taxonID	type	description	language	source
03FF2C63FF98FF9A2ED97D92FCDE77DB.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE GENUS. — Axius Leach, 1815, by original designation.	en	Ngoc-Ho, Nguyen (2003): European and Mediterranean Thalassinidea (Crustacea, Decapoda). Zoosystema 25 (3): 439-555, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5402949
03FF2C63FF98FF9A2ED97D92FCDE77DB.taxon	discussion	REMARKS Recent major works dealing with axiids include: Sakai & de Saint Laurent 1989; Kensley 1989; Poore 1994 (as part of the phylogeny of the Thalassinidea families); Sakai 1994. Examination of European materials supports the view of Kensley (1989) and Poore (1994) rather than those of Sakai & de Saint Laurent (1989) and Sakai (1994) in resurrecting the family Calocariidae Ortmann, 1891. In this family of hermaphrodites, the appendix masculina is presumably fused to the median portion of the Plp 2 endopod which is densely setose or spinose mesially. The distal portion of the Plp 2 endopod is large, and similar to that of the exopod, in Calocaris macandreae (Fig. 7 D); it is less defined in Calastacus laevis (Fig. 5 I). This work does not give as much importance as did Sakai & de Saint Laurent (1989) to the thoracic sternite of P 4 since its morphology does not vary much in the species studied, except for the presence of a spine on the lateral border (Fig. 1 I), and in its size. These are indicated in the diagnosis. A species probably not belonging to the European fauna but often mentioned in the past, Coralaxius nodulosus (Meinert, 1877) (better known as Axius nodulosus Meinert, 1877), is briefly treated.	en	Ngoc-Ho, Nguyen (2003): European and Mediterranean Thalassinidea (Crustacea, Decapoda). Zoosystema 25 (3): 439-555, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5402949
03FF2C63FF97FF952F3E79F3FF6972C8.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE SPECIES. — Axius stirhynchus Leach, 1815 by monotypy.	en	Ngoc-Ho, Nguyen (2003): European and Mediterranean Thalassinidea (Crustacea, Decapoda). Zoosystema 25 (3): 439-555, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5402949
03FF2C63FF97FF952F3E79F3FF6972C8.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS. — Rostrum triangular, margin armed, extending to gastric region. Anterolateral margin of carapace unarmed. Gastric region slightly convex; one short median and two short submedian carinae present; cervical groove well defined to whole length. Abdominal pleura ventrally rounded, that of somite 2 broadest, that of somites 3 - 5 with lateral tufts of setae. Telson longer than wide with dorsal spines; posterior border convex with median spine. Eyestalk subglobose, cornea pigmented; antennal acicle large. Mx 2 scaphognathite with long setae on posterior lobe. Mxp 3 endopod pediform, with prominent toothed crest on ischium, P 1 unequal; P 2 chelate; P 5 subchelate. Exopod on Mxp 1 - 3; single epipod on Mxp 1 - 3 and P 1 - 4; single podobranch on Mxp 2, Mxp 3 and P 1 - 3; single rudimentary arthrobranch on Mxp 2, paired arthrobranch on Mxp 3 and P 1 - 4; single pleurobranch on P 1 - 5 (small on P 5, sometimes a rudiment). Male Plp 1 uniramous, unsegmented, female Plp 1 uniramous, two-segmented; male Plp 2 biramous with appendix interna and appendix masculina, female Plp 2 biramous with appendix interna. Uropodal exopod with inconspicuous transverse suture near posterior border.	en	Ngoc-Ho, Nguyen (2003): European and Mediterranean Thalassinidea (Crustacea, Decapoda). Zoosystema 25 (3): 439-555, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5402949
03FF2C63FF97FF912EDB7A97FF6675DB.taxon	description	(Figs 1; 2)	en	Ngoc-Ho, Nguyen (2003): European and Mediterranean Thalassinidea (Crustacea, Decapoda). Zoosystema 25 (3): 439-555, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5402949
03FF2C63FF97FF912EDB7A97FF6675DB.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE MATERIAL. — Lectotype: Plymouth, Devonshire, south coast of England, dried (figured by Leach 1815) (NHML 261 b); paralectotype: Sidmouth, Devonshire, 1 dried (NHML 261 a), by present designation. MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Great Britain. Plymouth, Devonshire, lectotype cl. 20.5 mm, tl. 70.5 mm (NHML 261 b); Sidmouth, Devonshire, paralectotype cl. 10.5 mm, tl. 33 mm (NHML 261 a). France. English Channel, French coast, Pointe du Château, N of Tréguier (Côtes d’Armor), intertidal, P. Noël coll., 28. II. 1994, 1 cl. 22.5 mm, tl. 70 mm, 1 cl. 20.5 mm, tl. 63.5 mm (figured) (MNHN Th 1322); P. Noël and C. d’Udekem d’Acoz coll., 27. II. 1994, 1 cl. 14 mm (MNHN Th 1408). — Cherbourg, dredge, in mud, S. Godefroy coll., 11. XI. 2001, 1 cl. 21 mm, tl. 64 mm (MNHN Th 1414). — Dinard, Baron de St Joseph coll., 2 cl. 20 mm, tl. 61.5 and 62 mm (figured) (MNHN Th 151). — St-Vaast-la-Hougue, Bouvier coll., 1 damaged ovigerous (MNHN Th 150). — Bay of Mont- St-Michel, Y. Gruet coll., 24. IV. 1967, 1 cl. 9 mm (MNHN Th 611). — Locality?, Gruet coll., 31. I. 1968, 1 cl. 7.5 mm (MNHN Th 606); Gruet coll., 13. XII. 1966, 1 cl. 8.5 mm (MNHN Th 608); Gruet coll., 8. VIII. 1962, 1 young cl. 7 mm (MNHN Th 624). — Gruet coll., locality, date?, 1 cl. 12.5 mm (MNHN Th 627). — North coast of Brittany, Bourdon coll., 1 broken cl. 15 mm (MNHN Th 540). Atlantic, Chausey Island, under rock, intertidal, A. Crosnier, B. Richer de Forges, R. Manning coll., 28. VIII. 1992, 1 young cl. 13 mm, tl. 36 mm (figured) (MNHN Th 1321); J. - C. Hureau and C. Ozouf coll., 28. III. 1994, 1 cl. 14.5 mm (MNHN Th 1409). — West of Chausey Island, under rocks, A. Crosnier, B. Richer de Forges, P. Clark, R. Manning coll., 28. VIII. 1992, 1 (NHML 1992.1344). DISTRIBUTION. — Atlantic: southwest of Scotland (Allen 1967), Ireland (Selbie 1914; O’Céidigh 1962), southwest of North Sea (d’Udekem d’Acoz 1996). English Channel, English coast (Norman 1868; Leach 1815; Norman & Scott 1906; Gordon 1957); English Channel, French coast (Martin 2001). Atlantic: Chausey Island; French coast of the Bay of Biscay (Delphy & Magne 1938);? Atlantic coast of Morocco (Beaubrun 1979). Mediterranean: south of Catalonia (Gibert i Olivé 1920), Banyuls (Thiriot 1976), Nice (Holthuis 1977), bay of Naples (Caroli 1921 a), Adriatic (Dworschak 1992; Kurian 1956), Aegean sea (Drensky 1951). A distribution map was presented by d’Udekem d’Acoz (1996). DIAGNOSIS Rostrum (Fig. 1 D) with blunt apex, four to six small round teeth on lateral margin, latter continued posteriorly to unarmed lateral carina. Eye with cornea rounded, well pigmented. Gastric region slightly convex, cervical groove present to whole length; median carina terminating distally near tip of rostrum, posteriorly near anterior third of gastric region, two short submedian carinae. Abdominal pleuron 1 pointed ventrally in young specimens (Fig. 1 A) rounded in large ones; pleuron 2 broadest, pleura 3 - 5 with lateral tufts of setae; thoracic sternite of P 4 unarmed or with minute lateral spine (Fig. 1 I). Telson (Fig. 1 E) slightly longer than wide, pair of dorsal spines on posterior half, convex posterior border with median spine. A 2 acicle large (Fig. 1 K) reaching middle of fourth article of peduncle. Md (Fig. 1 H) cutting edge smooth. Mx 1 (Fig. 1 F) endopod with distal article sickle-shaped; Mx 2 (Fig. 1 G) scaphognathite bearing pair of long posterior setae. Mxp 1 (Fig. 2 A) endopod slender, exopod with distal flagellum, epipod with large posterior lobe. Mxp 2 (Fig. 2 B) exopod with distal flagellum overreaching distal border of merus. Mxp 3 (Fig. 2 C) endopod carrying prominent ischial toothed crest (Fig. 2 D), one or two lower distal spines on merus; exopod with distal flagellum. P 1 (Fig. 1 B, C) slightly stouter in male than in female, unequal; larger cheliped with fixed finger and dactylus both bearing triangular tooth near middle of cutting edge; smaller cheliped with fixed finger bearing round and acute teeth on cutting edge, dactylus unarmed. P 2 (Fig. 2 H) chelate, fixed finger and dactylus with pectinate cutting edge. P 3 (Fig. 2 I), P 4 (Fig. 2 J) simple, latter with small spiniform setae on lateral surface of propodus and dactylus. P 5 (Fig. 2 K) subchelate. Male Plp 1 (Fig. 2 E) small, unsegmented; male Plp 2 (Fig. 2 F) with appendix interna and appendix masculina. Female Plp 1 (Fig. 1 L) two-segmented; female Plp 2 (Fig. 1 M) with appendix interna. Male and female Plp 3 - 5 (Fig. 2 G) with appendix interna. Uropod (Fig. 1 E) endopod and exopod about as long as telson with spinules on lateral external border, an unconspicuous suture near posterior border of exopod. Colour General colour: pale reddish-brown (Bell 1846). Dull pink (d’Udekem d’Acoz pers. comm.); a colour photograph is presented in d’Udekem d’Acoz (1999: cover). Size Largest specimens in material examined: cl. 20.5 - 22.5 mm, tl. 63.5 - 70 mm. Largest size reported: tl. 72 mm (Selbie 1914; Moyse & Smaldon 1990). ECOLOGY AND BIOLOGY This species is known as difficult of capture as it retreats to its burrows when disturbed (d’Udekem d’Acoz 1995). It occurs intertidally from Fucus serratus zone to about 34 m depth where it burrows in coarse muddy sand with the entrance often hidden under a large rock (d’Udekem d’Acoz 1995, 1999). It is rare in the Atlantic, uncommon in the British Isles (Moyse & Smaldon 1990), very rare in the Mediterranean. It is found in Plymouth under stone in mud where its larvae occur in the plankton in summer and early autumn (Gordon 1957). The species spawns at Roscoff, France, in July and August (Schlegel 1912). Larvae are rare in the plankton of Roscoff but are more frequent in Banyuls, France, in summer (Thiriot 1976), and common in July-September, off the French coasts of the English Channel (Martin 2001). The branchial morphology, gill area and gill ultrastructure were dealt with by Astall et al. (1997 b); the diet by Pinn et al. (1998 b); the gut morphology and gut microflora by Pinn et al. (1999 a); mouth part setal fringes by Pinn et al. (1999 b). REMARKS An amendation to stirhynchus of the original incorrect spelling stirynchus was proposed to the ICZN by Holthuis (1962) and validated under the plenary powers (ICZN 1964). The species has been quoted by several authors as having no suture on the uropod exopod. A suture actually exists, as revealed by Bouvier (1940) and Sakai & de Saint Laurent (1989) but is often inconspicuous and placed near the posterior bor- der of the exopod. An illustration of this species from Nice in Risso’s manuscript notes, under the name Callianassa bisulcata, was discussed by Monod (1931) and Holthuis (1977). Both contended that Risso’s figure (fig. f) could hardly represent any other species in the area than Axius stirhynchus. The telson, correctly depicted with a convex posterior border and a pair of dorsal spines, confirms this view.	en	Ngoc-Ho, Nguyen (2003): European and Mediterranean Thalassinidea (Crustacea, Decapoda). Zoosystema 25 (3): 439-555, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5402949
03FF2C63FF93FF922EC57DE7FC4375FB.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE SPECIES. — Euconaxius coronatus Trybom, 1904, subsequent designation by Sakai & de Saint Laurent (1989).	en	Ngoc-Ho, Nguyen (2003): European and Mediterranean Thalassinidea (Crustacea, Decapoda). Zoosystema 25 (3): 439-555, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5402949
03FF2C63FF93FF922EC57DE7FC4375FB.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS. — Rostrum slender, triangular, pointed at tip; margin carrying a row of teeth and continuous backward to lateral carina of gastric region. Anterolateral margin of carapace usually unarmed. Gastric region convex with one median and two submedian carinae; cervical groove present to whole length. Abdominal pleura rounded ventrally, lacking lateral tufts of setae. Telson subsquare or longer than wide, with slight dorsal carinae; posterior border convex bearing median spinule. Eyestalk subglobose, pigmented or not; antennal acicle prominent, elongated. Mx 2 scaphognathite bearing pair of long posterior setae. P 1 unequal, P 2 chelate, P 3 - 5 simple. Exopod on Mxp 1 - 3; single epipods on Mxp 1 - 3 and P 1 - 4; single rudimentary podobranch on Mxp 3 and P 1 - 3; paired arthrobranch on Mxp 3 and P 1 - 4. Male Plp 1 absent, female Plp 1 uniramous; male Plp 2 slender, biramous, with appendix interna and appendix masculina, female Plp 2 with appendix interna. Uropodal exopod with transverse suture.	en	Ngoc-Ho, Nguyen (2003): European and Mediterranean Thalassinidea (Crustacea, Decapoda). Zoosystema 25 (3): 439-555, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5402949
03FF2C63FF93FF922EC57DE7FC4375FB.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE MATERIAL. — Whereabouts unknown. MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Norway. Nordfjord, 556 - 578 m, T. Brattegard leg., 18. VI. 1983, 2, 4 (1 ovig. cl. 13.5 mm, tl. 40 mm) (SMF 11835). North Sea. Skagerrak, N Skagen, 320 m, F. S. Alkor coll., 22. VII. 1987, 1 ovig. cl. 17 mm, tl. 49 mm (SMF 19774); S Arendal, 441 - 448 m, F. S. Valdivia, 25. II. 1987, 1 damaged spec. (SMF 25687). Sweden. W coast, Kosterfjord, Sv. Hydr. Kom. Expedition, 220 - 230 m, F. Trybom coll., 12. VIII. 1901, 1 cl. 14 mm, tl. 43 mm (figured) (SMNH 1186); about 230 m, 6. VII. 1902, 1, 1 (SMNH 1189). — Bohuslan, W of Hållö, 90 fms (162 m), B. Wingård coll., I. 1939, 1 cl. 15.5 mm, tl. 49 mm (figured), 1 cl. 14.5 mm, tl. 44.5 mm (figured), 1 broken cl. 15 mm, tl. 46.5 mm (SMNH 5221). Mediterranean. Alboran Sea, BALGIM Exped., stn CP 127, 35 ° 35.4 ’ N, 3 ° 48.5 ’ W, 720 m, 18. VI. 1984, 1 cl. 5 mm, tl. 14.5 mm (MNHN Th 1179). — Catalan Sea slope, 1 cl. 7 mm, tl. 18.5 mm. DISTRIBUTION. — North Sea, Norway, Sweden, Denmark (Poulsen 1941; Sakai & de Saint Laurent 1989). Mediterranean: Alboran Sea (García Raso 1996), Catalan coast (Cartes et al. 1994). DIAGNOSIS Rostrum (Fig. 3 C) triangular, slender, pointed at tip, reaching beyond eye; lateral rostral margin continuous with lateral carina, together with 11 - 13 spines, smaller distally. Eye nearly reaching middle of rostrum; eyestalk cylindrical, cornea distal, rounded, unpigmented. Gastric region weakly convex, cervical groove well defined; median carina with one or two spines near anterior border of gastric region, submedian carinae with two spines. Pleuron of abdominal somite 1 narrow, ventrally rounded; pleura of somites 2 - 5 ventrally rounded (Fig. 3 A), all unarmed; thoracic sternite of P 4 with minute spine. Telson (Fig. 3 B) 1.3 times as long as proximal width, with denticles on lateral border, pair of slight dorsal carinae diverging distally, each with one or two spinules, posterior margin convex with median spinule. A 2 (Fig. 2 S) acicle large, acute, reaching approximately distal margin of fourth article of peduncle. Md (Fig. 3 K) cutting edge smooth. Mx 1 (Fig. 2 M) endopod with distal article sickle-shaped; Mx 2 (Fig. 2 R) scaphognathite bearing pair of long posterior setae. Mxp 1 (Fig. 3 H) endopod slender, exopod with two-articulate distal flagellum, epipod with truncate posterior lobe. Mxp 2 (Fig. 3 I) exopod with multiarticulate distal flagellum overreaching distal border of merus. Mxp 3 (Fig. 3 J) endopod with three to five lower distal spines on merus; exopod with multiarticulate distal flagellum. P 1 unequal in adult male, subequal in young male and female. Larger P 1 of adult male (Fig. 3 D) stout and spinous, with fingers about onethird as long as palm, dactylus well curved; smaller P 1 of adult male (Fig. 3 E.) as well as both P 1 of young male and female, more slender, laterally compressed, with fingers about as long as palm, dactylus slightly curved. All P 1 with lower distal spine on ischium, two or three upper subdistal spines and one lower median spine on merus, upper spines and spinules on carpus, propodus and dactylus. P 2 (Fig. 3 F) chelate, with lower spine on ischium, one or two lower spines on merus. P 3, P 4 and P 5 (Fig. 3 G) simple. Male Plp 1 absent (with exception); male Plp 2 (Fig. 2 P) with appendix interna and appendix masculina; exopod and endopod slender. Female Plp 1 (Fig. 2 N) of one article, slender; female Plp 2 (Fig. 2 O) with appendix interna. Male and female Plp 3 - 5 (Fig. 2 Q) with appendix interna. Uropod (Fig. 3 B) endopod and exopod about as long as telson; endopod with spine on lateroposterior border and median carina bearing three or four spinules; a suture with spiniform setae near posterior border of exopod. Colour Body and pereopods pale dull brown, eyes brownish white, eggs dark brown (d’Udekem d’Acoz pers. comm.). Size Type material of tl. 21 - 52 mm (Trybom 1904); adult males in present material of cl. 14 - 15.5 mm, tl. 43 - 49 mm; ovigerous females of cl. 13.5 - 17 mm, tl. 40 - 49 mm. Largest size reported: tl. 57 mm (Wollebaek 1909 a; Christiansen 1955), tl. 53 mm (Christiansen 1955). Specimens from the Mediterranean are smaller: cl. 5 mm and 7 mm, tl. 14.5 and 18.5 mm. ECOLOGY AND BIOLOGY The species lives in soft muddy bottom and deep waters, 162 - 578 m (present material), 440 - 460 m in Denmark (Poulsen 1941) or 400 - 424 m in Norway (Wollebaek 1909 a). An extensive study in Norvegian waters by Brattegard (1966) reveals that this species is a mud eater, living in a depth range of 225 - 670 m. It is found together with Calocaris macandreae; the latter dominates in shallow waters while C. coronatus does at depths of 500 m and below. C. coronatus has been collected in sediments of Md <7.6 µm, at temperatures of about 6 - 7.5 ° C and salinity of 35 ‰. Ovigerous females are record- ed from March to November, all from depths exceeding 340 m. Egg-laying occurs during February-March; the eggs are carried for about 10 months and hatch in November-December. The larvae attributed to Calocarides coronatus and described by Elofsson (1959) were obtained from the Korstfjord (western Norway) over a muddy bottom, at 600 m depth. The development presumably includes at least three larval stages. REMARKS This deep water species is likely to be distributed from the north of Europe to the Mediterranean although it has not been reported from the British Isles or the European Atlantic coast so far. The specimens studied by Cartes et al. (1994) and García Raso (1996), though smaller, agree well with those from the north. Cartes (pers. comm.) also stated that C. coronatus was regularly found in Mediterranean waters, always at bathyal depths. In most of the material examined, Plp 1 are absent in males as always previously reported. One exception nevertheless exists and small Plp 1 are present in one specimen figured here (Fig. 3 A). There is uncertainty about the synonymy of Axius (Neaxius) laevis Bouvier, 1915 with Calocarides coronatus as proposed by Sakai & de Saint Laurent (1989: 82). The holotype and only known specimen of the former species is a young female in poor condition, of 20 mm in total length, with a broken rostrum and collected off the Moroccan coast (25 ° 29 ’ N, 18 ° 18 ’ W). It was partly figured (Sakai & de Saint Laurent 1989: fig. 21) but unfortunately is now missing in the MNHN collection. Sakai & de Saint Laurent (1989) stated that “ Bouvier’s species laevis is to be included in coronatus because the dorsal region of the carapace and the abdomen are identical with those of coronatus ”. Yet the original description (Bouvier 1915: 182, 183) and Sakai & de Saint Laurent’s figure (1989: fig. 21 A-D) show several differences: 1) in A 2 peduncle of Axius laevis, the upper distal spine of the second article reaches the middle of the antennal acicle (in C. coronatus, the same upper distal spine reaches one-third of the antennal acicle); 2) in A. laevis, the A 2 acicle is two-thirds as long as the fourth article, the latter terminating approximately at the level of the A 1 peduncle (Sakai & de Saint Laurent 1989: fig. 21 B) (in C. coronatus, the A 2 acicle is about as long or slightly longer than the fourth article, the latter far overreaching the A 1 peduncle, Figs 2 S; 3 C); 3) in the original description or figure by Sakai & de Saint Laurent, there is no mention of submedian carinae and spines (these are present in C. coronatus, Fig. 3 C); and 4) the telson is over 1.5 times as long as wide, with four or five spinules on the lateral border, the subdistal one largest in A. laevis (telson 1.3 times as long as wide in C. coronatus, with no spinule on the lateral border, Fig. 3 B). Also doubtful is the assignement to Calocarides coronatus (“ by geographical reason ”, Sakai & de Saint Laurent 1989: 79) of materials previously identified as Calocarides longispinis (McArdle, 1901) by Stebbing (1910: 367), Barnard (1950: 503, fig. 93 d-f), Kensley (1981: 30), and two males in the MNHN collection. The three former materials were from South Africa while the MNHN specimens (MNHN Th 1044 and 1045) were collected off Namibia (26 ° 26 ’ S, 14 ° 25 ’ E and 20 ° 1 ’ S, 11 ° 38 ’ E respectively). The latter are very similar to specimens of C. coronatus but differ in: 1) their larger size, tl. 72.5 mm and 73 mm; 2) both P 1 are laterally compressed, with upper and lower longitudinal rows of spines and spinules on merus, numerous tubercles on lateral surface; 3) larger P 1 with fingers over two-thirds as long as the palm, dactylus nearly straight; and 4) large acute spines along the carinae of the telson and uropodal endopod.	en	Ngoc-Ho, Nguyen (2003): European and Mediterranean Thalassinidea (Crustacea, Decapoda). Zoosystema 25 (3): 439-555, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5402949
03FF2C63FF90FF922CDE7DB2FBFA7431.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE SPECIES. — Axius nodulosus Meinert, 1877 (= Coralaxius abelei Kensley & Gore, 1982), subsequent designation by Kensley (1994).	en	Ngoc-Ho, Nguyen (2003): European and Mediterranean Thalassinidea (Crustacea, Decapoda). Zoosystema 25 (3): 439-555, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5402949
03FF2C63FF90FF8F2D207CF2FD1C77DB.taxon	discussion	REMARKS This species was first described as Axius nodulosus by Meinert in 1877 from a single specimen of 9 mm in total length from the North Sea off Nymindegab, and has never been discovered again. Stephensen (1910: figs 1 - 4) depicted both P 1, left P 2, P 4 of the type as well as the telson and uropods. Poulsen (1941: 209, fig. 2) reviewed and figured it in detail. Poulsen (1941: 213) believed that the specimen was a postlarva or a grown-up thalassinidean, but differed in one or more characters from all known postlarvae and young thalassinideans in the area. Likewise, no similarities are found between this specimen and the larvae referred to Calocarides coronatus (second stage, tl. 10 mm including rostrum), studied later by Elofsson (1959). Sakai & de Saint Laurent (1989) assigned the species to the genus Coralaxius Kensley & Gore, 1982. Meinert’s specimen resembles the type species of Coralaxius, C. abelei Kensley & Gore, 1982 (from Florida and the Caribbean) in: 1) the short rostrum; 2) the morphology of both major and minor P 1; 3) the morphology of P 2; 4) the biunguiculate P 4; and 5) the telson and uropods (see Stephensen 1910: figs 1 - 5 and Poulsen 1941: fig. 2 as compared with Kensley & Gore 1982: figs 1 - 6 and Kensley 1994: figs 5, 6). Kensley (1994: 814), describing more materials of Coralaxius, considered further that Meinert’s specimen was “ unquestionably a mature male of Coralaxius abelei ” (the species name nodulosus has therefore priority over abelei), that it “ came from the Caribbean and the collection data became confused at some point ”. Kensley’s argument seems convincing, and as C. nodulosus has not been collected again in the North Sea or European waters for over a century, it is likely to be an alien to the European fauna.	en	Ngoc-Ho, Nguyen (2003): European and Mediterranean Thalassinidea (Crustacea, Decapoda). Zoosystema 25 (3): 439-555, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5402949
03FF2C63FF90FF8F2D207CF2FD1C77DB.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS. — Rostral triangular, margin with denticles, short median carina present, lateral carina unarmed. Eye with reduced pigmentation, anteriorly flattened, eyestalk rounded. Antenal acicle as a well developed spike. Mx 2 scaphognathite with long posterior seta. Mxp 3 with toothed crest on mesial surface of ischium. First pereopod chelate, subequal, P 2 chelate, P 3 - 5 simple. Exopod on Mxp 1 - 3; single epipod on Mxp 1 - 3 and P 1 - 4; single podobranch on Mxp 1 - 3 and P 1 - 3; paired arthrobranch on Mxp 3 and P 1 - 4; single pleurobranch on P 2 - 4. Male Plp 1 slightly dilated subdistally, male Plp 2 with appendix interna and appendix masculina. Telson longer than wide, bearing dorsal spines; posterior bor- der convex with median spine. Uropodal exopod with transverse suture.	en	Ngoc-Ho, Nguyen (2003): European and Mediterranean Thalassinidea (Crustacea, Decapoda). Zoosystema 25 (3): 439-555, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5402949
03FF2C63FF90FF8F2D207CF2FD1C77DB.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE MATERIAL. — Holotype:, 50 km NW of Haifa, Israel (NHML 1992: 608). MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Israel. 50 km NW of Haifa, 33 ° 00 ’ N, 34 ° 35 ’ E, 1400 m, B. Galil coll., 17. XII. 1991, 1, holotype, cl. 11 mm, tl. 25.3 mm including rostrum (figured) (NHML 1992: 608).	en	Ngoc-Ho, Nguyen (2003): European and Mediterranean Thalassinidea (Crustacea, Decapoda). Zoosystema 25 (3): 439-555, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5402949
03FF2C63FF90FF8F2D207CF2FD1C77DB.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION. — Mediterranean: Israel (Galil & Clark 1993), Catalan coast (de Saint Laurent pers. comm.), in deep waters: 1400 m (Galil & Clark 1993).	en	Ngoc-Ho, Nguyen (2003): European and Mediterranean Thalassinidea (Crustacea, Decapoda). Zoosystema 25 (3): 439-555, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5402949
03FF2C63FF90FF8F2D207CF2FD1C77DB.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS (partly after Galil & Clark 1993) Rostrum (Fig. 4 B) elongate, triangular, dorsal surface concave, lateral margin with two or three denticles, continuous posteriorly to unarmed lateral carina. Eyestalk less than half rostrum length, cornea unpigmented. Gastric region slightly convex, carrying short, unarmed median carina, cervical groove well defined. Abdominal somites (Fig. 4 A) unarmed, pleura ventrally rounded, pleuron 2 largest. Telson (Fig. 4 G) over 1.6 times as long as proximal width, proximal half with two pairs of dorsal spines; three to five spinules on lateral border, posterior border convex with median spine. A 2 acicle (Fig. 4 B) reaching approximately middle of fourth article of A 2 peduncle. Md, Mx 1, Mx 2 (see Galil & Clark 1993: fig. 2 c, d, e respectively) as figured: Md cutting edge smooth, Mx 1 with sickle-shaped endopod, Mx 2 scaphognathite with long posterior seta. Mxp 1 (Galil & Clark 1993: fig. 3 a, b) with large epipod; exopod bearing distal segmented process tipped with setae. Mxp 2 and Mxp 3 (Galil & Clark 1993: fig. 3 c, d; see also Fig. 4 H, I): Mxp 2 with long and slender exopod, Mxp 3 with prominent toothed crest on mesial surface of ischium, three spines on lower border of ischium and merus, distal largest. P 1 (Fig. 4 C) chelate, subequal. Ischium and merus with spines on lower border, propod with fixed finger nearly as long as palm, cutting edge bearing large and small round teeth; dactylus curved distally with denticles on distal half of cutting edge. P 2 (Fig. 4 D) chelate, unarmed, fixed finger and dactylus with pectinate cutting edge. P 3 - 5 (Fig. 4 E, F) simple, slender. Branchial formula (after Galil & Clark 1993): single epipod on Mxp 1 - 3 and P 1 - 4; single podobranch on Mxp 1 - 3 and P 1 - 3; paired arthrobranch on Mxp 3 and P 1 - 4; single pleurobranch on P 2 - 4. Male Plp 1 (Fig. 4 J) slightly dilated subdistally bearing cluster of minute hooks on mesial border. Male Plp 2 (Fig. 4 K) with appendix interna and appendix masculina. Uropod (Fig. 4 G) about as long as telson, endopod with subdistal spine on lateral border and four or five dorsal spines; exopod with denticules and subdistal spine on lateral border, a suture near posterior border. Colour White (Galil & Clark 1993). Size Holotype of cl. 11 mm, tl. 25.3 mm (Galil & Clark 1993).	en	Ngoc-Ho, Nguyen (2003): European and Mediterranean Thalassinidea (Crustacea, Decapoda). Zoosystema 25 (3): 439-555, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5402949
03FF2C63FF90FF8F2D207CF2FD1C77DB.taxon	discussion	REMARKS As the holotype is the only known specimen and in poor condition, the morphology of mouth appendages and the branchial formula are here given according to Galil & Clark (1993) (unchecked). According to de Saint Laurent (pers. comm.), the material of “ Axiella n. sp. ”, a nomen nudum mentioned by Noël (1992: 80), from the Catalan coast, belongs to this species. It is deposited in the Institut de Ciènces del Mar de Barcelona (Dr Joan Cartes) but is not available for study at present. This material will be treated in a later work, with additional data on ecology and distribution.	en	Ngoc-Ho, Nguyen (2003): European and Mediterranean Thalassinidea (Crustacea, Decapoda). Zoosystema 25 (3): 439-555, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5402949
03FF2C63FF8DFF8F2CDC79F2FC95704B.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE GENUS. — Calocaris Bell, 1846, by original designation.	en	Ngoc-Ho, Nguyen (2003): European and Mediterranean Thalassinidea (Crustacea, Decapoda). Zoosystema 25 (3): 439-555, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5402949
