identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03FA87AC1522D65FB4A9FE15FE451B21.text	03FA87AC1522D65FB4A9FE15FE451B21.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Aedini (Reinert, Harbach & Kitching 2004)	<div><p>Aedini ingroup taxa</p> <p>Abraedes Zavortink</p> <p>Aedes Meigen</p> <p>‘ Aedes ’ sensu auctorum ‘ Aedimorphus ’ Theobald</p> <p>‘ Cancraedes ’ Edwards</p> <p>‘ Cornetius ’ Huang Alanstonea Mattingly</p> <p>Albuginosus Reinert</p> <p>Armigeres Theobald Armigeres</p> <p>Leicesteria Theobald</p> <p>Ayurakitia Thurman</p> <p>Aztecaedes Zavortink</p> <p>Belkinius Reinert</p> <p>Borichinda Harbach &amp;</p> <p>Rattanarithikul</p> <p>Bothaella Reinert papago (Zavortink) * 1 cinereus Meigen * 2 esoensis Yamada 2 albocephalus (Theobald) 3 alboscutellatus (Theobald) 2,4,5 apicoannulatus (Edwards) 3 argenteopunctatus (Theobald) 3</p> <p>caecus (Theobald) 4 culicinus Edwards 4 cumminsii (Theobald) 3 dalzieli (Theobald) 3 dentatus (Theobald) 3 domesticus (Theobald) * 3 eritreae Lewis 3 gibbinsi Edwards 3 irritans (Theobald) 3 lamborni Edwards 3 mediolineatus (Theobald) 4 ochraceus (Theobald) 3 orbitae Edwards 4 pallidostriatus (Theobald) 4 pampangensis (Ludlow) 4 pipersalatus (Giles) 4 punctifemoris (Ludlow) 4 quasiunivittatus (Theobald) 3 simulans (Newstead &amp; Carter) 3 taeniorhynchoides (Christophers) 4 tarsalis (Newstead) 3 trimaculatus (Theobald) 4 vexans vexans (Meigen) 1,2,3,4,5 cancricomes Edwards * 4 masculinus Mattingly 4 penghuensis Lien 4</p> <p>cozi Cornet * 3 brevitibia (Edwards) 4 marshallii (Theobald) * 3</p> <p>ngong (van Someren) 3</p> <p>breinli (Taylor) 5 subalbatus (Coquillett) 2,4 flavus (Leicester) 4 longipalpis (Leicester) * 4 griffithi Thurman * 4 peytoni (Reinert) 4 ramirezi (Vargas &amp; Downs) * 1 aurotaeniatus (Edwards) * 4 cavernicola Rattanarithikul &amp; Harbach * 4</p> <p>eldridgei (Reinert) 4 helenae (Reinert) * 4 Genus Subgenus Species Distribution</p> <p>Bruceharrisonius Reinert alektorovi (Stackelberg) 2 greenii (Theobald) * 4</p> <p>Christophersiomyia Barraud gombakensis (Mattingly) 4 thomsoni (Theobald) * 4</p> <p>Collessius Reinert, Alloeomyia Reinert, banksi (Edwards) 4 Harbach &amp; Kitching Harbach &amp; Kitching pseudotaeniatus (Giles) * 4 Collessius elsiae (Barraud) 4</p> <p>macfarlanei (Edwards) * 4</p> <p>Dahliana Reinert, echinus (Edwards) 2 Harbach &amp; Kitching geniculata (Olivier) * 2 Danielsia Theobald albotaeniata Leicester * 4 harperi (Knight) 4</p> <p>Diceromyia Theobald franciscoi (Mattingly) 4 furcifer (Edwards) * 3</p> <p>iyengari (Edwards) 4</p> <p>meronephada (Dyar &amp; Shannon) 4</p> <p>micropterus (Giles) 4</p> <p>periskelata (Giles) 4</p> <p>reginae (Edwards) 4</p> <p>scanloni (Reinert) 4</p> <p>taylori (Edwards) 3</p> <p>whartoni (Mattingly) 4</p> <p>Dobrotworskyius Reinert, alboannulatus (Macquart) 5 Harbach &amp; Kitching tubbutiensis (Dobrotworsky) * 5 Downsiomyia Vargas leonis (Colless) 4 nivea (Ludlow) * 4</p> <p>Edwardsaedes Belkin bekkui (Mogi) 2 imprimens (Walker) * 2,4,5</p> <p>Eretmapodites Theobald chrysogaster Graham 3 quinquevittatus Theobald * 3</p> <p>Finlaya Theobald kochi (Dönitz) * 5 poicilia Theobald 4,5</p> <p>Fredwardsius Reinert vittatus (Bigot) * 2,3,4 Georgecraigius Reinert, Georgecraigius atropalpus (Coquillett) * 1,2* Harbach &amp; Kitching epactius (Dyar &amp; Knab) 1,6 Horsfallius Reinert, fluviatilis (Lutz) * 6</p> <p>Harbach &amp; Kitching</p> <p>Gilesius Reinert, Harbach pulchriventer (Giles) * 2,4 &amp; Kitching Gymnometopa Coquillett mediovittata (Coquillett) * 6 Haemag ogus Williston Conopostegus Dyar leucocelaenus (Dyar &amp; Shannon) * 6 leucotaeniatus (Komp) 6</p> <p>Haemagogus equinus Theobald 6</p> <p>splendens Williston * 6</p> <p>Halaedes Belkin australis (Erichson) * 5 Heizmannia Ludlow Heizmannia complex (Theobald) 4 scintillans Ludlow * 4</p> <p>Mattinglyia Lien achaetae (Leicester) 4</p> <p>catesi (Lien) * 4</p> <p>Himalaius Reinert, gilli (Barraud) * 4 Harbach &amp; Kitching Genus Subgenus Species Distribution Hopkinsius Reinert, Hopkinsius</p> <p>Harbach &amp; Kitching</p> <p>Yamada Reinert, Harbach &amp; Kitching Howardina Theobald</p> <p>Huaedes Huang</p> <p>Hulecoeteomyia Theobald</p> <p>Indusius Edwards Isoaedes Reinert Jarnellius Reinert, Jarnellius Harbach &amp; Kitching</p> <p>Lewnielsenius Reinert,</p> <p>Harbach &amp; Kitching Jihlienius Reinert, Harbach &amp; Kitching Kenknightia Reinert</p> <p>Kompia Aitkin</p> <p>Leptosomatomyia Theobald</p> <p>Lorrainea Belkin</p> <p>Luius Reinert, Harbach</p> <p>&amp; Kitching</p> <p>Macleaya Theobald Chaetocruiomyia Theobald</p> <p>Macleaya</p> <p>Molpemyia Theobald</p> <p>Mucidus Theobald Mucidus</p> <p>Pardomyia Theobald</p> <p>Neomelaniconion Newstead Ochlerotatus Lynch Acartomyia Reinert, Arribálzaga Harbach &amp; Kitching Buvirilia Reinert, Harbach &amp; Kitching Chrysoconops Goeldi</p> <p>Culicelsa Felt</p> <p>Empihals Reinert,</p> <p>Harbach &amp; Kitching</p> <p>Geoskusea Edwards</p> <p>Gilesia Theobald</p> <p>Levua Stone &amp; Bohart Ochlerotatus embuensis (Edwards) 3 ingrami (Edwards) * 3 albocinctus (Barraud) 4 seoulensis (Yamada) * 2 sexlineata (Theobald) 6 walkeri (Theobald) * 6 wauensis (Huang) * 5 chrysolineata (Theobald) * 4 sherki (Knight) 4 pulverulentus (Edwards) * 4 cavaticus (Reinert) * 4 sierrensis (Ludlow) 1 varipalpus (Coquillett) * 1 muelleri (Dyar) * 1</p> <p>chungi (Lien) * 4</p> <p>dissimilis (Leicester) * 4 harbachi (Reinert) 4 purpureipes (Aitken) * 1 aurimargo (Edwards) * 5 amesii (Ludlow) 4 dasyorrhus (King &amp; Hoogstraal) * 5 fengi (Edwards) * 4</p> <p>wattensis (Taylor) 5</p> <p>tremula Theobald* 5 pecuniosa (Edwards) 5 alternans (Westwood) * 5 laniger (Wiedemann) 4 aurantius aurantius (Theobald) * 4,5 quadripunctis (Ludlow) 4 lineatopenne (Ludlow) 4,5 palpale Newstead* 3 zammitii (Theobald) * 2</p> <p>edgari (Stone &amp; Rosen) * 5</p> <p>fulvus fulvus (Wiedemann) * 6 fulvus pallens (Ross) 1,6 mitchellae (Dyar) 1 taeniorhynchus (Wiedemann) * 1,6 vigilax (Skuse) * 3*,4,5</p> <p>baisasi (Knight &amp; Hull) 4 longiforceps (Edwards) 5 aculeatus (Theobald) * 5 mcdonaldi (Belkin) 5 geoskusea (Amos) * 5 infirmatus (Dyar &amp; Knab) 1 scapularis (Rondani) * 1,6 Genus Subgenus Species Distribution</p> <p>Protoculex Felt pertinax (Grabham) 6 serratus (Theobald) * 6 Pholeomyia Reinert, calcariae (Marks) * 5 Harbach &amp; Kitching flavifrons (Skuse) 5 Pseudoskusea Theobald bancroftianus (Edwards) 5 postspiraculosus (Dobrotworsky) 5 Rhinoskusea Edwards longirostris (Leicester) * 4,5 wardi (Reinert) 4 Rusticoidus Shevchenko refiki (Medschid) * 2 &amp; Prudkina rusticus (Rossi) 2 Sallumia Reinert, hortator (Dyar &amp; Knab) * 6 Harbach &amp; Kitching Unassigned to subgenus albifasciatus (Macquart) 6 andersoni (Edwards) 5 aurifer (Coquillett) 1 caballus (Theobald) 2,3 calumnior (Belkin, Heinemann &amp; Page) 6 campestris (Dyar &amp; Knab) 1 canadensis canadensis (Theobald) 1 cantans (Meigen) 2 cantator (Coquillett) 1 caspius (Pallas) 2 communis (de Geer) 1,2 diantaeus (Howard, Dyar &amp; Knab) 1,2 dorsalis (Meigen) 1,2,4 excrucians (Walker) 1,2 fitchii (Felt &amp; Young) 1,2 flavescens (Müller) 1,2 grossbecki (Dyar &amp; Knab) 1 hexodontus (Dyar) 1,2 impiger (Walker) 1,2 intrudens (Dyar) 1,2 nivalis (Edwards) 5 pionips (Dyar) 1,2 pullatus (Coquillett) 1,2 punctor (Kirby) 1,2 ratcliffei (Marks) 5 riparius (Dyar &amp; Knab) 1,2 spencerii spencerii (Theobald) 1 spilotus (Marks) 5 squamiger (Coquillett) 1 sticticus (Meigen) 1,2 stimulans (Walker) 1 theobaldi (Taylor) 5 thibaulti (Dyar &amp; Knab) 1,2</p> <p>‘ Ochlerotatus ’ sensu ‘ Finlaya ’ sensu auctorum biocellatus (Taylor) 5</p> <p>auctorum candidoscutellum (Marks) 5 crossi (Lien) 4 keefei (King &amp; Hoogstraal) 5 oreophilus Edwards 2,4</p> <p>Genus Subgenus Species Distribution</p> <p>‘ Protomacleaya ’ sensu auctorum</p> <p>Opifex Hutton Nothoskusea Dumbleton</p> <p>Opifex</p> <p>Paraedes Edwards</p> <p>Patmarksia Reinert, Harbach &amp; Kitching</p> <p>Phagomyia Theobald</p> <p>Pseudarmigeres Stone &amp; Knight</p> <p>Psorophora Robineau- Grabhamia Desvoidy Theobald</p> <p>Janthinosoma Lynch Arribálzaga</p> <p>Psorophora Rampamyia Reinert, Harbach &amp; Kitching</p> <p>Scutomyia Theobald</p> <p>Skusea Theobald</p> <p>Stegomyia Theobald brelandi (Zavortink) 1 burgeri (Zavortink) 1 galindoi (Schick) 6 homoeopus (Dyar) 6 knabi (Coquillett) 6 kompi (Vargas &amp; Downs) 6 terrens (Walker) 6 triseriatus (Say) * 1 zoosophus (Dyar &amp; Knab) 1 chathamicus (Dumbleton) * 5</p> <p>fuscus Hutton * 5 barraudi Edwards * 4 ostentatio (Leicester) 4 argyronotum (Belkin) 5 papuensis (Taylor) * 5 gubernatoris (Giles) * 4 lophoventralis (Theobald) 4 argenteoventralis dunni (Evans) * 3 michaelikati (van Someren) 3 columbiae (Dyar &amp; Knab) 1,6 jamaicensis Theobald * 6 cyanescens (Coquillett) 1,6 ferox (von Humboldt) 1,6 ciliata (Fabricius) * 1,6 howardii Coquillett 1,6 albilabris (Edwards) 5 notoscripta (Skuse) * 5 albolineata Theobald * 4,5 arboricola (Knight &amp; Rozeboom) 4 pembaensis (Theobald) * 3 aegypti (Linnaeus) * 1*,2*,3,4*, 5*,6* africana Theobald 3 albopicta (Skuse) 1*,2,3*,4,5, 6* annandalei Theobald 4 apicoargentea Theobald 3 bromeliae (Edwards) 3 chemulpoensis (Yamada) 2 craggi Barraud 4 deboeri (Edwards) 3 dendrophila (Edwards) 3 desmotes Giles 4 edwardsi Barraud 4 futunae (Belkin) 5 gardnerii gardnerii Ludlow 4 luteocephala Newstead 3 mediopunctata Theobald 4 metallica (Edwards) 3 pandani (Stone) 5 perplexa Leicester 4 poweri Theobald 3 riversi (Bohart &amp; Ingram) 4 saipanensis (Stone) 5 scutellaris (Walker) 5</p> <p>with 400¥ magnification is needed to observe the very slender distal parts of many setae of larvae and pupae for the measurement of total length. Pinned adults were examined with a binocular stereomicroscope utilizing cold white light delivered by a fiber-optic illumination system. An adjustable examination stage with biaxial rotation capability (see fig. 125.3 in Russell et al., 1963) allowed observation and illumination of specimens at any angle.</p> <p>In general, we examined three to six specimens (range 1–20) of each life stage and structure for each species. However, we had to code some characters from literature sources for those taxa where specimens of certain life stage were unavailable (i.e. characteristics of most eggs and some fourth-instar larvae and pupae). Examples of species not available in the larval stage are ‘ Ae. (Adm.)’ apicoannulatus, Hz. (Mat.) catesi, Oc. andersoni, Oc. (Phl.) flavifrons, Oc. (Chs.) fulvus fulvus and Oc. nivalis, and the pupal stage are ‘ Ae. (Adm.)’ apicoannulatus, ‘ Ae. (Adm.)’ argenteopunctatus, Db. alboannulatus and Oc. (Chs.) fulvus fulvus. Missing data are denoted by a ‘?’ in the data set (Appendix 1). States of continuous characters were determined either by clear gaps in the observed counts or measurements (e.g. character 36), or by reference to observed intraspecific variation (e.g. character 50). Characters that could not be scored due to absence of homologous structures (‘dependent characters’) are indicated by a dash ‘-’, e.g. conditions of setae 6-S and 9-S on the larval siphon of Mansonia, which lacks these setae. All multistate characters were initially treated as unordered. However, it may be argued that continuous measurement characters, such as lengths or ratios derived from lengths, should be treated as ordered sequences (Thiele, 1993). Hence we also undertook analyses with the 14 such length ratio characters (13, 14, 17, 20, 62, 67, 72, 84, 107, 138, 161, 273, 280 and 318; see below) treated as ordered. Polymorphic characters are explicitly coded as exhibiting only those states observed. A few characters used in our previous studies (Reinert et al., 2004, 2006, 2008) were re-evaluated and modified, and a number of new characters were added to complete the present data set.</p> <p>Specimens from the following collections were examined during the study: National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, District of Columbia, USA; The Natural History Museum, London, UK; Bohart Museum, University of California, Davis, California, USA; Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids and Nematodes, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Division of Entomology, Canberra, Australia; Laboratoire / Cellule Entomologie, EID Mediterranée, Montpellier, France; Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Florida State Collection of Arthropods, Division of Plant Industry, Gainesville, Florida, USA; Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, University of Florida, Vero Beach, Florida, USA; National Institute of Malariology, Parasitology and Entomology, Hanoi, Vietnam; Center for Research in Medical Entomology, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India; Vector Control Research Center, Indira Nagar, Pondicherry, India; Laboratoire de Taxonomie des Vecteurs, Centre IRD de Montpellier, France; and the collection of the first author.</p> <p>Abbreviations used in the text for generic-level taxa follow Reinert (2001a) and Reinert et al. (2006, 2008). New generic-level taxa proposed herein are described in the section following the ‘Concluding Comments’. Abbreviations for all genera of Aedini recognized as a result of the present study are listed in the ‘Abbreviations of Aedine Genera’ section following the ‘New Generic-Level Taxa’. All currently valid species of Aedini, with their generic and subgeneric placement, are listed in Appendix 2. Due to the unavailability of specimens for study and inadequate published descriptions, some species could not be assigned to generic-level taxa with certainty and remain in the category of incertae sedis.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FA87AC1522D65FB4A9FE15FE451B21	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Reinert, John F.;Harbach, Ralph E.;Kitching, Ian J.	Reinert, John F., Harbach, Ralph E., Kitching, Ian J. (2009): Phylogeny and classification of tribe Aedini (Diptera: Culicidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 157 (4): 700-794, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00570.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00570.x
03FA87AC1564D611B76DFEF5FA2B1C3E.text	03FA87AC1564D611B76DFEF5FA2B1C3E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bifidistylus Reinert, Harbach & Kitching 2009	<div><p>BIFIDISTYLUS REINERT, HARBACH &amp; KITCHING,</p> <p>GEN. NOV.</p> <p>Type species: Aedes (Aedimorphus) lamborni Edwards, 1923.</p> <p>Females</p> <p>Head: Vertex with narrow, curved, decumbent scales; occiput and vertex with numerous long, erect, forked scales; ocular line narrow, with narrow, curved scales; eyes above antennal pedicels contiguous or separated by less than diameter of 1 ocular facet; antennal pedicel with several small, broad, white scales and few short, slender setae on mesal surface; clypeus bare; maxillary palpus dark-scaled with apex whitescaled, longer than forefemur.</p> <p>Thorax: Scutum covered with narrow, curved, dark and pale scales except for bare, median part of prescutellar area, with small group of broad, white scales on prescutellar area mesal to setae on each side; scutellum with broad, silvery scales on all lobes; acrostichal (anterior and posterior), dorsocentral (anterior and posterior) and prescutellar setae well developed; paratergite with broad, white scales; antepronota widely separated, with narrow, curved pale scales, several setae; postpronotum with narrow, curved scales, several posterior setae; postspiracular area with broad, white scales, several setae; subspiracular area with elongate patch of broad, white scales; upper proepisternum with broad, white scales, numerous setae, lower proepisternal area bare; prealar area with few broad, white scales and several setae on upper area, lower area with patch of broad, white scales; mesokatepisternum with moderately large upper and small lower posterior patches of broad, white scales, few upper and several lower posterior setae; mesepimeron with patch of broad, white scales on upper and extending over middle areas, upper setae present, lower setae absent.</p> <p>Wing: Dark-scaled with small pale-scaled patch at base of costa dorsally, pale-scaled area larger on ventral surface; upper calypter with numerous setae on margin; alula with narrow, dark scales on posterior margin; dorsal tertiary fringe scales dark; remigium with 1 or 2 setae distally on dorsal surface.</p> <p>Legs: Ante- and postprocoxal membranes bare; hindfemur with white scales at apex; hindtibia darkscaled with white-scaled apical band; hindtarsus dark-scaled, hindtarsomeres 1–4 with white-scaled, apical bands, hindtarsomeres 2–4 with white-scaled, basal bands, hindtarsomere 5 white-scaled; fore-, mid- and hindungues equal, each with 1 tooth.</p> <p>Abdomen: Tergum I with patch of broad, white scales on laterotergite; terga II – VI with dorsobasal, palescaled areas.</p> <p>Genitalia: Tergum VIII moderately pigmented, width greater than length, numerous broad scales covering distal area and few scattered scales on proximal area, short setae on approximately distal 0.40, apex flat with several moderately long to long, stout and few short, slender setae; sternum VIII moderately pigmented with heavily pigmented band on distal margin, width greater than length, apex with moderate, median emargination separating somewhat flattened, broadly rounded lobes, numerous broad scales on approximately distal 0.80, seta 2-S inserted posterior to seta 1-S; tergum IX comprised of 2 moderately pigmented, lateral sclerites separated by membrane mesally, each sclerite with apex broadly rounded and bearing 5–13 short, slender setae; postgenital lobe moderately long, moderately wide, apex with moderate, median emargination, several setae on distal area; upper vaginal sclerite moderately pigmented, moderately large; without lower vaginal sclerite; insula tongue-like, without setae; cercus moderately long, moderately wide, apex broadly rounded with few short and few moderately long setae, numerous short setae on much of dorsal surface, numerous broad scales (Bf. lamborni) or scales absent (Bf. boneti kumbae (Chwatt)); 3 spermathecal capsules, spherical, 1 large and 2 slightly smaller.</p> <p>Males</p> <p>Head: Antennae with distal 2 flagellomeres disproportionally long, remainder of flagellomeres short with numerous long setae directed primarily dorsally and ventrally; maxillary palpus with 5 palpomeres, slightly shorter than proboscis, palpomeres 4 and 5 downturned, palpomeres 4 and 5 and distal part of 3 with numerous long setae lateroventrally.</p> <p>Legs: Fore- and midungues unequal, each with 1 tooth; hindungues equal, simple.</p> <p>Abdomen: Terga with numerous long, slightly curved setae laterally.</p> <p>Genitalia: Tergum IX moderately pigmented, posterior margin with moderate-sized, rounded lobe on each side of relatively narrow, median area, each lobe bearing several slender setae; gonocoxite moderately long, moderately wide, dorsal surface with numerous moderately long, slender setae on mesal area, lateral surface with moderate number of long, stout setae, ventral surface with several short, slender setae on mesal area and several long, stout setae on approximately distal 0.25, numerous broad scales on lateral and ventral surfaces, mesal surface membranous; gonostylus attached at apex of gonocoxite, approximately 0.50 length of gonocoxite, proximal part moderately broad, bifurcated slightly proximal to midlength, outer lobe longer with short subapical seta and somewhat broader than inner lobe which bears 1 short, flattened, bluntly pointed, gonostylar claw at apex; aedeagus comprised of 2 darkly pigmented, lateral sclerites, each with few elongate teeth on approximately distal 0.50, dorsal flap covering sclerites and with proximal part broadly rounded; phallosome with short, narrow, basal piece; proctiger relatively long, with distal part darkly pigmented and pointed, without cercal setae or basal lobe; claspette comprised of small, somewhat rounded, basal plaque bearing few short, slender setae proximally and several short, stout setae distally; sternum IX with 1–4 short setae on median, posterior area.</p> <p>Pupae</p> <p>Trumpet: Moderately long; moderately wide distally; tracheoid area weakly developed at base.</p> <p>Cephalothorax: Setae 1,3-CT similarly developed; 4,5-CT branched, similar in length; 10,12-CT branched; 11-CT normally single, longer than 10,12- CT.</p> <p>Abdomen: Seta 3-I long, stout, single, longer than 6,7-I; 1- II with numerous slender branches; 2- II inserted lateral to 1,3- II; 3- II, III long, stout, single; 3- III longer than 5- III; 5- V longer than median, dorsal length of tergum VI; 6- VII inserted posterior and slightly mesal to 9- VII, 9- VII branched, longer than 6- VII; 9- VIII with 3–5 branches.</p> <p>Paddle: Apical margin rounded; midrib extends to near apex of paddle; without hair-like spicules on margins; seta 1-Pa short, single or 2-branched.</p> <p>Fourth-instar larvae</p> <p>Head: Seta 1-C slender, single; 4-C short, with 4 or 5 slender branches, inserted mesal and slightly anterior or slightly posterior to 6-C; 5,6-C moderately long, stout, aciculate; 5-C with 8 or 9 branches, inserted posteromesal to 6,7-C; 6-C with 4 branches, close to 5-C, inserted mesal and slightly posterior to 7-C; 7-C moderately long, with 10 or 11 aciculate branches; 12-C short, branched, inserted mesal to 13-C; 13-C with 2–5 branches, longer than 12-C; 14-C single; 19-C absent; antenna moderately long, with spicules, seta 1-A with 4–7 branches.</p> <p>Thorax: Setae 1–3-P not inserted on common setal support plate, 1-P&gt; 2-P&gt; 3-P length; 5,6-P long, single, 5-P longer than 6,7-P; 7-P long, with 2 or 3 branches; 4-M short, with 2 or 3 branches; 5,7-M long, single, 5-M longer than 7-M; 2- T with 4 or 5 slender branches; 6- T single.