. Head chaetotaxy and pigmentation pattern as in Fig. 18. Preantennal nodi elongated. Preocular nodi larger than postocular nodi. Marginal temporal carina slender, with slightly undulating median margin. Gular plate slenderly lanceolate. Thoracic and abdominal segments and pigmentation patterns as in Figs 16 – 17. Male Male subgenital plate does not reach terminal end of abdomen (Fig. 16). Thoracic and abdominal chaetotaxy as in Fig. 16. Basal apodeme broad, with concave lateral margins (Fig. 19). Proximal mesosome broad, convergent to median point, and with lateral extensions, making entire structure somewhat arrow-shaped (Fig. 20). Mesosomal lobes long and broad, with almost parallel lateral margins, rounded postero-lateral corners, and extensive rugose area along distal margin. Gonopore roughly semioval, about as long as wide. Penile arms long, reaching beyond distal margin of mesosome. Parameres long and broad, distal section elongated, with pst 1 – 2 as in Fig. 21. Measurements (n = 2): TL = 1.48 – 1.51; HL = 0.36; HW = 0.30; PRW = 0.20; PTW = 0.29 – 0.31; AW = 0.40 – 0.41. Female Thoracic and abdominal chaetotaxy as in Fig. 17; psps present on tergopleurites IV – VII. Subgenital plate shaped as in Fig. 22, with broad connection to cross piece. Vulval margin somewhat convergent to median point, with 3 – 5 short, slender vms and 5 – 8 short, thorn-like vss on each side; 2 – 4 short, slender vos on each side of subgenital plate; distal 1 vos median to vss. Measurements (n = 2): TL = 1.76 – 1.81; HL = 0.37 – 0.39; HW = 0.31 – 0.34; PRW = 0.20 – 0.21; PTW = 0.30 – 0.33; AW = 0.44 – 0.47.	en	Gustafsson, Daniel R., Zou, Fasheng, Oslejskova, Lucie, Najer, Tomas, Sychra, Oldřich (2019): Four new species of Brueelia Kéler, 1936 (Phthiraptera: Ischnocera) from African hosts, with a redescription of Nirmus bicurvatus Piaget, 1880. European Journal of Taxonomy 507: 1-48, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.507
03FBE152FFC1FFFBFDDFF8CFFC530355.taxon	discussion	Remarks The presence of psps on the female tergopleurites IV – V is unusual in Brueelia. No examples of females with psps on these segments were included in the list of variation in abdominal chaetotaxy of Brueelia published by Gustafsson & Bush (2017: table 3). We know of no other species of Brueelia in which psps are present on the female tergopleurite IV, but psps are present on the female tergopleurite V in several species of Brueelia found on icterid hosts (Cicchino & Castro 1996). Carriker (1963) illustrated setae on female tergopleurites III – VII in the position of psps in B. mirabile Carriker, 1963, but did not illustrate any sts. It is therefore doubtful whether these setae represent psps or sts translocated to the dorsal side; we have not examined Carriker’s material. In females of most genera in the Brueelia complex, psps are absent on tergopleurites IV – V, and the general absence of these setae in Brueelia (except in B. bicurvata) is unusual for the complex (Gustafsson & Bush 2017: table 2). A specimen of Brueelia from Vidua macroura was included in the phylogeny of Bush et al. (2016), but its placement as sister to the remaining Brueelia s. str. received no statistical support. As psps are commonly found on female tergopleurites IV – V in many other genera of the Brueelia complex (see Gustafsson & Bush 2017), it is possible that this represents the ancestral condition in the Brueelia complex, and that this placement as sister to the remaining Brueelia is correct. Notably, these setae are present in both Formicaphagus Carriker, 1957 (see Price & Clayton 1996) and Formicaricola Carriker, 1957 (see Price & Clayton 1995), two of the genera most closely related to the Brueelia complex in the phylogeny of Bush et al. (2016). In the closest relative, Neopsittaconirmus Conci, 1942, the distribution of psps varies, e. g., present on III – VII in N. albus (Le Souëf & Bullen, 1902) (Price & Emerson 1978), but present only on IV – V in many species (Guimarães 1974) and only on IV in N. gracilis Guimarães, 1974 (see also Sychra 2005).	en	Gustafsson, Daniel R., Zou, Fasheng, Oslejskova, Lucie, Najer, Tomas, Sychra, Oldřich (2019): Four new species of Brueelia Kéler, 1936 (Phthiraptera: Ischnocera) from African hosts, with a redescription of Nirmus bicurvatus Piaget, 1880. European Journal of Taxonomy 507: 1-48, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.507