03FF2C63FF8DFF892D167812FB9D71BA.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE SPECIES. — Calastacus stilirostris Faxon, 1893, by monotypy.	en	Ngoc-Ho, Nguyen (2003): European and Mediterranean Thalassinidea (Crustacea, Decapoda). Zoosystema 25 (3): 439-555, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5402949
03FF2C63FF8DFF892D167812FB9D71BA.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS. — Rostrum slender, pointed at tip, margin unarmed and continuous to gastric region. Anterolateral margin of carapace unarmed. Gastric region convex, fine median dorsal carina present, cervical groove well defined dorsally. Telson longer than wide, lacking dorsal carinae; posterior border rounded, median spine absent. Eyestalk short, cornea flattened. Antennal acicle prominent, elongated. P 1 slightly unequal, P 3 and P 5 coxae with gonopore. Hermaphroditic. Exopod on Mxp 1 - 3; single epipod on Mxp 2, Mxp 3 and P 1 - 4; single podobranch (rudiment) on Mxp 3 and P 1 - 3; rudiment of arthrobranch on Mxp 2, paired arthrobranch on Mxp 3 and P 1 - 4. No pleurobranch. Plp 1 uniramous, two-segmented, distal segment spatulate, bearing rudiment of appendix interna. Plp 2 biramous with small appendix interna and with appendix masculina presumably fused to endopod. Uropodal exopod with transverse suture. Calastacus laevis de Saint Laurent, 1972 (Fig. 5)	en	Ngoc-Ho, Nguyen (2003): European and Mediterranean Thalassinidea (Crustacea, Decapoda). Zoosystema 25 (3): 439-555, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5402949
03FF2C63FF8DFF892D167812FB9D71BA.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE MATERIAL. — Holotype: Northern Spain, 43 ° 43.5 ’ N, 4 ° 27 ’ W, hermaphroditic (MNHN Th 152). MATERIAL EXAMINED. — France. Capbreton, south of Bay of Biscay, 43 ° 37,78 ’ N, 1 ° 43,91 ’ W, NO Côtes de la Manche, CNRS-INSU, stn K, 639 - 645 m, mud, SEDICAN I Exp., 20. V. 2000, 1 spec. damaged cl. 10 mm (Sorbe, personal collection). Northern Spain. 43 ° 43.5 ’ N, 4 ° 27 ’ W, 950 - 1000 m, mud, Thalassa Exp., stn 377, 7. X. 1970, 1 spec. cl. 14.5 mm, tl. 39 mm, holotype, right P 1, P 2 present (MNHN Th 152).	en	Ngoc-Ho, Nguyen (2003): European and Mediterranean Thalassinidea (Crustacea, Decapoda). Zoosystema 25 (3): 439-555, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5402949
03FF2C63FF8DFF892D167812FB9D71BA.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION AND ECOLOGY. — Bay of Biscay, SW France, northern Spain, in mud, 639 - 1000 m.	en	Ngoc-Ho, Nguyen (2003): European and Mediterranean Thalassinidea (Crustacea, Decapoda). Zoosystema 25 (3): 439-555, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5402949
03FF2C63FF8DFF892D167812FB9D71BA.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS (from de Saint Laurent 1972) Carapace (Fig. 5 C) laterally compressed, dorsally rounded; cervical groove weakly defined dorsally, very faint on sides. Rostrum (Fig. 5 B) slender, lateral margin unarmed, continuous posteriorly to short lateral carina bearing large spine at base. Fine dorsal carina from base of rostrum to cervical groove with faint tubercle near anterior third. Abdominal somites (Fig. 5 A) unarmed, pleura rounded ventrally, third somite largest; thoracic sternite of P 4 with minute spine. Telson (Fig. 5 A) about 1.5 times as long as wide, unarmed, posterior border rounded. Eye hardly mobile (Fig. 5 B) nearly fused to carapace, cornea slightly flattened anteriorly, unpigment- ed. A 2 acicle slender, reaching approximately middle of fourth article of A 2 peduncle. Mxp 2 (Fig. 5 F) as figured. Mxp 3 (Fig. 5 G) with two lower distal spines on merus. Right P 1 (Fig. 5 D) long and stout. Merus with five lower spines, larger distally, and upper subdistal spine. Carpus unarmed. Propodus with upper subdistal spine; external surface of palm with spinule behind articulation with dactylus. Fixed finger and dactylus about as long as palm, strongly curved at tip. P 2 (Fig. 5 E) much smaller than P 1, unarmed. Gonopores wide open on coxae of P 3 and P 5. Branchial formula (from de Saint Laurent 1972): single epipod on Mxp 2, Mxp 3 and P 1 - 4; single podobranch (rudiment) on Mxp 3 and P 1 - 3; rudiment of arthrobranch on Mxp 2, paired arthrobranch on Mxp 3 and P 1 - 4. Plp 1 (Fig. 5 H) of two articles, distal dilated with bunch of minute hooks on mesioproximal border representing vestigial appendix interna. Plp 2 (Fig. 5 I) endopod of two articles with short appendix interna articulated at base of second article, latter more densely setose proximally than on distal half. Plp 3 - 5 (Fig. 5 J) appendix interna articulating near midlength of endopod. Uropods (Fig. 5 A) about as long as telson, lateral border of endopod and exopod with one and two distal spinules respectively; a suture near posterior border of exopod. Colour Unknown. Size Holotype of cl. 14.5 mm, tl. 39 mm (de Saint Laurent 1972); other material: cl. 10 mm.	en	Ngoc-Ho, Nguyen (2003): European and Mediterranean Thalassinidea (Crustacea, Decapoda). Zoosystema 25 (3): 439-555, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5402949
03FF2C63FF8DFF892D167812FB9D71BA.taxon	discussion	REMARKS De Saint Laurent (1972) reported that the holotype bears numerous setae and remnants of egg envelopes on the pleopods indicating that it was ovigerous shortly before capture.	en	Ngoc-Ho, Nguyen (2003): European and Mediterranean Thalassinidea (Crustacea, Decapoda). Zoosystema 25 (3): 439-555, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5402949
03FF2C63FF8BFF872D657872FE0E727B.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE SPECIES. — Calocaris macandreae Bell, 1846, by original designation.	en	Ngoc-Ho, Nguyen (2003): European and Mediterranean Thalassinidea (Crustacea, Decapoda). Zoosystema 25 (3): 439-555, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5402949
03FF2C63FF8BFF872D657872FE0E727B.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS. — Rostrum triangular, margin bearing spines. Gastric region convex, median dorsal carina present, extending to posterior border of carapace; cervical groove well defined to whole length. Abdominal pleura rounded ventrally, lateral setae absent. Telson longer than wide, lateral border with spinules, pair of dorsal carinae present, posterior border rounded, with or without median spine. Eyestalk hardly mobile, cornea flattened anteriorly, unpigmented. Antennal acicle reduced. Mx 2 scaphognathite with single posterior seta. P 1 equal; propodus with dorsal distal spine, fixed finger and dactylus slender, compressed, longer than palm. P 2 chelate, much smaller than P 1, P 3 - 5 simple. Coxa of P 3 and P 5 with gonopore. Hermaphroditic. Exopod on Mxp 1 - 3; single epipod on Mxp 1 - 3 and P 1 - 4; reduced podobranch on Mxp 2, Mxp 3 and P 1 - 3; single arthrobranch on Mxp 2, paired arthrobranch on Mxp 3 and P 1 - 4. Plp 1 uniramous, of two articles, distal expanded; Plp 2 biramous, with appendix interna and with appendix masculina presumably fused to endopod; Plp 3 - 5 with appendix interna. Uropodal exopod with tranverse suture.	en	Ngoc-Ho, Nguyen (2003): European and Mediterranean Thalassinidea (Crustacea, Decapoda). Zoosystema 25 (3): 439-555, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5402949
03FF2C63FF8BFF872D657872FE0E727B.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE MATERIAL. — Holotype: Loch Fyne, Scotland, 80 fms (144 m), dried (NHML 48.20). MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Norway. Trondheimsjorden, Vanvik. coll., S. Bock, 1. X. 1945, 1 spec. (SMNH 5838). — Gullmarfjord, 150 m, 26. IX. 1969, 7 spec. (4 ovig.) cl. 12.5 - 15 mm, tl. 38.5 - 41.5 mm (SMF 28970). — Northeast Atlantic, palaearctic region, RV Sarsia, anchor dredge, 1000 m, J. D. George coll., 17. VII. 1973, 2 spec. (1 juv.) (NHML 1977.575). — Trondheims Fjord, SW of Rissen, Strömmen, 650 m, dredge, excursion Leiden Biologists, 28. VIII. 1961, 1 spec. (RMNH D 17159). — Trondheims Fjord, off Stranden, 63 ° 34 ’ N, 9 ° 48 ’ E, 7 - 50 m, dredge, excursion Leiden Biologists, 28. VIII. 1961, 1 spec. (RMNH D 17160). — Oslofjord, E of Bastö, SE of Harten, 125 - 150 m, 8. V. 1962, leg. Ståleson, don. Mrs J. Indrehus, c. 10 spec. (RMNH D 17384). — Stjörnfjord near Trondheims Fjord, N of Flessa lighthouse, stn 9, 200 m, trawl, excursion Leiden Biologists, 21 - 26. VIII. 1963, c. 100 spec. (9 ovig.) (RMNH D 19506). — Trondheimsfjord near Rissen, 550 m, trawl, excursion Leiden Biologists, 24. VIII. 1963, stn 19, 9 spec. (3 ovig.) (RMNH D 19548). — Stjörnfjord near Trondheimsfjord near Frengsbugten, 12 - 50 m, dredge, excursion Leiden Biologists, 20. VIII. 1963, stn 8, 6 spec. (2 ovig.) (RMNH D 19870). — TromsØ Flatanger, off Kvalöy, Gunnerus, stn 8, 375 - 380 m, 31. VIII. 1951, leg. E. Sivertsen, 3 spec. (RMNH D 21492). — Trondheimsfjord, off Rissen, 50 - 300 m, rocks and corals, excursion Leiden Biologists, stn 210, 27. VIII. 1965, 24 spec. (RMNH D 21826). — Trondheimsfjord near Kivnaebnes, 50 - 200 m, rocks with corals, dredge, excursion Leiden Biologists, stn 123, 30. VIII. 1965, 1 spec. (RMNH D 24375). — Stjörnfjord near Trondheimsfjord, S of Stjörna, 220 m, trawl, excursion Leiden Biologists, stn 108, 25. VIII. 1965, 1 spec. (RMNH D 24378); 150 - 200 m, agassiz trawl, clay, excursion Leiden Biologists, stn 105, 24. VIII. 1965, c. 100 spec. (1 ovig.) (RMNH D 24987). North Sea. Mid North Sea, 58 ° 15.86 ’ N, 0 ° 41.64 ’ E- 58 ° 16.10 ’ N, 0 ° 40.95 ’ E, 146 m, F. S. Valdivia, 29. I. 1987, 10 spec. (SMF 25682); 55 ° 20.54 ’ N, 0 ° 4.69 ’ W- 55 ° 20.57 ’ N, 0 ° 3.37 ’ W, 101 m, F. S. Valdivia, 4. II. 1987, 1 spec. (SMF 25683). — East Bergenbank, 296 m, F. S. Valdivia, 2. III. 1987, 2 spec. (SMF 25685). — Skagerrak, S Larvik, 218 - 244 m, F. S. Valdivia, 26. II. 1987, 3 spec. (SMF 25684); 164.3 - 179.3 m, F. S. Gauss, 5. VI. 1986, 33 spec. (SMF 25686). — SW of Fladengrund-Rinne, 130.6 m, F. K. Senckenberg, 22. VII. 1989, 3 spec. (SMF 20646). — Skagerrak, F. S. Gauss, 164.3 - 179.3 m, 5. VI. 1986, 5 spec. (SMF 28337); F. S. Poseidon, 3 spec. (SMF 28338). — Farne Deep, 80 - 100 m, 16. VI. 1971, leg. G. R. Heerebout, c. 36 spec. (18 ovig.) (RMNH D 27237). — 58 ° 12.5 ’ N, 0 ° 0 ’ E, 140 m, 15. VII. 1912, Wodan Wn. 97, donated by the Netherlands Institute of Sea Research, 1 spec. (RMNH D 29693). — E Scotland, 58 ° 15.7 ’ N, 1 ° 30.6 ’ W, 143 m, 3. X. 1990, F. S. Valdivia, 1 spec. (SMF 28340). — Fladengrund, 56 ° 12.7 ’ N, 0 ° 12 ’ W, 133 m, 5. X. 1990, F. S. Valdivia, 1 spec. (SMF 28341). Sweden. c. 120 km N of Göteborg, Kristineberg marine Research station coll., IX. 1976, U. Pettke leg., 19 spec. (SMF 28339). — Gullmar, Tofna, Bohuslån, Kristinebergs Zoologische Station coll., 1894, 3 spec. (RMNH D 15220). — Off Dalsvik near Lysekil, mouth of Gullmarfjord, 45 - 50 m, ringtrawl, excursion Leiden Biologists, 16. IX. 1961, 20 spec. (RMNH D 17131). — E of Tova, Gullmarfjord near Lysekil, 50 m, mud, excursion Leiden Biologists, 15. IX. 1961, 10 spec. (RMNH D 17140). — Gullmarfjord near Smörkullen, dredge, 50 m, excursion Leiden Biologists, 18. IX. 1961, 1 spec. (RMNH D 17158). — Gullmarfjord off Lysekil, 35 m, ringtrawl, excursion Leiden Biologists, 11. IX. 1963, stn 65, 6 spec. (RMNH D 19871). — Gullmarfjord, W of Store Bornö, NW of Uddevalla, 50 m, dredge, excursion Leiden Biologists, 10. IX. 1963, stn 56 b, 2 ovig. spec. (RMNH D 19872). — Gullmarfjord, SW of Gåsklåvan lighthouse, 10 - 50 m, rocks and shell gravel, dredge, excursion Leiden Biologists, stn 136, 7. IX. 1965, 2 spec. (1 ovig.) (RMNH D 24374). — Gullmarfjord, SW of Smörkullen, 40 - 60 m, mud, agassiz trawl, excursion Leiden Biologists, stn 162, 14. IX. 1965, 4 spec. (1 ovig.) (RMNH D 24376). — Gullmarfjord, Finnsbobukten, 40 - 50 m, mud, agassiz trawl, excursion Leiden Biologists, stn 137, 8. IX. 1965, 1 spec. (RMNH D 24377). Great Britain. Scotland, Loch Fyne, 80 fms (144 m), holotype dried spec. cl. 14.5 mm, tl. 41 mm (NHML 48.20); Sound of Lorn, 50 - 100 fms (90 - 180 m), 3. X. 1988, 2 spec. (NHML 1971.14); Loch Duich, 60 fms (108 m), J. Murray coll., 31. X. 1887, 1 spec. (NHML 94.9.18.40); Cumbray Deep, Millport Marine Station coll., 17. X. 1949, 1 spec. (NHML 1950.9.29.11); Area YY 10 C, 135 m, Marine Laboratory Aberdeen coll., 5. V. 1951, 6 spec. (NHML 1951.9.5.3 - 7); Loch Carron, 50 - 60 fms (90 - 108 m), J. Murray coll., 7 spec. (NHML 1892.1.30.47), 60 fms (108 m), 2 spec. (NHML 94.9.18.39); Loch Fyne, 105 fms (189 m), J. Murray coll., 3 spec. (NHML 1892.1.30.1 - 3); Kilchattan Bay, Clyde area, 17. V. 1948, 5 spec.; 6. X. 1948, 1 spec. (NHML 1949.1.18.39 - 42). — Isle of Man, 11.5 miles (18.4 km) off Bradda, 65 fms (117 m), mud, J. Gordon coll., VII. 1960, 3 spec. (NHML 1960. VII. 25.151 - 152). — Wales, Loch Aber, 80 fms (144 m), J. Murray coll., 4 spec. (NHML 94.10.8.75 - 78). — Ireland, National Museum of Ireland coll., 3 spec. (1 ovig.) (NHML 1921.5.27.101 - 103). France. Bay of Biscay, Thalassa, 1970, stn W 397, 43 ° 55 ’ 8 N, 5 ° 9 ’ W, 770 - 800 m, 2 spec. cl. 9.5 mm and 10 mm (MNHN Th 164); stn?, 1 spec. cl. 10.5 mm (MNHN Th 166), 4 spec. cl. 9 - 10 mm (MNHN Th 163). — Thalassa, stn 486, 43 ° 40,1 ’ N, 8 ° 50.4 ’ W, 490 m, 8. VIII. 1967, 2 spec. cl. 10 mm and 11 mm (MNHN Th 153); stn 460, 43 ° 35.6 ’ N, 8 ° 57.2 ’ W, 290 m, 7. VIII. 1967, 2 spec. cl. 10.5 mm (MNHN Th 154). — Banyuls, RV Lacaze-Duthiers, beam trawl, 500 m, P. Noël coll., 18. V. 1976, 55 spec. cl. 5 - 12. 5 mm (MNHN Th 1404); Sollaud coll., ES 30, 3 spec. (MNHN Th 1360); J. M. Amouroux coll., 2 spec. cl. 10 mm and 11 mm (MNHN Th 1411); ECO- MARGE, A 14, 653 m, 23. I. 1984, 38 spec. cl. 8.5 - 11.5 mm; 4 spec. (figured) cl. 10.5 - 12 mm, tl. 31.5 - 33 mm (MNHN Th 1320); 620 - 711 m, 2. VIII. 1985, 28 spec. cl. 6.5 - 12 mm, 1 spec. (figured) cl. 10 mm, tl. 29 mm (MNHN Th 1406); 815 - 900 m, 2. VIII. 1985, 10 spec. cl. 6 - 12 mm (MNHN Th 1405). — Gulf of Lion (off Banyuls), 42 ° 41 ’ N, 3 ° 45 ’ E, dredge, 410 - 420 m, P. Noël coll., 8 spec. cl. 6.5 - 10.5 mm (MNHN Th 1412). — Marseille, Travailleur, 555 m, mud, 4. VII. 1881, 1 spec. (poor condition) cl. 7.5 mm (MNHN Th 156); 647 m, 1 spec. (poor condition) cl. 6 mm (MNHN Th 159). — Canyon of Cassidaigne (E of Marseille), dredge, 300 m, H. Zibrowius coll., 21. VI. 1969, 3 spec. cl. 8 - 10 mm (MNHN Th 172); 320 - 360 m, H. Zibrowius coll., 23. XI. 1978, 1 spec. cl. 11 mm (MNHN Th 634). — Bay of Roquebrune (near Monaco), 300 - 420 m, mud, trawl, 25. X. 1964, leg E. Gilat, 1 spec. (RMNH D 19873). Atlantic. Thalassa, stn 440, 48 ° 41.4 ’ N, 10 ° 21.5 ’ W, soft mud, 860 m, 26. X. 1973, 2 spec. cl. 4 mm and 7 mm (MNHN Th 344); leg. Frank, 1879, 1 spec. (RMNH D 1428). Spain. Rosas, from fishermen, J. Gordon coll., 9. VIII. 1954, 1 spec. (NHML 1955.2.28.91). — Catalan coast, R. Zariquiey pres., 2 spec. (NHML 1954.12.30.94 - 95); Catalan coast, leg. et don R. Zariquiey, 1 spec. (RMNH D 4983); trawl, leg. et don. R. Zariquiey y Cenarro, 1934, 3 spec. (RMNH D 6204), 1935, 3 spec. (RMNH D 6205). Mediterranean. A. Longhrin coll., 1 spec. (NHML 70.35). Italy. Gulf of Taranto, stn 288, 95 m, clay, 23. VIII. 1966, leg. A. Vatova, 1 spec. (RMNH D 24379). Greece. Aegean Sea, Cape Athos, SE of Moni Megistis Lavras, 750 - 800 m, 10. VIII. 1975, 1 spec. (A. U. TH P 4527). Morocco. Off Cape Baba, 300 fms (540 m), R. N. Rofendon coll., 1 spec. (NHML 1906.12.3 - 4). Senegal. Dakar, 675 m, 13. VIII. 1958, 5 ovig. spec. cl. 10 - 12 mm, tl. 31 - 35 mm, 4 non ovig. (MNHN Th 226). — 16 ° 48 ’ N, 16 ° 45 ’ W, 600 - 700 m, P. Doutre coll., 2. X. 1958, 4 ovig. spec. cl. 11 mm and 11.5 mm, 2 non ovig. (MNHN Th 225). DISTRIBUTION. — Eastern Atlantic (from the North Sea to the Gulf of Guinea in the south): North Sea, S of Iceland (Hansen 1908), Norway (Soot-Ryen 1955), Sweden, Scotland, Ireland, Wales, east coast of Great Britain (Moore 1986); west coast of France, southern Portugal and southwestern Spain (García Raso 1996), Gulf of Guinea (Beaubrun 1979). Mediterranean: Alboran Sea (García Raso 1983, 1996), eastern Mediterranean (Bouvier 1917; Montcharmont 1979), Adriatic (Pesta 1918; Števčić 1990; Dworschak 1992); Aegean Sea (Kattoulas & Koukouras 1974); Sea of Marmara (Kocataș & Katagan 1993); Sicilian Channel (Pipitone & Tombiolo 1993); Israel (Galil & Goren 1994). DIAGNOSIS Rostrum (Fig. 6 A) triangular with pointed tip; lateral margin continued posteriorly to lateral carina bearing together four to six spines. Gastric region slightly convex, cervical groove well defin- ed, fine median carina terminating anteriorly near base of rostrum, extending posteriorly to whole length of carapace. Abdominal somites unarmed (Fig. 7 A), pleura rounded ventrally, thoracic sternite of P 4 unarmed. Telson (Fig. 6 M) approximately 1.5 times as long as wide, dorsal surface with slight median longitudinal groove and pair of slight dorsal carinae pointing posteriorly and bearing spinules; lateral border also with spinules and median spinule on round- ed posterior border. Eyestalk (Fig. 6 A) not differentiated, hardly mobile, cornea flattened anteriorly, unpigment- ed. A 2 acicle (Fig. 6 G) small. Md (Fig. 6 O) cutting edge smooth. Mx 1 (Fig. 6 N) endopod with distal article sickle-shaped; Mx 2 (Fig. 7 B) scaphognathite bearing single long posterior seta. Mxp 1 (Fig. 6 B) endopod slender, exopod with distal article, epipod with large posterior lobe. Mxp 2 (Fig. 6 C) exopod with multiarticulate distal flagellum far overreaching distal border of merus. Mxp 3 (Fig. 6 D, E) endopod with two to four lower proximal spinules and prominent toothed crest on mesial surface of ischium, one or two lower subdistal spines on merus; exopod with multiarticulate distal flagellum. P 1 (Fig. 6 H) equal, not sexually dimorphic, dactylus and fixed finger much compressed, approximately of same length, 1.5 - 3 times (usually twice) as long as palm, both with slight longitudinal carinae, fixed finger with large proximal tooth and dactylus with smaller subdistal tooth on cutting edge. P 2 (Fig. 6 I) much smaller than P 1, chelate, with fingers about 1.5 times as long as palm. P 3 - 5 (Fig. 6 J-L) simple, slender, as figured. Both male and female gonopore present together on specimens of about 6.5 mm and over in carapace length. Plp 1 (Fig. 7 C) of two articles, distal expanded with hooks on small mesiodistal lobe. Plp 2 (Fig. 7 D) with setose appendix masculina presumably fused to median part of endopod, appendix interna at its base. Plp 3 - 5 (Fig. 7 E) with appendix interna at about one-third of mesial border of endopod. Uropod (Fig. 6 M), endopod and exopod about as long as telson with spinules on lateral external border, a suture near posterior border of exopod. Colour Delicate pink or orange, white in alcohol (Bell 1846; d’Udekem d’Acoz pers. comm). A colour- ed lithography is presented in Bouvier (1917: pl. 11, figs 5, 6). Size Specimens are larger in northern areas than in the south: the types from Loch Fyne, Scotland, are of about 2 inches (50 mm) (Bell 1846); ovigerous specimens from Norway of cl. 12.5 - 15 mm, tl. 38.5 - 41.5 mm (SMF 28970). In Banyuls, France, largest specimens have cl. 10.5 - 12 mm, tl. 31.5 - 33 mm. ECOLOGY AND BIOLOGY The species is the most common thalassinidean in Norwegian waters, living in soft bottoms, between 15 - 580 m, and is most abundant below 50 - 100 m (Christiansen 2000). It occurs in soft bottoms, between 13 - 88 m, and is also collected at 310 m in Danish waters (Poulsen 1941). In muddy parts of the Clyde Sea area, it can be found everywhere and occasionally in stomach contents of cod, at 35 - 190 m (Allen 1967). It is a characteristic species of deep muddy bottoms in Marseille area (Pérès & Picard 1964; Picard 1965). Aspects of biology studied General biology (Buchanan 1963); hermaphroditism (Wollebaek 1909 b); burrow and burrowing behaviour (Nash et al. 1984); physiological ecology of burrowing (Atkinson & Taylor 1988); anaerobic metabolism during anoxia (Anderson et al. 1994); branchial morphology, gill area and gill ultrastructure (Astall et al. 1997 b); sulphide metabolism (Johns et al. 1997); particle size selectivity and resource partitioning (Pinn et al. 1998 b); diet (Pinn et al. 1998 a); gut morphology and gut microflora (Pinn et al. 1999 a); mouth part setal fringes (Pinn et al. 1999 b); effects of sulphide and thiosulphide on the respiratory properties of the haemocyanin (Taylor et al. 1999); oxygen transporting properties of the haemocyanin (Taylor et al. 2000); bioturbation (Widdicombe et al. 2000). REMARKS The genus Calocaris and the species Calocaris macandreae were first published in Bell’s book A History of the British Stalked-Eyed Crustacea (1844 - 1853: 231 - 235). These pages were included in Part V of the book according to Gordon (1959) who also pointed out, on the authority of Dr H. O. Bull, that although “ parts IV, V, VI were dated 1 st January (of 1846, 1847, 1848 respectively), they did in fact appear in the market by Christmas, 7 to 10 days earlier ”. The genus Calocaris with the type species Calocaris macandreae were proposed to be placed on the Official list (Holthuis 1962) and validated under the ICZN plenary powers in 1964 (ICZN 1964). Calocaris macandreae has been reported from the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal, off Sri Lanka (Alcock 1901), and also from the Gulf of St Lawrence, Canada (Whiteaves 1901). Comparison of Alcock’s description with the present material of Calocaris macandreae confirms Selbie’s view (1914) that the Indian specimens belong to a closely related but separate species. The same must be said of those reported by Alcock & Anderson (1894: 163) from the Indian fauna. The specimen taken by Whiteaves was assigned to a new species, Calocaris templemani Squires, 1965 reported from Hermitage Bay, Newfoundland (Squires 1965) and probably also those from the Atlantic Canada, described by Rathbun (1929: 25, fig. 33). Male and female gonopores appear together on young adults of Calocaris macandreae confirming Buchanan (1963) view that the species is not a protandric hermaphrodite.	en	Ngoc-Ho, Nguyen (2003): European and Mediterranean Thalassinidea (Crustacea, Decapoda). Zoosystema 25 (3): 439-555, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5402949
03FF2C63FF85FF872EED7A92FB6275BA.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE GENUS. — Callianassa Leach, 1814, subsequent designation by Manning & Felder (1991).	en	Ngoc-Ho, Nguyen (2003): European and Mediterranean Thalassinidea (Crustacea, Decapoda). Zoosystema 25 (3): 439-555, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5402949
03FF2C63FF85FF872EED7A92FB6275BA.taxon	discussion	REMARKS Four major works on the Callianassidae and Ctenochelidae of the Callianassoidea have been published recently: Manning & Felder (1991), Poore (1994, as part of a phylogeny of the Thalassinidea), Sakai (1999 a), Tudge et al. (2000), the latter with a cladistic analysis. Various classification systems have been proposed sometimes with large differences. Reexamination of materials has been necessary and choices have been made concerning the taxonomy of European Callianassidae and Ctenochelidae. This work uses the familial and subfamilial divisions proposed by Tudge et al. (2000) and adopts the alternative suggested by these authors which is to provisionally leave the genus Callianassa as a polyphyletic group. The diagnosis of Callianassa s. l. is given below. The species Callianassa acanthura Caroli, 1946, Callianassa truncata Giard & Bonnier, 1890 and Necallianassa berylae Heard & Manning, 1998 were placed by Heard & Manning (1998) in the new genus Necallianassa on the ground of lateral spines on the telson and the uropodal endopod. These spines are however much smaller in C. truncata (Fig. 11 D) than in the other two species (Fig. 8 G). Furthermore, Necallianassa berylae has a large rostral spine which is absent in the other two species, and in both C. truncata (Fig. 11 I) and N. berylae, female Plp 2 bears a distal appendix interna on the endopod and lacks it in C. acanthura (Fig. 8 O). The latter character is regarded as of generic importance. In summary, Necallianassa berylae, the type species, possesses a large rostral spine, large acute lateral spines on the telson and uropods and an appendix interna on female Plp 2. C. acanthura differs by having no rostral spine, no appendix interna on female Plp 2.	en	Ngoc-Ho, Nguyen (2003): European and Mediterranean Thalassinidea (Crustacea, Decapoda). Zoosystema 25 (3): 439-555, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5402949
03FF2C63FF85FF872EED7A92FB6275BA.taxon	description	C. truncata differs by having no rostral spine, no large acute spines on the telson and uropods. Although Sakai (1999 a: 128) synonymised Necallianassa with Callianassa, this genus can be diagnosed using the characters mentioned above for the type species. But the inclusion of C. acanthura and C. truncata does not seem justified. Both species are reassigned to the genus Callianassa s. l. The species Callianassa candida (Olivi, 1792), C. tyrrhena (Petagna, 1792) and C. whitei Sakai, 1999 and two others from the eastern Atlantic are separated into a new genus, Pestarella n. gen.	en	Ngoc-Ho, Nguyen (2003): European and Mediterranean Thalassinidea (Crustacea, Decapoda). Zoosystema 25 (3): 439-555, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5402949
03FF2C63FF85FFB92D0B7C72FB97725A.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE SPECIES. — Cancer Astacus subterraneus Montagu, 1808, by original designation.	en	Ngoc-Ho, Nguyen (2003): European and Mediterranean Thalassinidea (Crustacea, Decapoda). Zoosystema 25 (3): 439-555, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5402949
03FF2C63FF85FFB92D0B7C72FB97725A.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS. — Carapace with dorsal oval, lacking rostral carina and posterodorsal cardiac prominence. Eyestalk short, flattened dorsoventrally; cornea subdistal, dorsal or dorsolateral. Mxp 1 with anteriorly truncate epipod, endopod minute. Mxp 2 with small epipod. Mxp 3 lacking exopod, subpediform or operculiform; propodus not expanded ventrally, less than three times as wide as dactylus, latter digitiform, at least twice as long as wide. P 1 unequal, usually with meral hook, P 2 chelate, P 3 and P 4 simple, P 5 subchelate. P 3 lacking or bearing reduced lower proximal heel on propodus. Exopod on Mxp 1 - 2; single arthrobranch on Mxp 2, paired arthrobranch on Mxp 3 and P 1 - 5. Plp 1 and Plp 2 often absent or rudimentary in male, larger in female; female Plp 2 biramous. Plp 3 - 5 with stubby, projecting appendix interna. Uropodal exopod with dorsal plate.	en	Ngoc-Ho, Nguyen (2003): European and Mediterranean Thalassinidea (Crustacea, Decapoda). Zoosystema 25 (3): 439-555, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5402949
03FF2C63FF85FFB92D0B7C72FB97725A.taxon	discussion	REMARKS The genus Callianassa is provisionally considered a polyphyletic group, with the species included as listed in Tudge et al. (2000). Sakai (1999 a) proposed a much broader concept of the genus as he synonymised several genera erected by Manning & Felder (1991) with Callianassa. Although his action is not considered fully justified, the genera established by Manning & Felder (1991), focusing on American callianassids, probably need to be reconsidered, especially in view of their global use. Examination of the abundant, highly diverse material from the Indo-Pacific, together with a detailed phylogenetic analysis is desirable to show the true relationships between species and provide a solid base for their grouping. This however is beyond the scope of this work. Nevertheless a number of additional characters, besides those given by Tudge et al. (2000), are suggested to be useful in the taxonomic study of this genus. Taking the three European Callianassa species as an example, it can be noted that, though they all fit the diagnosis of the genus as given above, C. subterranea has a slender minor P 1 (Fig. 9 C) not compressed laterally, with the carpus four or five times as long as wide; the P 3 (Fig. 9 J) propodus not ovate, with the lower border dentate; the third segment of Md palp (Fig. 9 M) of same width throughout and the basal endite of Mx 1 (Fig. 10 A) approximately rounded distally. By contrast, C. acanthura and C. truncata have the minor P 1 (Fig. 8 D) slightly compressed laterally, with the carpus less than twice as long as wide; the P 3 propodus ovate (Fig. 8 F) with the lower border regularly curved; the third segment of Md palp (Fig. 8 K) narrowing distally and the basal endite of Mx 1 (Fig. 8 E) of inverted-triangle shape with an expanded distal border bearing spiniform setae. These characters were not considered by Tudge et al. (2000) in their analysis but are probably of phylogenetic significance; those of C. acanthura and C. truncata are presumably apomorphic.	en	Ngoc-Ho, Nguyen (2003): European and Mediterranean Thalassinidea (Crustacea, Decapoda). Zoosystema 25 (3): 439-555, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5402949