</p> <p>Abdomen: Seta 6-I– VI long, stout, with 2 branches; 7-I long, stout, with 2 or 3 branches; 12-I absent; 8- II branched; 1- VII very long, stout, single, noticeably longer than dorsal length of saddle; 2,4- VIII single; comb comprised of numerous scales in triangular patch; segment X with saddle incomplete ventrally, acus absent, seta 1-X short, single or 2-branched, inserted on saddle, 2-X moderately long, with 7–10 branches, 3-X long, single, ventral brush with several, long, multiple-branched setae, inserted on grid with both transverse and lateral bars, 1 (rarely 2) shorter, branched, precratal seta.</p> <p>Siphon: Moderately long; acus absent; numerous pecten spines (evenly spaced on proximal 0.50 of siphon and proximal to seta 1-S in Bf. lamborni; distal spines wider spaced and extending to near apex of siphon, seta 1-S inserted within pecten in Bf. boneti kumbae).</p> <p>Included species</p> <p>Bifidistylus boneti boneti (Gil Collado), Bf. boneti kumbae and Bf. lamborni.</p> <p>Distribution</p> <p>Equatorial Guinea, Kenya, Malawi, Republic of Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Republic of South Africa and Zambia.</p> <p>Bionomics</p> <p>Larvae of Bf. lamborni were collected from a pool of foul water in a cavity in the top of a well-shaded rock on a river bank (Edwards, 1923a) and in a muddy pool used as a pig-wallow and rock-pools (Hopkins, 1936, 1952). Immature stages of Bf. boneti kumbae were taken from a rock-pool in a densely shaded stream (Chwatt, 1948; Hopkins, 1952). Females of Bf. lamborni were taken biting during the day in a forest (scarce), during the night (rare) and in the forest canopy (very rare) (Haddow et al., 1952).</p> <p>Discussion</p> <p>The above generic description is based primarily on specimens examined of Bf. lamborni (♀, ♀ g, ♂, ♂ g, P and L) and Bf. boneti kumbae (♂, ♂ g, P and L) and published information on Bf. boneti boneti (Gil Collado, 1936; Edwards, 1941). Pao &amp; Knight (1970) described and illustrated the larval maxilla and mandible of Bf. lamborni. Additional descriptive information is provided in Appendix 1 for species included in the analysis.</p> <p>Etymology</p> <p>Bifidistylus is derived from the Latin adjective bifidus, - a, - um, meaning split into two parts, bifurcated, and stilus (masculine), meaning a Roman writing instrument. The name is masculine and refers to the bifurcated gonostylus of the male genitalia. Recommended abbreviation of Bifidistylus = Bf.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FA87AC1564D611B76DFEF5FA2B1C3E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Reinert, John F.;Harbach, Ralph E.;Kitching, Ian J.	Reinert, John F., Harbach, Ralph E., Kitching, Ian J. (2009): Phylogeny and classification of tribe Aedini (Diptera: Culicidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 157 (4): 700-794, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00570.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00570.x
03FA87AC1562D61CB76DFDF7FE3A1F7D.text	03FA87AC1562D61CB76DFDF7FE3A1F7D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Elpeytonius Reinert, Harbach & Kitching 2009	<div><p>ELPEYTONIUS REINERT, HARBACH &amp; KITCHING,</p> <p>GEN. NOV.</p> <p>Type species: Ochlerotatus apicoannulatus Edwards, 1912 (nom. nov. for Aedimorphus alboannulatus Theobald, 1905).</p> <p>Females</p> <p>Head: Vertex with entire area covered with narrow, curved, decumbent scales or with few to several narrow scales on anterior, median area; occiput and vertex with numerous erect, forked scales; ocular line narrow, with narrow, pale scales; eyes above antennal pedicels touching or separated by diameter of 2 ocular facets; antennal pedicel with mesal surface bearing few short, slender setae, few small, broad, dark scales present or absent; clypeus bare; maxillary palpus dark-scaled; proboscis dark-scaled with narrow, complete or incomplete, pale-scaled band near midlength, proboscis longer than forefemur.</p> <p>Thorax: Scutum covered with narrow, curved scales except bare prescutellar area; acrostichal (anterior and posterior) and dorsocentral (anterior and posterior) setae present; prescutellar area with 7–9 setae on each side; scutellum with broad, silvery scales on all lobes; paratergite with broad, pale scales; antepronota widely separated, with broad, silvery scales, several setae; postpronotum with narrow, curved, dark scales on upper area, posterior setae present; postspiracular area without scales, 3 or 4 setae present; scales absent on hypostigmal area, subspiracular area, lower proepisternum, lower and upper prealar areas and metameron; mesokatepisternum with small upper and small lower posterior patches of broad, pale scales, setae present; mesepimeron with small upper patch of pale scales, without lower setae.</p> <p>Wing: Dark-scaled, with small pale-scaled patch at base of costa; upper calypter with several setae on margin; remigium with 1 or 2 short setae on dorsal surface distally; dorsal tertiary fringe scales dark.</p> <p>Legs: Ante- and postprocoxal areas bare; hindfemur and hindtibia with pale scales at apex; hindtarsomeres 1–4 each dark-scaled with wide, apical, white-scaled band, tarsomere 5 entirely or nearly entirely white-scaled; fore- and midungues, equal, each with 1 tooth.</p> <p>Abdomen: Tergum I with patch of broad, white scales on laterotergite; terga I– VI dark-scaled dorsally; segment VII laterally compressed.</p> <p>Genitalia: Tergum VIII moderately pigmented, width greater than length, few scales on distal part; sternum VIII moderately pigmented, width greater than length, apex with moderate, median emargination separating small to moderate-sized, sublateral lobes, scales absent or few in number, seta 2-S inserted posterior to seta 1-S; tergum IX comprised of single, moderately pigmented sclerite, apex with small, median emargination separating small, rounded lobes, each with 2–4 short, slender setae; postgenital lobe moderately long, moderately wide, apex with moderate, median emargination, setae on distal part of ventral surface; upper vaginal sclerite moderately pigmented, small to moderate size; without lower vaginal sclerite; insula tongue-like, with 4–6 small tuberculi on distal area; cercus moderately long, moderately wide, apex broadly rounded, without scales; single large, spherical, spermathecal capsule.</p> <p>Males</p> <p>Head: Antenna with distal 2 flagellomeres disproportionally long, remainder of flagellomeres short with numerous long setae directed primarily dorsally and ventrally; maxillary palpus with 5 palpomeres, palpomeres 4 and 5 somewhat downturned, palpomeres 4 and 5 and distal part of 3 with several long setae lateroventrally.</p> <p>Legs: Foreungues unequal, each with 1 tooth; midungues unequal, larger one simple, smaller one with 1 tooth; hindungues equal, both simple.</p> <p>Abdomen: Terga with several moderately long setae laterally.</p> <p>Genitalia: Tergum IX moderately pigmented and sclerotized, posterior margin with pair of moderately large, broadly rounded lobes each with 3–6 short, slender setae; gonocoxite moderately long, moderately wide, dorsal surface with several short and few moderately long, slender setae on mesal area, several long, stout setae on outer area and on lateral surface, broad scales on outer part of dorsal, lateral and ventral surfaces, mesal surface membranous; gonostylus attached at apex of gonocoxite, relatively long, approximately proximal 0.60 narrow, distal part broader with several minute, fine setae, terminal short, broad, leaf-like gonostylar claw attached to rounded apex, outer margin of approximately distal 0.30–0.40 with long, narrow, curved, finger-like lobe with minute seta near apex; aedeagus with 2 elongate, lateral sclerites each bearing few, elongate teeth on distal part, membrane-like dorsal flap covering lateral sclerites; proctiger moderately long, apex bluntly rounded, with 2 or 3 minute cercal setae; claspette developed as short, narrow, plaque bearing few short setae at base of gonocoxite; sternum IX moderately long, setae absent or with 3 or 4 short, slender setae on median, posterior area.</p> <p>Pupae</p> <p>Trumpet: Moderately long, narrow, darkly-pigmented; tracheoid area weakly developed at base.</p> <p>Cephalothorax: Seta 1-CT with 3 branches, long but noticeably shorter than 3-CT; 5-CT longer than 4-CT; 7-CT longer than 6-CT; 11-CT single.</p> <p>Abdomen: Seta 3-I very long, stout, single; 6-I longer than 7-I; 1- II multiple-branched, slender; 2- II, 3- II, III long, stout, single, 3- II inserted mesal or at same level anterior to 2- II; 6- II long, stout, single, longer than 3- II; 5- V longer than median, dorsal length of tergum VI; 9- VII branched, inserted anterior and lateral to and longer than 6- VII; 9- VIII with 6 or 7 stout, aciculate branches.</p> <p>Paddle: Apical margin rounded; midrib extending to apex of paddle; without hair-like spicules on margins; seta 1-Pa short, with 2 or 3 branches.</p> <p>Fourth-instar larvae</p> <p>Head: Seta 1-C slender, single; 4-C short, with 3–9 very slender branches, inserted mesal and either slightly anterior or slightly posterior to 6-C; 5-C long, stout, with 7–10 aciculate branches, inserted posterior and mesal to 6,7-C; 6-C long, stout, with 4–6 aciculate branches, inserted close to 5-C; 7-C moderately long to long, stout, with 8–11 aciculate branches, inserted anterior and lateral to 6-C; 12-C inserted mesal to 13-C; 13-C with several relatively long branches, longer than 12-C; 14-C short, single or 2-forked; 19-C absent; antenna moderately long, narrow, with several spicules, seta 1-A with 3–6 branches.</p> <p>Thorax: Setae 1–3-P not inserted on common setal support plate, 1-P&gt; 2-P&gt; 3-P length, 1,3-P branched, 2-P single; 5,7-P branched; 6-P single, longer than 5,7-P; 1,4-M and 1,2- T branched; 6- T single.</p> <p>Abdomen: Seta 7-I long, stout, with 2 branches; 12-I absent; 1,5,8- II branched; 1- VII long; 1- VIII longer than 2- VIII; 2,4- VIII single; comb with numerous scales in patch; segment X with saddle incomplete ventrally, acus absent, seta 1-X single to 3-branched, inserted on saddle, 2-X with 3–5 moderately long branches, 3-X long, single, ventral brush with several, fan-like, multiple-branched setae attached to grid with both transverse and lateral bars, several shorter, branched, precratal setae.</p> <p>Siphon: Acus present; pecten with several evenly spaced spines; seta 1-S with 2–5 branches, inserted distal to pecten.</p> <p>Included species</p> <p>Elpeytonius apicoannulatus and El. simulans (Newstead &amp; Carter).</p> <p>Distribution</p> <p>Central African Republic, Ghana, Liberia, Republic of Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Sudan and Uganda.