03FBE152FFDDFFFCFDE3FD57FE7206C5.taxon	description	Figs 23 – 29, 41 – 42	en	Gustafsson, Daniel R., Zou, Fasheng, Oslejskova, Lucie, Najer, Tomas, Sychra, Oldřich (2019): Four new species of Brueelia Kéler, 1936 (Phthiraptera: Ischnocera) from African hosts, with a redescription of Nirmus bicurvatus Piaget, 1880. European Journal of Taxonomy 507: 1-48, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.507
03FBE152FFDDFFFCFDE3FD57FE7206C5.taxon	biology_ecology	Type host Euplectes jacksoni (Sharpe, 1891) – Jackson’s widowbird (Ploceidae).	en	Gustafsson, Daniel R., Zou, Fasheng, Oslejskova, Lucie, Najer, Tomas, Sychra, Oldřich (2019): Four new species of Brueelia Kéler, 1936 (Phthiraptera: Ischnocera) from African hosts, with a redescription of Nirmus bicurvatus Piaget, 1880. European Journal of Taxonomy 507: 1-48, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.507
03FBE152FFDDFFFCFDE3FD57FE7206C5.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality Kenya.	en	Gustafsson, Daniel R., Zou, Fasheng, Oslejskova, Lucie, Najer, Tomas, Sychra, Oldřich (2019): Four new species of Brueelia Kéler, 1936 (Phthiraptera: Ischnocera) from African hosts, with a redescription of Nirmus bicurvatus Piaget, 1880. European Journal of Taxonomy 507: 1-48, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.507
03FBE152FFDDFFFCFDE3FD57FE7206C5.taxon	biology_ecology	Other host Euplectes progne delamerei (Shelley, 1903) – long-tailed widowbird.	en	Gustafsson, Daniel R., Zou, Fasheng, Oslejskova, Lucie, Najer, Tomas, Sychra, Oldřich (2019): Four new species of Brueelia Kéler, 1936 (Phthiraptera: Ischnocera) from African hosts, with a redescription of Nirmus bicurvatus Piaget, 1880. European Journal of Taxonomy 507: 1-48, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.507
03FBE152FFDDFFFCFDE3FD57FE7206C5.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Brueelia terpsichore sp. nov. belongs to the informal ʻAfrican pied Brueelia ʼ group (see above). Within this group, B. terpsichore sp. nov. is not particularly similar to any species. The extensive dark pigmentation of the sternites and subgenital plates of both sexes, the abdominal chaetotaxy, and the head shape suggests that B. aguilarae may be the closest relative of B. terpsichore sp. nov. These two species can be separated by the following characters: tps present on male tergopleurites VI – VIII in B. terpsichore sp. nov. (Fig. 23), but absent in B. aguilarae; male abdominal segment IV with 2 ps on each side in B. terpsichore sp. nov. (Fig. 23), but with 1 ps on each side in B. aguilarae; aps absent on male tergopleurite V in B. terpsichore sp. nov. (Fig. 23), but present in B. aguilarae; proximal mesosome broadly rounded in B. aguilarae, but trapezoidal in B. terpsichore sp. nov. (Fig. 27); translucent fenestra of female subgenital plate T-shaped in B. aguilarae, but divided into smaller, isolated fenestrae in B. terpsichore sp. nov. (Figs 29, 41; note that there is some variation between specimens in this species); vulval margin gently rounded in B. terpsichore sp. nov. (Fig. 29), but convergent to median point in B. aguilarae.	en	Gustafsson, Daniel R., Zou, Fasheng, Oslejskova, Lucie, Najer, Tomas, Sychra, Oldřich (2019): Four new species of Brueelia Kéler, 1936 (Phthiraptera: Ischnocera) from African hosts, with a redescription of Nirmus bicurvatus Piaget, 1880. European Journal of Taxonomy 507: 1-48, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.507
03FBE152FFDDFFFCFDE3FD57FE7206C5.taxon	etymology	Etymology The specific epithet is in honor of the Greek muse Terpsichore, goddess of dance; ultimately from the Greek ʻ terpo ʼ for ʻI delightʼ and ʻ khoros ʼ for ʻdanceʼ. This refers to the peculiar lekking behaviour of the type host, which includes the construction of a small stage on which the male dances by jumping high into the air and singing to attract females (Andersson 1989, 1991).	en	Gustafsson, Daniel R., Zou, Fasheng, Oslejskova, Lucie, Najer, Tomas, Sychra, Oldřich (2019): Four new species of Brueelia Kéler, 1936 (Phthiraptera: Ischnocera) from African hosts, with a redescription of Nirmus bicurvatus Piaget, 1880. European Journal of Taxonomy 507: 1-48, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.507