03FF2C63FF85FFB92D0B7C72FB97725A.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE MATERIAL. — Lectotype:, Naples, Italy, E. Caroli coll., received V. 1959, don. Zoological Station Naples (RMNH D 15212 a); paralectotype: (RMNH D 15212 b), by present designation. MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Italy. Naples, E. Caroli coll., 2 lectotype cl. 11 mm, tl. 43 mm (figured), and paralectotype cl. 8 mm, tl. 36 mm (RMNH D 15212 a and b); Gulf of Naples, E. Caroli don., 1 (RMNH D 6588). Croatia. Adriatic, Kornati, Zirje Island, 3 m, D. Abed- Navandi coll., 17. IX. 1997, 1, 1 cl. 10 mm (figured) (NHMW 15372). Greece. NW Pogonia, 1.5 m, C. d’Udekem d’Acoz coll., 12. VII. 1993, 1 cl. 8.5 mm, tl. 36.5 mm (figured) (MNHN Th 1400); Lesbos (Aegean sea), C. d’Udekem d’Acoz coll., 12. VII. 1992, 1 cl. 10.5 mm (MNHN Th 1401), 1 cl. 10 mm (d’Udekem d’Acoz). OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Necallianassa berylae Heard & Manning, 1998, South Carolina, 1 cl. 2.5 mm, 1 cl. 4.5 mm (paratypes, USNM 260885); Georgia, 1 cl. 3.2 mm (paratype, USNM 260888). DISTRIBUTION. — Mediterranean: Adriatic (Abed- Navandi & Dworschak 1998), Naples, Aegean, Ionian sea (d’Udekem d’Acoz 1996). DIAGNOSIS Carapace (Fig. 8 A) with dorsal oval; rostrum approximately triangular with blunt tip, rostral spine absent. Telson (Fig. 8 G) about as long as proximal width, a little narrower distally, lateral border weakly convex with long curved subdistal spine, posterior border weakly rounded with median spinule. Eyestalk (Fig. 8 A) short; cornea dorsal, subterminal, disk-shaped. A 1 peduncle slightly shorter than that of A 2. Md (Fig. 8 K) with threesegmented palp, last segment pointing distally. Mx 1 (Fig. 8 E) with basal endite of invertedtriangle shape, bearing spiniform setae. Mx 2 with large endopod. Mxp 1 (Fig. 8 H) with small endopod, epipod without anterior lobe. Mxp 3 (Fig. 8 I, J) operculiform, ischium-merus length about 1.5 times merus width, ischium with crista dentata of 14 - 16 spines on mesial surface; propodus 1.5 times as long as wide; dactylus digitiform, 1.5 times to twice as long as wide. P 1 unequal in adult male, subequal in young male and female with both chelipeds similar to minor cheliped of adult male. Male major P 1 (Fig. 8 B) with lower border of merus convex on distal half (Fig. 8 C) bearing small rounded teeth; meral hook pointed distally and denticulate on proximal border; carpus and propodus unarmed; dactylus with curved tip and densely setose near base. Male minor P 1 (Fig. 8 D) slender with carpus 1.7 - 1.8 times as long as wide and twice as long as propodus; both fixed finger and dactylus with denticulate cutting edge. P 3 (Fig. 8 F) propodus with lower border rounded, no proximal heel. P 4 propodus slender, over three times as long as wide. Male Plp 1 (Fig. 8 M) small, two-articulated; male Plp 2 absent. Female Plp 1 (Fig. 8 N) uniramous, two-articulated; female Plp 2 (Fig. 8 O) biramous, exopod longer than endopod. Plp 3 - 5 biramous, foliaceous, appendix interna (Fig. 8 E) small, narrowing distally, partly embedded, the rest projecting from inner border of endopod. Uropod (Fig. 8 G) as long as telson; exopod with long proximal spine, dorsal plate with setal distal row at short distance from posterior border; endopod with long lateral subdistal spine. Colour Body whitish in living specimens, white P 1; tailfan mottled with whitish or dull-yellowish dots and spots that are characteristic of the species (d’Udekem d’Acoz 1986). Tailfan and eyestalk orange, ripe ovaries red (Dworschak pers. comm.). Size Medium: cl. 8.5 - 11 mm, tl. 36 - 43 mm. ECOLOGY The species lives in muddy sand, at 2 - 3 m depth (Caroli 1946), or in a mixture of mud and fine or coarse sand, at 1 - 1.5 m, together with C. truncata or U. pusilla (d’Udekem d’Acoz 1996), or in pure sand, at 0.5 m depth (Türkay 1982). It is abundant on sublittoral sandy bottoms of the Kornati Archipelago and near Rovinj, in fine or medium sand, at 3 - 6 m depth, associated with the fish Trachinus sp. and Bothus sp. (Abed-Navandi & Dworschak 1998). REMARKS This species, together with Necallianassa berylae Heard & Manning, 1998, can be distinguished from all other callianassids by the presence of large acute spines on the lateroposterior border of the telson and uropodal endopod, as well as proximally on the uropodal exopod. Spines are present on the lateroposterior border of the telson in a few other species, e. g., C. truncata or C. intermedia de Man, 1905 (see Sakai 1999 a: 128) but in none of these are they so large (about onefifth length of telson and uropodal endopod in C. acanthura) and acute. Among its European and Mediterranean congeners, C. acanthura is close to C. truncata but differs essentially in: 1) the large acute spines on the telson and uropods, as mentioned above; and 2) the absence of an appendix interna on female Plp 2. Callianassa subterranea (Montagu, 1808) (Figs 9; 10)	en	Ngoc-Ho, Nguyen (2003): European and Mediterranean Thalassinidea (Crustacea, Decapoda). Zoosystema 25 (3): 439-555, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5402949
03FF2C63FF85FFB92D0B7C72FB97725A.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE MATERIAL. — Lectotype:, Kingsbridge Estuary, S Devon, Great Britain (NHML 1939.2.20.1); paralectotype: 1 ovig. (NHML 1939.2.20.2) by present designation. MATERIAL EXAMINED. — North Sea. Kettle Hole, southern North Sea, 23. III. 1955, leg. et don. P. Smit, 1 broken spec. (RMNH D 10985). — Near Pit bouy, 17. III. 1955, depth 150 ft, leg. et don. P. Smit, 1 chela (RMNH D 10986). — Bruine Bank near Winterton Twenties, c. 53 ° N, 3 ° E, 20 - 27. VIII. 1960, leg. et don. J. Kruuk, 1 broken spec. (RMNH D 16614). — 53 ° 41 ’ 45 ” N, 3 ° 55 ’ E, ms Tridens, haul 44, 12. VIII. 1971, leg. G. R. Heerebout, 1 (RMNH D 29227). Great Britain. S Devon, 1 lectotype cl. 13 mm, tl. 52 mm (NHML 1939.2.20.1), 1 paralectotype cl. 12 mm, tl. 47.5 mm (NHML 1939.2.20.2); 2 spec., dried (NHML 260 a, b). — Plymouth Sound, 1 cl. 11 mm, tl. 47 mm (figured), 1 cl. 9 mm, 2 cl. 10 mm and 10.5 mm, tl. 42.5 and 44.5 mm (figured), 3 (1 ovig.) cl. 10 - 10.5 mm (MNHN Th 211). — Lion Rock, Millport, Firth of Clyde, sandy mud, R. B. Pike coll., 2. IX. 1959, 1, 1 juv. (NHML 1962.7.5.8 - 9). — English Channel, stn 107, MBA coll., 10, 6, 3 juv. (damaged) (NHML 1999.81 - 101); stn 44, 29 m, 2, 1 (NHML 1999.72 - 73); stn 152, 42 m, 1 without abdomen (NHML 1999.126); stn 103, 37 m, 1 ovig. (NHML 1999.74); stn 110, 51 m, MBA coll., 7, 1 ovig. (poor condition) (NHML 1999.102 - 114); stn 173, 54 m, MBA coll., 7, 1 (poor condition) (NHML 1999.127 - 138); stn 152, 42 m, 2, 1 abdomen of (poor condition) (NHML 1999.115 - 116). — Western Channel, MBA coll., 17. III. 1970, 3, 2 (damaged) (NHML 1971.24). — Salcombe, Devon, spring low tides, P. Gibb coll., 26. III. 1970, 1 ovig. (NHML 1971.23); R. Gurney coll., 21. III. 1935, 3, 3 (damaged) (NHML 1947.3.18.723 - 725). — 1 mile S of Knight Errant muddy grounds, 22 fms, 8. III. 1970, Ngoc-Ho N. 1, 1 ovig. (NHML not registered). — Jersey, 3 dried spec. (NHML 260 d). France. Roscoff, Thalassa, 1970, 1 juv. cl. 3 mm (MNHN Th 103), 1 cl. 5.5 mm, 1 juv. (MNHN Th 104), 1 juv. cl. 2 mm (MNHN Th 105), 1 damaged spec. (MNHN Th 106). — Grande Vasière, near Concarneau, Glémarec coll., 1 cl. 6 mm, 1 cl. 5 mm (MNHN Th 102); Glémarec coll., IV. 1972, 2 cl. 4 and 8 mm (MNHN-Th 108), 1 just moulted cl. 10 mm (MNHN Th 109), 1 cl. 5.5 mm, 1 cl. 5 mm, 1 juv. (MNHN Th 110), 1 cl. 5.5 mm, 3 cl. 5 - 7 mm, 2 juv. (MNHN Th 111). — Bay of Biscay, 120 - 180 m, leg. Lagardère, 2 cl. 4.5 and 6 mm, 1 ovig. cl. 5.5 mm (MNHN Th 107). — Banyuls, mud with Turritella, 30 m, P. Noël coll., 3. VIII. 1976, 1 juv. cl. 3 mm (MNHN Th 1349); VI. 1977, 1 cl. 4.5 mm, 1 ovig. cl. 5 mm (MNHN Th 1350); mud, 90 m, 14. VI. 1977, 1 cl. 4 mm (MNHN Th 1351). Portugal. 42 ° 9,4 ’ N, 8 ° 58,3 ’ W, Thalassa, stn 819, 103 m, 21. X. 1968, 1 juv. cl. 4 mm (MNHN Th 635). Spain. Alboran sea, Calypso, 35 ° 50 ’ N, 3 ° 19 ’ W, muddy sand, 500 m, 3. IX. 1958, 1 cl. 8 mm (MNHN Th 367). Greece. Calypso, stn 1, dredge, 94 m, 27. IX. 1977, 1, 1 ovig. cl. 4.5 mm (MNHN Th 625). — Aegean Sea, Strymonikos G., 25 m, 5. II. 1977, 2 (A. U. TH P 1529). Israel. Ascalon, bottomgrab, 54 m, 27. VII. 1947, leg. A. Wirszubski, No. 590 A, 1 juv. (RMNH D 13796); 30. IX. 1947, leg. A. Wirszubski, No. 652, 2 juv. (RMNH D 13797). — Haifa Bay, stn 7, bottomgrab, 38 m, 7. VI. 1955, leg. E. Gottlieb, No. 225, 1 juv. (RMNH D 13798); stn 9, bottomgrab, 42 m, 11. X. 1954, leg. E. Gottlieb, No. 148, 1 (RMNH D 13799). — Nabi Junis, bottomgrab, 54 m, 18. VIII. 1949, leg. A. Wirszubski, No. 787, 1 (RMNH D 13801). — Nahariya, bottomgrab, 70 m, 18. IX. 1947, leg. A. Wirszubski, No. 638, 2 juv. (RMNH D 13802). — Tel Aviv, bottomgrab, 54 m, 12. XII. 1949, leg. A. Wirszubski, No. 838, 1 juv. (RMNH D 13803). — Nabi Rubin, bottomgrab, 56 m, 24. V. 1949, leg. A. Wirszubski, No. 741, 1 juv. (RMNH D 13804). — Rafan, bottomgrab, 36 m, 22. VI. 1947, leg. A. Wirszubski, No. 545, 1 juv., broken (RMNH D 13805). Dahomey. Ombango, dredge, 40 m, A. Crosnier coll., 9. X. 1963, 1 juv. cl. 3.5 mm (MNHN Th 265). DISTRIBUTION. — Eastern Atlantic: S Scandinavia (Gustafson 1934; Poulsen 1941; Christiansen & Greve 1982; Christiansen & Stene 1998), SW of Scotland (Allen 1967; Nickell et al. 1998), S of North Sea, English Channel, W coast of France, Dahomey. Mediterranean: France, Israel, Greece, Alboran Sea, Adriatic Sea. C. subterranea is recorded on the Coast of Norway to 60 ° N from 5 - 7 m to 60 - 100 m (Christiansen 2000). According to de Saint Laurent & Božić (1976), the species is common in the northern part of its distribution range (Great Britain, Denmark, Norway), scarce along the atlantic coast of France and in the Mediterranean with smaller specimens living in deeper waters (35 - 500 m). DIAGNOSIS Carapace (Fig. 9 A) with dorsal oval; rostrum approximately triangular with blunt tip, rostral spine absent. Telson (Fig. 9 F) about as long as proximal width, narrowing distally, lateral border convex proximally, posterior border with median spinule. Eyestalk (Fig. 9 A) short, cornea dorsal, indistinct. A 1 peduncle shorter than that of A 2. Md (Fig. 9 M) with three-segmented palp, last segment of same width throughout. Mx 1 and Mx 2 (Fig. 10 A, B) as figured. Mxp 1 (Fig. 10 C) with small rounded endopod, epipod without anterior lobe. Mxp 2 (Fig. 10 D) with short exopod. Mxp 3 (Fig. 9 D, E) subpediform; row of 13 - 15 spines on mesial surface of ischium, smaller proximally; propodus about 1.5 as long as wide; dactylus 2.5 - 3 times as long as wide. Major P 1 (Fig. 9 B) stouter in male than in female, strong meral hook, curved anteriorly, smooth or with denticles on proximal border; carpus about as long as distal width, propodus slightly longer, cutting edge of fixed finger and dactylus unarmed or with small round teeth. Minor P 1 (Fig. 9 C) slender with carpus approximately four times as long as distal width. P 2 (Fig. 9 I) as figured. P 3 (Fig. 9 J) propodus with lower border dentate bearing separated tufts of setae, no proximal heel. P 4 (Fig. 9 K) propodus slender, nearly three times as long as wide. P 5 (Fig. 9 L) subchelate. Male Plp 1 (Fig. 9 G) uniramous, male Plp 2 (Fig. 9 H) small, sometimes absent. Female Plp 1 (Fig. 9 O) uniramous, female Plp 2 (Fig. 9 P) biramous, exopod overreaching endopod. Plp 3 - 5 (Fig. 9 N) biramous, foliaceous, appendix interna approximately cylindrical, partly embedd- ed, distal half projecting from inner border of endopod. Uropodal endopod (Fig. 9 F) about as long as telson; exopod longer, setal row of dorsal plate at short distance from posterior border. Colour Colour during life more or less orange, sometimes yellow on the sides and on the tail, the arms usually pink (White 1857); dorsal abdomen pale pink (Dworschak pers. comm.); white to light pink or light blue (Campbell & Nicholls 1986). Size lectotype of cl. 13 mm, tl. 52 mm; paralectotype of cl. 12 mm, tl. 47.5 mm. In the present material examined, specimens are larger in northern Atlantic, of cl. 10 - 13 mm, tl. 42 - 52 mm, smaller in southern Atlantic (e. g., France, Spain) and in the Mediterranean, of cl. 4 - 8 mm, ovigerous of cl. 4.5 - 5.5 mm. ECOLOGY AND BIOLOGY This species shows all the characteristics of a deposit feeder, according to Stamhuis et al. (1997). It is common in subtidal (10 - 80 m) muddy fine sands and muds (Adema et al. 1982; Dworschak 1992; Moyse & Smaldon 1990). In Plymouth, UK, larvae are very common in the plankton in summer and early autumn (Gordon 1957). Its ecology and general biology including burrow structure in the North Sea were dealt with by Witbaard & Duinevelt (1989), Atkinson & Nash (1990), Rowden & Jones (1994, 1995). Other aspects of biology studied Burrow morphology and feeding behaviour (Nickell & Atkinson 1995); burrows and bioturbation (Rowden & Jones 1997); burrow architecture and burrow ventilation (Stamhuis et al. 1997; Stamhuis & Videler 1998); branchial morphology, gill area and gill ultrastructure (Astall et al. 1997 b); sulphide metabolism (Johns et al. 1997); morphology of mouthparts and pereopods in relation to feeding, ecology and grooming (Nickell et al. 1998); morphology, motion and function of appendages (Stamhuis et al. 1998 a); size selectivity and resource partitioning (Pinn et al. 1998 b); optimal foraging and grain size selection (Stamhuis et al. 1998 b); role in sediment turnover resuspension (Rowden et al. 1998); gut morphology and gut microflora (Pinn et al. 1999 a); effects of burrows on sedimentswater solute fluxes (Hughes et al. 2000); oxygen transporting properties of haemocyanin (Taylor et al. 2000). REMARKS As reported by de Saint Laurent & Božić (1976), the specimen from Helgoland assigned by Lutze (1938) to Callianassa pestae (p. 167, figs 10 - 21) as well as his new species Callianassa helgolandica (p. 174, figs 52 - 61) actually belong to C. subterranea. This is confirmed by the figures of their Mxp 3, both subpediform (fig. 11, also part of fig. 26 a, b for C. pestae and fig. 53 for C. helgolandica). On the other hand, Dworschak (1992: 205) contends that the specimen collected by the “ Pola Expedition ” (NHMW 6613) and mention- ed by Adensamer (1898: 620) is in fact a juvenile of the present species, not of Gourretia denticulata (Lutze 1937). There is variation in the length of major P 1 carpus and propodus, also in the length and shape of the dactylus and fixed finger. This appears to be not linked with sex (Nickell et al. 1998). Callianassa truncata Giard & Bonnier, 1890 (Fig. 11)	en	Ngoc-Ho, Nguyen (2003): European and Mediterranean Thalassinidea (Crustacea, Decapoda). Zoosystema 25 (3): 439-555, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5402949
03FF2C63FF85FFB92D0B7C72FB97725A.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE MATERIAL. — Whereabouts unknown. MATERIAL EXAMINED. — France. Bay of Chingoudy (eastern Pyrénées), A. Chaud coll., V. 1982, 2 cl. 9.5 and 10 mm, tl. 40 and 41 mm (figured), 6 cl. 10 - 11.5 mm, 2 (1 ovig.) cl. 9 mm (MNHN Th 653); III. 1983, 1 cl. 9.5 mm (MNHN Th 658). — Noirmoutiers Island, Y. Gruet coll., 3. V. 1973, 1 ovig. cl. 7 mm (MNHN Th 604); 2. VII. 1973, 1 ovig. cl. 9 mm (MNHN Th 605). Italy. Gulf of Naples, donated by E. Caroli, 3, 2 (RMNH D 6586). — South of La Gaiola, 100 m, in mud, 11. VIII. 1963, don. J. A. W. Lucas, 1 small (RMNH D 9070). — Naples, collection E. Caroli, received III. 1959 from Zoological Station Naples, 47, 23, 24 ovig. (RMNH D 12988). Greece. Kreta, W of Souda Bay, C. d’Udekem d’Acoz coll., 14. VII. 1987, 1 cl. 6 mm, 3 ovig. cl. 6 - 6.5 mm (MNHN Th 1354); 15. VII. 1987, 1 cl. 7.5 mm, 6 (3 ovig.) cl. 5.5 - 6.5 mm (d’Udekem d’Acoz). — Kalives Harbour, 11. VII. 1987, 2 ovig. cl. 4.5 and 5 mm (d’Udekem d’Acoz). — Tersanas (west of Stavros), 15. VII. 1987, 22 cl. 3.5 - 6 mm, 25 (2 ovig.) cl. 3 - 6.5 mm (d’Udekem d’Acoz). — Pogonia, 0.5 - 1.5 m, C. d’Udekem d’Acoz coll., 12. VII. 1993, 1 cl. 5 mm, 8 (7 ovig.) cl. 4 - 5.5 mm (MNHN Th 1415). — Georgiopolis, C. d’Udekem d’Acoz coll., 10. VII. 1987, 7 cl. 5 - 9 mm, 12 (6 ovig.) cl. 5 - 8 mm (d’Udekem d’Acoz). Morocco. Leg. Institut scientifique chérifien, III. 1966, 3 cl. 5 - 6.5 mm, 1 cl. 4.5 mm (MNHN Th 112). — Melilla, VI. 1946, leg. J. Rutlant, R. Zariquiey Alvarez coll., 1 (RMNH D 35798 a). DISTRIBUTION. — Atlantic coast of France (Noirmoutiers Island, Bay of Biscay) to Atlantic coast of Morocco (de Saint Laurent & Božić 1976). Mediterranean: Greece, Italy, Melilla. Adriatic Sea (Abed-Navandi & Dworschak 1997), Ionian Sea (Thessalou-Legaki 1986; d’Udekem d’Acoz 1996), Aegean Sea (Kocataș 1981; Koukouras et al. 1992), southeast of Black Sea (Mikashavidze 1981). DIAGNOSIS Carapace (Fig. 11 A) with dorsal oval, rostrum approximately triangular with blunt or slightly acute tip, rostral spine absent. Telson (Fig. 11 D) about as long as proximal width, a little narrower distally; lateral borders weakly convex, lateroposterior corner with two transparent minute spines, posterior border with median spinule. Eyestalk short (Fig. 11 A), cornea dorsal, subterminal, disk-shaped. A 1 peduncle approximately as long as that of A 2. Md (Fig. 11 F) with three-segmented palp, last segment tapering distally. Mx 1 (Fig. 11 G) with basal endite of inverted triangle, distal border widened bearing spiniform setae. Mxp 3 (Fig. 11 J, K) operculiform, length about 1.6 - 1.7 times merus width, ischium with row of 15 - 16 spinules on mesial surface; propodus about 1.6 - 1.7 times as long as wide; dactylus 1.8 - 2 times as long as wide. P 1 unequal in adult male and female, subequal in certain small specimens. Major P 1 of male (Fig. 11 C) with lower border of merus convex on distal half bearing small rounded teeth; meral hook pointed distally, denticulate on both proximal and distal border; carpus unarmed; propodus dentate on lower border; dactylus with curved tip and dense setae on proximal two-thirds and near base of fixed finger. Major P 1 of smaller male and of female similar to that of male but more slen- der, with fewer or very few setae (in female) on dactylus. Minor P 1 (Fig. 11 B) slightly compressed laterally, merus with median spine on lower border, carpus about 1.4 - 1.5 times as long as wide and 1.5 as long as propodus, lower border regularly curved. P 3 (Fig. 11 E) propodus approximately oval, with lower border rounded, no proximal heel. P 4 propodus slender, over three times as long as wide. Male Plp 1 (Fig. 11 L) small, male Plp 2 absent. Female Plp 1 (Fig. 11 H) uniramous, female Plp 2 (Fig. 11 I) biramous, exopod about as long or slightly longer than endopod, latter with distal appendix interna. Pleopods 3 - 5 (Fig. 11 M) foliaceous, appendix interna approximately cylindrical, slightly narrowing distally, partly embedded, partly projecting from inner border of endopod. Uropod (Fig. 11 D) as long as telson; exopod with distal setal row of dorsal plate at short distance from posterior border; endopod with small lateral distal spine. Colour Body yellowish, abdomen dull yellow, pereopods whitish (d’Udekem d’Acoz 1996). Creamy to yellowish on dorsal abdomen, chelipeds white, sometimes yellow, hepatopancreas orange-brown, ripe ovaries bright orange-red (Dworschak pers. comm.). A coloured photograph is presented in Ziebis et al. (1996). Size Medium: cl. 5.5 - 11.5 mm, largest specimens of cl. 9.5 - 11.5 mm, tl. 40 - 43 mm approx. ECOLOGY The species occurs in fine sand with or without mud, sometimes with pebbles. It seems to prefer fine sand and can be locally abundant (d’Udekem d’Acoz 1996). According to Picard (1965), C. truncata is characteristic of muddy bottoms along the coast of France. In the Bay of Biscay and nearby areas, specimens were captured in the littoral and at 44 - 57 m depth (Lagardère 1965). REMARKS De Saint Laurent & Božić (1976) cited a pair of fine spinules on each lateroposterior angle of the telson and a small laterodistal spine on the uropodal endopod as diagnostic characters for this species. It must be noted, however, that the spinules on the lateroposterior angle of the telson (figured in this work) are transparent and indistinct in most specimens. By contrast, the laterodistal spinule on the uropodal endopod is obvious. It makes a good distinguishing feature for the species in Europe, together with the lower meral spinule on the minor P 1. In certain populations of small size, e. g., MNHN Th 1415 from Pogonia, Greece, all females (eight specimens with seven ovigerous, cl. 4 - 5.5 mm) have their P 1 subequal and similar to the minor P 1 of males. This does not occur in larger specimens, e. g., those of cl. 8 - 9 mm.	en	Ngoc-Ho, Nguyen (2003): European and Mediterranean Thalassinidea (Crustacea, Decapoda). Zoosystema 25 (3): 439-555, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5402949
03FF2C63FFBBFFB22D727A67FBCB745B.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE SPECIES. — Astacus tyrrhenus Petagna, 1792, by present designation. SPECIES INCLUDED. — Astacus tyrrhenus Petagna, 1792, Cancer candidus Olivi, 1792, Callianassa rotundicaudata Stebbing, 1902, Callianassa convexa de Saint Laurent & Le Loeuff, 1979, Callianassa whitei Sakai, 1999.	en	Ngoc-Ho, Nguyen (2003): European and Mediterranean Thalassinidea (Crustacea, Decapoda). Zoosystema 25 (3): 439-555, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5402949
03FF2C63FFBBFFB22D727A67FBCB745B.taxon	etymology	ETYMOLOGY. — The genus is named in honour of Dr Otto Pesta. The gender is feminine.	en	Ngoc-Ho, Nguyen (2003): European and Mediterranean Thalassinidea (Crustacea, Decapoda). Zoosystema 25 (3): 439-555, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5402949
03FF2C63FFBBFFB22D727A67FBCB745B.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS Carapace with dorsal oval, rostrum approximately triangular, rostral spine absent. Abdominal somite 2 about equal in length with abdominal somite 6; abdominal somites 3 - 5 with lateral tufts of setae. Telson rounded in posterior half. Eyestalk short, flattened dorsoventrally; cornea distinct, disk-shaped. A 1 peduncle as long or long- er than that of A 2. Mxp 1 epipod truncate anteriorly; Mxp 3 operculiform, a row of numerous spinules on mesial surface of ischium, dactylus digitiform; exopod absent. Exopod on Mxp 1 - 2; single arthrobranch on Mxp 2, paired arthrobranch on Mxp 3 and P 1 - 5. P 1 unequal in male and female, major with meral hook. P 3 propodus oval, no proximal heel. P 4 propodus narrow; P 5 subchelate. Male Plp 1 and Plp 2 absent; female Plp 1 uniramous, female Plp 2 biramous, Plp 3 - 5 biramous, foliaceous in both sexes, appendix interna small, projecting from mesial border of endopod. Uropodal exopod with dorsal plate terminating in posterior setal row near or apart from posterior border.	en	Ngoc-Ho, Nguyen (2003): European and Mediterranean Thalassinidea (Crustacea, Decapoda). Zoosystema 25 (3): 439-555, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5402949
03FF2C63FFBBFFB22D727A67FBCB745B.taxon	discussion	REMARKS The late Dr Ray Manning had intended to separate the two European species Callianassa candida and C. tyrrhena into a genus dedicaced to Dr Otto Pesta. The present generic name fulfills that intention. The genus nevertheless has not hitherto been erected and the names Pestaina truncata and Pestaina candida used by Öksnebjerg (2000: 78) are nomina nuda. In the subfamily Callianassinae of the Callianassidae, the new taxon is related to Callianassa. It differs by the telson rounded in posterior half, the operculiform Mxp 3, and the absence of Plp 1 and Plp 2 in males. Apart from Pestarella whitei n. comb., the four other species of this genus were placed in a small group within Callianassa by de Saint Laurent & Le Loeuff (1979: 96). They inhabit eastern Atlantic: three European species, P. convexa n. comb. from Senegal and P. rotundicaudata n. comb. from South Africa.	en	Ngoc-Ho, Nguyen (2003): European and Mediterranean Thalassinidea (Crustacea, Decapoda). Zoosystema 25 (3): 439-555, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5402949
03FF2C63FFBBFFB22D727A67FBCB745B.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE MATERIAL. — Neotype:, from Kuvi Bay, south of Rovinj, Istria, Croatia, selected by Sakai 1999 a (SMF 23572). MATERIAL EXAMINED. — France. Banyuls, ex. collection Sollaud, No. ES 30, 1932, 2 ovig. cl. 14 and 16 mm, tl. 52 and 58 mm (figured) (MNHN Th 1358). — Villefranche, Old Harbour, Travailleur, 1886, 1 cl. 13 mm (MNHN Th 123). — Îles Cerbicales, Corsica, C. Monniot coll., VII. 1994, 1 cl. 10.5 mm (MNHN Th 1348). Portugal. Algarve, mudflat near Praia de Faro, just W of Faro, along lagoon, behind dunes, 2. XI. 1974, excursion RMNH, stn 79, 1 (RMNH D 36281 as Callianassa pestae). Spain. Cadaqués, NE Spain, VI. 1950, leg. J. Fortuny, collection R. Zariquiey Alvarez, 2 (RMNH D 35799 b as Callianassa pestae). Italy. Naples, collection E. Caroli, received V. 1959 from Zoological Station Naples, 7, 6 (RMNH D 13005, as Callianassa pestae). — Gulf of Naples, Italy, donated by E. Caroli, 2 (RMNH D 6587 as Callianassa pontica). — Lido di Staranzano, intertidal, P. Dworschak coll., 9. X. 1984, 1, 2 (NHMW 6788). — Punta Sabbioni, Venice Lagoon, mud flat, P. Dworschak coll., 25. III. 1989, 2, 1 (MNHW 6761). — Porto Cesareo, P. Parenzan coll., 1969, 1 cl. 10 mm (MNHN Th 214). Adriatic. Norman coll., 1 (NHML 1997.322). — Kuvi, Rovinj, P. Dworschak coll., 11. VII. 1997, 1, 1 ovig. (NHMW 15369). Slovenia. Strunjan (near Piran), intertidal, P. Dworschak coll., IX. 1985, 1, 1 (NHMW 6789). Greece. Kreta, Stavros, C. d’Udekem d’Acoz coll., 4. VII. 1987, 1, 1, 1 juv. (d’Udekem d’Acoz), 12. VII. 1987, 2, 1 (d’Udekem d’Acoz); Kato Zakro, 21. VII. 1987, 1 (d’Udekem d’Acoz). — Amvrakikos Kolpos, SE Koronissia, 2.5 - 3 m, C. d’Udekem d’Acoz coll., 16. VII. 1993, 1 (d’Udekem d’Acoz). — SE Peloponesos, Epidavros Limera, C. d’Udekem d’Acoz coll., 3. VII. 1986, 1 (d’Udekem d’Acoz). — Khoklakos, Rhodos, don. Zoological Museum, Tel Aviv University, Israel, 13. X. 1970, 2 (RMNH D 35802, as Callianassa pestae). Israel. Haifa Bay, 11. VI. 1963, leg. C. Lewinsohn, 1, 1 (RMNH D 35803 as Callianassa pestae). Algeria. Castiglione, leg. R. Dieuzeide, V. 1939 (material previously identified by Lutze as Callianassa algerica), 3 cl. 7.5 - 9 mm, 1 cl. 9 mm (MNHN Th 96); 21. VI. 1931, 1 cl. 6.5 mm (MNHN Th 97); 23. IV. 1929, 1 cl. 5 mm, 1 cl. 6 mm, 1 juv. cl. 4 mm (MNHN Th 98). Morocco. Near Tanger, G. Buchet coll., 1901, 3 cl. 7.5 - 10 mm, 2 (1 ovig.) cl. 8 and 12 mm (MNHN Th 804). Tunisia. Gulf of Tunis, R. B. Manning coll., 16. VIII. 1973, 1, 1 cl. 9 mm, tl. 32 mm (figured) and 56, 37 cl. 6 - 9 mm, 40 juv. (MNHN Th 633); 1978, 1 cl. 12 mm (MNHN Th 626). — Les Bibans, Cherbonnier coll., 18. V. 1955, 1 cl. 7 mm (assigned to C. tyrrhena by Forest & Guinot 1956) (MNHN Th 122). — Salammbô, Ingle & Manning coll., 18. II. 1974, 1 (NHML 1997.320); on sand flat, 1 m or less, R. B. and B. A. Manning coll., 23. XI. 1972, 7 juv. cl. 2.5 - 5 mm (MNHN Th 316). — Punic Port, Salammbô, M. de St Laurent coll., IX. 1973, 7 cl. 6 - 13 mm, 2 cl. 7 mm, 5 juv. (MNHN Th 419); northern Punic Port, sandy mud, 5 - 20 cm, Manning, Forest and de Saint Laurent coll., 7. VIII. 1973, 12 cl. 6 - 10 mm, 3 cl. 6.5 - 9 mm (MNHN Th 712). DISTRIBUTION. — This species is mainly confined to the Mediterranean with a few specimens in nearby areas, Cadix Gulf in southern Spain (García Raso 1983, 1985) and Algarve, in southern Portugal. DIAGNOSIS Rostrum (Fig. 12 A) with blunt tip. Telson (Fig. 12 H) with proximal width about 1.3 - 1.5 times median length. Eyestalk (Fig. 12 A) with blunt tip or slightly pointed mesially, cornea disk-shaped, dorsolateral or dorsal. Peduncles of A 1 and A 2 of approximately same length. Mxp 1 (Fig. 12 E) as figured. Mxp 3 (Fig. 12 F, G) propodus about 1.5 times as long as wide, lower border convex; ischium-merus length about 1.4 - 1.5 times merus width, dactylus digitiform, 2.5 to 3 times as long as wide. Major P 1 (Fig. 12 D) merus with lower border straight or slightly convex; meral hook pointed distally, with denticules on lower border, posterior to distal point. Minor P 1 (Fig. 12 C) unarmed on lower border, carpus slightly narrower proximally than distally, about as wide as propodus and 1.6 - 2 times its length. Plp 3 - 5 (Fig. 12 I) with small appendix interna. Uropodal exopod (Fig. 12 H) longer than distal width, dorsal plate with distal row of setae well apart from posterior border; endopod oblong, about 1.3 - 1.5 times length of telson, posterior border rounded. Colour Body creamy, tailfan sometimes yellowish, chelipeds always white (Dworschak pers. comm.). Size Medium, of cl. 6 - 16 mm, ovigerous of cl. 12 - 16 mm, tl. 50 - 58 mm. ECOLOGY Pestarella candida n. comb. was found in the Gulf of Tunis, in muddy sand with or without Zostera, at 20 - 30 m depth, together with P. tyrrhena n. comb. and Upogebia pusilla (de Saint Laurent & Manning 1982); but it occurs higher up in relation to intertidal level and in more muddy sediments (Dworschak 1992). It is also common in coarse sand or mud in the intertidal and shallow subtidal, at 7 - 9 m depth (García Raso 1983; Thessalou-Legaki & Zenetos 1985). Its burrow and functional morphology are reported in Dworschak (2002). REMARKS This species has been known in the past under Callianassa pontica or Callianassa pestae (pestai) and the priority of these names was discussed by Holthuis (1953) and de Saint Laurent & Božić (1976). In 1986, Lewinsohn & Holthuis pointed out the priority of the name candida. Although both Dworschak (1992) and d’Udekem d’Acoz (1999) found Lewinsohn and Holthuis’ arguments (based on the white chelipeds of the species) not quite convincing, especially given the rudimentary work by Olivi (1792), the name candida was used by both, and also in this work, for the sake of nomenclature stability. Sakai (1999 a) selected a neotype (SMF 23572) for the species. As reported by de Saint Laurent & Božić (1979: 26), a part of the material assigned by Lutze (1938) to Callianassa algerica and now deposited in MNHN (MNHN Th 96 - 98), belongs to the present species. The identity of the two forms is confirmed. Variations occur in: 1) the eyestalk distal tip is blunt or mesiodistally produced; 2) the lower border of P 1 merus is straight or convex; 3) the length ratios of carpus / propodus / fingers vary in both P 1; and 4) the meral hook of the major cheliped is often relatively large with the lower bor- der straight and a distinct pointed distal tip (Fig. 12 B) or smaller with the lower border convex and the distal tip more discrete (Fig. 12 D). Besides characters given in the key, additional details differentiating P. candida n. comb. and its two congeners are presented under these latter species. Pestarella tyrrhena (Petagna, 1792) n. comb. (Figs 13; 14)	en	Ngoc-Ho, Nguyen (2003): European and Mediterranean Thalassinidea (Crustacea, Decapoda). Zoosystema 25 (3): 439-555, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5402949