</p> <p>Bionomics</p> <p>Immature stages of El. apicoannulatus have been collected from rot-holes in mango, pawpaw, cotton and various other trees, dracaenas, stumps of banana plants and cut stems of bamboos (Evans, 1926) [we note that Hopkins (1936: 130, 1952: 170) apparently misinterpreted Evans’ (1926) comments on habitats of this species] and tree-holes (Haddow et al., 1952, Hopkins, 1936, 1952). Elpeytonius simulans have been collected from bamboo stumps (Kumm, 1931) and tree-holes (Haddow et al., 1952; Hopkins, 1936, 1952). Females of El. simulans have been taken occasionally biting humans during the day in forests and plantations and rarely in forests during the night (Haddow et al., 1952)</p> <p>Discussion</p> <p>Evans (1926) briefly described and partially illustrated the male genitalia and fourth-instar larva of El. apicoannulatus (description of larva was noted by Edwards, 1932: 167). Hopkins (1936, 1952) described and illustrated the fourth-instar larvae of El. apicoannulatus (utilized Evans’ illustration) and El. simulans. Apparently, the description and illustration of the fourth-instar larva of El. apicoannulatus was not included in any of the Culicidae catalogs and supplements starting with Stone, Knight &amp; Starcke (1959) to the present. Edwards (1941) provided brief descriptions of the female, male and pupa of El. apicoannulatus and illustrated the male genitalia. He briefly described the female and male of El. simulans and illustrated the adult female and male genitalia. Pao &amp; Knight (1970) described and illustrated the fourth-instar larval mouthparts of El. simulans. The above generic description of the pupae and fourthinstar larvae are based on specimens of El. simulans and the published partial descriptions and illustrations of both species. Additional descriptive information is provided in Appendix 1 for species included in the analysis.</p> <p>Etymology</p> <p>Elpeytonius is named in honour of Mr E. L. Peyton in recognition of his important contributions to the taxonomy and biology of Culicidae, for introducing the first author (JFR) to the exciting world of mosquito biosystematics over 45 years ago, and for steering the interests of the second author (REH) toward a career in mosquito taxonomy. The generic name is masculine, formed from his initials (E. L., which were indicated without corresponding names on his birth certificate), surname and the Latin suffix ‘ -ius ’. Recommended abbreviation = El.</p> <p>OCHLEROTATUS SUBGENUS JUPPIUS REINERT, HARBACH &amp; KITCHING, SUBGEN. NOV.</p> <p>Type species: Grabhamia caballa Theobald, 1912.</p> <p>Females</p> <p>Head: Vertex covered with narrow, curved, decumbent scales; occiput and vertex with numerous long, erect, forked scales; ocular line narrow, with narrow, curved, pale scales; eyes above antennal pedicels separated by diameter of approximately 4 ocular facets; antennal pedicel with numerous small, broad, non-overlapping scales and few short, slender setae on mesal surface; clypeus bare; maxillary palpus dark-scaled, with or without few pale scales intermixed; proboscis darkscaled, longer than forefemur.</p> <p>Thorax: Scutum covered with narrow, curved pale and dark scales including most of median, prescutellar area; parascutellar area with 2–4 narrow, curved, pale scales; scutellum with narrow, curved scales on all lobes; acrostichal (anterior and posterior), dorsocentral (anterior and posterior) and prescutellar areas with numerous dark setae; paratergite with broad, pale scales; antepronota widely separated, with narrow, curved, pale scales, several setae; postpronotum with narrow, curved scales dorsally and few somewhat broader scales ventrally, several posterior setae; hypostigmal area with broad, pale scales; postspiracular area with numerous broad, pale scales, few setae; subspiracular area with numerous broad, pale scales; upper proepisternum with broad, pale scales, numerous setae, lower area bare; prealar area with broad, pale scales on upper and lower areas, several to numerous setae; mesokatepisternum with large upper and moderate lower posterior patches of broad, pale scales, several upper and numerous lower posterior setae; mesepimeron with large patch of broad, pale scales on upper area and extending over middle area, several upper setae, with 4 or 5 lower setae; metameron with several broad, pale scales.</p> <p>Wing: Some veins with moderately broad scales, other veins with narrow scales, dark and pale scales intermixed on some or most veins (Oc. caballus and Oc. chelli Edwards) or dark-scaled (Oc. juppi (McIntosh)); costa with pale-scaled patch at base; upper calypter with numerous setae on margin; alula with dark scales on posterior margin; dorsal tertiary fringe scales narrow, dark; remigium with 1 or 2 setae distally on dorsal surface.</p> <p>Legs: Anteprocoxal membrane bare; postprocoxal membrane with broad, pale scales; femora with numerous pale scales intermixed with dark-scaled areas, apices pale-scaled; tibiae with numerous pale scales intermixed with dark scales; tarsi dark-scaled with basal, pale-scaled bands on tarsomeres 1 and 2, and tarsomere 3 of mid- and hindtarsi; fore-, mid- and hindungues equal, each with 1 tooth.</p> <p>Abdomen: Tergum I with patch of broad, pale scales on laterotergite; terga II–VI with dorsobasal palescaled patch expanded as complete or incomplete median, longitudinal stripe; segment VII dorsoventrally flattened.</p> <p>Genitalia: Intersegmental membrane between segments VII and VIII very long; tergum VIII moderately pigmented with small non-pigmented notches on lateral and apical margins, length greater than width, without scales (1 adventitious scale in Oc. juppi), short setae on entire length, 2 or more long setae on lateral margins, apex flat with small, median emargination; sternum VIII moderately pigmented with narrow, median, non-pigmented strip, length greater than width, apical margin gently rounded, without scales (rarely with 1 adventitious scale), setae on nearly entire length, seta 2-S inserted slightly posterior to seta 1-S; tergum IX comprised of single moderately pigmented, moderately long sclerite, apex with shallow, median emargination separating rounded lobes, each bearing 4–8 short setae, 9–15 total setae; postgenital lobe moderately wide, dorsal length short, apex flat or with very shallow, median emargination, few setae on distal area; without upper and lower vaginal sclerites; insula lip-like, with 2 moderately long, slender setae in lateral patches, 4 total setae; cercus moderately pigmented, long, narrow, apex narrowly rounded, without scales (occasionally 1 adventitious scale in Oc. juppi), numerous setae covering most of dorsal surface; 3 spermathecal capsules, spherical, 1 large and 2 slightly smaller.</p> <p>Males</p> <p>Head: Antennae with distal 2 flagellomeres disproportionally long, remainder of flagellomeres short with numerous long setae directed primarily dorsally and ventrally; maxillary palpus with 5 palpomeres, longer than proboscis, with palpomeres 4 and 5 downturned, palpomeres 4 and 5 and distal part of 3 with numerous long setae lateroventrally.</p> <p>Legs: Fore- and midungues unequal, larger unguis with 2 teeth, smaller unguis with 1 tooth; hindungues equal, each with 1 tooth.</p> <p>Abdomen: Terga with numerous long, curved setae laterally; tergum VIII with posterior margin flat.</p> <p>Genitalia: Tergum IX moderately pigmented, posterior margin with darkly pigmented, short, narrow lobe on each side of midline bearing few short, stout, somewhat flattened setae and few short, slender setae; gonocoxite heavily pigmented, moderately long, moderately wide, dorsal surface with several short, slender setae on most of area and few long, stout setae on outer area, mesal area with small, apical lobe bearing few short, slender setae and small, basal lobe bearing few short, slender and 1 or 2 moderately long, slender setae, lateral surface with several long, stout setae, ventral surface with few moderately long, slender setae on proximal area and several long, stout setae on distal area, several broad scales on lateral and ventral surfaces, mesal surface membranous; gonostylus attached at apex of gonocoxite, long, approximately 0.70 length of gonocoxite, relatively narrow throughout length but median part slightly wider than proximal part, distal part curved mesally and narrower than proximal part, with 2 or 3 short, slender setae, gonostylar claw short, slender, apex truncate, attached at apex of gonostylus; aedeagus tube-like, lateral margins bowed outward, widest on middle 0.33, apex bluntly pointed; phallosome with basal piece short; proctiger relatively short, distal part darkly pigmented, with curved, pointed apex, 5–8 minute, cercal setae; claspette comprised of single, relatively short, slender stem bearing one, long, flattened, relatively narrow, claspette filament at apex, with distal part slightly curved; sternum IX moderately pigmented, moderately long, with several short and moderately long setae on median, posterior area.</p> <p>Pupae</p> <p>Trumpet: Relatively short; moderately wide distally; pinna moderately long; tracheoid area weakly developed at base.</p> <p>Cephalothorax: Seta 1-CT longer than 3-CT, both branched; 4,5-CT similarly developed, branched; 6-CT much shorter than 7-CT; 11-CT single, longer than 10,12-CT.</p> <p>Abdomen: Seta 6-I single or 2-branched, longer than 3,7-I; 1-II with few to several slender branches; 3-II moderately long, single (3-II,III with 3 branches in Oc. juppi, fig. 3 of McIntosh, 1973); 6-II single, longer than 3-II; 3-III single, noticeably longer than 5-III; 1-IV–VI long, moderately stout, with 2 or 3 branches; 5-IV,V with 2 very long branches, noticeably longer than median, dorsal length of following tergum; 6-VII shorter than and inserted posterior and slightly mesal to 9-VII; 9-VIII with 10–12 stout, lightly aciculate branches.</p> <p>Paddle: Apical margin more or less flat, with minute spicules; without hair-like spicules on margins; midrib extends to apex of paddle; seta 1-Pa short, single (occasionally 2-branched).</p> <p>Fourth-instar larvae</p> <p>Head: Seta 1-C single, distal part attenuate; 4-C short, very slender, single or 2-branched, inserted mesal and in line with 6-C; 5-C long, stout, single, inserted posterior and mesal to 6,7-C; 6-C long, stout, single, inserted mesal and slightly posterior to 7-C; 7-C moderately long, moderately stout, with 4–7 aciculate branches; 12-C with 4 or 5 branches, inserted mesal to 13-C; 13-C single, longer than 12-C; 14-C single; 19-C absent; antenna relatively short, moderately pigmented, with few scattered, minute spicules, seta 1-A short, single or with 2 or 3 branches, tips not reaching apex of antenna.</p> <p>Thorax: Setae 1–3-P not inserted on common setal support plate, 1-P&gt; 2-P&gt; 3-P length, 1,2-P single, 3-P short, with 2 or 3 branches; 4-P short, single or with 2 branches; 5-P moderately stout, long, single, longer than 6-P; 6-P long, normally 2-branched (rarely single); 7-P long, with 3 branches; 4-M branched; 2-T with 3 branches; 6-T single.</p> <p>Abdomen: Seta 7-I with 2 or 3 slender branches, approximately 0.60 length of 6-I; 12-I present; 6-II with 2 branches, longer than 6-III; 8-II with 2 or 3 branches; 6-III,IV moderately long, moderately stout, with 2 branches; 1-VII short, with 2 slender branches, approximately 0.40 dorsal length of segment X; 12-VII single; 1-VIII with 5–7 branches; 2,4-VIII single; comb with several thorn-like scales in short curved row; segment X with saddle incomplete ventrally, acus present, seta 1-S short, single, inserted on saddle, 2-X moderately long, with several branches, 3-X long, single, ventral brush with numerous long, branched setae inserted on grid with well developed transverse and lateral bars, with 2 (rarely 3) shorter, branched, precratal setae.