identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03FA87CDFF891C61FECBF912FD15FD28.text	03FA87CDFF891C61FECBF912FD15FD28.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parabuthus Pocock 1890	<div><p>Parabuthus Pocock, 1890</p><p>(Figures 1–59, Table 1)</p><p>Buthus (Parabuthus): Pocock, 1890: 124–125.</p><p>Parabuthus: Pocock, 1895: 309–314, plate IX, figs. 4a–d; Fet &amp; Lowe, 2000: 200–211 (complete reference list until 2000); KovařÍk, 2009: 22, 31; Prendini &amp; Esposito, 2010: 673–710, figs. 1–17; KovařÍk et al., 2016: 1–58, figs. 1–204, tables 1–2; KovařÍk et al., 2019: 1–62, figs. 1–305, tables 1–5; KovařÍk et al., 2024: 1–27, figs. 1–129, table DIAGNOSIS.Total length 35–180 mm. Carapace without distinct carinae, in lateral view with entire dorsal surface horizontal or nearly so. Five pairs of lateral eyes and eyespot present. Pectines with fulcra, female pectines typically with dilated or lobate basal middle lamella. Pectine teeth number 18–62. Hemispermatophore flagelliform, capsule with ‘2+1’ lobe configuration, with broad posterior lobe, small simple anterior lobe, and robust hook-like basal lobe; flagellum arising distally from posterior lobe, pars recta short and narrow, pars reflecta long and fusiform. Sternum subtriangular. Mesosoma with tergites I–VI monocarinate, sternites III–VI with slitlike spiracles. Dorsal surfaces of first and second metasomal segments with stridulatory areas. Telson without subaculear tubercle. Chelicera with typical buthid dentition, fixed finger with two ventral denticles. Orthobothriotaxic type A, dorsal trichobothria of pedipalp femur arranged in α-configuration. Patellar trichobothrium d 2 located external to dorsomedian carina (when carina is present). Chela manus with trichobothria V 1 and V 2 axis oblique, Eb 1–3 in γ-configuration.Trichobothrium eb located on fixed finger of chela. Dentate margin of pedipalp chela movable finger with distinct granules divided into 9–14 rows, 3 terminal granules and one basal terminal granule. Tibial spurs present on third and fourth pairs of legs.</p><p>(W, in carapace it corresponds to posterior width), depth (D).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FA87CDFF891C61FECBF912FD15FD28	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kovařík, František;Elmi, Hassan Sh Abdirahman	Kovařík, František, Elmi, Hassan Sh Abdirahman (2025): Scorpions of the Horn of Africa (Arachnida: Scorpiones). Part XLII. Parabuthus qaraaf sp. n. from Ethiopia (Buthidae). Euscorpius 419: 1-11, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.16962877
03FA87CDFF8F1C6EFEF3FB91FA24FA1B.text	03FA87CDFF8F1C6EFEF3FB91FA24FA1B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parabuthus qaraaf Kovařík & Elmi 2025	<div><p>Parabuthus qaraaf sp. n.</p><p>(Figures 1–50, 58–59, Table 1) http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:6AC25CB1-</p><p>9FE0-45C0-83EC-01A8C0B0936E</p><p>TYPE LOCALITY AND TYPE DEPOSITORY. Ethiopia, Somali Province, S of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=44.25&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=6.55" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 44.25/lat 6.55)">Kebri Dahar</a>, NE of Wabiyar village (farm), 6.55°N 44.25°E, 480 m a. s. l. ; FKCP.</p><p>MATERIAL EXAMINED (FKCP). Ethiopia, Somali Province, S of Kebri Dahar, NE of Wabiyar village (farm), 6.55°N 44.25°E, 480 m a. s. l. (locality No. 25EB, Fig. 59, fig. 130 in KovařÍk et al., 2024, and fig. 2 in KovařÍk &amp; Elmi, 2025), 13–16 June 2025, 1♂ (holotype), 2♂ 4♀ 5juvs. ♀ (paratopotypes, DNA No. 2891), leg. F. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=44.25&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=6.55" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 44.25/lat 6.55)">KovařÍk</a> et H. Elmi ; Somali Province, Kebri Dahar, 06°42'20''N 44°18'52''E, 498 m a. s. l. (locality No. 25EA), 1♂1juv.♂ (paratypes), 12 June 2025, leg. F. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=44.314445&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=6.7055554" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 44.314445/lat 6.7055554)">KovařÍk</a>.</p><p>ETYMOLOGY. Qaraaf means a large scorpion in Somali language.</p><p>DIAGNOSIS ♂ ♀. Males 70–85 mm long; females 90–100 mm long. Base color uniformly yellow to yellowish orange, metasoma IV–V and telson black. Pectine teeth number 40– 42 in males and 33–37 in females. Stridulatory area present on dorsal surface of metasoma I–III (large in metasoma I and reduced in metasoma III), and absent in metasoma IV–V. Metasoma hirsute in both sexes. Metasoma V length/ width ratio is 1.50 (males) –1.60 (females). Dorsal carina of metasoma IV composed posteriorly of blunt denticles, of which the posteriormost denticle is not enlarged. Movable and fixed fingers of pedipalp bear 12–13 rows of granules, all with external and internal accessory granules. Fingers of pedipalp not elongated. Fingers of pedipalps of male with inner side of base smooth, no trace of tubercle. Manus of pedipalp of male broader than in female, pedipalp chela length/width ratio 3.3 in males and 4.2 in females. Pedipalp chela smooth and hirsute. Tarsomere I of legs I–III with bristle-combs.</p><p>DESCRIPTION ♂ ♀. The adults are 70–85 mm (males) and 90– 100 mm (females) long. The habitus is shown in Figs. 1–6. For position and distribution of trichobothria of pedipalps see Figs. 23–27, 29–30.