03FF2C63FFBBFFB22D727A67FBCB745B.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE MATERIAL. — Whereabouts unknown. MATERIAL EXAMINED. — North Sea. 53 ° 10 ’ N, 2 ° 15 ’ E, depth 20 - 22 fms, 16. IV. 1963, don. Netherlands Institute of Sea Research, received VII. 1973, 2 (RMNH D 29676). — Southern North Sea, 52 ° 11 ’ N, 4 ° 21 ’ E, 6 - 18. IX. 1965, leg. D. Eisma, don. Netherlands Institute of Sea Research, 1 (poor condition, RMNH D 35804). The Netherlands. Diepe Gat, 17 fms, in stomach Raja clavata (L.), don. Netherlands Institute of Sea Research, 1 poor condition (RMNH D 6203). — 30 miles NW of Ijmuiden, 7. VII. 1950, leg. et don. Zoological Station Den Halder, 1 (RMNH D 7381). — Province of Zuid Holland, off Scheveningen, sand pumped from quadrant, 52 ° 10 ’ 00.46 ” N, 4 ° 02 ’ 28.81 ” E- 52 ° 12 ’ 00.02 ” N, 4 ° 06 ’ 00.00 ” E- 52 ° 12 ’ 49.50 ” N, 4 ° 04 ’ 52.08 ” E- 52 ° 10 ’ 59.90 ” N, 4 ° 01 ’ 20.86 ” E, 2 broken, several P 1 (RMNH D 40764); c. 30 km off Scheveningen, sand pumped on the beach, H. L. Strack coll., 31. III. 1991, 2 chela (RMNH D 40769). — Diepe Gat near Den Helder, 17 fms, 16. II. 1951, from stomach of Mustelus mustelus (L.), leg. et don. Zoological Station Den Halder, 1 spec. (RMNH D 7634). Great Britain. Jersey, Norman coll., 2, 2 (NHML 98.5.7.751.52). — Jersey, purchased 30. V. 1950, 3, 1 ovig. (NHML 1950.8.22.13 - 17). — St Clement, Jersey, J. Sinel coll. (types of Callianassa stebbingi), 1, 1 (NHML 84.18). — St-Aubius Fort, Channel Islands, Jersey, R. Pike coll., 1 (NHML 1951.9.4.1 - 2). France. Brittany, Pointe du Château, N of Tréguier, P. Noël coll., 28. II. 1994, 2 cl. 9 and 15 mm, tl. 36.5 and 55.5 mm; 1 cl. 14 mm, tl. 57 mm (figured) (MNHN Th 1346). — St-Malo Bridge, N. Rabet coll., 1. VIII. 1992, 1 cl. 13 mm, tl. 54.5 mm (figured) (MNHN Th 1345). — Réville, Normandie, J. I. Legrand coll., VII. 1974, 1 cl. 12.5 mm (MNHN Th 422). — Wimereux, leg. R. P. Dolfus, 1905, 2 cl. 12.5 mm, 1 cl. 10 mm, and 1 cl. 12.5 mm, tl. 53 mm (figured) (MNHN Th 677). — Noirmoutiers, fine sand, Y. Gruet coll., 1. VII. 1973, 1 cl. 15 mm (MNHN Th 600); 2. VII. 1973, 1 ovig. cl. 13.5 mm (MNHN Th 601); 13. VIII. 1972, 1 cl. 6 mm (MNHN Th 602); 1. VII. 1973, 1 ovig. cl. 14 mm (MNHN Th 603). — Concarneau, Baron of St-Joseph coll., 1911, 1 ovig. cl. 13 mm (MNHN Th 227); Cabellou Beach, J. Forest coll., VIII. 1957, 1 cl. 10 mm (MNHN Th 781). — Rade of Brest, Point of Bindy, P. Noël coll., 23. I. 1992, 2 cl. 5.5 and 8.5 mm (MNHN Th 1347). — Coutainville, Lessertisseur coll., IX. 1962, 1 cl. 10.5 mm (MNHN Th 135). — Roscoff, F. Gentil coll., 1972, 1 cl. 12 mm, 1 cl. 9 mm (MNHN Th 221). — St-Servan, Brittany, Monot coll., 1 cl. 12.5 mm (MNHN Th 133); unknown coll., IV. 1924, 1 cl. 10 mm (MNHN Th 555); E. Fischer coll., IX. 1929, ex. coll. Sollaud, No. ES 33, 2 cl. 13 and 14.5 mm, 1 cl. 13.5 mm (MNHN Th 1364). — St-Malo, Vaillant coll., 2 cl. 7.5 and 8.5 mm (MNHN Th 132). — Dinard?, about 4.88 gr. W, 54.5 gr. N, 1930 (?), ex coll. Sollaud, No. ES 28, 1 cl. 12.5 mm (MNHN Th 1356). — Lancieux, about 4.99 gr. W, 52.2 gr. N, V. 1927, ex coll. Sollaud, No. ES 36, 1, infested by isopod, with left Plp 1 present (MNHN Th 1367). — Audierne, Finistère, Dr Piton don., No. 10.1924, 3 (2 ovig.) cl. 14 - 15 mm, 1 broken (MNHN Th 220). — Chausey Island, western Atlantic, northern area, flats exposed at low tides, A. Crosnier and P. Clark coll., IX. 1992, 1, 4 (NHML 1992.1086). — Rocheneuf, between St-Malo and Mont-St-Michel, Ille-et-Vilaine, 20. VIII. 1958, collection H. Nouvel, 1 (RMNH D 35806). — Mediterranean, 1 cl. 13.5 mm (MNHN Th 224). Portugal. Olhão, C. d’Udekem d’Acoz coll., 18. VII. 1988, 2 cl. 11 and 12 mm (d’Udekem d’Acoz). — Algarve, lagoon of Manta Rota, C. d’Udekem d’Acoz coll., 20. VII. 1988, 1 cl. 8 mm, 3 cl. 9 - 11.5 mm (d’Udekem d’Acoz). — Algarve, mudflat near Praia de Faro, just W of Faro, 2. XI. 1974, excursion RMNH, stn 79, 1, 3 (RMNH D 36278); 1, 3 (RMNH D 36279); 3. XI. 1974, excursion RMNH, stn 80, 3 (RMNH D 36280). Spain. Playa Gentils in Cala de Cutip, N of Cabo de Creus, NE Spain, 12. VIII. 1950, leg. et don. L. B. Holthuis, No. 127, 1 juv. (RMNH D 6735). — Playa Jonquet, N of Cadaqués, NE Spain, c. 0.5 m, sand and stones, 13. VIII. 1950, leg. et don. L. B. Holthuis, No. 128, 1 juv. (RMNH D 6736). — Cala Junques, N of Port Lligat near Cadaqués, sand and stones, c. 0.2 m, 20. VIII. 1959, leg. L. B. Holthuis, 1 juv. (RMNH D 15214). — Ria de Arosa, N of Cabo Cruz, stn 0.32, 23. VII. 1962, low water mark, excursion Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, 2 (RMNH D 18544). — Ria de Arosa, Peninsula Chazo, Playa Barraña, sandy beach with some rocks, in burrows in sand between low and highwater marks, 7. VII. 1963, excursion RMNH, stn 0.50, 2, 1 (RMNH D 20539); Ria de Arosa, Playa de Barrana, 10. VIII. 1964, excursion RMNH, stn o. 126, 1, 1 ovig. (RMNH D 23659); mouth of Ria de Arosa, Peninsula del Grove, Punta San Vicente, littoral, burrowed in sand, 1. VI. 1963, excursion RMNH, stn 0.44, 1 (RMNH D 20540). — Bay between Cadaqués and Cabo de Creus, Rierca de Junquet, 19. VIII. 1950, leg. R. Zariquiey Alvarez, No. 1331, 3 (RMNH D 35805). — VIII. 1951, leg. R. Zariquiey Alvarez, No. 1330, 1, 1 juv. (RMNH D 35807). Italy. Porto Cesareo, P. Parenzan coll., 1969, 1 ovig. cl. 8.5 mm (MNHN Th 207). — Naples, 1920, C. Gravier, 1 cl. 13.5 mm (MNHN Th 125); Norman coll., 2, 2 (NHML 98.5.7.748 - 50); 1 (NHML 1910.2.4.91); 1, 1 ovig. (bought I. 1925) (NHML 1950.1.2.113 - 114); 1876, leg. J. G. de Man, 3, 1, 2 ovig. (RMNH D 938); collection E. Caroli, received V. 1959 from Zoological Station Naples, 23, 12, 4 ovig. (RMNH D 13007). — Gulf of Naples; V. 1924, leg. et don. G. Stiasny, 1 (RMNH D 2391 as Callianassa laticauda); V. 1957, leg. et don. J. H. Stock, Zoologisch Museum, Amsterdam, 4 (RMNH D 15213). Greece. Kreta, Kato Zakro, C. d’Udekem d’Acoz coll., 21. VII. 1987, 1 cl. 6 mm, 1 ovig. cl. 9 mm (d’Udekem d’Acoz). — Tersanas, W of Stavros, 2. VII. 1987, 1 cl. 7 mm, 1 cl. 6 mm (d’Udekem d’Acoz). — Stavros, 4. VII. 1987, 1 ovig. cl. 8.5 mm, 1 juv. (d’Udekem d’Acoz); 11. VII. 1987, 2 cl. 6 and 9 mm, 1 juv. (d’Udekem d’Acoz). — Ormos Livadi, 9. VII. 1987, 3 cl. 6 - 10 mm, 1 ovig. cl. 9 mm (d’Udekem d’Acoz). — W of Goudouras, 19. VII. 1987, 4 cl. 6 - 11 mm (d’Udekem d’Acoz). — Island of Lesbos, Gavatas, C. d’Udekem d’Acoz coll., 8. VII. 1992, 1 cl. 6.5 mm (d’Udekem d’Acoz). — Aegean Sea, Calypso, stn 779, NE of Salamina, 90 - 100 m, 21. IX. 1955, Saronikos G., 1 (A. U. TH P 3505). Israel. Tantura, 6. VII. 1952, don. Tel Aviv Institute of Natural Sciences, 1 (RMNH D 13800). — Mediterranean coast near Tantura, S of Haifa, in rockpools, 0 - 2 m, with Pro-nox fish poison, 3. V. 1962, leg. A. Ben-Tuvia, E. Gilat and L. B. Holthuis, 2 (RMNH D 18545). Morocco. 1 km S of Oued Yquem, 22 km S of Rabat, along highway Rabat-Casablanca, rocky coast with sandy lagoon, 19. X. 1974, excursion RMNH, No. 39, 9, 2 (RMNH D 36277). — SPMOPO 1974, stn 034, Morocco, atlantic coast, on highway Rabat-Casablanca, south of Rabat, 19. X. 1974, Exc. RMNH 1974, 1 (RMNH D 38482). — SPMOPO 1974, stn 038, 0 - 0.2 m deep, rock pools. 20. X. 1974, Exc. RMNH 1974, 1 (RMNH D 38483). Tunisia. R. B. Manning coll., 12. VIII. 1973, 13 juv. (MNHN Th 1344). — Salammbô, grass flats, in sand, Manning, Forest and de Saint Laurent coll., 19. VIII. 1973, 3 cl. 7 - 12.5 mm, 3 cl. 12 - 14 mm (MNHN Th 711). Guinea. Témara, îles de Los, H. Gantès coll., No. 852, 14. III. 1952, 1 cl. 11 mm (MNHN Th 131); No. 1696, 14. V. 1953, 1 cl. 9.2 mm, 1 cl. 10 mm (MNHN Th 128); No. 2312, 24. II. 1955, 1 moult, broken (MNHN Th 129). OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Pestarella convexa n. comb., Gambia, south of Cape of Bald, 18 m, unknown collector, 31. III. 1954, 1 ovig. cl. 5 mm, tl. 24 mm (holotype), 1 tl. 24 mm, 1 tl. 18 mm (paratypes) (MNHN Th 617). — Mauritania N’Diago, stn 61, in boulders, B. Richer de Forge coll., 18. IV. 1982, 3 ovig. cl. 8 - 9.5 mm (MNHN Th 723). Pestarella rotundicaudata n. comb., South Africa, Kowie, Port Alfred, A. Penther coll., V. 1896, 1 cl. 8.5 mm (NHMW 6619). DISTRIBUTION. — From Southern North Sea, Eastern Atlantic: Ireland (Selbie 1914), English Channel, Atlantic coasts of France, Spain, Portugal, Morocco to Guinea. Mediterranean including Adriatic (Števčić 1990; Dworschak 1992) and Corsica (de Vaugelas 1991, 1998). DIAGNOSIS Carapace (Fig. 13 A) with blunt tip, no rostral spine. Abdominal segments (Fig. 13 C) unarmed, second largest, segments 3 - 5 with lateral tufts of setae. Telson (Fig. 13 F) about as long as proximal width. Eyestalk with blunt distal tip; cornea distinct, dorso-lateral or dorsal. A 1 peduncle slightly long- er than A 2 peduncle (Fig. 13 A). Md (Fig. 13 B), Mxp 1, Mxp 2 (Fig. 14 F, G) as figured; Mxp 3 operculiform (Fig. 13 G, H), ischium-merus length about 1.3 - 1.4 times merus width, propodus 1.5 - 1.7 times as long as wide, lower border convex; dactylus digitiform. Major P 1 (Fig. 13 D) slightly stouter in male; meral lower border straight or slightly convex; meral hook with rounded, denticulated lower border. Minor P 1 (Fig. 13 C) unarmed, carpus slightly wider proximally than distally, wider than propodus. P 2 - 5 (Fig. 14 B-E) as figured, P 3 propodus with lower border slightly dentate. Female Plp 1 (Fig. 13 I) uniramous, two-articulated; female Plp 2 (Fig. 13 J) biramous, endopod twoarticulated. Uropodal exopod (Fig. 13 F) about as long as proximal width, dorsal plate with distal row of setae at short distance and indistinct from posterior border; endopod slightly longer than telson. Colour General colour of body similar to that of P. candida n. comb., creamy with a slight tint of pink, tailfan sometimes yellowish, chelipeds usually slightly to bright pink (but sometimes completely white), ripe ovaries yellow to orange (Dworschak pers. comm.; d’Udekem d’Acoz 1999). A colour- ed photograph is presented in Perez Sanchez & Moreno Batet (1991) and González Pérez (1995). Size Largest specimens in material examined of cl. 12.5 - 15 mm, tl. 53 - 57.5 mm; average size of cl. 6 - 15 mm, ovigerous of cl. 8 - 15 mm, tl. 60 mm (Balss 1926). Body length up to 67 mm in the British Isles (Moyse & Smaldon 1990). ECOLOGY AND BIOLOGY Pestarella tyrrhena n. comb. occurs in intertidal and shallow subtidal zones (Dworschak 1998 a), in fine sand (d’Udekem d’Acoz 1986; Dworschak 1992), in muddy sand with or without Zostera seagrass (d’Udekem d’Acoz 1989; Števčić 1990) and in mud (Le Gall 1969), at 5 - 20 m or deeper (Moyse & Smaldon 1990). Picard & Pérès (1964) and Picard (1965) considered this species as characteristic of a relatively undisturbed muddy subtrate. Aspects of biology studied Feeding behaviour (Dworschak 1987 a); cadmium, mercury bioaccumulation and their effects (Thaker & Haritos 1989 a, b); reproductive output (percentage of mother weight devoted to egg production) (Thessalou-Legaki & Kiortsis 1997); physiological aspects in relation to pollution (Thessalou-Legaki et al. 1997); biometric analysis (Dworschak 1998 a); abundance of population in Corsica (de Vaugelas 1991); relation between burrow architecture, feeding mode and structure of the sediments (de Vaugelas 1998); burrow and burrow construction with role of tegumental glands (Dworschak 1998 b, 2000). REMARKS AND VARIATIONS This is the most common callianassid species along the French Atlantic coast and the European coast of the Mediterranean, with much confusion in nomenclature. It was described by Otto (1821, 1828) under the name Callianassa laticauda but was often confused with C. subterranea (Montagu, 1808). In 1893, Stebbing reported some Callianassa material from Jersey which he considered distinct from subterranea and which was named later Callianassa Stebbingi by Borradaile (1903). De Man (1928 a) showed its identity with C. laticauda. Giordani Soika (1943) stated that Cancer candidus Olivi, 1792 was identical with Callianassa laticauda Otto, 1821, and that Olivi’s name, being the older of the two, should be employed. On the other hand, Holthuis (1947) considered that the three names Astacus tyrrhenus Petagna, 1792, Cancer candidus and Callianassa laticauda actually referred to the same species. He (Holthuis 1953) definitely settled the question and presented the main reason why Petagna’s name should be preferred over Olivi’s (Petagna’s figure is far superior). The species name tyrrhena (Petagna, 1792) has been used therafter. Variations occur in: 1) the lower border of major P 1 merus which is straight or slightly convex; 2) the length ratio of carpus / propodus / fingers in major P 1, with fingers often shorter in male than in female; and 3) the Mxp 3 ischium (Fig. 13 G) is often, not always, narrower proximally than distally and narrower than the merus. The colour pattern is also variable: whilst most specimens are more or less tinged with pink, specimens with completely white pereopods are occasionally found (d’Udekem d’Acoz pers. comm.). Characters given for this species in the key are reliable but its European congeners can also be differentiated by the dorsal plate of the uropodal exopod: its setal distal row is at short distance and indistinct from the posterior border in P. tyrrhena n. comb. and well apart from the posterior border in P. candida n. comb. and P. whitei n. comb. Pestarella whitei (Sakai, 1999) n. comb. (Fig. 15)	en	Ngoc-Ho, Nguyen (2003): European and Mediterranean Thalassinidea (Crustacea, Decapoda). Zoosystema 25 (3): 439-555, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5402949
03FF2C63FFBBFFB22D727A67FBCB745B.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE MATERIAL. — Holotype:, from Kap Monsena, S Val Salina, Istria near Rovinj, Croatia (SMF 14033); paratype: same locality, (SMF 24574). MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Croatia. Rovinj, leg. U. Pettke, VII. 1982, 1 holotype cl. 11 mm, tl. 49 mm (data given by Sakai; no data label accompagnying specimen) (figured, SMF 14033). — S Palu, Rovinj, intertidal under stones, Dworschak coll., 2. VIII. 1982, 1 (just moulted) (NHMW 6902). — Montauro, Rovinj, boulder field in 3 m, sand under stones, J. Ott coll., VII. 1988, 1 cl. 12 mm (NHMW 6778).	en	Ngoc-Ho, Nguyen (2003): European and Mediterranean Thalassinidea (Crustacea, Decapoda). Zoosystema 25 (3): 439-555, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5402949
03FF2C63FFBBFFB22D727A67FBCB745B.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION. — Currently known only from Croatia.	en	Ngoc-Ho, Nguyen (2003): European and Mediterranean Thalassinidea (Crustacea, Decapoda). Zoosystema 25 (3): 439-555, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5402949
03FF2C63FFBBFFB22D727A67FBCB745B.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS Rostrum (Fig. 15 A) with blunt tip, no rostral spine. Telson (Fig. 15 D) with proximal width about 1.5 times median length. Eyestalk short, distal tip blunt or slightly pointed mesially; cornea disk-shaped, dorso-lateral or dorsal. Peduncle of A 1 longer and stouter than that of A 2. Mxp 3 (Fig. 13 F) operculiform, ischium-merus length about 1.5 - 1.6 times merus width, propodus slender, about twice as long as wide, lower border nearly straight, dactylus digitiform, 2.5 - 3 times as long as wide. Major P 1 (Fig. 15 B) merus with lower border straight or slightly convex, lower border of meral hook denticulated, pointed distally. Minor P 1 unarmed (Fig. 15 C), carpus with similar proximal and distal width, 2 - 2.5 times length of propodus. Plp 3 - 5 (Fig. 15 G) with small appendix interna, projecting from inner border of endopod. Uropodal exopod (Fig. 15 D) a little longer than distal width, dorsal plate with distal row of setae well apart from posterior border; endopod elongated, nearly twice as long as telson, posterior border rounded. Colour Similar to P. candida n. comb. (Dworschak pers. comm.). Size Holotype: cl. 11 - 12 mm, tl. 49 mm.	en	Ngoc-Ho, Nguyen (2003): European and Mediterranean Thalassinidea (Crustacea, Decapoda). Zoosystema 25 (3): 439-555, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5402949
03FF2C63FFBBFFB22D727A67FBCB745B.taxon	biology_ecology	ECOLOGY Living in mud, under stones or in seagrass meadows, 0 - 4 m (Sakai 1999 a; Dworschak 2002).	en	Ngoc-Ho, Nguyen (2003): European and Mediterranean Thalassinidea (Crustacea, Decapoda). Zoosystema 25 (3): 439-555, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5402949
03FF2C63FFBBFFB22D727A67FBCB745B.taxon	discussion	REMARKS The chelipeds of the holotype (Sakai 1999 a: fig. 4 c, d) were probably figured in situ and certain features are inaccurate, e. g., the shape of the major P 1 meral hook, or the length ratio of the carpus and propodus. The figures are also presented as mirror images, as if the major cheliped was on the left and the minor cheliped was on the right while it is actually the opposite. The two appendages are here detached from the body and laid flat for drawing (Fig. 15 B, C). Their morphology is very similar to that of P. candida n. comb. In his work on the fauna of the Adriatic, Pesta (1918: fig. 63, 63 a, 63 b) reported some material he assigned to Callianassa stebbingi (= P. tyrrhena n. comb.). Later, de Man (1928 a: 34) and de Saint Laurent & Božić (1976: 24) placed it in C. pestae or C. pontica (= P. candida n. comb.), while Sakai (1999 a: 23) considered it to belong to P. whitei n. comb. The material examined by Pesta was probably a mixture of P. candida n. comb. and P. tyrrhena n. comb. (and also P. whitei n. comb.). Figure 63 of Pesta (1918) is likely to represent a specimen of the former species (meral hook of major P 1 with pointed distal tip, uropodal exopod with setal row of dorsal plate well apart from posterior bor- der). Figure 63 a (an operculiform Mxp 3) could be of either species, while figure 63 b is clearly of P. tyrrhena n. comb. (telson about as long as wide, uropodal exopod with setal row of dorsal plate near posterior border). This material (or part of it) is still extant and housed at the Natur- historisches Museum Vienna. It includes specimens of P. candida n. comb. (Dworschak pers. comm. and sketch) with an exception (NHMW 319) that could be a variation of P. whitei n. comb. (peduncle of A 1 slightly longer than that of A 2 in one side, about as long in the other; Mxp 3 propodus slender). Pestarella whitei n. comb. is similar to P. candida n. comb. in: 1) the eyestalk is short with the distal tip blunt or slightly pointed mesially; 2) the morphology of both P 1; 3) the telson is wider than long; and 4) the uropodal exopod and endopod greatly exceed the telson. Distinguishing features are listed in the key and this species can be differentiated from its European congeners especially by the shape of its Mxp 3 propodus (Fig. 15 E, F). The latter is slender, approximately twice as long as wide, with the lower border nearly straight, while it is 1.5 times as long as wide, with the lower border convex in P. candida n. comb. and P. tyrrhena n. comb.	en	Ngoc-Ho, Nguyen (2003): European and Mediterranean Thalassinidea (Crustacea, Decapoda). Zoosystema 25 (3): 439-555, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5402949
03FF2C63FFBBFFB22D727A67FBCB745B.taxon	description	Pestarella whitei n. comb. is also similar to a non- European congener, but with a close distribution range, which is P. convexa n. comb. from Senegal (de Saint Laurent & Le Loeuff 1979: 73, fig. 10). It differs in: 1) the telson is about 1.5 times as wide as long in P. whitei n. comb. (1.3 - 1.4 times in P convexa n. comb.); 2) uropods are more elongated, endopods nearly twice as long as telson in P. whitei n. comb. (uropodal endopod about 1.5 times as long as telson in P. convexa n. comb.); and 3) the uropodal exopod with the setal row of dorsal plate well apart from posterior border in P. whitei n. comb. (setal row of dorsal plate near posterior border in P. convexa n. comb.).	en	Ngoc-Ho, Nguyen (2003): European and Mediterranean Thalassinidea (Crustacea, Decapoda). Zoosystema 25 (3): 439-555, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5402949
03FF2C63FFB0FFAD2CC67F52FC5E759B.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE SPECIES. — Calliapagurops charcoti de Saint Laurent, 1973, by original designation.	en	Ngoc-Ho, Nguyen (2003): European and Mediterranean Thalassinidea (Crustacea, Decapoda). Zoosystema 25 (3): 439-555, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5402949
03FF2C63FFB0FFAD2CC67F52FC5E759B.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS. — Carapace with faint dorsal oval, long rostral and anterolateral spines; linea thalassinica complete. Abdominal somite 2 longest, longer than somite 6; telson wider than long, with rounded outline and transverse dorsal crest bearing spiniform setae. Eyestalks cylindrical, length three to four times diameter of terminal corneas. A 1 peduncle reaching approximately middle of much heavier A 2 peduncle; antennal scale small. Epipod of Mxp 1 with elongated anterior lobe. Epipod of Mxp 2 small. Mxp 3 operculiform, three or more meral spines on distal margin; propodus widened proximally, dactylus digitiform; exopod absent. P 1 unequal in males, subequal in females with numerous spines on lower border of ischium and merus. P 4 chelate, with fixed finger approximately as long as dactylus; P 5 chelate. Paired arthrobranch on Mxp 3 and P 1 - 4. Plp 1 uniramous, Plp 2 biramous with small terminal appendix interna in both sexes, no appendix masculina in male. Plp 2 - 5 foliaceous and biramous with appendix interna embedded in margin of endopod in both sexes. Uropodal endopod elongate ovate, longer than telson.	en	Ngoc-Ho, Nguyen (2003): European and Mediterranean Thalassinidea (Crustacea, Decapoda). Zoosystema 25 (3): 439-555, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5402949
03FF2C63FFB0FFAD2CC67F52FC5E759B.taxon	discussion	REMARKS The genus Calliapagurops was established in 1973 for a new species, Calliapagurops charcoti, which was briefly diagnosed. The holotype and only known specimen was a damaged specimen, with the abdomen and pereopods 4 and 5 missing. The species was redescribed and partly figured by Sakai (1999 a: 8, fig. 1) who erected a new subfamily, Calliapaguropinae, for it. Recently, a new species, Calliapagurops foresti Ngoc-Ho, 2002, was described from the Philippines. The type material includes four specimens, three of them complete and in good condition. Their examination complements the diagnosis of the genus as given above. It also reveals that Calliapagurops is better placed in the subfamily Callichirinae sensu Tudge et al. (2000). The latter, which was synonymised with the Callianassinae by Sakai (1999 a), is regarded as a valid subfamily (Ngoc-Ho 2002).	en	Ngoc-Ho, Nguyen (2003): European and Mediterranean Thalassinidea (Crustacea, Decapoda). Zoosystema 25 (3): 439-555, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5402949
03FF2C63FFB0FFAD2CC67F52FC5E759B.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE MATERIAL. — Holotype: from Azores, Jean Charcot, BIAÇORES, stn 109, 39 ° 33 ’ N, 31 ° 17 ’ W, 190 - 230 m, in shelly sand, 20. X. 1971, cl. 9.5 mm without abdomen and P 4, P 5 (figured, MNHN Th 345).	en	Ngoc-Ho, Nguyen (2003): European and Mediterranean Thalassinidea (Crustacea, Decapoda). Zoosystema 25 (3): 439-555, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5402949
03FF2C63FFB0FFAD2CC67F52FC5E759B.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION. — Only known from the type locality, at 190 - 230 m.	en	Ngoc-Ho, Nguyen (2003): European and Mediterranean Thalassinidea (Crustacea, Decapoda). Zoosystema 25 (3): 439-555, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5402949
03FF2C63FFB0FFAD2CC67F52FC5E759B.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS As for the genus, with details added: eyestalk reaching base of last article of A 1 and not narrowing distally (Fig. 16 A). Md (Fig. 16 E), Mx 1 (Fig. 16 C), Mx 2 (Fig. 16 D), Mxp 1 (Fig. 16 B), Mxp 2 (Fig. 16 J) as figured. Mxp 3 (Fig. 16 K, L) with three or four spines on distal margin of merus. P 1 (Fig. 16 F, G) ischium with six or seven lower spines, merus with four to six lower spines, major P 1 with both fixed finger and dactylus bearing low triangular tooth near midpoint of cutting edge. P 4, P 5, abdomen, telson, uropods and branchial formula unknown. Colour Unknown. Size Holotype and only known specimen of cl. 9.5 mm.	en	Ngoc-Ho, Nguyen (2003): European and Mediterranean Thalassinidea (Crustacea, Decapoda). Zoosystema 25 (3): 439-555, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5402949
03FF2C63FFB0FFAD2CC67F52FC5E759B.taxon	discussion	REMARKS Although the holotype of this species was referred to by both de Saint Laurent (1973) and Sakai (1999 a) as a male, it is a female. Differences between C. charcoti and its congener C. foresti are given in Ngoc-Ho (2002).	en	Ngoc-Ho, Nguyen (2003): European and Mediterranean Thalassinidea (Crustacea, Decapoda). Zoosystema 25 (3): 439-555, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5402949
03FF2C63FFADFFAB2EF27A34FD87751B.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE SPECIES. — Callianassa (Callichirus) lobata de Gaillande & Lagardère, 1966, by original designation.	en	Ngoc-Ho, Nguyen (2003): European and Mediterranean Thalassinidea (Crustacea, Decapoda). Zoosystema 25 (3): 439-555, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5402949
03FF2C63FFADFFAB2EF27A34FD87751B.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS. — Carapace lacking dorsal oval; rostrum short, with blunt tip, rostral spine absent. Second abdominal segment 2 longest, longer than sixth, no lateral tufts of setae on segments 3 - 5. Telson about 1.2 times as wide as long, lateral border curved, posterior border straight or slightly convex. Eyestalk about twice as long as wide, slightly flattened dorso-ventrally; cornea small, weakly pigmented. A 1 peduncle shorter than that of A 2. Mxp 1 epipod large, tapering anteriorly. Mxp 2 with small, leaf-like epipod. Mxp 3 subpediform, propodus and dactylus rounded, exopod absent. P 1 unequal, dissimilar; fixed finger as long as dactylus and terminal in major P 1, shorter than dactylus and subterminal in minor P 1, with wide proximal gap and large triangular proximal tooth on cutting edge. P 3 with small proximal heel on propodus, P 5 subchelate. Paired arthrobranch on Mxp 3 and P 1 - 4. Male and female Plp 1 uniramous, male and female Plp 2 biramous, all lacking appendix interna, male Plp 2 with appendix masculina overreaching endopod. Plp 3 - 5 biramous, foliaceous, appendix interna finger-like in both sexes. Uropodal endopod and exopod slightly longer than telson, with rounded posterior border; exopod with dorsal plate terminating in short distal setal row.	en	Ngoc-Ho, Nguyen (2003): European and Mediterranean Thalassinidea (Crustacea, Decapoda). Zoosystema 25 (3): 439-555, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5402949
03FF2C63FFADFFAB2EF27A34FD87751B.taxon	discussion	REMARKS The genus Calliax was considered by Manning & Felder (1991: 781) as distinct from their newly established Eucalliax, but Sakai (1999 a: 110) synonymised the two taxa. A number of Calliax and Eucalliax species have been described recently. Their examination confirms the validity of the latter genus and permits the former to be better defined.	en	Ngoc-Ho, Nguyen (2003): European and Mediterranean Thalassinidea (Crustacea, Decapoda). Zoosystema 25 (3): 439-555, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5402949
03FF2C63FFADFFAB2EF27A34FD87751B.taxon	description	Rostrum triangular, rostral spine small or absent; cornea flatttened, almost terminal. A 1 peduncle shorter than that of A 2. Mxp 3 without exopod, operculiform. Chelipeds equal and similar, major without meral hook. Male and female Plp 1 slender and uniramous, lacking appendix interna; male and female Plp 2 slender and biramous, male Plp 2 with appendix interna and appendix masculina, female Plp 2 often with appendix interna (absent in E. quadracuta). Plp 3 - 5 foliaceous and biramous in both sexes, with finger-like appendix interna. Telson over 1.5 times as wide as long, posterior border straight or slightly concave, often with dorsal transverse carina (absent in E. bulimba). Uropods longer than telson, endopod overreaching telson by at least half its length. It can be noted that the Mxp 3 figured by Manning & Felder (1991: fig. 3) and labeled as Eucalliax actually belongs to Calliax lobata as indicated in the legend. The following species are placed in Eucalliax: Eucalliax quadracuta (Biffar, 1970) (type species), Eucalliax aequimana (Baker, 1907) n. comb., Eucalliax bulimba (Poore & Griffin, 1979) n. comb., Eucalliax cearaensis Rodriguez & Manning, 1992, Eucalliax jonesi (Heard, 1989), Eucalliax mcilhennyi Felder & Manning, 1994. Differences between Calliax and Eucalliax (figures from Felder & Manning 1994 for Eucalliax mcilhennyi) species are: 1) A 1 peduncle is distinctly shorter than that of A 2, not overreaching the proximal border of the last article in Calliax (reaching mid-length of last article in Eucalliax); 2) Mxp 3 is subpediform in Calliax (Fig. 17 K, L) (operculiform in Eucalliax [Fig. 18 P]); 3) P 1 is unequal; the minor with the fixed finger shorter than and separated from the dactylus by a wide gap, bearing a large triangular proximal tooth in Calliax (Fig. 17 D, E) (P 1 is subequal and similar in Eucalliax, Fig. 18 M, N); 4) male Plp 2 has an appendix masculina (Fig. 18 D), female Plp 2 lacking an appendix interna in Calliax (Fig. 18 B) (male Plp 2 has both appendix interna and appendix masculina [Fig. 18 L] female Plp 2 often with appendix interna in Eucalliax, Fig. 18 J); 5) the telson is less than 1.5 times as wide as long with the posterior border straight or slightly convex and no dorsal transverse carina in Calliax (Fig. 17 J) (the telson is over 1.5 times as wide as long with the posterior border straight or slightly concave with the dorsal transverse carina often present in Eucalliax [Fig. 18 O]); and 6) the uropods are about as long or slightly longer than the telson in Calliax (Fig. 17 J) (uropods are long- er with the endopod overreaching the telson by at least half of its length in Eucalliax [Fig. 18 O]).	en	Ngoc-Ho, Nguyen (2003): European and Mediterranean Thalassinidea (Crustacea, Decapoda). Zoosystema 25 (3): 439-555, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5402949