</p> <p>Siphon: Relatively short; acus present; pecten with several evenly spaced spines on approximately proximal 0.45 of siphon, distal 1 or 2 spines longer; seta 1-S with 4–6 short branches, inserted distal to pecten.</p> <p>Included species</p> <p>Ochlerotatus caballus, Oc. chelli and Oc. juppi.</p> <p>Distribution</p> <p>Aden, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Iran, Kenya, Lesotho, Namibia, Republic of South Africa, Sudan and Zimbabwe.</p> <p>Bionomics</p> <p>Hopkins (1936, 1952) provided a summary of the immature habitats of Oc. caballus to include a rockpool, a stream, water-furrows and small or mediumsized depressions in the veldt, which were filled periodically by rain or irrigation water. The habitats usually contained vegetation. McIntosh (1973) reported the larvae of Oc. juppi occur in temporary ground pools in grassland. McIntosh (1973) indicated the females of Oc. juppi are highly anthropophilic and readily feed on larger domesticated animals and possibly also, to some extent, on birds, during the daytime but with peak feeding in the early part of the night. Ochlerotatus caballus, like the previous species, readily feed on humans and larger domesticated animals.</p> <p>Discussion</p> <p>Subgenus Juppius includes medium-sized mosquitoes. Confusion concerning the identity of Oc. caballus and Oc. chelli occurred until McIntosh (1973) evaluated the species included in this group. See McIntosh (1973) for descriptions, partial illustrations and a discussion of the species. Hopkins (1952) described the fourth-instar larva of Oc. caballus and Jupp (1996) provided partial illustrations of the adults of Oc. caballus and Oc. juppi and the male genitalia of the latter species. The adult habitus of the primarily African Juppius species share a number of characters with those of the Australian subgenus Lepidokeneon, however notable differences exist in adult characters, especially in the male genitalia, and fourth-instar larvae. Additional descriptive information is provided in Appendix 1 for species included in the analysis.</p> <p>Etymology</p> <p>Juppius is named in honour of Dr Peter G. Jupp in recognition of his important contributions to the taxonomy of mosquitoes of southern Africa and studies on mosquito-vectored pathogens. The subgeneric name is masculine, formed from his surname and the masculine Latin suffix ‘ -ius ’. Recommended subgeneric abbreviation = Jup.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FA87AC1562D61CB76DFDF7FE3A1F7D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Reinert, John F.;Harbach, Ralph E.;Kitching, Ian J.	Reinert, John F., Harbach, Ralph E., Kitching, Ian J. (2009): Phylogeny and classification of tribe Aedini (Diptera: Culicidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 157 (4): 700-794, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00570.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00570.x
03FA87AC156FD605B499FE07FD481CEE.text	03FA87AC156FD605B499FE07FD481CEE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ochlerotatus	<div><p>OCHLEROTATUS SUBGENUS LEPIDOKENEON REINERT,</p> <p>HARBACH &amp; KITCHING, SUBGEN. NOV.</p> <p>Type species: Aedes (Ochlerotatus) spilotus Marks, 1963.</p> <p>Females</p> <p>Head: Vertex covered with narrow, curved, decumbent scales; occiput and vertex with numerous long, erect, forked scales; ocular line narrow, with narrow, curved pale and dark scales; eyes above antennal pedicels separated by diameter of 4 or 5 ocular facets; antennal pedicel with several small, broad, non-overlapping scales and few short, slender setae on mesal surface; clypeus bare; maxillary palpus dark-scaled normally with few pale scales intermixed; proboscis dark-scaled with numerous pale scales intermixed, longer than forefemur.</p> <p>Thorax: Scutum covered with narrow, curved scales including transverse bar on median part of prescutellar area, background scales dark with pale scales intermixed or in small patches; parascutellar area with 2–4 narrow, curved, pale scales; scutellum with narrow, curved scales on all lobes; acrostichal (anterior and posterior), dorsocentral (anterior and posterior) and prescutellar areas with numerous dark setae; paratergite with moderately broad to broad, pale scales; antepronota widely separated, with numerous pale and dark scales, numerous setae; postpronotum with large patch of narrow, curved scales dorsally and small patch of broad scales ventrally, several posterior setae; hypostigmal area with broad, pale scales (few in Oc. turneri (Marks)); postspiracular area with numerous broad, and some relatively narrow, pale scales, several setae; subspiracular area with broad, pale scales; upper proepisternum with broad, pale scales, numerous setae, lower proepisternal area bare; prealar area with broad, pale scales on upper and lower areas, several setae; mesokatepisternum with large upper and moderate lower posterior patches of broad, pale scales, several upper and numerous lower posterior setae; mesepimeron with large patch of broad, pale scales on upper area and extending over middle area, patch may have partial break at midlength, numerous upper setae, without lower setae (Marks, 1963 indicated lower seta(e) present or absent in Oc. stricklandi Edwards); metameron with few broad, pale scales and 1–3 short setae (Marks, 1963 indicated this area was bare in Oc. turneri).</p> <p>Wing: All veins with broad dark and pale scales intermixed; costa with pale-scaled patch at base; upper calypter with numerous setae on margin; alula with dark scales on posterior margin; dorsal tertiary fringe scales moderately broad with intermixed pale and dark scales; remigium with 3 setae distally on dorsal surface.</p> <p>Legs: Ante- and postprocoxal membranes bare; femora with numerous pale scales intermixed with dark-scaled areas, apices pale-scaled; tibiae with numerous pale scales intermixed with dark scales; tarsi with pale scales intermixed with dark scales, more numerous on tarsomeres 1 and 2 and fewer on distal tarsomeres (tarsomere 5 occasionally darkscaled); fore- and midungues equal, each with 1 tooth; hindungues equal, both simple but with seta-like spine subbasally.</p> <p>Abdomen: Tergum I with patch of broad, pale scales on laterotergite; segment VII dorsoventrally flattened.</p> <p>Genitalia: Intersegmental membrane between segments VII and VIII very long; tergum VIII moderately pigmented, with small non-pigmented notches on lateral and apical margins, length greater than width, without scales, short setae on entire length, 2 or more long, slender setae on lateral margins, apex flat or with very shallow, median emargination; sternum VIII moderately pigmented with narrow, median, non-pigmented strip, length greater than width, apical margin gently rounded with median area slightly flattened, without scales, setae on entire length, seta 2-S inserted lateral to seta 1-S; tergum IX comprised of single, moderately pigmented sclerite, apex with moderate, median emargination separating rounded lobes each bearing 8–12 short setae, 20–21 total setae; postgenital lobe moderately wide, dorsal length short, apex with shallow, median emargination, few setae on distal area; without upper and lower vaginal sclerites; insula lip-like, with 2 moderately long, slender setae in lateral patches, 4 total setae; cercus moderately pigmented, long, narrow, apex narrowly rounded, without scales, numerous setae extending from near base to apex of dorsal surface; 3 spermathecal capsules, spherical, 1 large and 2 slightly smaller.</p> <p>Males</p> <p>Head: Antennae with distal 2 flagellomeres disproportionally long, remainder of flagellomeres short with numerous long setae directed primarily dorsally and ventrally; maxillary palpus with 5 palpomeres, approximately equal to or slightly longer than proboscis, palpomeres 4 and 5 downturned, palpomeres 4 and 5 and distal part of 3 with numerous long setae lateroventrally.</p> <p>Legs: Foreungues unequal, larger unguis with 2 teeth, smaller unguis with 1 tooth; midungues unequal, larger unguis with round swelling at midlength, smaller with 1 tooth; hindungues equal, with seta-like spine post-basally.</p> <p>Abdomen: Terga with numerous long, curved setae laterally; posterior margin of tergum VIII with median lobe.</p> <p>Genitalia: Tergum IX moderately pigmented, posterior margin with darkly pigmented, short, narrow lobe on each side of midline bearing few short, stout, somewhat flattened setae and 1 or 2 short, slender setae; gonocoxite moderately pigmented, relatively long, moderately wide, dorsal surface covered with numerous very short, slender setae, approximately distal 0.20 with few long, stout setae, mesal area with small, apical lobe bearing few very short, slender setae and several short, stout setae, without basal lobe, lateral surface with numerous long, stout and few moderately long setae, ventral surface with several moderately long setae on proximal area and few very long, stout setae on approximately distal 0.20, few short, slender setae on mesal area, several broad scales on dorsal and numerous scales on lateral and ventral surfaces, mesal surface membranous; gonostylus attached at apex of gonocoxite, long, approximately 0.66 length of gonocoxite, relatively narrow throughout length but median part slightly wider than proximal part, distal part curved mesally, narrower than proximal part and with 2–4 short, slender setae, gonostylar claw short, slender, apex truncate, attached at apex of gonostylus; aedeagus tube-like, elongate, sides approximately parallel but slightly wider on proximal 0.33, apex truncate; phallosome with basal piece short; proctiger relatively long, distal part darkly pigmented with several minute teeth at apex, 6 or 7 minute cercal setae; claspette comprised of single, short, slender, curved stem bearing one, apical, moderately long, flattened, moderately broad claspette filament with comb-like row of short spicules on outer margin, apex bluntly rounded; sternum IX moderately pigmented, moderately long, with several moderately long setae on median posterior area.</p> <p>Pupae</p> <p>Trumpet: Moderately long, moderately wide distally; pinna long; tracheoid area weakly developed at base. Cephalothorax: Setae 1,2-CT similarly developed, branched; 4,5-CT similarly developed, branched; 6-CT much shorter than 7-CT; 11-CT single, longer than 10,12-CT.</p> <p>Abdomen: Seta 6-I single, longer than 3,7-I; 1- II with multiple slender branches; 3- II moderately long, branched; 6- II long, single, noticeably longer than 3- II; 3- III single, longer than 5- III; 1- IV – VI moderately long, slender, with 3 branches; 5- IV, V single, very long, noticeably longer than median, dorsal length of following tergum; 6- VII shorter than and inserted posterior and slightly mesal to 9- VII; 9- VIII with 4–7 slender branches.