03FBE152FFDDFFFCFDE3FD57FE7206C5.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Holotype KENYA • ♂, ex Euplectes jacksoni (as Drepanoplectes jacksoni); Kenya; Jan. 1936; R. Meinertzhagen leg.; NHML 6084 (lower male on slide). Paratypes KENYA • 2 ♂♂, 10 ♀♀; same data as for holotype; NHML 6081, 6082, 6084 (not lower male on slide), 6210. Other material KENYA • 1 ♂, 1 ♀, ex Euplectes progne delamerei (as Drepanoplectes progne delamerei); Kenya; Jan. 1936; R. Meinertzhagen leg.; NHML 6714.	en	Gustafsson, Daniel R., Zou, Fasheng, Oslejskova, Lucie, Najer, Tomas, Sychra, Oldřich (2019): Four new species of Brueelia Kéler, 1936 (Phthiraptera: Ischnocera) from African hosts, with a redescription of Nirmus bicurvatus Piaget, 1880. European Journal of Taxonomy 507: 1-48, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.507
03FBE152FFDDFFFCFDE3FD57FE7206C5.taxon	description	Description Head rounded trapezoidal (Fig. 25), lateral margins of preantennal area slightly convex or almost straight, frons broadly flattened. Marginal carina broad, deeply displaced and much widened at osculum, with undulating median margin. Ventral anterior plate not visible. Head chaetotaxy and pigmentation pattern as in Fig. 25. Preantennal nodi large, bulging. Pre- and postocular nodi large. Marginal temporal carina broad, with distinctly undulating median margin. Gular plate slender, lanceolate. Thoracic and abdominal segments and pigmentation patterns as in Figs 23 – 24, 41 – 42. Male Thoracic and abdominal chaetotaxy as in Fig. 23. Anterior section of basal apodeme not pigmented and cannot be seen clearly in examined specimens; illustration here is approximate (Fig. 26). Proximal mesosome rounded trapezoidal, widening distally, with concave lateral margins (Fig. 27). Mesosomal lobes relatively slender, rounded distally, with rugose area limited to distal margin. Gonopore crescentshaped, slightly wider than long. Penile arms short, not reaching beyond distal margin of mesosome. Parameres elongated, tapering gently (Fig. 28); pst 1 – 2 as in Fig. 28. Measurements ex Euplectes jacksoni (n = 3): TL = 1.42 – 1.48; HL = 0.33 – 0.34; HW = 0.26 – 0.28; PRW = 0.19; PTW = 0.26 – 0.27; AW = 0.36 – 0.37. Measurements ex E. progne delamerei (n = 1): TL = 1.44; HL = 0.34; HW = 0.26; PRW = 0.19; PTW = 0.27; AW = 0.35. Female Thoracic and abdominal chaetotaxy as in Fig. 24. Pigmentation pattern of subgenital plate differing slightly between specimens; two variants shown in Fig. 29 (separated by grey line), one with anterolateral fenestra connected to antero-median fenestra and one with these fenestrae unconnected. Anteromedian fenestra generally pale brown in pigmentation, may extend posteriorly to approach posteromedian fenestra (not shown). Exact shape of postero-lateral fenestrae and translucent lateral borders of distal subgenital plate also differ between specimens. Subgenital plate rounded triangular, with moderate connection to cross piece. Vulval margin gently rounded, with 3 – 5 short, slender vms and 4 – 6 short, thorn-like vss on each side; 2 – 3 short, slender vos on each side of subgenital plate; distal 1 vos median to vss. Material from both host species with same vulval chaetotaxy. Measurements ex Euplectes jacksoni (n = 10): TL = 1.58 – 1.73 (1.66); HL = 0.36 – 0.38 (0.37); HW = 0.28 – 0.31 (0.30); PRW = 0.19 – 0.22 (0.21); PTW = 0.28 – 0.31 (0.30); AW = 0.40 – 0.44 (0.42). Measurements ex E. progne delamerei (n = 1): TL = 1.73; HL = 0.37; HW = 0.30; PRW = 0.21; PTW = 0.31; AW = 0.40.	en	Gustafsson, Daniel R., Zou, Fasheng, Oslejskova, Lucie, Najer, Tomas, Sychra, Oldřich (2019): Four new species of Brueelia Kéler, 1936 (Phthiraptera: Ischnocera) from African hosts, with a redescription of Nirmus bicurvatus Piaget, 1880. European Journal of Taxonomy 507: 1-48, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.507