03FF2C63FFADFFAB2EF27A34FD87751B.taxon	description	Lagardère, 1966: 259, pls 1 - 4.	en	Ngoc-Ho, Nguyen (2003): European and Mediterranean Thalassinidea (Crustacea, Decapoda). Zoosystema 25 (3): 439-555, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5402949
03FF2C63FFADFFAB2EF27A34FD87751B.taxon	description	34. — Thessalou-Legaki & Zenetos 1985: 311. — ° Thessalou-Legaki 1986: 183. — Manning 1987: 397. — Števčić 1985: 313; 1990: 218. — Manning & Felder 1991: 783, figs 15 f-j. — ° Froglia 1995: 7. — Falciai & Minervini 1996: 145, 4 figs. — Sakai 1999 a: 110, fig. 27 a-c. — d’Udekem d’Acoz 1999: 155. — Tudge et al. 2000: 145, figs 3, 4 (cladogram). — ° Türkay 2001: 289.	en	Ngoc-Ho, Nguyen (2003): European and Mediterranean Thalassinidea (Crustacea, Decapoda). Zoosystema 25 (3): 439-555, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5402949
03FF2C63FFADFFAB2EF27A34FD87751B.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE MATERIAL. — Holotype: #, Port-Miou, near Toulon, France, de Gaillande coll., X. 1964 (MNHN Th 1296); paratypes: # 1 (MNHN Th 1298), 1, 1 (MNHN Th 84), 1, 1 (RMNH D 23011) (# previously deposited in the Station marine d’Endoume, France). MATERIAL EXAMINED. — France. Port-Miou, near Toulon, 5 - 10 m, de Gaillande coll., X. 1964, holotype cl. 8 mm (figured) (dissected by the authors) (MNHN Th 1296); 1 paratype cl. 6 mm, tl. 21.5 mm, eyes and both Plp 1, Plp 2 lost (MNHN Th 1298), 1 paratype cl. 5 mm, tl. 20 mm, 1 broken paratype (figured) (MNHN Th 84), 1, 1 paratypes (RMNH D 23011); same data, 1 cl. 7 mm, poor condition (figured) (# MNHN Th 1297); same locality, de Gaillande coll., 1972, 3 tl. 21 - 25 mm, 1 tl. 25 mm (MNHN Th 674). Croatia. Rovinj, Števčić coll., 1983, 1 cl. 4.5 mm, tl. 18 mm approx., poor condition (MNHN Th 675). OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Eucalliax quadracuta (Biffar, 1970), Venezuela, paratypes: 1 ovig. (MCZ 12872 a), 1, 1 (MCZ 732). — Eucalliax bulimba (Poore & Griffin, 1979), Queensland, Australia, 1 (MV J 12184). — Eucalliax aequimana (Baker, 1907), King George Sound, 1 (MNHN Th 579). DISTRIBUTION. — Mediterranean: Port-Miou (between Toulon and Marseille, France) (de Gaillande & Lagardère 1966; de Saint Laurent & Božić 1979); near Rovinj, Adriatic (Števčić 1990), Aegean Sea (Thessalou-Legaki 1986). DIAGNOSIS As for the genus with details added: eyestalk (Fig. 17 C) with cornea small, weakly pigmented, sometimes recognisable dorsodistally, according to de Saint Laurent & Božić (1976), indistinct at present in most material examined. Md (Fig. 18 E) incisor process with triangular proximal and distal tooth separated by pectinate border. Mx 1 (Fig. 18 F) and Mx 2 (Fig. 18 G) as figured. Mxp 3 (Fig. 17 K, L) subpediform, ischium-merus length about 2.5 merus width, mesial ridge of ischium with eight or nine spinules; both propodus and dactylus rounded, propodus nearly as long as wide, dactylus more slender, about 1.3 as long as wide. P 1 unequal (Fig. 17 D, E), minor subchelate; both major and minor P 1 with spines on lower border of ischium; lower border of merus with spines in major P 1, unarmed in minor P 1, carpus and propodus unarmed in both; fixed finger of major P 1 with large median tooth on cutting edge, fixed finger of minor P 1 shorter than dactylus with large triangular proximal tooth. P 2 - P 5 (Fig. 17 F-I) as figured. Telson (Fig. 17 J) with posterior border weakly convex. Male and female Plp 1, Plp 2 (Fig. 18 A, B and 18 C, D) as figured. Plp 3 - 5 (Fig. 18 H) with finger-like appendix interna, sitting side by side with mesial border of endopod. Uropodal exopod (Fig. 17 J) with lateral notch near upper third of posterior border. Colour Whitish (de Gaillande & Lagardère 1966). Size Small: cl. 4.5 - 8 mm, tl. 18 - 25 mm approximately. ECOLOGY Living in mud or silty mud, between 2 and 21 m (de Gaillande & Lagardère 1966; Števčić 1990). REMARKS There is probably an error in the shape of the eyestalks presented by de Saint Laurent & Božić (1976) for this species and reproduced here (Fig. 17 A). The female figured, from the type locality near Toulon, is at present in the collection of the MNHN (MNHN Th 674). The eyestalks are not as wide as depicted (about 0.7 time as wide as long) nor are they as wide in the holotype (Fig. 17 C) or paratypes (see Sakai 1999 a: fig. 27 a) (about 0.45 - 0.5 time as wide as long).	en	Ngoc-Ho, Nguyen (2003): European and Mediterranean Thalassinidea (Crustacea, Decapoda). Zoosystema 25 (3): 439-555, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5402949
03FF2C63FFA9FFAA2F3D7DD2FC5D77DB.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE SPECIES. — Calliax punica de Saint Laurent & Manning, 1982, by present designation. SPECIES INCLUDED. — Calliaxina novaebritanniae (Borradaile, 1899) n. comb., Calliaxina sakaii (de Saint Laurent, 1979) n. comb.	en	Ngoc-Ho, Nguyen (2003): European and Mediterranean Thalassinidea (Crustacea, Decapoda). Zoosystema 25 (3): 439-555, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5402949
03FF2C63FFA9FFAA2F3D7DD2FC5D77DB.taxon	etymology	ETYMOLOGY. — The species name refers to its relationship with Calliax. The gender is feminine.	en	Ngoc-Ho, Nguyen (2003): European and Mediterranean Thalassinidea (Crustacea, Decapoda). Zoosystema 25 (3): 439-555, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5402949
03FF2C63FFA9FFAA2F3D7DD2FC5D77DB.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS. — Carapace lacking dorsal oval, with transverse suture posterior to cervical groove. Rostrum broadly triangular with pointed tip or small rostral spine, pointed lateral projection on either side. Second abdominal segment largest, slightly larger than sixth, lateral tufts of setae present on segments 3 - 5. Telson approximately 1.2 - 1.6 times as wide as long, lateroposterior angles rounded, posterior border straight or slightly concave in median part. Eyestalk weakly flattened dorsoventrally; cornea diskshaped. A 1 peduncle shorter than that of A 2. Mxp 1 endopod elongate, epipod large, tapering distally. Mxp 2 with bilobed epipod and single arthrobranch. Mxp 3 operculiform, propodus with lower border strongly expanded proximally, dactylus rounded, exopod present. P 1 equal and similar; P 3 with heel on proximal lower border. P 4 propodus linear. P 5 subchelate. Single arthrobranch on Mxp 2, paired arthrobranch on Mxp 3 and P 1 - 4. Male Plp 1 uniramous with appendix interna. Male Plp 2 biramous with appendix interna and appendix masculina. Female Plp 1 uniramous, female Plp 2 biramous with finger-like appendix interna. Plp 3 - 5 biramous, foliaceous, appendix interna finger-like, sitting side by side with mesial border of endopod. Uropodal endopod overreaching telson by about half its length; dorsal plate on exopod with distal setal row well apart from rounded posterior border.	en	Ngoc-Ho, Nguyen (2003): European and Mediterranean Thalassinidea (Crustacea, Decapoda). Zoosystema 25 (3): 439-555, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5402949
03FF2C63FFA9FFAA2F3D7DD2FC5D77DB.taxon	discussion	REMARKS Differences between the genera Calliax, Calliaxina n. gen. and Paraglypturus, based on their type species Calliax lobata, Calliaxina punica n. comb. and Paraglypturus calderus Türkay & Sakai, 1995 are presented in Table 1. De Saint Laurent & Manning (1982) stated that Calliax lobata and Calliaxina punica n. comb., both from the Mediterranean, were significantly different. They actually differ, as listed above, by many characters, the most important of which concern the morphology of the Mxp 3, the P 1, and also the male and female Plp 1, Plp 2. Calliaxina n. gen. and Paraglypturus (Fig. 20 K- O) (see also Türkay & Sakai 1995: figs 2 - 6) are similar in having an exopod on the Mxp 3 but the ischium-merus shape differs (operculiform in Calliaxina n. gen., Fig. 19 K, subpediform in Paraglypturus, Fig. 20 K). Other discrepancies are: 1) the pointed rostrum and anterolateral projections are present in Calliaxina n. gen. (Fig. 19 A, E) (absent in Paraglypturus); 2) Mxp 2 is with arthrobranch in Calliaxina n. gen. (without in Paraglypturus); 3) P 1 are subequal, similar, laterally compressed in Calliaxina n. gen. (Fig. 19 C) (unequal, dissimilar, not compressed in Paraglypturus); 4) male Plp 1 bears an appendix interna in Calliaxina n. gen. (Fig. 20 C) (not in Paraglypturus, Fig. 20 M); 5) the appendix interna on Plp 3 - 5 is digitiform in Calliaxina n. gen. (Fig. 20 G) (stubby in Paraglypturus, Fig. 20 Q); and 6) the uropodal endopod overreaches the telson for at most half of its length in Calliaxina n. gen. (Fig. 19 D) (it is much longer in Paraglypturus).	en	Ngoc-Ho, Nguyen (2003): European and Mediterranean Thalassinidea (Crustacea, Decapoda). Zoosystema 25 (3): 439-555, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5402949
03FF2C63FFA6FFA62F1979F3FD1C70BB.taxon	description	(Figs 19; 20)	en	Ngoc-Ho, Nguyen (2003): European and Mediterranean Thalassinidea (Crustacea, Decapoda). Zoosystema 25 (3): 439-555, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5402949
03FF2C63FFA6FFA62F1979F3FD1C70BB.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE MATERIAL. — Holotype: from Gulf of Tunis, Tunisia, R. B. Manning coll., 27. I. 1973 (USNM 172539); paratypes: same locality and collector, 26. IV. 1973, 2 juv. (MNHN Th 563); R. B. Manning and M. L. Jones coll., 16. VIII. 1973, 6, 4 poor condition (MNHN Th 565). MATERIAL EXAMINED. — France. Le Brusc, Var, muddy sand, 0.5 m, P. Noël coll., 14. XI. 1997, 1 cl. 11 mm, tl. 40 mm (figured) (MNHN Th 1402). Mediterranean (probably). Collection Sollaud ES 27, no date, 1 cl. 13 mm, tl. 42 mm approx. (abdomen broken) (figured) (MNHN Th 1355). Greece. NW Kreta, northern part of Ormos Livadi, C. d’Udekem d’Acoz coll., 9. VII. 1987, 1 ovig. cl. 9 mm, tl. 39 mm (MNHN Th 1403). Tunisia. Gulf of Tunis, Salammbô, muddy sand, 0.5 - 1 m, R. B. Manning coll., 26. IV. 1973, 2 juv. paratypes, cl. 3 and 3.5 mm, tl. 12 and 12.5 mm (MNHN Th 563). — Korbous, between Sidi Rais and Ain Kotor, in sea grass, about 0.5 m, R. B. Manning and M. L. Jones coll., 16. VIII. 1973, 6, 4 paratypes tl. 12 - 26 mm poor condition (MNHN Th 565). — Gulf of Tunis, R. B. Manning coll., no date, 2 juv. cl. 3 and 4 mm (MNHN Th 562); 30. V. 1973, 1 cl. 6.5 mm (MNHN Th 564). OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Calliaxina sakaii (de Saint Laurent, 1979) n. comb., Japan, Tomioka, western Kyushu, 1 holotype (MNHN Th 312); 1 paratype (MNHN Th 311). — Paraglypturus calderus Türkay & Sakai, 1995, Marianas, N Rim of Esmeralda Caldera, 6, 5 (3 ovig.) paratypes (SMF 22950). — Paraglypturus tooradin (Poore & Griffin, 1979), Western Port, Victoria, Australia, 2 juv. paratypes (NMV J 302), 1 paratype (NMV J 303). DISTRIBUTION. — Mediterranean: S of France; Tunis, Sardinia, Naples (de Saint Laurent & Manning 1982), Ionian and Aegean seas (Thessalou-Legaki 1986), W of Kreta (d’Udekem d’Acoz 1996). DIAGNOSIS Details added to diagnosis for the genus: rostrum broadly triangular with pointed tip, not reaching middle of eyestalks (Fig. 19 A, E). Second abdominal segment largest, lateral tufts of setae on segments 3 - 5 (Fig. 19 B). Telson (Fig. 19 D) approximately 1.2 times as wide as long, posterior border straight in median part. Eyestalk larger and more prominent in juvenile than in adult. Mandible (Fig. 19 L) incisor process with sharp teeth. Mx 1 (Fig. 20 A) and Mx 2 (Fig. 20 B) as figured. Mxp 1 (Fig. 20 C) endopod elongate, epipod large, tapering distally. Mxp 2 (Fig. 20 D) exopod overreaching merus of endopod; bilobed epipod and single arthrobranch present. Mxp 3 (Fig. 19 J, K) ischium-merus length less than twice merus width (more slender in small specimens of tl. <20 - 25 mm), mesial ridge of ischium with nine or 10 spinules; dactylus rounded, slightly longer than wide; exopod present, reaching mid-length of merus in adult, smaller in juvenile. P 1 equal and similar (Fig. 19 C), lower border of ischium and proximal lower border of merus with tubercles or denticles; carpus and propodus unarmed, lower border weakly heeled, propodus with elongate depression near base of fixed finger, cutting edge of latter bearing large triangular tooth near base or near mid length; dactylus approximately as long as palm, unarmed. P 2 (Fig. 19 F) merus with long setae on lateral surface. P 3 - P 5 (Fig. 19 G-I) and uropods (Fig. 19 D) as diagnosed for the genus. Colour Orange-red on body and distal part of P 1 from carpus onwards (specimen from Le Brusc, Var; Noël pers. comm.) (de Saint Laurent & Manning 1982). The body is sometimes whitish and pereopods pure white (d’Udekem d’Acoz 1996). Size Specimens can reach large size, up to 65 mm in total length (ovigerous from Tunis, according to de Saint Laurent & Manning 1982). The types comprise however mostly juveniles or small specimens. Other material examined includes specimens of medium size: cl. 11 mm, tl. 40 mm. ECOLOGY This species lives in sand or muddy sand with or without seagrass, between 0.25 - 1 m depth (de Saint Laurent & Manning 1982 and present material). REMARKS Calliaxina punica n. comb. often shares the same habitat with Pestarella tyrrhena n. comb. whose coloration is similar (de Saint Laurent & Manning 1982). In the field, separation between the two is only easy when the P 1 are present: these are equal in the former species, distinctly unequal in the latter. Family CTENOCHELIDAE Manning & Felder, 1991	en	Ngoc-Ho, Nguyen (2003): European and Mediterranean Thalassinidea (Crustacea, Decapoda). Zoosystema 25 (3): 439-555, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5402949
03FF2C63FFA4FFA62EF07B52FED6732B.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE GENUS. — Gourretia de Saint Laurent, 1973, by original designation.	en	Ngoc-Ho, Nguyen (2003): European and Mediterranean Thalassinidea (Crustacea, Decapoda). Zoosystema 25 (3): 439-555, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5402949
03FF2C63FFA4FFA32EE17BF2FEB077DB.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE SPECIES. — Callianassa denticulata Lutze, 1937 (= Callianassa subterranea var. minor Gourret, 1887), by original designation.	en	Ngoc-Ho, Nguyen (2003): European and Mediterranean Thalassinidea (Crustacea, Decapoda). Zoosystema 25 (3): 439-555, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5402949
03FF2C63FFA4FFA32EE17BF2FEB077DB.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS. — Carapace lacking dorsal oval and rostral carina; rostral spine usually present, small, straight or slightly upturned; lateral projection on either side small or absent. Telson about as long as proximal width; lateral borders parallel in proximal third, converging distally to straight or convex posterior border. A 1 peduncle not overreaching that of A 2. Mxp 1 endopod elongate, epipod large, truncate anteriorly. Mxp 2 with small epipod. Mxp 3 pediform, with exopod; ischium with prominent toothed crest on mesial surface; lower distal margin of merus unarmed or with spines. Both major and minor P 1 with proximal lower spine on merus; minor P 1 with palm tapering distally. P 2 fixed finger and dactylus with cutting edge unarmed or bearing teeth. P 3 and P 4 dactylus narrow, pointed distally. P 5 subchelate. Single arthrobranch on Mxp 2, paired arthrobranch on Mxp 3 and P 1 - 4. Male Plp 1 uniramous, two-segmented, last segment bifurcate distally; male Plp 2 biramous, foliaceous with appendix interna and appendix masculina. Female Plp 1 uniramous, female Plp 2 biramous, foliaceous with finger-like appendix interna. Plp 3 - 5 biramous, foliaceous, with finger-like appendix interna sitting side by side with mesial border of endopod. Uropods about as long as telson; exopod without dorsal plate, posterior bor- der with or without notch.	en	Ngoc-Ho, Nguyen (2003): European and Mediterranean Thalassinidea (Crustacea, Decapoda). Zoosystema 25 (3): 439-555, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5402949
03FF2C63FFA4FFA32EE17BF2FEB077DB.taxon	discussion	REMARKS Gourretia currently includes eight species, as list- ed in Tudge et al. (2000):	en	Ngoc-Ho, Nguyen (2003): European and Mediterranean Thalassinidea (Crustacea, Decapoda). Zoosystema 25 (3): 439-555, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5402949
03FF2C63FFA4FFA32EE17BF2FEB077DB.taxon	description	Manning & Felder (1991) as well as Tudge et al. (2000) mentioned three differentiating characters for the above species: 1) rostrum straight or (slightly) upturned; 2) lower distal margin of Mxp 3 merus unarmed or with spine; and 3) posterior border of uropodal exopod with or without notch. Two others can be added: 4) and 5) minor P 1 and P 2 with or without teeth on cutting edge of fixed finger and dactylus. None of them however permits a clear species grouping. Considering two examples, on basis of characters 1 - 3 only, for simplification, it can be noted that: 1) both G. biffari and G. laresi have an upturned rostral spine and a distal spine on the Mxp 3 merus, but a notch on the uropodal exopod is present in the former, absent in the latter; and 2) like G. laresi, three other species, G. barracuda, G. denticulata and G. manihinae, bear a distal spine on the Mxp 3 merus and no notch on the uropodal exopod, but they differ from G. laresi by having a straight rostral spine. These differences are regard- ed here as specific variations. By contrast, the diagnostic characters cited above link members of the genus. The following are most significant: 1) Mxp 1 bears an elongate endopod and a large epipod truncate anteriorly; 2) Mxp 3 is pediform, with exopod and a prominent toothed crest on mesial surface of ischium; 3) both major and minor P 1 have a lower proximal meral spine; 4) minor P 1 with the palm tapering distally; 5) the morphology of male and female Plp 1, Plp 2; 6) the shape of telson with lateral borders parallel proximally and converging distally to the posterior border; and 7) uropods are about as long as the telson, the exopod without a dorsal plate. These clearly define the genus. Several similarities exist between members of Gourretia and Dawsonius latispina (Dawson, 1967), type species of the genus Dawsonius Manning & Felder, 1991. The grouping of the genera Gourretia and Dawsonius in a subfamily Gourretinae, as proposed by Sakai (1999 b), seems justified.	en	Ngoc-Ho, Nguyen (2003): European and Mediterranean Thalassinidea (Crustacea, Decapoda). Zoosystema 25 (3): 439-555, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5402949
03FF2C63FFA4FFA32EE17BF2FEB077DB.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE MATERIAL. — Unknown. MATERIAL EXAMINED. — France. Marseille, in sediments with Posidonia, A. Willsie coll., 1 (SMF 28336); Marseille, 1.8 m, 1 without abdomen (SMF 28785). Adriatic. Parenzan coll., 1971, 1 cl. 9 mm, tl. 39 mm (figured) (MNHN Th 118), 1 cl. 9.5 mm approx. (damaged) (figured) (MNHN Th 119), 1 cl. 5.5 mm (MNHN Th 120), 1 cl. 4 mm, just moulted (poor condition) (MNHN Th 121). Greece. Aegean Sea, Vourvourou Chalkidikis, 0.5 - 2 m, 10. V. 1991, Siggitikos G., 1 (A. U. TH P 4528). Israel. Haifa Bay, several spec., mostly juveniles, collected by bottomgrab or dredge, 34 - 82 m, between 1953 - 1956, leg. E. Gottlieb (RMNH D 13811 - 13830). — Athlit, bottomgrab, 54 m, 22. XI. 1948, leg. A. Wirszubski, No. 710, 2 juv. (RMNH D 13831); bottomgrab, 46 m, 8. VIII. 1951, leg. E. Gottlieb, No. 1002, 1 juv. (RMNH D 13832); 54 m, 28. XII. 1952, leg. E. Gottlieb, No. 1069, 1 juv. (RMNH D 13833); bottomgrab, 54 m, 26. IX. 1949, leg. A. Wirszubski, No. 809, 1 juv. (RMNH D 13834). — Gaza, dredge, 27 m, 21. VI. 1947, leg. A. Wirszubski, No. 538, 1 juv. (RMNH D 13835); bottomgrab, 56 m, 31. IX. 1947, leg. A. Wirszubski, No. 656, 1 juv. (RMNH D 13836). — Nahariya, bottomgrab, 55 m, 18. IX. 1947, leg. A. Wirszubski, No. 637, 1 juv. (RMNH D 13837). Tunisia. Gulf of Gabès, Calypso, 1965, stn SMF 1908, 27. IV. 1965, 3 cl. 5.5 - 6 mm (MNHN Th 918); stn SMF 1951, 2. V. 1965, 1 cl. 6 mm (MNHN Th 919); stn SMF 1942, 2. V. 1965, 2 cl. 4.5 and 5 mm, 1 cl. 5.5 mm and 1 cl. 6.5 mm, tl. 24 mm (figured) (MNHN Th 920). OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Gourretia barracuda Le Loeuff & Intès, 1974, Ivory coast, off Abidjan, 1 holotype (MNHN Th 255). — Gourretia biffari Blanco Rambla & Linero Arana, 1994, Venezuela, NW Barcelona, 1 holotype (USNM 259410). — Gourretia crosnieri Ngoc-Ho, 1991, New Caledonia, Ouen Island, 1 holotype (MNHN Th 1202), near Nouméa, 1 paratype (MNHN Th 1203). — Gourretia lahouensis Le Loeuff & Intès, 1974, Ivory coast, “ Grand Lahou ”, 1 holotype, 1 paratype (MNHN Th 253). — Gourretia laresi Blanco Rambla & Linero Arana, 1994, Venezuela, NW Chimana Islands, 1 holotype (USNM 259376). DISTRIBUTION. — Eastern Atlantic: SW of Spain (Lopez de la Rosa et al. 1998, 2002). Mediterranean: Gulf of Marseille (de Saint Laurent & Božić 1976); Adriatic (Števčić 1990); Aegean sea (Thessalou-Legaki 1986; Dounas et al. 1993); Gulf of Gabès, Tunisia (de Gaillande 1970); Cyprus (Lewinsohn & Holthuis 1986); Israel (Holthuis & Gottlieb 1958). DIAGNOSIS Details added to those given for the genus: carapace with small (Fig. 21 A) or larger rostral spine overreaching middle of eyestalks (see Lopez de la Rosa et al. 1998). Telson (Fig. 21 M) with convex posterior border. Md (Fig. 21 C) with small round teeth on cutting edge. Lower distal margin of Mxp 3 merus (Fig. 21 E) with one or two spines. Major P 1 (Fig. 21 I) ischium with spinules on lower border, merus with more or less pronounced lower rectangular expansion bearing proximal spine, cutting edge of fixed finger with two triangular teeth. Minor P 1 (Fig. 21 G) with spinules on ischium, cutting edge of fixed finger and dactylus with seven or eight teeth on distal half. P 2 (Fig. 21 H) with teeth on cutting edge of both fixed finger and dactylus, larger on fixed finger. P 3 (Fig. 21 J) propodus oval in outline, P 4 (Fig. 21 K) propodus linear, P 5 (Fig. 21 L) subchelate. Male, female Plp 1, Plp 2 (Fig. 21 N-Q) and Pl 3 (Fig. 21 R) as figured. No notch on posterior border of uropodal exopod (Fig. 21 M). Colour Unknown. Size cl. 4.5 - 9.5 mm, tl. 18 - 40 mm. ECOLOGY This species lives among Posidonia seagrass (Harmelin 1964; Dworschak 1992), in sedimentary muddy bottoms, 2.5 - 100 m (Števčić 1990) or 2.5 - 146 m depth (Dworschak 1992). REMARKS (after Lewinsohn & Holthuis 1986) This species was known in the past either under Callianassa minor or Gourretia minor or Gourretia serrata. It was first described by Gourret (1887) as Callianassa subterranea var. minor, and was later placed by de Saint Laurent (1973: 514) in a separate genus, Gourretia, for which it was made type species. In 1979, de Saint Laurent (1979: 79) reported that the name Callianassa subterranea minor Gourret, 1887 was a junior primary homonym of Callianassa minor Fischer, 1866, a fossil species from the Miocene of southern France. At the same time, a replacement name, Gourretia serrata nom. nov. was proposed for the species. De Saint Laurent overlooked however another available name that was Callianassa denticulata Lutze, 1937 which species de Saint Laurent & Božić (1976: 27) had previously synonymised with Callianassa minor. This taxonomic question was settled by Lewinsohn & Holthuis (1986: 24) and the name Gourretia denticulata (Lutze, 1937) has been used thereafter.	en	Ngoc-Ho, Nguyen (2003): European and Mediterranean Thalassinidea (Crustacea, Decapoda). Zoosystema 25 (3): 439-555, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5402949
03FF2C63FFA1FFA32D6E7812FB567559.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE SPECIES. — Jaxea nocturna Nardo, 1847, by original designation.	en	Ngoc-Ho, Nguyen (2003): European and Mediterranean Thalassinidea (Crustacea, Decapoda). Zoosystema 25 (3): 439-555, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5402949
03FF2C63FFA1FFA32D6E7812FB567559.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS. — Thalassinids with firm, white exoskeleton; linea thalassinica straight anteroposteriorly, distinct and well developed. Abdominal segments approximately of same length, abdominal pleura 2 - 6 with minute serrations. Telson longer than wide, longitudinal dorsal ridges present, posterior border convex, median spine absent. Eye small, corneas with reduced pigmentation. Both A 1 and A 2 peduncle slender and greatly elongated; antennal scale moderately large. Mx 2 scaphognathite with several long posterior setae. Mxp 1 with large endopod, and large epipod; Mxp 3 pediform with mesial spinous crest on ischium. P 1 chelate, equal, greatly developed; P 2 - 5 slender, simple. Exopod on Mxp 1 - 3; epipod on Mxp 1 - 3 and P 1 - 4; single podobranch on Mxp 2 - 3 and P 1 - 3; single arthrobranch on Mxp 1, paired arthrobranch on Mxp 2 - 3 and P 1 - 4. Plp 1 absent in male, uniramous in female; male and female Plp 2 - 5 slender, biramous. Uropod with suture on both rami. Characteristic larvae with large eyes, long neck and slender body were named Trachelifer by Brook (1888).	en	Ngoc-Ho, Nguyen (2003): European and Mediterranean Thalassinidea (Crustacea, Decapoda). Zoosystema 25 (3): 439-555, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5402949
03FF2C63FFA1FFA32D2579F2FCF4704B.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE GENUS. — Laomedia de Haan, 1841, by original designation.	en	Ngoc-Ho, Nguyen (2003): European and Mediterranean Thalassinidea (Crustacea, Decapoda). Zoosystema 25 (3): 439-555, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5402949
03FF2C63FFA1FFDF2D1F7D13FCA5729B.taxon	description	(Figs 22; 23)	en	Ngoc-Ho, Nguyen (2003): European and Mediterranean Thalassinidea (Crustacea, Decapoda). Zoosystema 25 (3): 439-555, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5402949