</p> <p>Paddle: Apical margin rounded, with tiny spicules; without hair-like spicules on margins; midrib extends to near apex of paddle; seta 1-Pa short, single.</p> <p>Fourth-instar larvae</p> <p>Head: Seta 1-C single, distal part attenuate; 4-C short, with 2–5 very slender branches, inserted anteromesal to 5,6-C; 5-C long, stout, single, inserted posteromesal to 6,7-C; 6-C long, stout, single, inserted anteromesal to 7-C; 7-C long, stout, with 4–7 aciculate branches; 12-C with 2 or 3 branches, inserted mesal to 13-C; 13-C with 2 or 3 branches (single on 1 side of 1 specimen), longer than 12-C; 14-C single; antenna moderately long, darkly pigmented, with numerous spicules, seta 1-A with 3–7 aciculate branches, tips not reaching apex of antenna.</p> <p>Thorax: Setae 1–3-P not inserted on common setal support plate, 1-P&gt; 2-P&gt; 3-P length, 1-P stout, very long, single, 2-P single, 3-P single or occasionally 2-branched; 4-P long, single; 5-P very long, single, longer than 6-P; 6-P long, with 2 branches; 7-P very long, with 3 branches; 4-M branched; 2- T with 2 branches; 6- T single.</p> <p>Abdomen: Seta 7-I long, stout, with aciculate branches; 12-I present; 6- II with 2 branches, shorter than 6- III; 8- II single; 6- III, IV long, stout, single; 1- VII very long, stout, single, noticeably longer than dorsal length of segment X; 12- VII branched; 1- VIII single; 2,4- VIII branched; comb with few long, stout scales in short, curved row; segment X with saddle large, complete on ventral surface, acus not seen, seta 1-X single, inserted on saddle, 2-X moderately long, with several branches, 3-X long, single, ventral brush with numerous long, multiple-branched setae inserted on grid with well developed transverse and lateral bars, without precratal setae.</p> <p>Siphon: Moderately long; acus present; pecten with numerous, evenly spaced spines extending beyond midlength of siphon, few distal spines noticeably longer; seta 1-S with 4–7 aciculate branches, inserted distal to pecten.</p> <p>Included species</p> <p>Ochlerotatus spilotus, Oc. stricklandi and Oc. turneri.</p> <p>Distribution</p> <p>Australia.</p> <p>Bionomics</p> <p>Marks (1963), Dobrotworsky (1965) and Lee et al. (1984) provided summaries of the known bionomics of the included species. Ochlerotatus spilotus immature stages have been collected during September or October, mostly in roadside excavations or ditches and once in a waterhole in a watercourse. All habitats had greenish or cloudy water, with some emergent vegetation, and most were partly shaded. Ochlerotatus stricklandi immature stages have been collected from September to December, from temporary, freshwater ground pools in areas of predominantly winter rainfall. Nothing is known about the bionomics of the immature stages of Oc. turneri. Ochlerotatus spilotus females have been collected biting humans and rabbits during the daytime and Oc. stricklandi and Oc. turneri females have been reported biting humans, the former species during the daytime.</p> <p>Discussion</p> <p>Adults of species included in subgenus Lepidokeneon are quite large. Species assigned to subgenus Lepidokeneon were previously placed in the Stricklandi Section of Aedes (Ochlerotatus) by Marks (1957, 1963), Dobrotworsky (1965) and Lee et al. (1984). The last two authors included a listing of literature associated with the species. See Marks (1963) for descriptions, illustrations and a discussion of all species assigned to the subgenus. Dobrotworsky (1965) included taxonomic information for Oc. spilotus and Oc. stricklandi. Additional morphological features are provided in Appendix 1 for species included in the analysis.</p> <p>Etymology</p> <p>Lepidokeneon is derived from the Greek nouns lipis, - idos (feminine), meaning scale, and keneon (masculine), meaning flank. The name is masculine and refers to the dense thoracic pleural scaling of the adults (meaning scaled or scaly flank or side). The recommended abbreviation for subgenus Lepidokeneon = Lpd.</p> <p>OCHLEROTATUS SUBGENUS WOODIUS REINERT, HARBACH AND KITCHING, SUBGEN. NOV.</p> <p>Type species: Aedes intrudens Dyar, 1919.</p> <p>Females</p> <p>Head: Vertex covered with narrow, curved, decumbent scales; occiput and vertex with numerous, long, pale, erect, forked scales; ocular line with narrow, curved, pale scales; eyes above antennal pedicels separated by diameter of 3 or 4 ocular facets; antennal pedicel with few small, broad, non-overlapping scales and several short, slender setae on mesal surface; clypeus bare; maxillary palpus dark-scaled (occasionally with few pale scales intermixed in Oc. intrudens); proboscis dark-scaled, longer than forefemur.</p> <p>Thorax: Scutum covered with narrow, curved scales except bare median, prescutellar area, both pale and dark scales present, pale scales covering scutal fossal, antealar, much of supraalar, usually narrow stripe on acrostichal (anterior and posterior) and lateral margins of prescutellar areas; without parascutellar scales; scutellum with narrow, curved scales on all lobes; acrostichal (anterior and posterior), dorsocentral (anterior and posterior) and prescutellar areas with numerous setae; antepronota widely separated, with pale scales, several setae; postpronotum nearly covered with scales, narrow, curved on dorsal area and moderately broad to broad on ventral area, several posterior setae; postspiracular area with broad, pale scales, several setae; subspiracular area with elongate patch of broad, pale scales; upper proepisternum with broad, pale scales, numerous setae, lower proepisternum bare; prealar area with patch of broad, pale scales on lower area and extending onto lower part of upper area, numerous setae; mesokatepisternum with broad, pale scales in large upper and moderate lower posterior patches, patches connected or separated by narrow strip, several upper and numerous lower posterior setae; mesepimeron with large patch of broad, pale scales on upper and extending over middle areas, numerous upper setae, lower setae absent in Oc. diantaeus or absent to 1–4 setae in Oc. intrudens; metameron with several broad, pale scales.</p> <p>Wing: Dark-scaled; upper calypter with numerous setae on margin; alula with dark scales on posterior margin; dorsal tertiary fringe scales dark; remigium with 1–3 setae distally on dorsal surface.</p> <p>Legs: Ante- and postprocoxal membranes bare; femora with pale-scaled fringe at apex; tibiae with anterior surface dark-scaled; tarsi dark-scaled, ungues equal in size, each with 1 tooth.</p> <p>Abdomen: Tergum I with patch of broad, pale scales on laterotergite; segment VII dorsoventrally flattened.</p> <p>Genitalia: Intersegmental membrane between segments VII and VIII very long; tergum VIII moderately pigmented, width greater than length, without or with 1–7 scattered scales, short setae on approximately distal 0.90, apex flat to very gently concave; sternum VIII moderately pigmented, width greater than length, apical margin gently rounded or gently rounded with shallow, median emargination, moderate number of scales, setae on nearly entire area; tergum IX comprised of single moderately pigmented sclerite, apex with small, median emargination separating rounded lobes each bearing 4–9 short, slender setae, 9–17 total setae; postgenital lobe moderately wide, apex with small, median emargination, several setae on distal area; without upper and lower vaginal sclerites; insula lip-like, with 2 or 3 moderately long, slender setae in lateral patches, 4–6 total setae; cercus moderately pigmented, long, narrow, apex narrowly rounded, 1–3 scales, numerous setae extending from near base to apex of dorsal surface; 3 spermathecal capsules, spherical, 1 large and 2 slightly smaller.</p> <p>Males</p> <p>Head: Antenna with distal 2 flagellomeres disproportionally long, remainder of flagellomeres short with numerous long setae directed primarily dorsally and ventrally; maxillary palpus with 5 palpomeres, darkscaled, equal to or longer than proboscis, palpomeres 4 and 5 slightly downturned, palpomeres 4 and 5 and distal part of 3 with moderate to numerous long setae lateroventrally.</p> <p>Legs: Fore- and midungues unequal, each with 1 tooth; hindungues equal, each with 1 tooth.</p> <p>Abdomen: Terga with moderate to numerous long, slightly curved setae laterally.</p> <p>Genitalia: Tergum IX moderately to heavily pigmented, posterior margin with darkly pigmented, short, relatively narrow lobe on each side of midline bearing 5–9 short, stout, slightly curved setae; gonocoxite moderately to heavily pigmented, relatively long, moderately wide, dorsal surface with several short, slender setae on mesal area, several moderately long, slender setae on distal area and long, stout setae on lateral area, mesal area with large, apical lobe bearing few short, slender setae, small, basal lobe bearing 1 moderately long, stout, somewhat flattened seta and few short, slender setae, lateral surface with several long, stout setae, ventral surface with several moderately long, slender setae on proximal area, distal area with few long, stout setae and patch of moderately long, lanceolate setae on mesal part, scales few on dorsal surface and numerous on lateral and ventral surfaces, mesal surface membranous; gonostylus attached at apex of gonocoxite, long, approximately 0.60–0.65 length of gonocoxite, relatively narrow throughout length but median part somewhat broader than proximal part, distal part curved mesally and narrower than proximal part, with 2–5 short, slender setae, gonostylar claw short, slender, apex truncate, attached at apex of gonostylus; aedeagus tube-like, moderately long, proximal 0.67 relatively wide, distal part relatively narrow; phallosome with basal piece short; proctiger moderately long, distal part darkly pigmented with curved, pointed apex, numerous minute, cercal setae; claspette comprised of 2 lobes, outer lobe moderately long, projecting along proximal part of mesal surface of gonocoxite and bearing 2 moderately long, darkly pigmented, moderately curved setae at apex, lobe connected at base to inner, moderately long, slender, columnar lobe with subapical area broader and bearing small, thumb-like projection with 1 short seta, claspette filament inserted at apex, short to moderately long, flattened, broad mesally; sternum IX moderately pigmented, moderately long, with several short to moderately long, slender setae on posterior area.</p> <p>Pupae</p> <p>Trumpet: Moderately long; relatively narrow distally; pinna short; tracheoid area weakly developed at base.</p> <p>Cephalothorax: Setae 1,3-CT similarly developed, normally 2-branched; 4,5-CT similarly developed; 6-CT much shorter than 7-CT; 11-CT normally single (rarely 2-branched in Oc. intrudens).