03FBE152FFDDFFFCFDE3FD57FE7206C5.taxon	discussion	Remarks No significant differences have been found between specimens from the two host species, except that the single examined male from Euplectes progne delamerei lacks tps on tergopleurite VI. These are present in all specimens from the type host; however, the number varies between 1 and 2. As only one male from E. p. delamerei was examined, we presently do not attach any significance to this difference, as the psps on this segment is also missing on one side. The absence of these setae may thus be due to individual variation.	en	Gustafsson, Daniel R., Zou, Fasheng, Oslejskova, Lucie, Najer, Tomas, Sychra, Oldřich (2019): Four new species of Brueelia Kéler, 1936 (Phthiraptera: Ischnocera) from African hosts, with a redescription of Nirmus bicurvatus Piaget, 1880. European Journal of Taxonomy 507: 1-48, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.507
03FBE152FFD9FFF2FD18FEC6FAF60251.taxon	description	Figs 30 – 36, 43 – 44	en	Gustafsson, Daniel R., Zou, Fasheng, Oslejskova, Lucie, Najer, Tomas, Sychra, Oldřich (2019): Four new species of Brueelia Kéler, 1936 (Phthiraptera: Ischnocera) from African hosts, with a redescription of Nirmus bicurvatus Piaget, 1880. European Journal of Taxonomy 507: 1-48, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.507
03FBE152FFD9FFF2FD18FEC6FAF60251.taxon	materials_examined	Type host Malimbus nitens (Gray, 1831) – blue-billed malimbe (Ploceidae). Type locality Batouri, Cameroon.	en	Gustafsson, Daniel R., Zou, Fasheng, Oslejskova, Lucie, Najer, Tomas, Sychra, Oldřich (2019): Four new species of Brueelia Kéler, 1936 (Phthiraptera: Ischnocera) from African hosts, with a redescription of Nirmus bicurvatus Piaget, 1880. European Journal of Taxonomy 507: 1-48, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.507
03FBE152FFD9FFF2FD18FEC6FAF60251.taxon	biology_ecology	Type host Malimbus nitens (Gray, 1831) – blue-billed malimbe (Ploceidae).	en	Gustafsson, Daniel R., Zou, Fasheng, Oslejskova, Lucie, Najer, Tomas, Sychra, Oldřich (2019): Four new species of Brueelia Kéler, 1936 (Phthiraptera: Ischnocera) from African hosts, with a redescription of Nirmus bicurvatus Piaget, 1880. European Journal of Taxonomy 507: 1-48, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.507
03FBE152FFD9FFF2FD18FEC6FAF60251.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality Batouri, Cameroon.	en	Gustafsson, Daniel R., Zou, Fasheng, Oslejskova, Lucie, Najer, Tomas, Sychra, Oldřich (2019): Four new species of Brueelia Kéler, 1936 (Phthiraptera: Ischnocera) from African hosts, with a redescription of Nirmus bicurvatus Piaget, 1880. European Journal of Taxonomy 507: 1-48, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.507
03FBE152FFD9FFF2FD18FEC6FAF60251.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Brueelia sima sp. nov. is part of the informal ʻAfrican pied Brueelia ʼ group (see above). Within this group, B. sima sp. nov. does not appear to be particularly similar to any other species, but the head shape and proportions are most reminiscent of those in B. cantans Sychra in Sychra et al., 2010. These two species can be separated by the following characters: in B. cantans, aps and tps are present on male tergopleurites V – VI, but they are absent in B. sima sp. nov. (Fig. 30); multiple tps are present on male tergopleurite VII in B. cantans, but only a single tps is present on this segment in males of B. sima sp. nov. (Fig. 30); the mesosome has angular postero-lateral corners in B. cantans, but has rounded postero-lateral corners in B. sima sp. nov. (Fig. 34); parameres less elongated in B. sima sp. nov. (Fig. 35) than in B. cantans; the female subgenital plate with an anterior transversal fenestra, interrupted medianly, and with a large central fenestra separated from the anterior transversal fenestra in B. sima sp. nov. (Figs 36, 43), but with all these fenestrae continuous in B. cantans.	en	Gustafsson, Daniel R., Zou, Fasheng, Oslejskova, Lucie, Najer, Tomas, Sychra, Oldřich (2019): Four new species of Brueelia Kéler, 1936 (Phthiraptera: Ischnocera) from African hosts, with a redescription of Nirmus bicurvatus Piaget, 1880. European Journal of Taxonomy 507: 1-48, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.507