03FF2C63FFA1FFDF2D1F7D13FCA5729B.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE MATERIAL. — No longer extant (Carlo Froglia pers. comm.). MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Great Britain. Firth of Clyde, south Lady Isle, Ayrshire, muddy sand, 40 m, R. B. Pike coll., 30. X. 1957, 1 (NHM 1962.7.5.10). Ireland. Skibbereen Co, Cork, W. M. Tattersall coll., 2 postlarvae (NHM 1937.10.27.1 - 2). France. English Channel, Grande Vasière, 1 cl. 11.5 mm, tl. 27.5 mm (figured), 1, 1 cl. 10.5 and 11 mm, 1 juv. cl. 7.5 mm (MNHN Th 222). — Mediterranean, Banyuls, P. Noël coll., VI. 1977, 1 cl. 11 mm, tl. 27 mm (figured) (MNHN Th 1342); dredge, A. Guille coll., 13. VIII. 1976, 1 cl. 8.5 mm (MNHN Th 1343). Spain. Vandellos, Calypso, stn 1, 74 m, mud, H. Zibrowius coll., 6. VIII. 1977, 1 cl. 8.5 mm, poor condition (MNHN Th 732). Adriatic. “ Cotype ”? of Calliaxis adriatica, coll. C. Heller 21163 94.65, Heller don., 1 broken, cl. 18 mm (MNHN Th 208). — Senigallis, 54 m, C. Froglia coll., 25. VIII. 1978, 1 cl. 15.5 mm, tl. 40 mm (figured), 2 cl. 13 and 18 mm (MNHN Th 629). — Norman coll., 1 (NHML 1911.11.8.1054). DISTRIBUTION. — East Atlantic: SW Scotland (Allen 1967), Ireland (Selbie 1914; O’Céidigh 1962), SW England (Gordon 1957), English Channel, Bay of Biscay, France (Lagardère 1973), Canyon of Capbreton, France (Diez et al. 1994); Marseille (Picard 1965); Banyuls, France; southern Spain (Zariquiez Alvarez 1968; García Raso 1983); atlantic coast of Morocco (Türkay 1976). East Mediterranean: Adriatic (Bouvier, 1940; Manning & Števčić 1982; Pervesler & Dworschak 1985; Števčić 1990); Marmara sea (Müller 1986); Naples (Lo Bianco 1909), Greek seas (Thessalou-Legaki & Zenetos 1985; Thessalou-Legaki 1986; Koukouras et al. 1992); mediterranean coast of Israel (Holthuis & Gotlieb 1958). Trachelifer larvae were reported from various areas including those with no adults so far captured: Turkey (Demirhindi 1961), Plogoff, Brittany, France (Martin 2001). Some larvae assigned to a species of Jaxea other than J. nocturna were collected in Banyuls, France (Thiriot 1976), also in the Adriatic (Kurian 1956). Jaxea cf. nocturna fossils from the early Pliocene were found in Tuscany, Italy (Della Cave 1988), others from the Pliocene and Miocene were discovered in Catalonia, NE Spain (Müller 1993). DIAGNOSIS Rostrum (Fig. 22 B) triangular, pointed anteriorly, slightly longer than wide at base with slight median longitudinal groove; lateral rostral border and antero-lateral border of carapace with spinules; eye small. Linea thalassinica and cervical groove well defined, the two do not cross. Pleura of abdominal somite 1 (Fig. 22 A) pointed ventrally or with ventral spine; all abdominal pleura with ventral denticles. Telson (Fig. 22 C) approximately 1.4 times as long as wide, posterior bor- der convex, median longitudinal groove and two pairs of slight longitudinal ridges on dorsal surface, outer bearing spinules. A 1 and A 2 peduncle (Fig. 22 B) with elongate article 3 and 4 respectively; article 3 of A 2 with three or four spinules on lateral external border; A 2 scale large, with distal spinules. Md (Fig. 22 G) with two-articulated palp. Mx 1 (Fig. 22 E) with two-articulated endopod. Mx 2 (Fig. 22 F) exopod bearing many long setae. Mxp 1 (Fig. 23 A) with distally spatulate endopod and large epipod. Mxp 2 (Fig. 23 B) epipod with large podobranch. Mxp 3 (Figs 23 C, D) with smaller podobranch and prominent mesial toothed crest on ischium. P 1 (Fig. 22 D) chelate, equal, greatly developed, nearly as long as body; ischium and merus with spinules on whole lower border, meral upper spinules sometimes present; carpus with small lower distal spine; propodus granulate, fixed finger more than 1.5 times as long as palm; dactylus slightly longer than fixed finger, cutting edge of both with three or four large round teeth proximally, median triangular tooth and small round teeth in distal half. P 2 - 5 simple (Fig. 23 E-H), P 3 - 5 dactylus with lower spiniform setae. Plp 1 absent in male, uniramous in female (Fig. 22 H), with basipod and faintly articulated flagellum. Male and female Plp 2 - 5 (Fig. 22 I) biramous, with slender exopod and endopod. Uropod (Fig. 22 C) with suture on both rami, lateral external border of exopod with spinules. Trachelifer larvae recently reported in Barnich (1996: fig. 6 A, B) and Martin (2001: 76). Colour White, pinkish or light brown (Campbell & Nicholls 1986); pinkish white with yellow or chesnut hairs (Moyse & Smaldon 1990); pinkish white (Falciai & Minervini 1996). Size Largest specimens in material examined: cl. 15.5 - 18 mm, tl. 40 - 47 mm. Largest size reported: tl. 40 - 60 mm (Moyse & Smaldon 1990). ECOLOGY AND BIOLOGY The species is rare in the Clyde sea area, living in mud or sandy mud, 18 - 80 m (Allen 1967), or in mud near the coast, in Marseille (Picard 1965). It is common in the Bay of Biscay, 0 - 100 m, in mud (Lagardère 1973), in soft mud or sandy mud, 15 - 100 m in the Adriatic (Bouvier 1940; Števčić 1990); in mud, at 15 m depth or deeper, in the Ionian sea (Thessalou-Legaki & Zenetos 1985). It is scarce off the west coast of the British Isles, often as fragments in fish stomach (Moyse & Smaldon 1990) and was collected at 356 - 420 m depth in Capbreton, France (Diez et al. 1994). The burrow, spiral shape with a horizontal extension, was studied by Pervesler & Dworschak (1985). Trachelifer larvae are found in May to September, along the coasts of Ireland (Selbie 1914), in June- July in Cumbrae, SW of Scotland (Allen 1967), in March-October in Naples, Italy (Lo Bianco 1909), in May-June in Marseille, France (Bourdillon-Casanova 1960). Aspects of biology studied Burrow morphology and feeding behaviour (Nickell & Atkinson 1995); sulphide metabolism (Johns et al. 1997); branchial morphology, gill area and gill utlrastructure (Astall et al. 1997 b); particle size selectivity and resource partitioning (Pinn et al. 1998 b); morphology of mouthparts and pereopods in relation to feeding, ecology and grooming (Nickell et al. 1998); gut morphology and gut microflora (Pinn et al. 1999 a); mouthpart morphology and mouthpart setal fringes (Pinn et al. 1999 b); oxygen transporting properties of heamocyanin (Taylor et al. 2000).	en	Ngoc-Ho, Nguyen (2003): European and Mediterranean Thalassinidea (Crustacea, Decapoda). Zoosystema 25 (3): 439-555, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5402949
03FF2C63FFDDFFDF2D237D52FCF4752B.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE GENUS. — Upogebia Leach, 1814, by original designation.	en	Ngoc-Ho, Nguyen (2003): European and Mediterranean Thalassinidea (Crustacea, Decapoda). Zoosystema 25 (3): 439-555, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5402949
03FF2C63FFDDFFD82D377DF2FD1A77DB.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE SPECIES. — Upogebia talismani Bouvier, 1915, by original designation.	en	Ngoc-Ho, Nguyen (2003): European and Mediterranean Thalassinidea (Crustacea, Decapoda). Zoosystema 25 (3): 439-555, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5402949
03FF2C63FFDDFFD82D377DF2FD1A77DB.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS. — Gastric region with lateral ridges, linea thalassinica depressed anteriorly, extending to posteri- or border of carapace. Rostrum approximately ovoid, bordered with teeth or spines, one or many infrarostral spines; antero-lateral border of carapace with two or more spinules. Posterior border of telson medially concave. Md without acute anterior tooth. Mxp 1 without epipod; Mxp 3 with small epipod or (rarely) without. P 1 subchelate, carpus and propodus with numerous spines, lower border of propodus with one or two large spines posterior to fixed finger; fixed finger short, not exceeding half length of dactylus. Coxae of P 1 - 3 or P 1 - 4 with spines or spinules. Uropod exopod equal or longer than telson.	en	Ngoc-Ho, Nguyen (2003): European and Mediterranean Thalassinidea (Crustacea, Decapoda). Zoosystema 25 (3): 439-555, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5402949
03FF2C63FFDDFFD82D377DF2FD1A77DB.taxon	discussion	REMARKS The genus Gebiacantha was etablished in 1989 to include 11 upogebiid species bearing infrarostral spines as well as numerous spines on pereopods. Its validity and comparison with the closely relat- ed genus, Austinogebia Ngoc-Ho, 2001, are discussed by Ngoc-Ho (2001 b).	en	Ngoc-Ho, Nguyen (2003): European and Mediterranean Thalassinidea (Crustacea, Decapoda). Zoosystema 25 (3): 439-555, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5402949
03FF2C63FFDDFFD82D377DF2FD1A77DB.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE MATERIAL. — Holotype: Cap Blanc du Nord, Morocco, Talisman, stn 23, 15. VI. 1883, 33 ° 16 ’ N, 08 ° 53 ’ W, 120 m, rocks, shells, 1 (MNHN Th 50). MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Greece. SE Peloponnese, Monemvasia, brought ashore by fishermen, C. d’Udekem d’Acoz coll., 20. VII. 1986, 1 cl. 11 mm (MNHN Th 1341). — Aegean Sea, Calypso, stn 1606, Sergisti Islet, North of Limnos I., 100 m, 3. VI. 1960, 1, 1 (A. U. TH G 1 2123). Morocco. Cap Blanc du Nord, Talisman, stn 23, 15. VI. 1883, 33 ° 16 ’ N, 08 ° 53 ’ W, 120 m, rocks, shells, 1 holotype, poor condition cl. 7.5 mm (MNHN Th 50). — Near Cap Blanc du Nord, 33 ° 14 ’ N, 8 ° 49 ’ W, 105 m, sand, Van Veen coll., 18. III. 1976, RMNH don., 1 cl. 10 mm, tl. 28 mm (figured), 1 cl. 9.5 mm, tl. 27 mm (figured), 1 cl. 9 mm, 1 cl. 9 mm (MNHN Th 1352); same data, 5 cl. 6 - 10.5 mm, 16 cl. 9 - 10 mm (RMNH D 31566). — Sollaud coll., 1923 - 1926, 1 cl. 9.5 mm, 1 cl. 8 mm, 20 juv. cl. 4.5 - 5.5 mm (MNHN Th 1363). Lybia. Thalassa, stn V 438, dredge, 120 m, 22. XI. 1969, 1 cl. 8 mm, tl. 22 mm (figured by de Saint Laurent 1971), 1 cl. 10 mm, 1 cl. 7.5 mm (MNHN Th 51). Sierra Leone. West Africa, 7 ° 34 ’ N, 13 ° 31 ’ W, 100 m, shells and mud, A. R. Longhurst, stn MB 4 / B 4, 18. IV. 1956, 1, 2, 3 juv. (RMNH D 32122). — 7 ° 32 ’ N, 14 ° 07 ’ W, 42 m, sand, A. R. Longhurst, stn MB 1 / A 2, 22. II. 1956, 3, 1 (RMNH D 32123). — 6 ° 49 ’ N, 11 ° 45 ’ W, 72 m, shells and mud, A. R. Longhurst, stn MB 4 / B 3, 26. X. 1956, 1, 1 (RMNH D 32124). — 7 ° 39 ’ N, 13 ° 47 ’ W, 80 m, shells and mud, A. R. Longhurst, stn MB 4 / B 3, 18. IV. 1956, 1 (RMNH D 32125). Gulf of Guinea. Calypso, stn 94, mud and shells, 31 m, 27. VI. 1956, 1 cl. 6 mm (MNHN Th 352). — Stn 90, 30 m, 26. VI. 1956, 2 (1 without abdomen) cl. 5 mm (MNHN Th 285). — Stn 16, 100 - 109 m, 21. V. 1956, 2 cl. 5 and 7 mm, 2 cl. 6.5 and 7 mm (MNHN Th 286). Ivory Coast. Sassandra, Reine Pokou, 30 m, Le Loeuff & Intès coll., 9. XII. 1967, 1 ovig. cl. 6.5 mm (MNHN Th 911). — Sassandra, Reine Pokou, 40 m, small dredge, P. Le Loeuff coll., 11. V. 1966, 2 cl. 6 and 7 mm (broken), 2 cl. 6.5 mm approx. (poor condition) and 7 mm (without abdomen) (MNHN Th 590). — E of Jacqueville, Reine Pokou, 200 m, small dredge, P. Le Loeuff coll., 20. I. 1966, 1 cl. 5.5 mm (MNHN Th 591). — Sassandra, Reine Pokou, 200 m, small dredge, P. Le Loeuff coll., 11. II. 1966, 1 cl. 5 mm and 1 cl. 6 mm (MNHN Th 592). — Grand Lahou, Reine Pokou, 70 m, small dredge, P. Le Loeuff coll., 9. III. 1966, 1 cl 7.5 mm (without abdomen, poor condition) (MNHN Th 593). — Cap de Palmes, Reine Pokou, 80 m, triangular dredge, P. Le Loeuff coll., 9. XII. 1967, 1 cl. 7.5 mm and 1 juv. cl. 3 mm (MNHN Th 594). — Jacqueville, Reine Pokou, 80 m, small dredge, P. Le Loeuff coll., 25. XI. 1966, 2 (1 ovig.) cl. 6 and 7 mm (MNHN Th 595). Ghana. R. Bassindale, stn 151, 2 (RMNH D 32126); R. Bassindale, stn 153, 1 juv. (RMNH D 32127); dredge, R. Bassindale, stn 153, 31. XII. 1950, 3 juv. (RMNH D 32128). Congo. Off Pointe Noire, 4 ° 56 ’ N, 4 ° 27 ’ E, Ombango, 140 m, dredge, A. Crosnier coll., 22. VIII. 1969, 2 cl. 4 and 4.5 mm (MNHN Th 259). Unknown locality. Pourquoi pas, stn 82, 1 cl. 12.5 mm (MNHN Th 912). DISTRIBUTION. — Central Mediterranean: Malta; eastern Mediterranean: Lybia and Greece. Northwest coast of Africa, from Morocco to Congo. DIAGNOSIS Rostrum (Fig. 24 A, B) ovoid, slightly longer than wide at base, six to eight teeth on lateral border, faint median groove on proximal half, three to five infrarostral spines; anterolateral border of carapace with four to six spines and spinules. Telson (Fig. 24 H) approximately 1.1 - 1.2 times as wide as long, posterior border concave medially. A 1 peduncle (Fig. 24 C) with lower spine on article 1; A 2 peduncle (Fig. 24 D) with two and three to five lower spines on article 3 and 4 respectively. Md (Fig. 24 E) without mesio-anterior tooth. P 1 slender in young male and female, with small fixed finger (Fig. 25 A-C), stouter and with much shortened fixed finger in large male (Fig. 24 F, G). Ischium with spine on lower border. Merus with upper subdistal spine, eight to 10 spines and three to five spinules on lower border. Carpus with several spinules on upper border; three large upper mesial distal spines and lower distal spine. Propodus with three or four longitudinal rows of spines on mesial surface; large lower spine posterior to fixed finger followed by smaller one; fixed finger short or very short, unarmed. Dactylus with tubercles on upper border and a few others on mesial surface. P 2 (Fig. 25 D) merus with upper subdistal spine, two to four lower spinules; carpus with four or five upper spines and lower subdistal spine, propodus with upper proximal spine. P 3 (Fig. 25 E) merus with upper distal spine and four or five lower spines, carpus with lower distal spine. Uropod exopod (Fig. 24 H) approximately 1.2 times as long as telson. ECOLOGY This species occurs among rocks and shells or in muddy sand (de Saint Laurent 1971), between 20 - 150 m. REMARKS Bouvier (1915), also de Saint Laurent (1971) and de Saint Laurent & Le Loeuff (1979) reported two type specimens for U. talismani, both female, of 20 and 30 mm in total length; only the smaller one (cl. 7.5 mm) is now present in the MNHN collection. It is in poor condition but clearly shows the species characteristics. Young male of Gebiacantha talismani (Fig. 25 A) (from de Saint Laurent & Le Loeuff 1979: fig. 7 a) shows a slightly stouter P 1 than the female but with a relatively long fixed finger. In large male from the type locality (RMNH-D 31566 and MNHN Th 1352) and elsewhere (MNHN Th 1341 and Th 912), P 1 fixed finger is much shorter (Fig. 24 F, G).	en	Ngoc-Ho, Nguyen (2003): European and Mediterranean Thalassinidea (Crustacea, Decapoda). Zoosystema 25 (3): 439-555, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5402949
03FF2C63FFDAFFFC2D1079F3FE947299.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE SPECIES. — Cancer Astacus stellatus Montagu, 1808, by original designation.	en	Ngoc-Ho, Nguyen (2003): European and Mediterranean Thalassinidea (Crustacea, Decapoda). Zoosystema 25 (3): 439-555, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5402949
03FF2C63FFDAFFFC2D1079F3FE947299.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS. — Gastric region with lateral ridges, linea thalassinica depressed anteriorly, extending entirely or partly to posterior border of carapace; cervical groove well defined. Rostrum obtuse, bearing teeth or spines on lateral border, rarely unarmed. Anterolateral border of carapace unarmed or with spine. Telson often with faint inverted U-shaped carina dorsally, posterior bor- der straight or slightly convex, unarmed. Eye peduncle cylindrical, with pigmented terminal cornea. Antennal scale reduced. Mxp 1 - 3 with exopod; Mxp 1 and Mxp 3 with or without epipod, Mxp 2 with epipod bent mesially; no spinous crest (crista dentata) on Mxp 3 ischum. P 1 equal, chelate or subchelate; P 2 - 4 simple, P 5 subchelate. Plp 1 absent in male, uniramous in female, Plp 2 - 5 biramous, similar, lacking appendix interna. No suture on uropods.	en	Ngoc-Ho, Nguyen (2003): European and Mediterranean Thalassinidea (Crustacea, Decapoda). Zoosystema 25 (3): 439-555, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5402949
03FF2C63FFDAFFFC2D1079F3FE947299.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE MATERIAL. — Holotype: Kingsbridge Estuary, Devon, UK, English Channel, North East Atlantic, Leach collection:, posterior part of carapace damag- ed, left P 1, P 4, P 5 present; left P 2, right P 1, P 5 detached, merus missing (NHML 259 e). MATERIAL EXAMINED. — North Sea. Doggerbank Ost, 54 ° 49.14 ’ N, 3 ° 3.30 ’ E, 27.2 - 29.7 m, F. K. Senckenberg, 1 cl. 10.5 mm (SMF 28334). — Spiekeroog, 27. VII. 1959, 1 cl. 23 mm, 1 ovig. cl. 20 mm (SMF 28335). — Near Helgoland, 1877, 1 (RMNH D 4931). — NW Brandaris, in Mustelus mustelus (Linnaeus, 1758), Zool. Station Den Helder coll., 20. V. 1950, 1 (RMNH D 7383). — Brown Banks, near Winterton Twenties, from stomach of Solea solea (Linnaeus, 1758), 20 - 27. VIII. 1960, leg. J. Kruuk, 3, poor condition (RMNH D 16180). — 53 ° 41 ’ 45 ” N, 3 ° 55 ’ E, 12. VIII. 1971, leg. G. R. Heerebout, 2, 2 (RMNH D 27524). — 53 ° 43.5 ’ N, 4 ° 27.2 ’ E, 33 m, 1. VI. 1971, leg. Rijks. Instituut voor Visserij Onderzoek, 2, 2 (RMNH D 27525). — 53 ° 42 ’ N, 3 ° 55 ’ E, 12. VIII. 1971, Tridens, leg. G. R. Heerebout, 19 m, 7 (RMNH D 27526). — 54 ° 02.5 ’ N, 4 ° 07.9 ’ E, 42 m, 30. VI. 1971, leg. Rijks. Instituut voor Visserij Onderzoek, 1 (RMNH D 28191). — 53 ° 38 ’ N, 4 ° 31.6 ’ E, 28 - 29 m, leg. Rijks. Instituut voor Visserij Onderzoek, 1 (RMNH D 28192). — 53 ° 48.7 ’ N 4 ° 22.5 ’ E, 37 m, 1. VI. 1971, leg. Rijks Instituut voor Visserij Onderzoek, 1 (RMNH D 28193). — 53 ° 38 ’ N, 3 ° 44 ’ E, 34 m, 23. VI. 1980, P. C. Goudswaard, stn 74, Rijks. Instituut voor Visserij Onderzoek, 4, 2 (RMNH D 32960). — 53 ° 48 ’ N, 04 ° 13 ’ E, 24. IV. 1972, Aurelia cruise, don. Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, 17, 4 (RMNH D 33185). — 53 ° 43 ’ N, 04 ° 17 ’ E, 16. X- 1. XI. 1972, Aurelia, stn 180, leg. F. Creutzberg, v. s., don. NIOZ, 3, 1 (RMNH D 35738). — 53 ° 38 ’ N, 03 ° 44 ’ E, 34 m, 23. VI. 1980, leg. P. C. Goudswaard, 2 (RMNH D 35739). — 53 ° 40 ’ N, 04 ° 22 ’ E, 26. VI- 7. VII. 1972, Aurelia, stn 117, leg. F. Creutzberg, c. s. don. NIOZ, 2 (RMNH D 35740). — North-Holland, 30 m, 21. VI. 1958, don. NIOZ, 1 ovig. (RMNH D 35741). — 53 ° 39 ’ N, 5 ° 42 ’ E, 20 m, 26. X. 1977, leg. P. I. Van Leeuwen, don. R. Boddeke, RIVO, 2 (RMNH D 35742). — 53 ° 48 ’ N, 04 ° 07 ’ E, 24. IV- 4. V. 1972, Aurelia cruises, leg. F. Creutzberg, don. NIOZ, 3 (RMNH D 35744). — 53 ° 39 ’ N, 04 ° 06 ’ E, 29. IX. 1975, Aurelia, stn 333, don. NIOZ, 1 (RMNH D 35745). — 53 ° 52.5 ’ N, 04 ° 29.5 ’ E, MS Aurelia, 2. II. 1982, leg. P. C. Goudswaard, 1 (RMNH D 35746). — 54 ° 03 ’ N, 02 ° 50 ’ E, MS Aurelia, 20. X. 1976, leg. F. Creutzberg, 1 cheliped (RMNH D 35747). — Surroundings Helgoland, 54 ° 28 ’ N, 06 ° 13 ’ E- 54 ° 42 ’ N, 06 ° 35 ’ E, 3 - 12. V. 1995, leg. J. Verkuil, 2 (RMNH D 46166). Sweden. Prov. Gotebörg och Bohus, Fiskebackskil, c. 120 km N Göteborg, Kristineberg Marine Research Station, Pettke coll., IX. 1976, 44 cl. 7 - 20 mm, 41 cl. 7 - 17.5 mm (SMF 28331); 4 cl. 17 - 21 mm, 1 cl. 12 mm (SMF 28332); Kristineberg, IX. 1975, 4 cl. 10.5 - 12.5 mm, 6 cl. 7.5 - 15 mm (SMF 28333). — Skagerrak, 20 - 30 m, exc. Leiden Biologists, stn 301, 3. VI. 1971, 1 (RMNH D 28194). — E of Bonden Island, 58 ° 12 ’ N, 11 ° 19 ’ E, 20 - 30 m, Amphioxus sand, 3. VI. 1971, Exc. Studends Leiden, 1 ex. (RMNH D 35734). Netherlands. Teakettle Hole, 50 miles WNW of Den Helder, in stomach of Egaleus galeus (Linnaeus), 24. XI. 1945, don. Zool. Station Den Helder, 1 damag- ed (RMNH D 6198). — NW of Brandaris, Texel, from stomach of Mustelus mustelus (Linnaeus, 1758), near oystergrounds, 25. X. 1950, don. Zoological Station Den Helder, 1 (RMNH D 7382). Great Britain. Firth of Clyde, off Lion Rock, R. B. Pike coll., 20. XII. 1957, 3 (NHML 1962.7.5.5.7). — Devon, English Chanel, Leach collection, 1 cl. 20 mm, tl. 65 mm approx. (figured) (holotype, NHML 259 e). — English Channel (see Holme 1961), 29 m, 3, 4 (2 ovig.) (NHML 1999.257 - 264); 35 m, 1, 3 (NHML 1999.247 - 256); 58 m, 4 (NHML 1999.242 - 245); 37 m, 1 (NHML 1999.241); 21 m, 1 carapace (NHML 1999.229); 34 m, 1 broken (NHML 1999.231); 18 m, 1 (NHM 1999.228); 37 m, 2, 1 (NHML 1999.239 - 249); 19 m, 1 (NHML 1999.226); 36 m, 1 (NHML 1999.233); 19 m, 1 abdomen (NHM 1999.227); 37 m, 1 abdomen (NHML 1999.232); 16 m, 1, 2 (NHML 1999.230); 35 m, 1 ovig. (NHML 1999.246) (see Holme 1966); 27 m, 3, 1 (NHM 1999.269 - 272); 33 m, 1 (NHML 1999. 273); 36 m, 2, 3 (NHML 1999.234 - 238); 35 m, 9. XI. 1961, 4, 1 (NHML 1999.306 - 310); 31 m, 1. II. 1960, 4, 2 (NHML 1999.278 - 285); 57 m, 11. VII. 1961, 4, 3 (NHML 1999.299 - 304); 22 m, 1. II. 1960, 2 (NHML 1999.286 - 289); 68 m, 1 carapace (NHML 1999.321); 33 m, 2. II. 1960, 1 exuvia (NHML 1999.297); 27 m, 1 abdomen (NHML 1999.294); 55 m, 31. I. 1962, 5 (2 damaged) (NHML 312 - 315); 38 m, 1. II. 1960, 2 (NHML 1999.276 - 277); 37 m, 1 abdomen (NHML 1999.320); 52 m, 11. VII. 1960, 1 (NHML 305); 29 m, 1. II. 1960, 2, 1 (without abdomen) (NHML 1999.292 - 293); 46 m, 10. XI. 1961, 1 (NHML 1999.319); 64 m, 31. I. 1960, 1 (NHML 1999.275); 38 m, 1. II. 1960, 2 (NHML 1999.290 - 291); 26 m, 2 (NHM 1999.295 - 296); 68 m, 3. II. 1962, 1 (NHML 1999.322); 44 m, 10. XI. 1961, 1 (NHML 1999.311); 51 m, 11. VII. 1961, 1 (dried) (NHML 1999.298); 68 m, 3. II. 1962, 2, 1 (NHML 1999.316 - 318); 31 m, 31. I. 1960, 1 (NHML 1999.274); 27 m, 30. I. 1960, 3 (damaged) (NHML 1999.265 - 268). — Plymouth, 1, 1 (NHML 1910.7.1 - 2); intertidal mud-flats, R. L. Rice coll., 8. IV. 1971, 1 (NHML 1971.21); II. 1945, 1 (NHML 1949.1.18.24); MBA purchased, VI. 1950, 2 (NHML 1950.8.22.18 - 19); shell gravel, A. L. Rice coll., 18. III. 1970, 1 (NHML 1972.20). — Plymouth Sound, Montagu coll., 3 (NHML 259 a, 259 b and 259 c). — Salcombe, Devon, 1 (NHML 1901.4.16.1). — Salcombe Harbour, 1, 1 ovig. (NHML 98.5.7.734). — Polperro, Cornwall, Norman collection, 1 (NHML 1911.11.8.1034). — Weymouth Bay, B. Horton coll., 10. V. 1990, 1 cl. 16 mm (NHML 1999.995). — Plymouth, leg. Carlisle, V. 1959, don. Zool. Station Napels, 1 ovig. (RMNH D 13012). Belgium. Ostende, E. Van Beneden coll., 1 (NHML 98.5.7.731). France. English Channel, Roscoff, collector unknown, 17. IX. 1958, 1 cl. 18 mm, tl. 54 mm, 1 cl. 11 mm without abdomen (figured), 1 cl. 17.5 mm (MNHN Th 1316). — Bricqueville, Normandy, low tides, B. Richer de Forges coll., III. 1981, 1 cl. 21 mm, tl. 59 mm (MNHN Th 643). — Baie de Seine, 20 - 30 m, Gentil coll., 1 cl. 15 mm (MNHN Th 315). — Manche?, Baron of St-Joseph’s collection, No. 20, 1911, 2 cl. 14.5 and 21 mm (MNHN Th 9), 2 cl. 8.5 and 11 mm (poor condition) (MNHN Th 487). — Atlantic, Bay of Concarneau, Glémarec coll., 1 cl. 6.5 mm (MNHN Th 8). — Coasts of France, 1 ovig. cl. 16.5 mm, 2 cl. 16 - 20 mm, 1 cl. 19 mm, tl. 58 mm (figured) (MNHN Th 38). — St-Vaast-la-Hougue, A. Malard coll., 1903, 1 cl. 23 mm approx. (poor condition) (MNHN Th 203). — Iroise sea, Brittany, Glémarec coll., 1 cl. 8 mm (MNHN Th 313), 1 cl. 5.5 mm, 1 cl. 6 mm (MNHN Th 314). — Bay of Morlaix, Brittany, J. H. Stock coll., 17. IX. 1955, don. Zool. Museum Amsterdam, 1 (RMNH D 10991). — Island of Glénoan, near Concarneau, Brittany, 10 - 30 m, 14. IX. 1958, 1, 1 (RMNH D 12533). — St-Servan, Brittany, IV. 1924, 2 cl. 9 and 19 mm (MNHN Th 554). — You Bridge?, Y. Gruet coll., 26. VIII. 1972, 1 cl. 22 mm (poor condition) (MNHN-Th 612). — Island of Chausey (Pierre aux Vras), low tides, A. Crosnier coll., VIII. 1976, 1 cl. 7.5 mm (MNHN Th 440). — Mediterranean, Banyuls, sewage, P. Noël coll., 9. VI. 1976, 3 cl. 4.5 - 8 mm (MNHN Th 1339). — Banyuls?, Thiriot coll., 1 cl. 7 mm (MNHN Th 666). — Monaco, 22. VIII. 1960, leg. C. Carpine, 1, 1 (RMNH D 19889). — Fontaindreau, from the stomach of Raja clavata Linnaeus, 1758, 110 - 125 m, 3, 3 ovig. (RMNH D 28198). Spain. Cadaqués, VIII. 1950, leg. R. Zariquiey Alvarez, 1 (RMNH D 35743). Italy. Porto Cesareo, Parenzan coll., 1 cl. 12 mm (MNHN Th 543). Mediterranean. Baleares, Ibiza, 5 - 6 m, 11. VIII. 1954, 1 juv. cl. 3.5 mm (MNHN Th 1324). Mauritania. Off Banc d’Arguin, 19 ° 33 ’ N, 16 ° 55 ’ W, depth 64 m, sticky grey mud, ophiurids, echinoids, bivalves, tubeworms, 1.2 m, Agassiz trawl, 15. VI. 1988, 4, 3 (1 ovig.) (RMNH D 48000). Sierra Leone. 7 ° 15 ’ N, 13 ° 00 ’ W, 100 m, bottom with sandy mud, 18. IV. 1956, A. R. Longhurst coll., 1 broken (RMNH D 32139). Ivory Coast (between Vridi and Jacqueville). 60 m, Le Loeuff coll., 23. XI. 1966, 2 cl. 4.5 and 6 mm (MNHN Th 283). — N Vridi, Reine Pokou Exped., 60 m, Le Loeuff coll., 22. VI. 1966, 1 cl. 5 mm, 1 cl. 6 mm (MNHN Th 663). — Jacqueville, Reine Pokou Exped., 60 m, Le Loeuff coll., 24. XI. 1966, 1 cl. 8 mm (MNHN Th 668). — East of Grand Bassam, 37 m, Le Loeuff coll., 25. II. 1967, 1 juv. cl. 5 mm (MNHN Th 670). Togo. Togo coast, Ombango Exped., sandy mud, 59 - 60 m, A. Crosnier coll., 6. X. 1963, 2 cl. 6 and 6.5 mm (MNHN Th 284). DISTRIBUTION. — Eastern Atlantic: Sweden, Norway (Samuelsen 1974; Christiansen 2000) to Togo, including the English Channel; North Sea (Poulsen 1940; Adema et al. 1982); Mediterranean including Adriatic Sea (Pesta 1918; Števčić 1990; Dworschak 1992), Aegean sea (Koukouras et al. 1992) and Cyprus (Lewinsohn & Holthuis 1986). DIAGNOSIS Rostrum (Fig. 26 A, D) obtuse distally, slightly longer than wide at base, with two or three teeth on lateral border; antero-lateral border of carapace unarmed (Fig. 26 B); pleura of first abdominal segment (Fig. 26 G) pointed postero-ventrally; telson (Fig. 26 C) approximately 1.2 times as wide as long. A 1 peduncle (Fig. 26 B) with large spine on lower margin of article 1, A 2 peduncle with smaller spine on lower margin of article 3. Md with large mesio-anterior pointed tooth. Mx 1 and Mx 2 (Fig. 27 D, E) as figured. Mxp 1 (Fig. 27 H) without epipod, Mxp 3 (Fig. 27 G) with epipod. P 1 slightly stouter in male (Fig. 27 A) than in female (Fig. 26 E, F); merus with upper subdistal spine and two to five lower spines or spinules; carpus with large upper mesial distal spine, small lower distal spine and (sometimes) small median spines near mesial distal margin (Fig. 26 F); propodus with small upper subdistal spine, both lateral and mesial surface with one or two distal spines near base of fixed finger; fixed finger as long as dactylus in young specimen, often shorter than dactylus in adult, with three to four triangular teeth on proximal half of cutting edge; dactylus with longitudinal row of round tubercules on external and mesial surface, small round teeth on cutting edge. P 2 (Fig. 27 B) with upper subdistal spine on merus and carpus. P 3 (Fig. 27 E) with spinules and tubercles on lower margin of merus. Large coxal spines on P 1 and P 2. Arthrobranch with double row of fine lamellae on either side of the rachis. Plp 1 absent in male, uniramous in female (Fig. 26 G); Plp 2 - 5, biramous, foliaceous. Exopod of uropod with proximal spinule, basipod also with spinule (Fig. 26 C). Colour Bright orange, some specimens whitish (d’Udekem d’Acoz pers. comm.); grey yellow tinged green (Campbell & Nicholls 1986); dirty yellow, tinged white or red (Moyse & Smaldon 1990). Size Holotype of cl. 21 mm, tl. 65 mm approx. Largest specimens in material examined: cl. 18 - 21 mm, tl. 54 - 59 mm. Largest size reported: tl. up to 80 mm or exceptionally 150 mm (Moyse & Smaldon 1990). ECOLOGY AND BIOLOGY The population ecology of the species in western Sweden was studied by Tunberg (1986). In western Norway, it occurs in shell and mineral sand with some mud, at 3 m depth (Samuelsen 1974), in shallow water in southern part of the boreal region (Christiansen 2000). It was found in muddy-gravel association off Plymouth, English Channel (Holme 1966), and was occasionally dredged from mud or muddy sand (Gordon 1957). It is common in Brittany, France, in coarse or muddy sand, with or without seagrass (d’Udekem d’Acoz 1989). Specimens were collected from shore, in Ireland (Selbie 1914), near the water edge on the beach (Southern 1915), between 20 - 40 m, in Portugal (Neves 1990), and were present in a variety of substrates from sand with high percentage of pebbles to muddy sand, in Patras Gulf, Greece, at 5 - 15 m depth (Thessalou-Legaki & Zenetos 1985). Reproduction occurs in February-April in Roscoff, France (Bourdon 1965) in spring and summer in Plymouth, UK (Gordon 1957). Larvae are present in Roscoff during February- November, abundant in July-August, mainly near the bottom (i. e. at 15 m depth in a bottom of 20 m) during day time, in surface waters at night (Thiriot 1976), common in the Kilkieran Bay plankton, Ireland in April-October, plentiful in August (O’Céidigh 1962). Aspects of biology studied Functional anatomy of foregut (Ngoc-Ho 1984); branchial parasitic isopods (Astall et al. 1996); burrow morphology and burrow-dwelling lifestyle (Astall et al. 1997 a); branchial morphology, gill area and gill ultrastructure (Astall et al. 1997 b); particle size selectivity and resource partitioning (Pinn et al. 1998 b); burrows in scottish mearl beds (Hall-Spencer & Atkinson 1999); gut morphology and gut microflora (Pinn et al. 1999 a); mouthpart morphology and mouthpart setal fringes (Pinn et al. 1999 b); functional response in filter feeding (Lindahl & Baden 1997); oxygen transporting properties of heamocyanin (Taylor et al. 2000). VARIATIONS There are variations in: 1) the rostrum often bears two, three or (rarely) four lateral rostral teeth; 2) the large upper distal spine on P 1 carpus is sometimes accompanied mesially by one or two spinules (Fig. 26 F); 3) the lower border of P 1 propodus has two to five spinules on the proximal half, three on the left and eight (rare) on the right in the holotype (Fig. 26 E); 4) the distal lateral spine, as well as distal mesial spine near the base of P 1 fixed finger, is larger in female than in male, and impaired, as on left P 1 of holotype (rarely paired as on right P 1 of holotype, Fig. 26 E, F); 5) P 1 fixed finger is about as long as the dactylus in small specimens (cl. 7 - 8 mm, tl. c. 20 - 22 mm), shorter than the dactylus in most large specimens, shortest in large males; and 6) P 3 merus is sometimes unarmed. REMARKS Upogebia deltaura is close to U. mediterranea Noël, 1992 which is often associated with Posidonia oceanica seagrass. Some materials assigned to U. deltaura and reported as associated with Posidonia (Harmelin 1964; Pérès & Picard 1964) could actually belong to U. mediterranea. Differentiation of U. deltaura and U. mediterranea is discussed under the latter species. U. deltaura is similar to U. demani de Saint Laurent & Le Loeuff, from the Gulf of Guinea, in the shape and spinulation of the rostrum (de Saint Laurent & Le Loeuff 1979: 41, fig. 4 b), also in having a lower spine on article 3 of A 2 peduncle. De Saint Laurent & Le Loeuff (1979: 42, fig. 4 a) fail to mention and figure the latter character, but give in detail the differences between the two species. The pointed postero-ventral pleura of abdominal segment 1 is the most important characteristic of U. deltaura. Along with the morphology of the rostrum and the unarmed antero-lateral border of the carapace, it permits a quick identification even of small specimens (e. g., MNHN Th 1324; cl. 3.5 mm). The carapace is thin and weakly calcified in some specimens. Genital openings are visible in young male and female of cl. 5 - 5.5 mm (tl. c. 15 - 17 mm) but Plp 1 appear at a later stage in female of cl. 6.5 - 8 mm (tl. c. 19 - 22 mm). Upogebia deltaura, widely distributed in Europe, was also found in Western Africa (Ivory coast and Togo) by Le Loeuff and Crosnier (MNHN Th 283, 284, 663, 668, 670). Specimens from these areas are apparently smaller than in Europe, but the adult size is not known as no ovigerous females were available for study. Upogebia mediterranea Noël, 1992 (Figs 28; 29)	en	Ngoc-Ho, Nguyen (2003): European and Mediterranean Thalassinidea (Crustacea, Decapoda). Zoosystema 25 (3): 439-555, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5402949
03FF2C63FFDAFFFC2D1079F3FE947299.taxon	description	Upogebia n. sp. – Thessalou-Legaki 1986: 184.	en	Ngoc-Ho, Nguyen (2003): European and Mediterranean Thalassinidea (Crustacea, Decapoda). Zoosystema 25 (3): 439-555, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5402949