</p> <p>Abdomen: Seta 6-I longer than 3,7-I; 1-II short, with few to several slender branches; 3-II relatively short, single or 2-branched, shorter than 6-II; 3-III moderately long, normally single, longer than 5-III; 1-IV,V moderately long, slender, single or with 2–4 branches; 5-IV,V single to 3-branched, longer than median, dorsal length of following tergum; 6-VII shorter than and inserted posterior and slightly mesal to 9-VII; 9-VIII with 3–9 (normally 3–5) branches with distal parts forked.</p> <p>Paddle: Apical margin rounded; without hair-like spicules on margins; midrib extends to near apex of paddle; seta 1-Pa short, single (very rarely 2-branched).</p> <p>Fourth-instar larvae</p> <p>Head: Seta 1-C spiniform, apex bluntly pointed; 4-C short, with 3–6 very slender branches, inserted mesal and at same level or slightly posterior to 6-C; 5-C long, stout, with 3 or 4 aciculate branches, inserted posteromesal to 6,7-C; 6-C long, stout, with 2–4 aciculate branches, inserted posteromesal to 7-C; 7-C long, stout, with 4–6 (rarely 3) aciculate branches; 12-C short, branched, inserted mesal to 13-C; 13-C single in Oc. intrudens or with 2 or 3 branches in Oc. diantaeus, longer than 12-C; 14-C single; 19-C present; antenna moderately long (Oc. intrudens) to long (Oc. diantaeus), with numerous spicules, seta 1-A with 3–5 aciculate branches, tips not reaching apex of antenna.</p> <p>Thorax: Setae 1–3-P not inserted on common setal support plate, 1-P&gt; 2-P&gt; 3-P, 1-P very long, single, 2-P short, single, 3-P short, with 2 or 3 branches; 4-P single (rarely 2-branched); 5,6-P long, single, 5-P longer than 6-P; 7-P long, with 2 or 3 branches; 4-M and 2-T branched; 6-T single.</p> <p>Abdomen: Setae 6-I–V and 7-I long, stout, single; 12-I present; 6-II slightly shorter than 6-III; 8-II normally 2-branched (occasionally single); 1-VII branched, relatively short; 10,12-VII single; 1-VIII with 5–8 branches, noticeably longer than 2-VIII; 2,4-VIII single (2-VIII rarely 2-branched in Oc. diantaeus); comb with several scales in one curved or irregular row; segment X with saddle incomplete ventrally, acus present, seta 1-X single, inserted on saddle, 2-X moderately long, multiple-branched, 3-X long, single, ventral brush with numerous, long, branched setae inserted on grid with well developed transverse and lateral bars, with 3 or 4 shorter, branched, precratal setae.</p> <p>Siphon: Moderately long; acus present; pecten with numerous spines, distal 2 or 3 spines longer and more widely spaced, seta 1-S inserted distal to pecten (rarely on level with last pecten spine in Oc. intrudens).</p> <p>Included species</p> <p>Ochlerotatus diantaeus Howard, Dyar &amp; Knab and Oc. intrudens.</p> <p>Distribution</p> <p>Nearctic and Palaearctic Regions.</p> <p>Bionomics</p> <p>Wood et al. (1979) reported that larvae of Oc. intrudens in Canada hatch from overwintering eggs in April and inhabit temporary, woodland, snowmelt pools. Carpenter &amp; LaCasse (1955) indicated larvae of this species occur in a variety of habitats, including woodland pools, open bogs and marshes, particularly in water from melting snow in the northern United States, whereas Natvig (1948) found the larval habitats in Norway to be principally shallow pools and water-filled ditches with bottoms covered with decaying pine needles located at the border of pine woodlands, and Gutsevich et al. (1974) reported similar habitats in Russia. Larvae of Oc. diantaeus in Canada were found in temporary spring pools in hardwood forests in which the water was usually stained dark brown by abundant leaf litter (Wood et al., 1979), in the United States larvae were found mostly in shaded pools with cold water left from melting snow in dense forests (Carpenter &amp; LaCasse, 1955), and in Russia Gutsevich et al. (1974) reported larval habitats as different types of temporary water bodies in forests formed from snowmelt, e.g. pits, ditches and puddles in shaded or open locations. Females of Oc. intrudens are persistent biters of humans during the day and night (Carpenter &amp; LaCasse, 1955; Wood et al., 1979). Ochlerotatus diantaeus females also feed on humans (Gutsevich et al., 1974; Tanaka et al., 1979; Becker et al., 2003).</p> <p>Discussion</p> <p>Carpenter &amp; LaCasse (1955), Wood et al. (1979) and Tanaka et al. (1979) included descriptions and illustrations of females, males, male genitalia and fourth-instar larvae of Oc. diantaeus and Oc. intrudens. Yamaguti &amp; LaCasse (1951) and Reinert (2002e) provided a description and illustration of the female genitalia of Oc. intrudens and Darsie (1951) and Tanaka (1999) described and illustrated the pupa of this species. Kalpage &amp; Brust (1968), Horsfall &amp; Voorhees (1972) and Dahl (1997) described and illustrated the eggs of Oc. diantaeus and Oc. intrudens. Distribution maps for both species in Canada are found in Wood et al. (1979) and in the United States and Canada in Darsie &amp; Ward (2005). Additional descriptive information is provided in Appendix 1 for species included in the analysis.</p> <p>Etymology</p> <p>Woodius if named in honour of Dr D. Monty Wood in recognition of his important contributions to the taxonomy of mosquitoes and other Diptera of North America, especially Canada. The subgeneric name is masculine, formed from his surname and the masculine Latin suffix ‘ -ius ’. Recommended subgeneric abbreviation = Woo.</p> <p>PETERMATTINGLYIUS REINERT, HARBACH &amp; KITCHING, GEN. NOV.</p> <p>Type species: Aedes (Skusea) iyengari Edwards, 1923.</p> <p>Females</p> <p>Head: Vertex with broad, decumbent scales; occiput with number of short, erect forked scales; vertex normally with few semi-erect, forked scales posterior to ocular setae; ocular line narrow; eyes above antennal pedicels contiguous; antennal pedicel with few small, broad scales and short, slender setae on mesal surface; clypeus bare; maxillary palpus dark-scaled with pale scales distally (pale scales absent in Pe. whartoni (Mattingly) and Pe. punctipes (Edwards)); proboscis dark-scaled, longer than forefemur.</p> <p>Thorax: Scutum with at least posterior 0.25 densely covered with broad scales including entire prescutellar area and extending anteriorly over supraalar area; scutellum entirely covered with broad, overlapping, dark scales; acrostichal (anterior and posterior) and dorsocentral (anterior and posterior) areas without setae; paratergite with pale scales; antepronota widely separated, with broad scales, some species also with narrow scales, setae present; postpronotum with broad scales, some species also with narrow scales, posterior setae present; postspiracular area without scales, setae present; subspiracular area with broad, pale scales; upper proepisternum with broad, pale scales and 3–6 setae, lower proepisternal area bare; prealar area with scales present or absent, setae present; mesokatepisternum with upper and lower posterior patches of broad, pale scales, upper and lower posterior setae present; mesepimeron with single large patch of broad, pale scales, upper and 2 or 3 lower setae present (lower setae absent in Pe. whartoni).</p> <p>Wing: Dark-scaled, with pale-scaled patch at base of costa; upper calypter with several setae on margin; alula with row of dark scales on posterior margin and few moderately broad to broad, dark scales above marginal scales; dorsal tertiary fringe scales dark; remigium with 2 or 3 setae on dorsal surface distally.</p> <p>Legs: Anteprocoxal membrane bare; postprocoxal membrane with broad, pale scales (absent in Pe. whartoni); femora with preapical, pale-scaled band and pale scales at apex; tibiae with several median, pale-scaled bands or spots (absent in Pe. whartoni); hindtarsus with tarsomere 1 with pale-scaled basal and apical spots and 2 median bands (median palescaled bands absent in Pe. whartoni); fore-, mid- and hindungues equal, simple.</p> <p>Abdomen: Tergum I with dorsobasal, median, palescaled patch (absent in Pe. whartoni) and broad, pale scales on laterotergite; segment VII laterally compressed.</p> <p>Genitalia: Tergum VIII moderately pigmented, with numerous broad scales, apex broadly rounded or flat; sternum VIII moderately pigmented, with numerous broad scales, apex sloping from apicolateral corners to midline (Pe. whartoni with moderately deep, median emargination separating broadly, rounded lobes), base nearly straight, seta 2-S inserted lateral to seta 1-S; tergum IX comprised of single, moderately pigmented sclerite, width greater than length, apex with median, emargination separating rounded lobe on each side, each bearing 1–6 short setae (rarely 1 lobe without setae); postgenital lobe with apex rounded or with shallow, median emargination, setae on distal part; upper vaginal sclerite moderately pigmented, moderately large; without lower vaginal sclerite; insula tongue-like, with 2–4 tuberculi on distal area, without setae; cercus moderately long, moderately wide, apex broadly rounded, without scales; 3 spermathecal capsules, 1 large and 2 slightly smaller.</p> <p>Males</p> <p>Head: Antenna with distal 2 flagellomeres disproportionally long, remainder of flagellomeres short with numerous long setae directed primarily dorsally and ventrally; maxillary palpus with 5 palpomeres, palpomeres 4 and 5 relatively short, slightly downturned, with only few short setae, palpomere 5 with pale scales at least basally (dark-scaled in Pe. whartoni); proboscis dark-scaled with narrow, pale-scaled band distal to midlength (entirely dark-scaled in Pe. whartoni).</p> <p>Legs: Fore- and midungues unequal, larger unguis with one tooth (simple on midunguis of Pe. franciscoi (Mattingly)); hindungues equal, simple.</p> <p>Abdomen: Terga with few short setae laterally.</p> <p>Genitalia: Tergum IX with posterior margin bearing pair of broadly rounded lobes each with 8–15 moderately long, slender setae; gonocoxite moderately long, relatively wide, numerous long setae on lateral surface and outer area of dorsal surface, numerous broad scales on lateral, ventral and outer areas of dorsal surface, dorsal surface with several short, moderately flattened setae on distal area of mesal margin (absent in Pe. whartoni), ventral surface with small patch of long setae on proximal area of mesal margin (less developed in Pe. franciscoi), gonostylus attached at apex of gonocoxite, relatively broad especially on distal part, single gonostylar claw attached pre- apically on gonostylus; aedeagus comprised of 2 moderately long, lateral sclerites each with several elongate, lateral teeth extending from base to apex, with membranous, dorsal flap covering proximal part; proctiger relatively short, without cercal setae; claspette comprised of small, short, basal plaque bearing several short setae; sternum IX with one to several short to moderately long setae on posterior area.</p> <p>Pupae</p> <p>Trumpet: Relatively short, broad distally (long and narrow in Pe. whartoni); tracheoid area weakly developed at base.</p> <p>Cephalothorax: Setae 1,3-CT similarly developed; 6-CT single, much shorter than 7-CT; 11-CT longer than 12-CT; 11,12-CT single.