identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03FCAB58870EFF89FF53FF93D089F9DD.text	03FCAB58870EFF89FF53FF93D089F9DD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parapolybia escalerae (Meade-Waldo 1911)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Species:  Parapolybia escalerae (Meade-Waldo, 1911)</p>
            <p>(Fig. 1)</p>
            <p> Polybia escalerae Meade-Waldo, 1911: 109 , Female.— Iran </p>
            <p>
                 Specimen examined and its distribution in Kurdistan-Iraq:   
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 45.766045/lat 34.949528)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=45.766045&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=34.949528">Kanizhalla village</a>
                 (34.949526 N, 45.766046 E)   5 F,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 45.948147/lat 35.634937)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=45.948147&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=35.634937">Penjwen</a>
                 (35.634938 N, 45.948148 E)   3 F,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 45.695633/lat 35.086872)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=45.695633&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=35.086872">Darbandikhan</a>
                 (35.086871 N, 45.695632 E)   1 F,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 45.377716/lat 35.276764)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=45.377716&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=35.276764">Qara Dagh</a>
                 (35.276764 N, 45.377715 E)   1 F,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 44.974827/lat 35.79559)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=44.974827&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=35.79559">Dokan</a>
                 (35.795588 N, 44.974828 E)   4 F,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 44.8769/lat 36.616657)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=44.8769&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=36.616657">Choman</a>
                 (36.616656 N, 44.876900 E)   9 F,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 45.254974/lat 36.211575)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=45.254974&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=36.211575">Halsho</a>
                 (36.211574 N, 45.254974 E)   1 F, and  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 44.796032/lat 36.32102)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=44.796032&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=36.32102">Ranya</a>
                 (36.321017 N, 44.796033 E) 3 F. 
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            <p>General distribution: Eastern (Iran, Pakistan) and Western Palaearctic (Turkey) (Yildirim &amp; Kojima, 1999; Rahmani et al., 2020).</p>
            <p> The wasps were observed in colonies and building nests, while some adults were recorded singly in previous studies (Fig. 2a). Although Kemal &amp; Koçak (2015) observed eight individuals on wet ground, this did not indicate nesting or colony behavior. Nests were observed in rock cliffs, in old ruined houses, and under rocks and soil. Saito et al. (2015) observed nests from five of the nine species within the  Parapolybia indica species group. Although  P. escalerae nests are basically similar to these other species, we observed that  P. escalerae collect sugary substances in their nests, which local people harvest as food mainly in September and October (Fig. 2b). It is treated like honey and is more expensive than honeybee honey. All the captured specimens in this study were female. We think that their social life imposes much more responsibility on the females than the males, so they were much more abundant in the field. The adults are common and can be easily collected, particularly near water sources in summer (Fig. 1), but their biology, behavior, and food products are still poorly understood and need further study. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FCAB58870EFF89FF53FF93D089F9DD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	K. Ali, Wand;Ameen, Sirwan M.;Ahmed, Soran H.	K. Ali, Wand, Ameen, Sirwan M., Ahmed, Soran H. (2023): New Record and Observations of Parapolybia escalerae (Meade-Waldo, 1911) (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Polistinae) in Kurdistan, Iraq. Zootaxa 5230 (1): 97-100, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5230.1.8