03FF2C63FFDAFFFC2D1079F3FE947299.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE MATERIAL. — Lectotype: from Tamaris-sur- Mer, near Toulon, France (MNHN Th 1372) by present designation. Paralectotypes: Tamaris-sur-Mer, same data as lectotype: 4, 3 (MNHN Th 1369); Banyuls, France, 1 (MNHN Th 665), 1 (posterior part of abdomen missing) (MNHN Th 667); Ibiza, Baleares, Spain, 1 (MNHN Th 661); Gulf of Gabès, Tunisia, 1 (MNHN Th 921), 1 (MNHN Th 922), 1 (MNHN Th 923) and 1 (MNHN Th 924); Gulf of Oran, Algeria, 2, 2 (MNHN Th 486). TYPE LOCALITY. — Tamaris-sur-Mer, France. MATERIAL EXAMINED. — France. Tamaris-sur-Mer, near Toulon, collection Sollaud, No. ES 38, 25. XII. 1932, lectotype cl. 15 mm, tl. 48 mm (figured) (MNHN Th 1372); same data, 1 paralectotype cl. 12 mm, tl. 36 mm (figured) and 3 paralectotypes cl. 13 - 14.5 mm, tl. 38 - 43 mm, 3 paralectotypes cl. 13 - 18 mm, tl. 42 - 56 mm (MNHN Th 1369). — Banyuls, France, in Posidonia rhizome, 7 m, P. Noël coll., 12. VIII. 1976, 1 paralectotype cl. 6 mm, tl. 17 mm (MNHN Th 665); in Herbier of Racou, 5 - 7 m, P. Noël coll., 27. III. 1979, 1 paralectotype (posterior part of abdomen missing) cl. 9 mm (MNHN Th 667). — Banyuls?, Thiriot coll., 1 ovig., broken rostrum, approx. cl. 8 mm (MNHN Th 1312); Banyuls, in bed of Posidonia, 5 m, P. Noël coll., 3. VI. 1977, 1 (just moulted, poor condition) approx. cl. 11 mm (MNHN Th 664). — Cap d’Ail, near Villefranche-sur-Mer, night catch, C. Vadon coll., 28. V. 1980, 1 cl. 11.5 mm (MNHN Th 1323). — Marseille, Port Cros Island, 1.8 m, A. Willsie coll., 18. V. 1983, 1 cl. 10 mm (poor condition) (SMF 28328). — Marseille, in sediments with Posidonia, A. Willsie coll., 1982, 1 cl. 12.5 mm, tl. 38 mm, (MNHN Th 1325); 1988, 1 cl. 11 mm (SMF 28329). — Ponteau, W of Marseille, H. Zibrowius coll., 13. II. 1978, 1 cl. 12 mm, tl. 37 mm (MNHN Th 1326), 1 cl. 11.5 mm (SMF 28330). — Villefranche-sur-Mer, Alpes- Maritimes, W. G. N. v. d. Sleen coll., 26. IV. 1920, 1, 1 ovig. (RMNH D 16179). — Monaco, H. Nouvel coll., 15 m, 15. IV. 1952, 4, cl. 9 - 11 mm, 3 cl. 10.5 - 11 mm (RMNH D 34028); 1974, 3 cl. 5.5 - 9.5 mm, 3 cl. 10 - 11 mm (RMNH D 34029); 10. V. 1938, 1 cl. 10 mm (RMNH D 34030); 2. VII. 1937, 2 cl. 6.5 and 9.5 mm (RMNH D 34031); IV. 1938, 2 cl. 6.5 and 8.5 mm (RMNH D 34033); 15 - 25. VI. 1937, 1 cl. 6 mm (RMNH D 34034); 1936, 10 cl. 5.5 - 7.5 mm, 7 (4 ovig.) cl. 7 - 11 mm (RMNH D 34035); 2. IV. 1953, 1 cl. 7.5 mm (RMNH D 34036); VI. 1937, 24 cl. 5.5 - 12 mm, 4 (3 ovig.) cl. 8 - 11 mm (RMNH D 34037). — Cap d’Ail, H. Nouvel coll., 9. IV. 1953, 1 cl. 7 mm (RMNH D 34032). Spain. Baleares, Ibiza, 11. VIII. 1954, 5 - 6 m, 1 paralectotype cl. 8 mm, tl. 23.5 mm (MNHN Th 661). Italy. Ischia, Castello A., in Posidonia rhizome, W. Tertschnig coll., 14. V. 1981, 4 cl. 8 - 13 mm and 1 cl. 13 mm (NHMW 6763). — Ischia, Lacco Ameno, in Posidonia rhizome, 2 m, K. Wittmann coll., 1. VI. 1987, 1 cl. 12.5 mm, 2 ovig. cl. 13 and 14 mm (NHMW 6764). — Naples, Adensamer leg. 1898, 1 cl. 12 mm, 1 cl. 13.5 mm (NHMW 10959). — Naples, J. G. de Man, 1876, 1 cl. 10.5 mm (RMNH D 993); don. Zoöl. Station Naples, V. 1959, 19 cl. 5 - 16 mm, 9 (3 ovig.) cl. 6 - 16 mm (RMNH D 13069). Greece. Rhodos, R. Bromley coll., 2. VIII. 1998, 1 cl. 11.5 mm (NHMW 17936). — Tavros, Chios Islands, G. Potts coll., 1 cl. 5 mm (NHML 1968: 607). — Kreta (Stavros), given by fishermen, C. d’Udekem d’Acoz coll., 15. VII. 1987, 1 cl. 3.5 mm (d’Udekem d’Acoz). — Aegean Sea, 40 m, 18. VIII. 1985, Strimonikos G., 1 (A. U. TH P 4529). Malta. M’xiokk Bay, P. J. Schembri coll., 1 cl. 12.5 mm, 1 cl. 13 mm (NHML 1977: 158). — Market, Norman collection, 4 cl. 14 - 15.5 mm, 5 (3 ovig.) cl. 9 - 15 mm (NHML. 1911.11. B. 1024 - 1033). Israel. Haifa Bay, 19 m, E. Gottlieb coll., 7. VI. 1955, 1 juv. cl. 1.5 mm (RMNH D 13327); 18 m, 7. IX. 1954, 1 cl. 5 mm (RMNH D 13328); 20 m, 18. X. 1955, 1 juv. cl. 2 mm (RMNH D 13329). Tunisia. Gulf of Gabès, Calypso, muddy sand with detritus, 25 m, 2. V. 1965, 1 cl. 9 mm, tl. 27 mm (MNHN Th 921); 1 paralectotype cl. 11 mm, tl. 31 mm (MNHN Th 922); muddy and chalky sand, 25 m, 19. IV. 1965, 2 paralectotypes cl. 8 mm, tl. 24 mm (MNHN Th 923), cl. 9 mm, tl. 26 mm (MNHN Th 924). Algeria. Gulf of Oran, P. Pallary coll., 1900, 1 paralectotype cl. 9.5 mm, tl. 29 mm (figured), 1 paralectotype cl. 10 mm, tl. 30 mm and 2 paralectotypes, cl. 11 and 12 mm, tl. 32 and 34 mm (MNHN Th 486). Morocco. Melilla, J. Ruttlant, 1 cl. 8 mm (RMNH D 5254). Congo. Near Pointe Noire, trawling, 18 m, A. Crosnier coll., Ombango, 25. XI. 1966, 1 cl. 5.5 mm (MNHN Th 231). DISTRIBUTION. — Mediterranean and Congo (west African coast). DIAGNOSIS. — Rostrum elongated triangular, slightly longer than wide at base, with two teeth on each lateral border; anterolateral border of carapace unarmed; pleura of first abdominal segment rounded posteroventrally; telson subquadrate. A 1 peduncle with large lower spine on article 1; A 2 peduncle unarmed. Md with large mesioanterior pointed tooth. P 1 merus with upper subdistal spine and lower spinules or tubercles; carpus with large upper mesial distal spine and small lower distal spine; propodus with upper subdistal spine and lateral distal spinule near base of fixed finger, latter with three or four teeth on proximal half of cutting edge; dactylus as long as fixed finger with mesial proximal round tooth on cutting edge. P 2 with upper subdistal spine on both merus and carpus. P 3 merus unarmed. Large acute coxal spine on P 1 and P 2 in male and female. Uropods about as long as telson. DESCRIPTION Rostrum (Fig. 28 A, B) elongated triangular, slightly longer than wide at base, projecting beyond eyes, with two large spiniform teeth on each lateral border. Faint median dorsal groove on rostrum and anterior part of gastric region. Lateral groove narrow and shallow, lateral ridge with 10 to 12 teeth, larger distally. Linea thalassinica distinct, extending to posterior border of carapace. Anterolateral border of carapace unarm- ed. Cervical groove deep, bearing minute denticles and tubercles on either side. Epistome rounded distally or with minute distal spinule. First abdominal segment slightly shorter than second, proximal part of pleura rounded ventrally (Fig. 28 E). Telson (Fig. 28 F, G) approximately quadrate, lateral and posterior borders weakly convex, an U-shaped carina and a faint median groove on upper surface. Eyestalk (Fig. 28 B) moderately long, cornea pigmented in preserved specimens. A 1 (Fig. 29 A) with large lower distal spine on peduncular article 1; peduncular article 3 about as long as second and first together; flagella not longer than peduncle. A 2 peduncle unarmed (Fig. 29 B), scale large, terminating in a spinule. Md (Fig. 29 C) with large mesio-anterior pointed tooth. Mxp 1 without epipod, Mxp 3 with small epipod. Arthrobranch with double or single (rare) row of fine lamellae on either side of rachis. P 1 (Figs 28 C, D; 29 F) cheliform, slightly stouter in male. Ischium with one or two lower spinules or tubercles. Merus over twice as long as wide, bearing upper subdistal spine and eight to 12 lower spinules and tubercles. Carpus with slight longitudinal groove on upper part of lateral surface, large mesial upper distal spine sometimes accompanied by one or two mesial distal spinules; smaller lower distal spine. Propodus about twice as long as wide in female, slightly stouter in male, with two to six spinules or denticles on proximal third of lower border, upper subdistal spine, and lateral distal spinule or tubercle near base of fixed finger; fixed finger with three or four teeth on proximal half of cutting edge. Dactylus approximately as long as fixed finger, with rounded tubercles on upper margin, proximal one largest and slightly pointed; longitudinal row of tubercles on both lateral and mesial surfaces, proximal mesial round tooth on cutting edge followed distally by faint teeth; corneous tip. P 2 (Fig. 29 D) merus over 4.5 times as long as wide with upper subdistal spine; carpus half as long as merus with small upper subdistal spine. P 3 (Fig. 29 E) and P 4 unarmed, propodus and dactylus with lateral longitudinal row of corneous tubercles; dactylus pectinate on lower margin. Large coxal spine on P 1 and P 2. Uropod (Figs 28 F; 29 G) exopod with proximal spinule and denticles on slightly convex posterior margin; posterior margin of endopod almost straight; protopod with spinule hanging over endopod. Coloration of a live specimen (MNHN Th 667) (Noël pers. comm.) Gastric region with uniform orange colour on upper part, whitish laterally, with punctiform red chromatophores. Abdominal tergites and pleurites orange, with chromatophores, the latter a shade of light gray. Sternites transparent. Eye peduncle orange, with red chromatophores; cornea dark-wine. A 1 peduncle transparent with a few red chromatophores. A 2 peduncle with red chromatophores on articles 4 and 5; other articles whitish; flagella transparent. P 1: merus to dactylus orange, with a few red chromatophores on upper surface, lower surface lighter in color. Tip of dactylus dark brown and transparent. P 2: distal part of merus to dactylus orange, lighter than on P 1, with a few red chromatophores; proximal and lower part of merus opalescent white. P 3 - 5 transparent, P 3 and P 4 with a few chromatophores from merus forwards. Pleopods transparent, with a few chromatophores on basis. Size Largest specimens in material examined: cl. 12 - 15 mm, tl. 36 - 48 mm. ECOLOGY Upogebia mediterranea occurs in muddy sand or sediments with Posidonia, 0 - 25 m. Burrows in firmground were studied by Asgaard et al. (1997). VARIATIONS 1) The upper mesial distal spine of P 1 carpus is accompanied laterally by one to three spinules; 2) the longitudinal row of tubercles on the lateral and mesial sufaces of the dactylus, as well as the proximal mesial round tooth on cutting edge is sometimes faint or absent (rare); and 3) arthrobranchs are composed of a single row of lamellae on either side of the rachis in specimens from the Gulf of Gabès, Tunisia, and a double row of lamellae in the rest of the material examined. D REMARKS This species, similar to both U. deltaura and U. nitida, was first mentioned by de Saint Laurent & Le Loeuff (1979: 93) as an undescribed species related to U. nitida. According to Dworschak (1992: 223), it was cited again, under the present name mediterranea, as a taxon related to U. deltaura, by de Saint Laurent in a key to western Atlantic and Mediterranean species of Upogebia (“ Tableau de détermination des Upogebia de l’Atlantique nordoriental et de Méditerranée ”). This key was given to participants of the IInd Colloquium Crustacea Mediterranea in Ancona, Italy (1979) but was never validly published. The species was subsequently recognized by Kocata ș (1981), Thessalou-Legaki & Zenetos (1985) and Thessalou-Legaki (1986). It was mentioned by Noël (1992) in an identification key to decapod crustaceans from France and common European species (“ Clé préliminaire d’identification des Crustacea Decapoda de France et des principales autres espèces d’Europe ”). As Noël’s key was published and contained diagnostic details, Noël is now the species’ author according to the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN 1999). The type series includes all specimens examined by him or de Saint Laurent before the species name was published. They were considered as syntypes and a lectotype was selected from them. Upogebia mediterranea resembles U. deltaura in: 1) the shape and armature of the rostrum; and 2) the anterolateral border of carapace unarmed. It differs in the following characters: 1) the pleura of the first abdominal segment is rounded postero-ventrally in U. mediterranea (pointed in U. deltaura); 2) A 2 peduncle is unarmed in U. mediterranea (with a lower distal spine on article 3 in U. deltaura); 3) P 1 merus bears spinules and / or tubercles on its lower border in U. mediterranea (with spines and spinules in U. deltaura); 4) P 1 propodus has no mesial distal spine near the base of the fixed finger in U. mediterranea (spine present in U. deltaura); 5) P 1 dactylus bears a proximal mesial round tooth on the cutting edge in U. mediterranea (tooth often absent in U. deltaura); 6) P 1 dactylus and fixed finger are of about the same length in U. mediterranea (dactylus often longer than fixed finger in U. deltaura); 7) P 3 merus is unarmed in U. mediterranea (with spinules and tubercles on the lower border in U. deltaura); and 8) the telson is approximately quadrate in U. mediterranea (about 1.2 times as wide as long in U. deltaura). Upogebia mediterranea was considered closely related to U. nitida (A. Milne-Edwards, 1868) by de Saint Laurent & Le Loeuff (1979: 39, 93) and d’Udekem d’Acoz (1999: 157) or a subspecies of the latter (d’Udekem d’Acoz 1995). It was actually confused with the U. nitida in Le Loeuff & Intès (1974: 58, fig. 20). The small female these authors reported from Congo, of 5.5 mm in carapace length, and now deposited in the MNHN (MNHN Th 231), actually belongs to U. mediterranea. The excellent figures given agree perfectly with those of the latter species (Figs 28; 29), but with neither U. nitida (Figs 30; 31) nor U. furcata (Aurivillius, 1898) (see Le Loeuff & Intès 1974: fig. 18), a common species in the area. This female, bearing a large coxal spine on both P 1 and P 2, represents the only record of U. mediterranea outside the Mediterranean. More likeness can be found between U. mediterranea and a newly established, non-european species, U. senegalensis Ngoc-Ho, 2001 from Senegal. The latter resembles both U. mediterranea and U. nitida and the three are sometimes hard to differentiate. Similarities and differences between U. mediterranea and U. senegalensis are presented below with some details and summerised in Table 2. U. mediterranea and U. senegalensis are compared with U. nitida under the latter species and summerized in the same table. U. mediterranea resembles U. senegalensis (see Ngoc-Ho 2001 a: figs 1 - 3) in: 1) the shape of rostrum; 2) the shape and spinulation of P 1 except for a subdistal tooth absent on dactylus cutting edge; and 3) an acute coxal spine on both P 1 and P 2. It differs from U. senegalensis in: 1) the large A 2 scale with pointed tip (small A 2 scale with blunt tip in U. senegalensis); 2) absence of subdistal tooth on the cutting edge of P 1 dactylus (tooth present in U. senegalensis); 3) P 2 bears a dorsal subdistal spine on both merus and carpus (P 2 unarmed in U. senegalensis); and 4) the telson is subquadrate (telson slightly wider than long in U. senegalensis). Upogebia nitida (A. Milne-Edwards, 1868) (Figs 30; 31)	en	Ngoc-Ho, Nguyen (2003): European and Mediterranean Thalassinidea (Crustacea, Decapoda). Zoosystema 25 (3): 439-555, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5402949
03FF2C63FFDAFFFC2D1079F3FE947299.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE MATERIAL. — Lectotype:; paralectotypes, 2, from Cape Verde Islands, Cape of St Vincent, Atlantic, subsequent designation by de Saint Laurent & Le Loeuff (1979) (MNHN Th 22). MATERIAL EXAMINED. — France. Tamaris-sur-Mer, near Toulon, Sollaud coll., No. ES 38, 25. XII. 1932, 2 cl. 16 and 16.5 mm, tl. 51 and 52 mm (figured) (MNHN Th 1393). — Banyuls, P. Noël coll., 4. VII. 1975, 1 ovig. cl. 10 mm, tl. 31 mm, without P 1 (MNHN Th 660). Italy. Toscana, Livorno, G. Herweck leg., 1 cl. 15.5 mm, partly dried, without pereopods (SMF 28327). Algeria. Gulf of Oran, P. Pallary coll., 1900, 1 cl. 13 mm, tl. 38 mm (MNHN Th 1392). St Vincent. Cape Verde Islands, Atlantic, de Folin coll., lectotype cl. 8 mm, tl. 21 mm, 2 paralectotypes tl. 16 and 17 mm (specimens broken, poor condition, measurements by de Saint Laurent & Le Loeuff 1979) (figured) (MNHN Th 22). — Cape Verde Islands, Talisman Exp., dredge, 26. VII. 1883, 1 cl. 6 mm, 1 ovig. cl. 8 mm, 4 juv. (MNHN Th 23). Mauritanie. G. Bolloré coll., 1965, 2 broken, cl. 12 and 14 mm (measurements by de St Laurent & Le Loeuff 1979) (MNHN Th 383). Senegal. Gorée, in lobsters net, Cadenat coll., 10. X. 1950, 1 ovig. cl. 11.5 mm, tl. 35 mm (figured) (MNHN Th 278); Paraïso coll., 27. V. 1948, 1 cl. 5 mm (MNHN Th 279). — Between Takona and Bel Air, 14 - 15 m, I. M. Marchad coll., 19. III. 1954, 1 cl. 11 mm (MNHN Th 282); in gallery of Toredo molluscs, 19. XI. 1950, 1 cl. 2.75 mm (MNHN Th 281). — Dakar, R. Mauny coll., 25. IX. 1949, 1 cl. 11 mm, 1 cl. 10 mm (MNHN Th 276); R. Mauny coll., 14. IX. 1949, 1 cl. 11 mm (MNHN Th 277); 25. IX. 1949, 3 cl. 6 - 11 mm, 1 cl. 6 mm (MNHN Th 273). Gulf of Guinea. Sao Tomé, Calypso, stn 18, in front of Praia Lagarto, 11. VI. 1956, 1 ovig. cl. 7 mm (MNHN Th 270); stn 19, 4 - 5 m, 12. VI. 1956, 2 ovig. cl. 4 and 5.5 mm (MNHN Th 271). — Principe, stn 94, 31 m, 27. VI. 1956, 1 ovig. cl. 5.5 mm (MNHN Th 272). — Annobon Island, Ombango, dredge, A. Crosnier coll., 11. XII. 1965, 1 cl. 6 mm (MNHN Th 229), 50 - 60 m, 1 cl. 5 mm (MNHN Th 230). DIAGNOSIS Rostrum (Figs 30 A, B; 31 A, B) approximately triangular, slightly overreaching eyestalks, about as long as wide at base, with two teeth on either lateral border; anterolateral border of carapace unarmed; telson (Figs 30 C; 31 G) 1.1 - 1.2 times as wide as long. A 1 (Figs 30 B; 31 B) peduncle with lower spine on article 1. P 1 slightly stouter in male (Fig. 31 D, E) than in female (Figs 30 D, E; 31 C) merus with lower border unarmed or denticulate; carpus with upper mesial distal spine; fixed finger with three or four round teeth on proximal half of cutting edge; dactylus about as long as fixed finger with proximal and (often) subdistal round tooth on cutting edge (Fig. 31 E, J). P 2 (Figs 30 F; 31 F) unarmed. Small coxal spine on either P 1 or P 2, seldom on both (and in male only). Colour Unknown. Size Types and material from northwest Africa: cl. 8 - 13 mm, tl. 21 - 38 mm. Specimens examined from Europe: cl. 15 - 16.5 mm, tl. 51 - 52 mm. VARIATIONS 1) rostral spines, often small, are larger in the lectotype (Fig. 31 A); 2) P 1 carpus bears a very small lower distal spine in a few specimens (Fig. 31 I), likewise for lateral spinule near the base of the fixed finger (Fig. 30 D); the proximal and / or subdistal tooth on the dactylus cutting edge is small or absent (Fig. 30 D, E); and 3) the telson is subquadrate in small specimens of cl. <6 - 6.5 mm. REMARKS Upogebia nitida differs from U. mediterranea in many features: 1) the rostrum is triangular in U. nitida (elongated triangular in U. mediterra- elongated nea); 2) P 1 merus has no upper subdistal spine, the lower border is unarmed or with denticles, P 1 carpus bears a small upper mesial distal spine and no lower distal spine in U. nitida (P 1 merus with upper subdistal spine, lower spinules and tubercles; P 1 carpus with large upper mesial distal spine, small lower distal spine in U. mediterranea); 3) P 1 propodus with the upper border unarmed and no lateral spinule near the base of fixed finger in U. nitida (P 1 propodus with upper subdistal spine and a lateral spinule near the base of fixed finger in U. mediterranea); 4) P 1 dactylus with a mesial proximal and subdistal tooth on the cutting edge in U. nitida (no subdistal tooth on the cutting edge in U. mediterranea); this character varies; 5) P 2 is unarmed in U. nitida (both P 2 merus and carpus bear an upper subdistal spine in U. mediterranea); and 6) small coxal spine on either P 1 or P 2, seldom on both in U. nitida (long and acute coxal spine on both P 1 and P 2 in U. mediterranea). Similarities between U. nitida and U. senegalensis are (see Ngoc-Ho 2001 a: figs 1 - 3): 1) A 2 scale is small, not acute at tip; 2) a subdistal round tooth is present on the cutting edge of P 1 dactylus; 3) P 2 is unarmed; and 4) the similar shape of the telson. Differences between U. nitida and U. senegalensis are: 1) the shape of the rostrum; 2) the spinulation of P 1, the same as for U. mediterranea; and 3) small coxal spine is present on either P 1 or P 2, seldom on both in U. nitida (coxal spine present on both P 1 and P 2 in U. senegalensis). Distinguishing characters between U. nitida, U. mediterranea and U. senegalensis are presented in Table 2. Upogebia pusilla (Petagna, 1792) (Figs 32; 33)	en	Ngoc-Ho, Nguyen (2003): European and Mediterranean Thalassinidea (Crustacea, Decapoda). Zoosystema 25 (3): 439-555, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5402949
03FF2C63FFDAFFFC2D1079F3FE947299.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE MATERIAL. — Whereabouts unknown. MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Great Britain. W English Channel, Holme’s collection, stn 114, 50 ° 19.1 ’ N, 4 ° 27.2 ’ W, 35 - 37 m, 1 cl. 13 mm (NHML 2002.839). France. Atlantic, Trébeurden, 1987, 4 cl. 10 - 16 mm, 2 cl. 15.5 and 16 mm (MNHN Th 1329); F. Meunier coll., III. 1983, 1 cl. 7.5 mm, 1 cl. 14 mm (MNHN Th 1330). — Île Grande, clean sand, F. Meunier coll., 21. IX. 1984, 3 cl. 10 - 17 mm (MNHN Th 1331); muddy sand, 2. X. 1978, 1, 1, cl. 16 mm (MNHN Th 1340). — Brest, muddy sand, M. - N. Helleouet coll., 6. V. 1997, 2 cl. 13.5 and 16 mm (MNHN Th 1332). — Bassin of Marennes-Oléron, in sediments of “ Claires de Sendre ”, D. Fouché coll., II. 1994, 1 cl. 18 mm, tl. 50 mm (figured) (MNHN Th 1317), 1 cl. 13 mm (MNHN Th 1410). — Bay of Chingoudy (western Pyrénées), A. Chaud coll., V. 1982, 14 cl. 9 - 17 mm, 3 (1 ovig.) cl. 13 - 14.5 mm (MNHN Th 652). — Bassin of Arcachon, port de la Hume, intertidal (0.8 - 1.2 m), A. Chaud coll., 3 cl. 6.5 - 18 mm, 2 cl. 16 and 17 mm, tl. 46 and 48 mm (figured) and 3 cl. 9 - 16 mm (MNHN Th 645). — Auray, Brittany, R. Bourdon coll., 1 cl. 14 mm (MNHN Th 541). — Concarneau, Baron de St- Joseph’s coll., VIII. 1892, 1 cl. 15 mm (MNHN Th 39). — Carry-le-Rouet, A. Vayssière coll., 1912, 1 cl. 13 mm, 1 cl. 10 mm (MNHN Th 36). — Coast of France, 1939, 1 cl. 12 mm (MNHN Th 35). — Concarneau, in burrows of muddy sand, under rocks, excursion RMNH, 12. IX. 1958, 1, 1 exuvia (RMNH D 12438). — Bay of Arcachon, R. Bourdon, III. 1964, 2 (RMNH D 21559); A. W. Lacourt, VII. 1976, 1 dry (RMNH D 45673). — Baie of Chingoudy, Hendaye, H. Nouvel coll., 1. VIII. 1953, 145, 128 (93 ovig.) (RMNH D 34027); A. Chaud coll., 2 cl. 13 and 15 mm, 1 cl. 14 mm (MNHN Th 646). Mediterranean, Bay St-Trinité, 5 km from Porto Vecchio, Corsica, W. F. Roodenburg, 21. VII. 1968, 1 ovig. (RMNH D 26474). — Banyuls, meadows of Grosse Island, P. Noël coll., 16. V. 1978, 2 cl. 8 and 9 mm, 1 ovig. cl. 15.5 mm, tl. 47 mm (figured) and 2 cl. 12.5 and 14 mm (MNHN Th 621); 12. V. 1978, 1 cl. 14 mm, tl. 45 mm (figured), 1 cl. 14 mm (MNHN Th 622); 22. V. 1976, 1 cl. 6 mm (MNHN Th 673); Y. Bhaud coll., II. 1976, 1 cl. 12 mm (MNHN Th 672); M. de Saint Laurent coll., V. 1959, 2 cl. 7 and 13 mm, 1 juv. cl. 4 mm (MNHN Th 318); J. Forest coll., 14. VII. 1950, 1 cl. 8.5 mm (MNHN Th 219); under a rock, J. M. Amouroux coll., 24. V. 1976, 1 cl. 14 mm (MNHN Th 659); excursion Leiden Biologists, 25. IX. 1937, 9 juv. (RMNH D 11728). — Nice, Travailleur, VII. 1881, 1 cl. 11 mm (MNHN Th 37); 1 cl. 12 mm (MNHN Th 204). — Monaco, Prince de Monaco coll., 6. I. 1905, 1 just moutled and exuvia, approx. cl. 13 mm (MNHN Th 1328). — Marseille, Ponteau, 3 cl. 4.5 - 12 mm, 1 cl. 15 mm (poor condition) (SMF 28322). — Golfe de Fos, near Electricity plant at Ponteau, 2 m, H. Zibrowius coll., 5. IV. 1977, 5 cl. 8 - 11 mm, 21 9 - 11.5 mm (poor condition) (MNHN Th 598). — Anse des Laurons, near golfe de Fos, sand, 3 m, H. Zibrowius coll., 21. IV. 1974, 1 cl. 10.5 mm (MNHN Th 366). — Le Brusc, Var, muddy sand, 0.5 m, P. Noël coll., 14. XI. 1997, 1 cl. 12.5 mm (MNHN Th 1334). — Languedoc, lagune de Manguis, J. L. Bouchereau coll., 1992, 1 cl. 14 mm (MNHN Th 1335). — Corsica, near Porto Vecchio, C. Monniot coll., VII. 1997, exuviae only, 2 rostrums, several pereiopods (MNHN Th 1333). — Cap Martin, Monaco, 10 - 15 m, dredge, 13. XII. 1912, don. H. Nouvel, 11, 9 (RMNH D 34038). — Monaco, H. Nouvel, 2. VII. 1937, 2, 3 (RMNH D 34039); 1936, 2, 1 ovig. (RMNH D 34040); 1 (RMNH D 34041); IV. 1938, 1, 1 (RMNH D 34042); 19. IV. 1912, Prince de Monaco coll., H. Nouvel don., 1 (RMNH D 34043); 1936, collection H. Nouvel, 1 (RMNH D 34044). Portugal. Olhão, C. d’Udekem d’Acoz coll., 19. VII. 1980, 5 cl. 10.5 - 17.5 mm, 2 ovig. cl. 14.5 mm (d’Udekem d’Acoz). — Cabo de Arnel, near Faro, excursion RMNH, 29. VII. 1962, 1 exuvia (RMNH D 19026). — Praia do Faro, Algarve, excursion RMNH, 6. V. 1971, 4, 2 (1 ovig.) (RMNH D 27490). — Caldeira do Mainho, Costado do Pedro José, Algarve, burrows in dry mud, at low tides, excursion RMNH, 5. V. 1971, 3, 8 (4 ovig.) (RMNH D 27491). — Caldeira do Moinhoc Costado do Pedro José, Algarve, burrows in dry mud, at low tide, excursion RMNH, 3. V. 1971, 1 (RMNH D 28197). — Praia de Faro, Algarve, mudflat at low tide, excursion RMNH, 2. XI. 1974, 3, 3 (RMNH D 36259); 3. XI. 1974, 9, 12 (RMNH D 36260). — SPMOPO 1974, stn 080, Algarve, slightly W of Faro, mudflats near Praia de Faro, low tide, excursion RMNH 1974, 3. XI. 1974, 2 (RMNH D 38477). Spain. Port Lligat, 1 - 5 m, G. Fischer coll., 14 cl. 12.5 - 15 mm, 16 (6 ovig.) cl. 9 - 15 mm (SMF 28974). — Port Lligat, U. Pettke coll., 1. VIII. 1985, 6 cl. 12.5 - 13.5 mm, 8 (3 ovig.) cl. 8.5 - 13.5 mm (SMF 28975). — Gerona, Cadaqués, M. Türkay coll., 30. III. 1985, 8 spec. badly damaged, cl. c. 10 - 12 mm (SMF 28976). — Cadaqués, I. Gordon coll., 2 exuviae (NHML 1955.2.28.91); Zariquiey Alvarez pres., 1, 1 (NHML 1954.12.30.96 - 97). — Mouth of Ebre river, Calypso Exped., 1977, stn 4, 1 cl. 12 mm (MNHN Th 623). — Canary islands, Lanzarote, Santaella coll., IX. 1973, 2 cl. 8 and 10 mm, 1 ovig. cl. 9 mm (MNHN Th 317); A. K. Totten coll., 10, 6 (3 ovig.) (NHML. 1956.5.2.92 - 101). — Cadaqués near Barcelona, R. Zariquiey Alvarez, 1940, 2 broken spec. (RMNH D 5253). — Playa Jonquet, N of Cadaqués, in c. 50 cm water, in holes in the ground, L. B. Holthuis, 13. VIII. 1950, 3, 1, 1 juv. (RMNH D 6751). — Rio Fluvia, in front of mouth of Golfo de Rosas, brackish water, L. B. Holthuis, 16. VIII. 1950, 1 ovig. (RMNH D 6752). — Cadaqués, sand and stones, in c. 75 cm water, in holes, L. B. Holthuis, 6. VIII. 1950, 3, 2 (RMNH D 6753); from fishermen, 4 - 16. VIII. 1949, 1 (RMNH D 6200); in c. 20 cm, 14. VIII. 1959, 1 (RMNH D 15229). — Cala Junquet, N of Port Lligat, burrows in sand with stones, c. 20 cm, L. B. Holthuis, 20. VIII. 1959, 1, 2 (1 ovig.), 6 juv. (RMNH D 15230). — Playa d’en Pere Fet, Cadaqués, sand, L. B. Holthuis, 23. VIII. 1959, 1 (RMNH D 15231). — Cala Jugadora, S of Cabo de Creus, in sand, 0 - 0.2 m, L. B. Holthuis, 31. VII. 1961, 7, 1 (RMNH D 16182). — Ria de Arosa, N of Cabo Cruz, excursion Leiden Biologists, 23. VII. 1962, 7, 8 ovig. (RMNH D 17914). — Rio Unia, SE of Ria de Arosa, washed ashore, excursion RMNH, 17. VII. 1962, 1 exuvia (RMNH D 19027). — Mouth of bay, SE of El Grove, from mud at low water mark, excursion RMNH, 24. VII. 1962, 1 (RMNH D 19028). — Playa Barraña, Peninsula Chazo, in holes, sandy beach with some rocks, intertidal, excursion RMNH, 7. VII. 1963, 22, 28 ovig. (RMNH D 19541). — Punta San Vicente, Peninsula del Grove, in sand, excursion RMNH, 1. VII. 1963, 2 (RMNH D 19900). — Peninsula del Grove, Ria de Arosa, 0 - 0.5 m, excursion RMNH, 10. VII. 1963, 1 exuvia (RMNH D 19901). — Playa de Barraña, Ria de Arosa, excursion RMNH, 10. VIII. 1964, 6 (4 ovig.) (RMNH D 23797). — Playa Cerantes, Vigo, R. Margalef, II. 1954, 1 (RMNH D 28185). — Playa Cerantes, Vigo, A. Figueras, 6. III. 1954, 3 (RMNH D 28186). — Cabo de Creus, N of Cadaqués, 50 fms, J. Fortuny, VI. 1947, 1 ovig. (RMNH D 28189); 27. VII. 1945, 1 (RMNH D 28190). — Bahia de Cadiz, 5.5 m, sand, gravels and algae, large dredge, excursion RMNH, 13. V. 1971, 1 exuvia (RMNH D 28196); 12 - 18 m, sand and algae, excursion RMNH, small dredge, 11. V. 1971, exuviae of 3 - 4 spec. (RMNH D 28199). — Baleares, Ibiza, San Antonia, R. Zariquiey Cenarro, VII. 1934, 3, 1 juv. (RMNH D 28200); 1 damaged spec. (RMNH D 35722). — SPMOPO 1974, stn 049, Bay of Cadiz, coast of Punta de la Cruz, washed ashore, excursion RMNH, 26. X. 1974, 1, 1 (RMNH D 38479). — East bank of Guadalquivir river near Bonanza, mud, H. O. von Hagen, summer 1960, 1 (RMNH D 23607). Italy. Gulf of Gaeta, Licola, 1966 / 1968, Doerjes leg., 1 cl. 13 mm (SMF 28326). — Sicilia, K. Koltar coll., 2 (damaged), larger specimen cl. 12 mm (ZMUC 2706). — Grado, N Adriatic, intertidal, C. d’Udekem d’Acoz coll., IX. 1997, 1 cl. 18 mm, tl. 50 mm (figured) and 2 cl. 15 and 16.5 mm, 3 (1 ovig.) cl. 15.5 - 17.5 mm (MNHN Th 1318). — Grado lagoon, 0.3 - 0.4 m, P. Dworschak leg., 1979, 6 cl. 16 - 20 mm, 3 (1 ovig.) cl. 11 - 18 mm (MNHN Th 630). — Lido di Starangano, 0.2 - 0.3 m, P. Dworschak leg., 1979, 5 cl. 7 - 15 mm, 3 cl. 8 - 15 mm (MNHN Th 631). — Entrance of Venice Lagoon, P. Sabbioni, in Zostera noltii meadow, intertidal, C. d’Udekem d’Acoz coll., 1. IX. 1997, 1 cl. 6 mm, 1 ovig. cl. 17 mm (d’Udekem d’Acoz). — Naples, R. Gurney presented, 2, 2 (1 ovig.) (NHM. 1947.3.18. 756 - 757). — Naples, 2, 1 (RMNH D 937); G. Stiasny coll., VIII. 1924, 3 (RMNH D 2421). — Mergellina, Naples, 3 - 4 m, L. B. Holthuis coll., 29. IV. 1950, 54, 44 (21 ovig.) (RMNH D 6516); E. Caroli coll., V. 1959, 14, 16 (2 ovig.) (RMNH D 13014); J. H. Stock coll., V. 1957, 1, 3 (RMNH D 15228). — Porto Cesaro, Strea Bay, in sand, 0.2 - 0.5 m, II. 1967, 3 cl. 11 - 14 mm, 2 cl. 11 and 11.5 mm (MNHN Th 318). — Porto Cesaro, 1 ovig. cl. 15 mm (MNHN Th 319). Croatia. Rovinj, Kuvi, seagrass, Excursion University Frankfurt, 18. VIII. 1989, 2 cl. 8.5 and 14 mm, 3 cl. 9 - 15 mm (SMF 28323). — Rovinj, 1987, 2 cl. 8.5 and 10 mm, 2 cl. 11.5 and 12.5 mm (SMF 28324). — Istria, Rovinj, Val Salina, F. B. Burin coll., 21. VIII. 1989, 3 cl. 10 - 14 mm (SMF 28325). — Rovinj, Števčić coll., 9. XI. 1977, 2 cl. 11 and 13 mm (MNHN Th 613); P. Dworschak leg. 1979, 2 cl. 9 and 11.5 mm, 2 cl. 8 and 13 mm (MNHN Th 632). Romania. Near Constantine, Calypso Exped. 