</p> <p>Abdomen: Seta 1-II short, with 2 branches (rarely with 3 branches); 3-II,III long, single; 6-VII inserted mesal and posterior to 9-VII; 9-VIII with 2–5 branches, aciculate.</p> <p>Paddle: Apical margin rounded or with very shallow, median emargination (broadly rounded in Pe. whartoni); midrib extends to or near apex of paddle; fringe of hair-like spicules on outer and inner margins (absent in Pe. whartoni); seta 1-Pa short, single (branched in Pe. whartoni).</p> <p>Fourth-instar larvae</p> <p>Head: Seta 1-C single, relatively slender; 4-C short to moderately long, with 12–19 branches, inserted mesal and slightly posterior to 6-C; 5-C long, single, inserted posterior to 4,6,7-C; 7-C moderately long, with 3–8 branches; 12-C branched, inserted mesal to 13-C; 13-C single, longer than 12-C; 14-C short, single; 19-C absent; antenna short, without spicules (long with few spicules in Pe. whartoni).</p> <p>Thorax: Setae 1–3-P not inserted on common setal support plate, 1-P&gt; 2-P&gt; 3-P length; 5,7-P branched; 6-P single, longer than 5,7-P; 5-M single, noticeably longer than 6,7-M; 2,6-T single.</p> <p>Abdomen: Seta 6-I–V with 2 long, stout, aciculate branches; 7-I long, single or 2-branched; 12-I absent; 8-II with 2 or 3 branches; 1-VII noticeably longer than dorsal length of saddle; 2,4-VIII single; segment X with saddle incomplete ventrally, acus absent, seta 1-X long, single, inserted on posteroventral area of saddle, 2-X long, single, 3-X moderately long, with 3–5 branches, ventral brush with several long setae with 2–4 branches, inserted on grid with transverse bars, 2 short, branched, precratal setae.</p> <p>Siphon: Relatively short (long in Pe. whartoni), acus absent; pecten with several spines; seta 1-S single, inserted distal to pecten.</p> <p>Included species</p> <p>Petermattinglyius franciscoi, Pe. iyengari, Pe. punctipes, Pe. scanloni (Reinert) and Pe. whartoni.</p> <p>Distribution</p> <p>Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Singapore and Thailand.</p> <p>Bionomics</p> <p>Immature stages are normally found in bamboo (pots, stumps, internodes, etc.) and occasionally in tree holes or holes in logs (Reinert, 1970). Females have been collected biting humans, in human-baited traps, in light traps and resting in houses.</p> <p>Discussion</p> <p>See Reinert (1970) for descriptions and illustrations (*) of known stages for species of Petermattinglyius, i.e. Pe. franciscoi (♀ *, ♂ *, ♂ g*, P*, L*), Pe. iyengari (♀ *, ♂ *, ♂ g*, P*, L*), Pe. scanloni (♀ *, ♂ *, ♂ g*), and Pe. whartoni (♀ *, ♂ *, ♂ g*, P*, L*). The female of Pe. punctipes is described by Edwards (1921). Female genitalia of Pe. franciscoi and Pe. iyengari are partially described and illustrated by Mattingly (1959). Species of the genus are divided between two subgenera (see below). Additional descriptive information is provided in Appendix 1 for species included in the analysis.</p> <p>Etymology</p> <p>Petermattinglyius is named in honour of Dr Peter Frederick Mattingly in recognition of his many important contributions to the taxonomy of family Culicidae. The generic name is masculine, formed from his first name, surname and the Latin suffix ‘- ius ’. Recommended abbreviation = Pe.</p> <p>PETERMATTINGLYIUS SUBGENUS AGLAONOTUS REINERT, HARBACH &amp; KITCHING, SUBGEN. NOV.</p> <p>Type species: Aedes (Diceromyia) whartoni Mattingly, 1965.</p> <p>Females</p> <p>Head: Maxillary palpus dark-scaled.</p> <p>Thorax: Prealar knob without scales; mesepimeron without lower setae.</p> <p>Legs: Postprocoxal membrane bare; tibiae without pale-scaled, median bands or spots; hindtarsomere 1 without pale-scaled, median bands.</p> <p>Abdomen: Terga IV–VI with dorsal surface dark-scaled.</p> <p>Genitalia: Posterior margin of sternum VIII with moderate, median emargination separating broadly rounded lobes; IX-Te index 0.72; Ce/dorsal PGL index 2.30.</p> <p>Males</p> <p>Head: Maxillary palpus and proboscis dark-scaled.</p> <p>Genitalia: Dorsal surface of gonocoxite without short, moderately flattened setae on distal area of mesal surface; gonostylar claw relatively short.</p> <p>Pupae</p> <p>Trumpet: Long and narrow throughout length.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FA87AC156FD605B499FE07FD481CEE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Reinert, John F.;Harbach, Ralph E.;Kitching, Ian J.	Reinert, John F., Harbach, Ralph E., Kitching, Ian J. (2009): Phylogeny and classification of tribe Aedini (Diptera: Culicidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 157 (4): 700-794, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00570.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00570.x
03FA87AC1576D605B737FED2FA931BBB.text	03FA87AC1576D605B737FED2FA931BBB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Petermattinglyius Reinert, Harbach & Kitching 2009	<div><p>PETERMATTINGLYIUS SUBGENUS PETERMATTINGLYIUS</p> <p>REINERT, HARBACH &amp; KITCHING, SUBGEN. NOV.</p> <p>Females</p> <p>Head: Maxillary palpus dark-scaled and normally with pale scales distally.</p> <p>Thorax: Prealar knob with scales; mesepimeron with 2 or 3 lower setae.</p> <p>Legs: Postprocoxal membrane with broad scales; tibiae with 3 or more pale-scaled, median bands or spots; hindtarsomeres 1 with 2 pale-scaled, median bands.</p> <p>Abdomen: Terga IV–VI usually with pale-scaled patches on dorsal surface.</p> <p>Genitalia: Sternum VIII with posterior margin sloping from apicolateral corners to midline; IX-Te index 0.26–0.50; Ce/dorsal PGL index 2.77–3.00.</p> <p>Males</p> <p>Head: Maxillary palpus with at least pale scales basally on palpomere 5; proboscis with narrow, palescaled band distal to midlength.</p> <p>Genitalia: Dorsal surface of gonocoxite with several short, moderately flattened setae on distal part of mesal surface; gonostylar claw relatively long.</p> <p>Pupae</p> <p>Trumpet: Relatively short, broad distally.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FA87AC1576D605B737FED2FA931BBB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Reinert, John F.;Harbach, Ralph E.;Kitching, Ian J.	Reinert, John F., Harbach, Ralph E., Kitching, Ian J. (2009): Phylogeny and classification of tribe Aedini (Diptera: Culicidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 157 (4): 700-794, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00570.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00570.x
03FA87AC1575D606B4B6FE91FACA1B95.text	03FA87AC1575D606B4B6FE91FACA1B95.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Stegomyia Theobald 1901	<div><p>STEGOMYIA THEOBALD SUBGENUS STEGOMYIA</p> <p>Type species: Culex aegypti Linnaeus, 1762 = Culex fasciatus Fabricius, 1805.</p> <p>Subgenus Stegomyia of genus Stegomyia is herein restricted to the species included in the Aegypti Group of Huang (2004). Huang (2004) provided a diagnosis for the subgenus (as Aegypti Group) that included male and female characters (page 15), a key to adults (pages 22–24), a key to male genitalia (pages 30–31), partial illustrations of the adults (figs 1–3), and an illustration of the male genitalia of St. aegypti (fig. 35). Additional information on the type species of the subgenus, St. aegypti, is provided by Christophers (1960) (biology of the species), Ross &amp; Horsfall (1965), Matsuo et al. (1974b) and Linley (1989) (description and illustration of the egg), Belkin (1962) (illustrations of male genitalia, pupa and fourth-instar larva), Mattingly (1965) (descriptions, illustrations and discussion of subspecies and varieties), Tanaka et al. (1979) (descriptions and illustrations of the female, male and genitalia, and fourth-instar larva), Huang (1979) (illustrations of the female genitalia, male and genitalia, pupa and fourth-instar larva), Reinert (2000g) (description and illustration of the female genitalia) and Appendix 1 of the present paper.</p> <p>Included species</p> <p>Stegomyia aegypti aegypti, St. aegypti formosa (Walker) and St. mascarensis (MacGregor).</p> <p>STEGOMYIA THEOBALD SUBGENUS XYELE REINERT, HARBACH &amp; KITCHING, SUBGEN. NOV.</p> <p>Type species: Stegomyia desmotes Giles, 1904.</p> <p>Subgenus Xyele includes the species placed in the Desmotes Subgroup of Huang (1977a). The subgroup was described on pages 25–26 and this taxonomic information now forms the description of the subgenus. Additional character information in support of the subgenus is provided in Appendix 1 of the present paper. Huang (1977a) included a description of the type species of the subgenus, i.e. male, male genitalia, female, female genitalia, pupa and fourth-instar larva, illustrations of the male, male genitalia, female, female genitalia, pupa and fourth-instar larva, and information on distribution, bionomics and a taxonomic discussion. Information and illustrations were also provided by Mattingly (1965). Reinert (2000g) illustrated the female genitalia of St. desmotes and provided a description of the female genitalia for the subgenus (as Desmotes Assemblage). Matsuo et al. (1974) described and illustrated the egg.</p> <p>Included species</p> <p>Stegomyia desmotes.</p> <p>Etymology</p> <p>Xyele is derived from the Greek noun xyele (masculine) meaning a kind of dagger, a tool for scraping wood. The name is masculine and refers to the spikelike or dagger-like gonostylar claw of the male genitalia, which is unique among Oriental Stegomyia. Recommended abbreviation for Xyele = Xye.</p> <p>STEGOMYIA THEOBALD SUBGENUS ZOROMORPHUS REINERT, HARBACH &amp; KITCHING, SUBGEN. NOV.</p> <p>Type species: Aedes (Stegomyia) futunae Belkin, 1962.</p> <p>Subgenus Zoromorphus includes a single species, St. futunae, described and illustrated by Belkin (1962: 455–456, female, male, male genitalia, pupa and fourth-instar larva; figs 327 and 328, male genitalia, pupa and fourth-instar larva). The description of the type species now forms the description of the subgenus. Additional character information in support of the subgenus is provided in Appendix 1 of the present paper. Belkin (1962) also provided information on distribution and bionomics, and a taxonomic discussion in which he stated ‘ A. futunae is a very clearly marked species in all stages’.</p> <p>Included species</p> <p>Stegomyia futunae.</p> <p>Etymology</p> <p>Zoromorphus is Latinized from the Greek zoros (masculine adjective), meaning pure, sheer, and morphe (feminine noun), meaning form, figure, shape. The name is masculine and is in reference to its distinction as a monobasic lineage known only from the Horne Islands of the South Pacific. Recommended abbreviation for subgenus Zoromorphus = Zor.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FA87AC1575D606B4B6FE91FACA1B95	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Reinert, John F.;Harbach, Ralph E.;Kitching, Ian J.	Reinert, John F., Harbach, Ralph E., Kitching, Ian J. (2009): Phylogeny and classification of tribe Aedini (Diptera: Culicidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 157 (4): 700-794, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00570.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00570.x