</p><p>Coloration (Figs. 1–6). The base color is uniformly yellow to yellowish orange. The pedipalps and legs are yellow to orange, fingers are orange to brown. The mesosoma is brownish. The metasoma I–III is yellow, metasoma IV–V and telson are black.</p><p>Carapace and mesosoma (Figs. 3–10). The entire carapace is covered with large granules, carinae are absent. The anterior margin of the carapace is straight, medially weakly convex, and bears 12–16 symmetrically distributed stout spiniform macrosetae. The tergites are densely granulated in males and rather smooth in females. Tergite VII is densely granulated in both sexes and pentacarinate, with lateral pairs of carinae strong, serratocrenulate. The pectinal tooth count is 40–42 (6 x 40, 2 x 41, 2 x 42) in males and 33–37 (1 x 33, 4 x 34, 4 x 35, 8 x 36, 3 x 37) in females. The pectine marginal tips extend to the ca half of the fourth sternite in males and end of sternite III in females-. The pectines have three marginal lamellae and 9–10 middle lamellae. The lamellae and fulcra bear numerous dark setae. All sternites are smooth, except that there is a stridulatory area on the third sternite. Sternite VII bears four smooth carinae which are less noticeable in females.</p><p>Metasoma and telson (Figs. 15–22). The metasoma I– IV with a total of 10 granulated carinae. The fifth segment has five carinae, metasoma IV–V with ventral and lateral surfaces granulated, metasoma I laterally partly granulated, other surfaces smooth. Dorsolateral carinae of the metasomal segments composed of blunt denticles, of which the posteriormost denticle is not enlarged. The stridulatory area is located on the dorsal surface of the metasoma I–III, large on metasoma I and reduced on metasoma III. On the fourth and fifth segments the stridulatory area is absent. The entire metasoma and the telson are rather sparsely hirsute with long hairs. The ventral surface of the telson is granulated. The metasoma V length/ width ratio is 1.50 (males)–1.60 (females). The telson is rather bulbous, with the aculeus approximately the same length as the vesicle.</p><p>Pedipalps (Figs. 23–50). The whole pedipalps including trochanter are hirsute with short setae. The femur bears four carinae. The chela is smooth, without carinae. The patella is granulate, with carinae indicated. The movable and fixed fingers of pedipalp bear 12–13 rows of granules, all with external and internal accessory granules. The fingers of pedipalps of both sexes with inner side of base smooth, tubercle absent. The manus of pedipalp of male broader than in female, pedipalp chela length/width ratio 3.3 in males and 4.2 in females.</p><p>Legs (Figs. 11–14). Legs III and IV bear tibial spurs. Retrolateral and prolateral pedal spurs are present on all legs. All legs without distinct carinae and smooth. The tarsomeres bear two rows of macrosetae on the ventral surface and other macrosetae on the other surfaces. The bristle-combs are present on all legs, although slightly reduced on the fourth leg. Measurements. See Table 1.</p><p>AFFINITIES. Combination of three characters, metasoma V black, pectine teeth number 33–42 in both sexes and pedipalp chela length/ width ratio 3.3 in male and 4.2 in female is present in fourth species from the Horn of Africa area: P. qaraaf sp. n., P. abyssinicus Pocock, 1901, P. granimanus Pocock, 1895, and P. hamar KovařÍk et al., 2016 (see table 2 in KovařÍk et al., 2025).</p><p>P. qaraaf sp. n. can be distinguished:</p><p>• from P. abyssinicus Pocock, 1901, which is the most similar species, by shape of pedipalp segments, mainly patella; pedipalp patella length/ wide ratio 2.7–2.8 in both sexes of P. abyssinicus versus 2.36–2.38 in both sexes of</p><p>P. qaraaf sp. n. (Figs. 47 and 50 versus 53, 54 and 57);</p><p>• from P. granimanus Pocock, 1895, by smooth manus,</p><p>fingers of pedipalp of male with inner side of base smooth,</p><p>no trace of tubercle;</p><p>• from P. hamar KovařÍk et al., 2016, by not so strongly granulated pedipalp patela and by sexual dimorphism, which is not so evident in shape of metasomal segments (metsoma IV length/ wide ratio 1.42 in male and 1.34– 1.37 in females) as in P. hamar (metasoma IV length/ wide ratio 1.70 in male and 1.35–1.37 in females). Metasoma V length/ wide ratio is 1.50 in male P. qaraaf sp. n. and 1.82–2.05 in P. hamar .</p><p>COMMENTS ON LOCALITIES AND LIFE STRATEGY. The type locality, 25EB is semi-desert with red sands and small rocky areas (Fig. 59, fig. 130 in KovařÍk et al., 2024, and fig. 2 in KovařÍk &amp; Elmi, 2025). The types of P. qaraaf sp. n. were recorded at night during UV collecting together with Barbaracurus lowei KovařÍk et Elmi, 2025 (type locality), Gint derbiae KovařÍk et al., 2024 (type locality), Hottentotta polystictus (Pocock, 1896), and Pandinurus smithi (Pocock, 1897) . The authors visited the locality on 13–16 June 2025 and recorded maximum daytime temperature of 27 ºC and a minimum nighttime temperature of 21 ºC (rainy season).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FA87CDFF8F1C6EFEF3FB91FA24FA1B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kovařík, František;Elmi, Hassan Sh Abdirahman	Kovařík, František, Elmi, Hassan Sh Abdirahman (2025): Scorpions of the Horn of Africa (Arachnida: Scorpiones). Part XLII. Parabuthus qaraaf sp. n. from Ethiopia (Buthidae). Euscorpius 419: 1-11, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.16962877