03FBE152FFD9FFF2FD18FEC6FAF60251.taxon	etymology	Etymology The specific epithet is derived from the Latin ʻ simus ʼ for ʻsnub-nosedʼ, referring to the relatively short and broad preantennal area of this species.	en	Gustafsson, Daniel R., Zou, Fasheng, Oslejskova, Lucie, Najer, Tomas, Sychra, Oldřich (2019): Four new species of Brueelia Kéler, 1936 (Phthiraptera: Ischnocera) from African hosts, with a redescription of Nirmus bicurvatus Piaget, 1880. European Journal of Taxonomy 507: 1-48, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.507
03FBE152FFD9FFF2FD18FEC6FAF60251.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Holotype CAMEROON • ♂; French Cameroons [= Cameroon], Batouri; 15 May 1959; J. Mouchet leg.; British Museum; NHML 1960 - 295. Paratype CAMEROON • ♀; same data as for holotype; NHML 1960 - 295.	en	Gustafsson, Daniel R., Zou, Fasheng, Oslejskova, Lucie, Najer, Tomas, Sychra, Oldřich (2019): Four new species of Brueelia Kéler, 1936 (Phthiraptera: Ischnocera) from African hosts, with a redescription of Nirmus bicurvatus Piaget, 1880. European Journal of Taxonomy 507: 1-48, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.507
03FBE152FFD9FFF2FD18FEC6FAF60251.taxon	description	Description Head rounded trapezoidal (Fig. 32), lateral margins of preantennal area slightly convex, frons broadly flattened. Marginal carina broad, deeply displaced and much widened at osculum, and with undulating median margin. Ventral anterior plate broad, shield-shaped. Head chaetotaxy and pigmentation pattern as in Fig. 32. Preantennal nodi bulging, elongated. Preocular nodi much larger than postocular nodi. Marginal temporal carina broad, with distinctly undulating median margin. Gular plate broad, with concave antero-lateral margins. Thoracic and abdominal segments and pigmentation patterns as in Figs 30 – 31, 43 – 44. Male Thoracic and abdominal chaetotaxy as in Fig. 30. Basal apodeme broad, lateral margins concave (Fig. 33). Proximal mesosome roughly trapezoidal, widening slightly distally, and with anterior margin convergent to median point (Fig. 34). Mesosomal lobes broad, rounded distally, with extensive rugose area at distal end. Gonopore crescent-shaped, slightly wider than long. Penile arms short, not reaching beyond distal margin of mesosome. Parameres broad, not much elongated distally; pst 1 – 2 as in Fig. 35. Measurements (n = 1): TL = 1.56; HL = 0.36; HW = 0.32; PRW = 0.23; PTW = 0.31; AW = 0.43. Female Thoracic and abdominal chaetotaxy as in Fig. 31. Pigmentation pattern of subgenital plate as in Fig. 36; note that transition between brown and translucent areas of subgenital plate is gradual, and exact borders of translucent fenestra here approximate. Subgenital plate rounded triangular (Fig. 36), with broad connection to cross piece. Vulval margin gently rounded, with 1 short, slender vms and 4 – 5 short, thorn-like vss on each side; 3 – 6 short, slender vos on each side of subgenital plate; distal 1 vos median to vss. Measurements (n = 1): TL = 1.80; HL = 0.39; HW = 0.35; PRW = 0.24; PTW = 0.35; AW = 0.53.	en	Gustafsson, Daniel R., Zou, Fasheng, Oslejskova, Lucie, Najer, Tomas, Sychra, Oldřich (2019): Four new species of Brueelia Kéler, 1936 (Phthiraptera: Ischnocera) from African hosts, with a redescription of Nirmus bicurvatus Piaget, 1880. European Journal of Taxonomy 507: 1-48, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.507
03FBE152FFD9FFF2FD18FEC6FAF60251.taxon	discussion	Remarks The abdomen of the single examined female is partially disrupted due to mounting; however, one side of every segment is undistorted. We have here illustrated the abdomen tentatively, based on the undistorted sides. However, the gonapophysal setae on segments VIII – X are absent on both sides of the specimen and are not illustrated here. These setae are present in all other species of the Brueelia complex, and when more specimens of B. sima sp. nov. are examined, it is likely that these setae will be found.	en	Gustafsson, Daniel R., Zou, Fasheng, Oslejskova, Lucie, Najer, Tomas, Sychra, Oldřich (2019): Four new species of Brueelia Kéler, 1936 (Phthiraptera: Ischnocera) from African hosts, with a redescription of Nirmus bicurvatus Piaget, 1880. European Journal of Taxonomy 507: 1-48, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.507