1977, stn 3, 6. X. 1977, 1 juv. cl. 4 mm (MNHN Th 628). Greece. Thessalonique, 25. IX. 1930, 1 cl. 19 mm (MNHN Th 209). — Lesbos Island, C. d’Udekem d’Acoz coll., 10. VII. 1992, 5 cl. 5 - 7 mm (d’Udekem d’Acoz). — Aegean Sea, near harbour of Porto Lago, 0 - 2 m, excursion Leiden Biologists, 29. VI. 1959, 16, 38 (RMNH D 13073); leg. Cardo Godo, don. R. Zariquiey Alvarez, 2, 1 ovig. (RMNH D 28195); Kolovrechtis, Evvoia I., 0 - 2 m, 2. VI. 1971, 2, 2 (A. U. TH. G 1 767). — Chalkidiki, Kassandra, Nea Fokia, G. Gorgiadis, 15. VIII. 1971, 1 (RMNH D 28724). — S of Euboea Gulf, c. 38 ° 30 ’ N, 24 ° E, A. Koukouras, 3. II. 1972, 3 (RMNH D 30380). — Chochlakos, Rhodes, SLM 4012, 16. X. 1970, 26 m, 11 (all young specimens), 6 juv. (RMNH D 35724). Turkey. Izmir, A. Kocataș coll., 2 cl. 13 and 14 mm, 2 cl. 13 and 15 mm (MNHN Th 619). — Tuzla near Izmir, A. Kocataș, 10. X. 1966, 8, 1 (RMNH D 23345). Malta. C. G. Thorogood pres., 14, 3 ovig. (NHML. 1945. VI. 15.1 - 15); 12, 10 (7 ovig.) (NHML. 1945. VII. 12.11 - 20). Mediterranean coast of Israel. El Akhziv (= Gesher- Hasiv), N of Nahariya, together with Synapta spec., L. Fishelson, 25. II. 1960, 1 (RMNH D 19217); 24. VI. 1962, 1 (RMNH D 19218). Suez. Suez Canal, A. Gruvel coll. 27. II. 1904, 4 cl. 10 - 11.5 mm, 2 cl. 9 mm (MNHN Th 34). Algeria. Bône, H. Lucas coll., 1849, 4 cl. 9 - 12.5 mm, 2 cl. 8 and 10 mm (MNHN Th 210). — Castiglione, R. Dieuzeide, VIII. 1947, 3, 5 (RMNH D 6199). Morocco. IV. 1965, 2 cl. 10 mm (poor condition), 1 cl. 10 mm (MNHN Th 40); X. 1964, 1 cl. 14.5 mm, 2 cl. 9 and 10 mm (MNHN Th 43). — Fedhala, J. Lionville coll., VIII. 1923, 2 cl. 5.5 and 6 mm, 2 cl. 5.5 and 8 mm (MNHN Th 546); 1 cl. 10 mm (MNHN Th 544); Lionville, Lepiney & Bernaudot coll., 5. II. 1935, 1 cl. 11 mm (MNHN Th 44); Lionville, Lepiney & Mineur coll., 5. III. 1955, 1 cl. 11.5 mm (MNHN Th 41). — Bon Znina, Lepiney coll. 30. X. 1940, 2 cl. 7 mm (MNHN Th 547). — Tanger, H. Charnier coll., 1, 1 cl. 10 mm (MNHN Th 545). — SPMOPO 1974, stn 34, S of Rabat, 1 km S of Oued Yquem, rocky shore with sandy lagoon, excursion RMNH, 19. X. 1974, 1 (RMNH D 38476). — SPMOPO 1974, stn 38, atlantic coast, 23 km S of Rabat, 0 - 0.2 m, rock pools, excursion RMNH, 20. X. 1974, 1 (RMNH D 38478). — SPMOPO 1974, stn 40, atlantic coast, 16 km S of Rabat, Temara, sandy beach with rocks, in rock pools, excursion RMNH 1974, 21. X. 1974, 1 (RMNH D 38480). Tunisia. Tunis, El Biban, Tidevandzonen, 17. V. 1938, Nordisk Insulin-Lab’s Exp., 1 cl. 10 mm (ZMUC 2707). — Gulf of Tunis, between Sidi Rais and A in Oktor, Manning, Forest, de Saint Laurent and Jones coll., 16. VIII. 1973, 1 cl. 10.5 mm, tl. 30 mm, 10 cl. 8.5 - 16.5 mm, 16 (14 ovig.) cl. 8 - 16 mm (MNHN Th 713). — Salammbô, R. Manning & R. Ingle coll., 21. II. 1974, 1, 1 (NHML. 1974.182). Mauritania. G. Bolloré coll., 1965, 1 cl. 13 mm (MNHN Th 384).? São Thomé (West Africa). M. Nobre coll., 1889, 1 cl. 14 mm (MNHN Th 798). DISTRIBUTION. — South of the British Isles, northwestern Brittany, France in the North, Mediterranean including Corsica (de Vaugelas 1991, 1998) to Mauritania and São Thomé? in the South. According to Pesta (1918), Bouvier (1940), Zariquiey Alvarez (1968), Upogebia pusilla can be found as far north as Norway, the North Sea while according to Poulsen (1941), the species was absent from Norway. More recently, Moyse & Smaldon (1990) considered the distribution of Upogebia pusilla to include the British Isles, probably only the South. In this work, a male from the English coast of the English Channel has been found (NHML 2002.839). The southernmost localities of the species distribution in Eastern Atlantic (Mauritania and Sao Thomé) were given by a single female of cl. 13 mm (tl. 43 mm) collected in 1965 and a male of cl. 14 mm (tl. 45 mm), collected in 1889. Both are in fair condition, but it is questionable whether the label accompanying the specimen from Sao Thomé is authentic. The species is common around the Mediterranean and is also found in the Black Sea (Makarov 1938) and the Suez Canal (Monod 1937). DIAGNOSIS Rostrum (Fig. 32 A, B) obtuse distaly, about 1.2 - 1.3 times as long as wide at base, with four or five teeth on lateral border; anterolateral border of carapace with spine; telson (Fig. 32 H) approximately 1.2 - 1.3 times as wide as long, distal margin narrower than proximal, posterior border straight or slightly concave medially. A 1 and A 2 peduncle (Fig. 32 B) with spine on lower margin of article 1 and 3 respectively; A 2 scale with distal spine. Md with large mesio-anterior pointed tooth. Mxp 1 without epipod, Mxp 3 with epipod. P 1 stouter in male (Fig. 32 C, D) than in female (Fig. 32 F, G). Ischium with two to four spines on lower border. Merus with upper subdistal spine, three to six spines and spinules on proximal half of lower border and a double or single row of denticles distally. Carpus with large upper mesial distal spine and lower distal spine. Propodus more slender in female, dilated distally in large male (cl.> 11.5 - 12 mm); upper border with lateral longitudinal smooth crest and mesial crest bearing tubercles or denticles (Fig. 32 E); small mesial upper subdistal spine, large mesial upper distal spine; both lateral and mesial surfaces with distal spine near cutting edge of dactylus; fixed finger shorter than dactylus, cutting edge smooth or with small teeth on proximal half. Dactylus 2.5 - 4 times as long as fixed finger, cutting edge with round teeth. P 2 (Fig. 33 A) with upper subdistal spine and one to three lower spines on merus; carpus with upper and lower distal spine. P 3 (Fig. 33 B) with three or four lower spines on merus, carpus with lower distal spine. Small coxal spine on P 1 and P 2. Basipod of uropod with spinule hanging over endopod; exopod (Fig. 32 G, H) triangular, about as long as distal width, with proximal spinule. Colour Usually dull green, sometimes brown (d’Udekem d’Acoz pers. comm.). Variable, blueish to greenish-brownish (Dworschak pers. comm.); a coloured photograph is presented in Geiss (1990). Size Large specimens in material examined: cl. 15.5 - 18 mm, tl. 47 - 50 mm. In Northern Adriatic: males are of cl. 20 - 22 mm, tl. 55 - 61 mm, females of cl. 16 - 18 mm, tl. 46 - 52 mm, with a maximum size of 66 mm in males and 60 mm in females; males of tl.> 50 mm have a longer carapace than females of the same size (Dworschak 1988). Largest size reported, from North Aegean Sea: 82 mm for females, 106 mm for males (Kevrekidis et al. 1997). BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY The biology of U. pusilla in the Bay of Chingoudy (Pays Basque), France was reported by Chaud (1984 a, b). Its biology in Northern Adriatic, including burrow construction, environment, growth and production, feeding, pumping rate, was studied in detail by Dworschak (1981, 1983, 1987 a, b, 1988). In the Patra Gulf and Ionian Sea (Greece), this species was found living in a wide range of substrates with little or no mud, in shallow water; it was absent from Posidonia meadows (Thessalou- Legaki & Zenetos 1985). In Trébeurden, Brittany, many specimens were found at 20 - 25 cm depth, in an area with muddy sand and small Zostera (d’Udekem d’Acoz 1986), and also in coarse sand. They were dark green or brown coloured and may carry the parasitic isopod Gyge branchialis Cornalia & Panceri, 1861 (Tucker 1930; d’Udekem d’Acoz 1989). In Marseille, France, U. pusilla was regarded as the characteristic species of biocoenoses with muddy sand, in shallow and calm water (Pérès & Picard 1964; de Gaillande 1968). Other aspects of biology studied Branchial morphology, gill area and gill ultrastructure (Astall et al. 1997 b); population dynamics, reproduction and growth (Kevrekidis et al. 1997); comparison of gut morphology and gut microflora (Pinn et al. 1999 a); mouthpart morphology and mouthpart setal fringes (Pinn et al. 1999 b); abundance of population in Corsica (de Vaugelas 1991); relation between burrow architecture, feeding mode and structure of the sediments (de Vaugelas 1998). VARIATIONS AND REMARKS Upogebia pusilla is the most common European upogebiid species but varies morphologically. Variation is greatest among Mediterranean populations and bring them near an allied species in the area, U. tipica (Nardo 1869). The two are sometimes so similar or hardly distinguishable that García Raso (1983), studying material from southern Spain, thought they might be identical. Examination of the present material reveals however that both species are valid, and their differentiation is discussed under U. tipica. Most characteristics given to U. pusilla by authors such as de Man (1927), Bouvier (1940), de Saint Laurent (1971) concern P 1 propodus, e. g., the distal dilation, the length / width ratio or the spinulation of its upper margin, but these are variable, as reported by García Raso (1983), and Dworschak (1992). Characteristics of typical U. pusilla as listed in the diagnosis fit best specimens from the Atlantic, and some from the western Mediterranean. Certain variations mentioned by García Raso (1983), affecting few specimens, can be consider- ed as usual within large populations; they are: 1) paired or bifid postocular spine on anterolateral border of carapace (usually single); 2) bifid A 2 scale (usually simple); and 3) lateral distal border of P 1 carpus with two or three spinules (one usually). Other variations occur more often, mainly in the rostrum and P 1: The rostrum is between 1.2 - 1.4 times as long as wide at base. P 1 propodus: 1) the length / width ratio varies between 1.7 - 2.65 in male, 2.15 - 2.8 in female, 2.8 - 3.7 in juvenile (García Raso 1983); 2) the mesial longitudinal crest on the upper margin is sometimes armed with spines (Fig. 33 E, G); 3) both the lateral and mesial crests on the upper margin are sometimes very faint; 4) the distal dilation at level of the fixed finger is nearly absent in female, weak in young male, pronounced in large male; 5) the median spine on the mesiodistal margin (near the cutting edge of the dactylus) is large in female (Fig. 32 G), much smaller or absent in male (Fig. 32 D); 6) the fixed finger is distal in female, slightly or strongly subdistal in male; 7) the fixed finger is about one-fourth to half as long as the dactylus; and 8) the dactylus and fixed finger cutting edge is unarmed or with small teeth. The following characters which contrast with U. tipica, are more constant (the last one to a lesser extent): 1) the rostrum is less than 1.5 times as long as wide at base with four or five teeth on each lateral border; 2) P 1 merus bears three to six spines and spinules on the proximal half of the lower margin, and denticles distally; 3) P 1 propodus has a longitudinal upper smooth crest on the lateral surface, an upper longitudinal tuberculate or spinous crest on the mesial surface, an upper subdistal spine, an upper distal spine and a median distal spine near the cutting edge of dactylus (in females especially); and 4) the telson is wider than long, the uropodal exopod is triangular and about as long as its distal width, this appendage is slightly longer in juvenile. Upogebia stellata (Montagu, 1808) (Figs 34; 35)	en	Ngoc-Ho, Nguyen (2003): European and Mediterranean Thalassinidea (Crustacea, Decapoda). Zoosystema 25 (3): 439-555, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5402949
03FF2C63FFDAFFFC2D1079F3FE947299.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE MATERIAL. — Two specimens of this species from Plymouth Sound, previously belonging to Montagu’s collection are in the Natural History Museum, London (NHML 258 a and 258 b) but the type, from the estuary of Kingsbridge, is missing, probably lost. MATERIAL EXAMINED. — North Sea. NW of Texel, 53 ° 36 ’ N, 3 ° 45 ’ E, 34 m, P. C. Goudswaard, 23. IV. 1980, 1 ovig. (RMNH D 35729); 53 ° 52.5 ’ N, 4 ° 29.5 ’ E, 42 m, MS Aurelia, leg. P. C. Goudswaard, 2. II. 1982, 1 juv. (RMNH D 35730). — Off the English coast, 51 ° 50 ’ - 52 ° 20 ’ N, 1 ° 20 ’ - 2 ° 00 ’ E, NIOZ, leg. D. Eisma, 6 - 18. IX. 1965, 1 spec. (RMNH D 35731). — C. 53 ° 37 ’ N, 3 ° 35 ’ E, Aurelia cruise, 6. X. 1975, leg. F. Creutzberg, don. NIOZ, 1 (RMNH D 35732). — 53 ° 43 ’ N, 4 ° 14 ’ E, Aurelia, 24. IV- 5. V. 1972, leg. F. Creutzberg, don. NIOZ, 1 ovig. (RMNH D 35733). Great Britain. Millport, Firth of Clyde, 20 m, R. B. Pike coll., 4, 2 (1 ovig.) (NHML 1962.7.5.1 - 4). — Port Erin, Isle of Man, Hartnoll coll., 1 (NHML 1960. VII. 25: 150). — Plymouth Sound, Montagu collection (dried, rehydrated), 1 cl. 11.5 mm (NHML 258 a), 1 broken (NHML 258 b). — Plymouth, 1, 1 (NHML 1910.7.1.3 - 4); D. B. Carlisle, V. 1959, 1, 1 (RMNH D 15227). — Salcombe Harbour, 1875, Norman coll., 1 (NHML. 98.7.735). — English Channel, 55 m, 17. VII. 1959 (see Holme 1966), 1 (NHML 325); 35 m, 1 (NHML 324); 37 m, 1 (NHML 323). France. Roscoff, Brittany, R. Bourdon coll., 1 cl. 14 mm, tl. 41 mm (figured) and 2 cl. 11.5 and 13 mm; 2 (1 ovig.) cl. 12.5 mm (MNHN Th 324); a dozen of pereopods with 2 P 1 (MNHN Th 322). — Meadow opposite Beuvan Bras, M. Cantacuzène coll., 20. XI. 1957, 1 cl. 10 mm, 1 cl. 12 mm (MNHN Th 323). — Port de Primel, R. Bourdon coll., 18. II. 1965, 1 cl. 12.5 mm; 1 cl. 16 mm, tl. 49 mm (figured) and 1 ovig. cl. 14 mm (MNHN Th 320); 16. II. 1965, 1 cl. 14.5 mm (MNHN Th 321). — Callot island, near Roscoff, sandy beach at low tide, excursion RMNH, 17. IX. 1958, 2 (RMNH D 12437). — Rade de Brest, Glémarec coll., 1 cl. 12 mm (MNHN Th 49); 1 cl. 7 mm (MNHN Th 420). Greece. Orei Channel, stn DIO 5, 21. XI. 1991, 1 cl. 9 mm. — Rhodes, stn R. 48, XI. 1983, 1 damaged spec. with 2 P 1 (collection Thessalou-Legaki). DISTRIBUTION. — European coasts of eastern Atlantic: Swedish west coast (Gustafson 1934), western Norway (Samuelson 1974), Denmark (Poulson 1941), Firth of Clyde, west Scotland (Allen 1967), Netherlands (Holthuis 1950), southern North Sea (Adema et al. 1982), coasts of Ireland (Selbie 1914), western English Channel (Holme 1961), Brittany, France; Greece (Thessalou-Legaki 1986). DIAGNOSIS Rostrum (Fig. 34 A, B) obtuse distally, about twice as long as wide at base, six or seven lateral teeth on either border; antero-lateral border of carapace with one or two spines; lateral groove of gastric region well defined in anterior half, faint posteriorly. Telson (Fig. 34 C) approximately 1.4 - 1.5 times as wide as long, lateral borders regularly curved, posterior border slightly concave medially. A 1 and A 2 peduncle (Fig. 34 B) with spine on lower margin of article 1 and 3 respectively. Md with large mesio-anterior pointed tooth. Mxp 1 without epipod, Mxp 3 with epipod. P 1 slightly stouter in male (Fig. 34 D, F) than in female (Figs 34 G; 35 B). Ischium with one or two spines on lower margin. Merus with upper subdistal spine, five to eight spines on proximal twothirds of lower margin and up to eight spinules distally. Carpus with upper, lower distal spine and median distal spine on mesial surface. Propodus with upper subdistal spine followed posteriorly by one to four pointed tubercles; mesial surface with upper distal spine near articulation with dactylus; fixed finger about half as long as dactylus, cutting edge smooth or with round teeth proximally. Dactylus with proximal upper conical tooth often small in female, cutting edge with mesial proximal round tooth, small or absent in female. P 2 (Fig. 34 E) with upper subdistal spine and two or three lower spinules on merus; carpus with upper and lower subdistal spine. P 3 (Fig. 35 C) with two to four spines on lower margin of merus, carpus with lower subdistal spine. Small coxal spine on P 1 and P 2, single pleurobranch on P 5 (Fig. 35 A) (absent in a young male of cl. 5.5 mm from North Sea (RMNH D 35730) and a female from Orei Channel of cl. 9 mm (collection Thessalou-Legaki). Uropods (Fig. 34 C) about as long as telson; basipod with spinule hanging over endopod; exopod about 1.5 as long as distal width, with proximal spinule. Colour Yellowish white, with minute stellated orange spots (Montagu 1808; White 1857; Moyse & Smaldon 1990). Size Type: nearly 2 inches long (tl. about 50 mm) (Montagu 1808). Largest specimens in material examined: cl. 14 - 16 mm, tl. 41 - 49 mm. ECOLOGY AND BIOLOGY In Gullmarfjord, Sweden, the species was found in a bottom of clay, sand and gravel, at 25 - 30 m depth (Gustafson 1934). It was less common in the North Sea than U. deltaura but was found in nearly the same localities (Adema et al. 1982). In western Norway, it was collected on the littoral, at low water, in mineral sand with some mud, or in shell sand, at 7 - 13 m; one specimen was found in mud at 120 m (Samuelsen 1974). It was recorded in shallow water in southern part of the boreal region (Christiansen 2000), collected between 25 - 36 m in Danish waters (Poulsen 1941) and was rare in the Clyde sea area (Allen 1967). It is common on all coasts of the British Isles (Moyse & Smaldon 1990); fairly common around Roscoff, France, in the same intertidal areas as U. deltaura, but less abundant (Bourdon 1965). According to Holme (1966), it lives in a muddy-gravel substrate, off Plymouth, English Channel. Reproduction occurs in February- August in Roscoff (Bourdon 1965). Larvae are abundant in Roscoff from February to July, with the same distribution as U. deltaura (Thiriot 1976). Aspects of biology studied Burrow morphology and feeding behaviour (Nickell & Atkinson 1995); branchial parasitic isopods (Astall et al. 1996); burrow morphology and burrow-dwelling lifestyle (Astall et al. 1997 a); branchial morphology, gill area and gill ultrastructure (Astall et al. 1997 b); microbial flora associated with digestive system (Pinn et al. 1997); morphology of mouthparts and pereiopods in relation to feeding, ecology and grooming (Nickell et al. 1998); diet (Pinn et al. 1998 a); particle size selectivity and resource partitioning (Pinn et al. 1998 b); gut morphology and gut microflora (Pinn et al. 1999 a); mouthpart morphology and mouthpart setal fringes (Pinn et al. 1999 b); oxygen transporting properties of heamocyanin (Taylor et al. 2000). REMARKS With an exception, the southernmost distribution of this species in the material examined, is Brittany, northwest France. Several samples collected in southwest France (Arcachon), Spain or Portugal and previously assigned to U. stellata, are actually U. pusilla. The possible exception is the material from Greece reported by Thessalou- Legaki (1986). It includes a small female (cl. 9 mm) from Orei Channel and two P 1 of a very small and badly damaged specimen (not examin- ed) from Rhodes. The female from Orei differs from typical U. stellata by having no pleurobranchs on P 5 of both sides, and by the uropods distinctly longer than the telson. It could possibly belong to U. stellata in virtue of the shape of the rostrum, the posterior border of telson medially concave and a median distal spine on mesial surface of the P 1 carpus. This is the only possibly correct record of this species (with variations) in the Mediterranean. Nobre (1931, 1936) reported U. stellata from Portugal, with a figure representing, with little doubt, a specimen of U. pusilla. Bonnier (1887) and Vilela (1936) reported U. stellata from the Bay of Concarneau, France and from Faro, Portugal respectively; their materials have not been checked. More recently, Lacourt (1977) considered U. stellata as part of the marine fauna of the Bay of Concarneau. Specimens he studied were deposited (dried) in the Rijksmuseum of Natural History, Leiden, and one of these (RMNH D 45673) has been examined. It actually belongs to U. pusilla. U. stellata was often confused with U. deltaura and a part of the material studied by Grieg as U. stellata (1927, with a figure) is likely U. deltaura. De Morgan (1910) revealed the distinction between the two species in the anterolateral border of the carapace, with a spine in U. stellata, unarmed in U. deltaura. Also the P 1 fixed finger is half as long as the dactylus in the former species, as long or nearly as long as the dactylus in the latter. Upogebia stellata has also been confused with U. pusilla and U. tipica, for all three have a spine on the antero-lateral border of the carapace, a subcheliform P 1 and like P 2 and P 3. It can readily be differentiated from U. pusilla and U. tipica, as well as all other European Upogebia, in having a pleurobranch on the P 5. Additional distinguishing features are: 1) P 1 carpus has a median spine on its mesial distal border and the dactylus bears an upper proximal conical tooth (spine and tooth absent in U. pusilla and U. tipica); and 2) the telson is about 1.5 times as wide as long with lateral borders regularly curved and the posterior border slightly concave medially (it is 1.3 times as wide as long or approximately quadrate in U. pusilla and U. tipica respectively with lateral borders convex and the posterior bor- der straight).	en	Ngoc-Ho, Nguyen (2003): European and Mediterranean Thalassinidea (Crustacea, Decapoda). Zoosystema 25 (3): 439-555, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5402949
03FF2C63FFFEFFF82EDF7D5BFBE370FB.taxon	description	(Figs 36; 37)	en	Ngoc-Ho, Nguyen (2003): European and Mediterranean Thalassinidea (Crustacea, Decapoda). Zoosystema 25 (3): 439-555, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5402949
03FF2C63FFFEFFF82EDF7D5BFBE370FB.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE MATERIAL. — Whereabouts unknown. MATERIAL EXAMINED. — France. Banyuls, 30 m, J. - M. Amouroux coll., 26. III. 1998, 1 cl 14 mm, tl. 38 mm (figured) and 4 cl. 11 - 14.5 mm; 1 cl. 11.5 mm, tl. 34 mm (figured) and 2 cl. 11 mm (MNHN Th 1319); 7. II. 1996, 27.5 m, 6 juv. cl. 3.5 - 6 mm, 6 cl. 8 - 11 mm, 7 cl. 7.5 - 9 mm (MNHN Th 1336); P. Noël coll., 30 m, on coarse grit, VI. 1976, 6 cl. 8 - 11.5 mm, 16 (15 ovig.) cl. 10 - 14 mm (MNHN Th 1337); sewage, 9. VI. 1976, 15 cl. 8.5 - 14 mm, 14 (12 ovig.) cl. 9 - 14.5 mm (MNHN Th 641). —? Banyuls, Thiriot coll., 7 cl. 9 - 12 mm, 1 ovig. cl. 10 mm (MNHN Th 1338). —? Banyuls, 1 cl. 12.5 mm (MNHN Th 671). — Cap Béar, 60 - 70 m, J. Forest coll., 18. V. 1955, 1 cl. 10.5 mm (MNHN Th 644). — N of Cap Béar, 42 ° 31 ’ 22 ” N, 3 ° 8 ’ 15 ” E, 5. IV. 1951, don. Laboratoire Arago, 22, 16 (2 ovig.) (RMNH D 27236). Spain. Near Massina, N of Cadaqués, leg. L. B. Holthuis, 28. VII. 1955, 1 (RMNH D 28188). Adriatic. Parenzan coll., 1 cl. 13.5 mm, tl. 37.5 mm (figured) and 5 cl. 11 - 12 mm, 1 ovig. cl. 12 mm, tl. 35 mm (figured) and 2 ovig. cl. 10 and 11.5 mm (MNHN Th 52). Slovenia. Piran, Mus. Vindob. coll. (type specimen of Upogebia gracilipes de Man, 1927), 1 cl. 14.2 mm, tl. 41 mm (figured) (NHMW 304). Croatia. W side of island Marjan at Split, 10 - 50 m, excursion Leiden Biologists, 15. VI. 1962, 1 (RMNH D 19195). Italy. Naples, J. Doerjes leg., 2 juv. cl. 3 and 5 mm (SMF 28321). — Triest, Stp. 1860, tra studioamlingen, 10. XI. 1917, 1, 1 cl. 11 mm (ZMUC 2705). — Thor, stn 27, 40 ° 58 ’ N, 13 ° 49 ’ W, 25 m, 1 cl. 7.5 mm (ZMUC 2709). — Golf of Taranto, 35 m, sand and mud, A. Vatova, 3. VIII. 1966, 1 juv. (RMNH D 23834); 23 m, sand, 7. VIII. 1966, 1 (RMNH D 23835); 44 m, sand and mud, 15. IX. 1966, 1 (RMNH D 23836). Israel. Haifa Bay, dredge, 92 m, E. Gottlieb, 19. VIII. 1955, 1 juv. (RMNH D 13596); bottomgrab, 55 m, 19. VIII. 1955, 2 juv. (RMNH D 13597); dredge, 21. IX. 1955, 1 (RMNH D 13598); bottomgrab, 42 m, 18. VIII. 1955, 1 young (RMNH D 13599); 38 m, 18. VIII. 1955, 1 juv. (RMNH D 13600); bottomgrab, 47 m, E. Gilat, 23. VII. 1956, 1 juv. (RMNH D 19197). — Herzliya, bottomgrab, 90 m, A. Wirszubski, 24. VI. 1947, 1 ovig. (RMNH D 13601); 58 m, 19. IX. 1947, 1 (RMNH D 13602); dredge, 54 m, 24. VI. 1947, 1, 1 ovig. (RMNH D 13603); 67 m, 14. XII. 1949, 1 (RMNH D 13604); 45 m, 29. VIII. 1947, 1 ovig. (RMNH D 13605). — Gaza, dredge, 54 m, A. Wirszubski, 15. XI. 1947, 1 (RMNH D 13607); bottomgrab, 56 m, 31. IX. 1947, 1 juv. (RMNH D 13608). — Nabi Rubin, dredge, 138 m, A. Wirszubski, 24. V. 1949, 1 spec. (RMNH D 13609); bottomgrab, 90 m, 30. IX. 1947, 1 juv. (RMNH D 13610). — Nabi Junis, bottomgrab, 54 m, A. Wirszubski, 20. VI. 1947, 1 ovig. (RMNH D 13611); 90 m, 14. XII. 1949, 1 (RMNH D 13612). — Tel Aviv, dredge, 45 m, A. Wirszubski, 30. XI. 1948, 1 juv. (RMNH D 13613); bottomgrab, 53 m, 14. XI. 1947, 1 (RMNH D 13614). — Kefar Vitkin, bottomgrab, 54 m, A. Wirszubski, 13. XI. 1947, 1, 2 juv. (RMNH D 13615); 235 m, 13. XI. 1947, 1 (RMNH D 13616). — Rafah, dredge, 90 m, A. Wirszubski, 21. VI. 1947, 1 ovig. cl. 6.5 mm (RMNH D 13617); 54 m, 22. VI. 1947, 1 (RMNH D 13618). — Caesarea, dredge, 72 m, A. Wirszubski, 1. IX. 1948, 1 ovig. (RMNH D 13619); bottomgrab, 54 m, 19. IX. 1947, 1 ovig. (RMNH D 13620). — Athlit, bottomgrab, 137 m, E. Gottlieb, 13. IX. 1951, 1 juv. (RMNH D 13621). — Nahariya, bottomgrab, 54 m, A. Wirszubski, 11. XI. 1947, 1 spec. (RMNH D 13622). — Ascalon, bottomgrab, 46 m, E. Gottlieb, 10. IX. 1951, 1 (RMNH D 13623). — Coast of Israel, S of Tel Aviv, 50 fms, dredge, E. Gilat, 2. XI. 1961, 1 (RMNH D 19196). DISTRIBUTION. — Mediterranean: Adriatic Sea (Nardo 1869; de Man 1927; Števčić 1969; Manning & Števčić 1982; Dworschak 1992); coast of Israel (Holthuis & Gotlieb 1958); Greek seas (Kattoulas & Koukouras 1974; Thessalou-Legaki & Zenetos 1985; Thessalou-Legaki 1986; Koukouras et al. 1992); Cyprus (Lewinsohn & Holthuis 1986); Italy: Naples, Trieste; France: Banyuls, Cap Béar. DIAGNOSIS Rostrum (Figs 36 A; 37 C) obtuse distally, 1.5 - 2.2 times as long as wide at base, with six to nine teeth on lateral border; anterolateral border of carapace with a spine (rarely two) (Fig. 36 B); telson (Fig. 36 H) approximately quadrate, lateral border convex, posterior border slightly concave medially. A 1 and A 2 peduncle (Fig. 36 B) with spine on lower margin of article 1 and 3 respectively. Md with large mesio-anterior pointed tooth. Mxp 1 without epipod, Mxp 3 with epipod. P 1 slightly stouter in male (Fig. 36 E, F) than in female (Fig. 36 C, D). Ischium with one or two spines on lower border. Merus with upper subdistal spine, seven to 12 spines on two-thirds or whole lower margin and spinules distally. Carpus with mesial upper distal spine and lower distal spine. Propodus slender, about 2.5 - 4 times as long as wide; lateral surface with median distal spine near cutting edge of dactylus; mesial surface with row of two to five upper spines including subdistal one and upper distal spine near articulation with dactylus; cutting edge of fixed finger smooth or with small denticles. Dactylus 2.5 - 4 times as long as fixed finger, cuting edge smooth or with round teeth. P 2 (Fig. 37 H) with upper subdistal spine, one or two lower spinules on merus; carpus with upper and lower distal spine. P 3 (Fig. 37 I) with one to three lower spines on merus; carpus with lower distal spine. Small coxal spine on P 1 and P 2. Basipod of uropod (Fig. 36 G, H) with spinule hanging over endopod; exopod 1.3 - 1.5 times as long as distal width, with proximal spine. Colour Similar to U. pusilla, with small spots of brownish red (Dworschak pers. comm.). Size Largest specimens in material examined: cl. 12 - 14.5 mm, tl. 35 - 42 mm. ECOLOGY In the Adriatic, U. tipica prefers muddy bottoms below 9 m (Dworschak 1992). In the Patras Gulf, it was found in substrates with high percentages of mud and also in Posidonia meadows (Thessalou- Legaki & Zenetos 1985). It was collected from the infralittoral zone, in the Evvoia coast and Evvoia Gulf, at 5 - 50 m depth, in a bottom consisting of mud or mud mixed with sand (Kattoulas & Koukouras 1974). Abundant populations are found near Banyuls, at 25 - 30 m depth, in bottom with sand or grit (Amouroux pers. comm.). Its burrow structure on Squilla grounds was reported by Atkinson et al. (1998), also by Dworschak (1987 c: pl. 3, fig. 11). VARIATIONS AND REMARKS This species, so far reported from the Mediterranean only, presents certain variations and the first two are more pronounced between populations from the eastern and western part: 1) the length and spinulation of rostrum (it is longer and with more teeth in eastern specimens); 2) P 1 slenderness (the ratio of the propodus length / width is 3 - 4 in the east, 2.5 - 3 in the west); 3) P 1 propodus is sometimes with a lateral longitudinal smooth crest near the upper border; 4) or with spinules among the mesial upper spines (Fig. 37 G); 5) the lower distal spine is exceptionally missing on the left P 1 carpus of U. gracilipes type (MNW 304, Fig. 37 A, B) and present on the right appendage; 6) the dactylus and fixed finger cutting edge is unarmed or bearing small teeth; and 7) the uropodal exopod has a lateral distal spinule or lacks it. Upogebia tipica and U. pusilla are similar in having: 1) the antero-lateral border of carapace with a spine; 2) A 1 and A 2 peduncles bear a lower distal spine on article 1 and 3; and 3) the morphology and spinulation of P 2 and P 3. Their differentiation, nevertheless, posed no problems to Dworschak (1992) who studied materials from the Adriatic. The two can be separated by the length of the rostrum, the morphology and spinulation of the P 1. They are more similar in western Mediterranean and a great overlap exists in the length / width ratio of the P 1 propodus. In areas where both are present, e. g., in Banyuls, France (comparing Fig. 33 D-H with Fig. 37 C- G), the following characters can help set them apart: 1) the rostrum is over 1.5 times as long as wide at base with six to eight teeth on each lateral border in U. tipica (less than 1.5 times as long as wide with four or five teeth on each lateral border in U. pusilla); 2) P 1 merus bears spines and spinules on two-thirds or the whole lower margin in U. tipica (with three to six spines and spinules on proximal half of the lower margin in U. pusilla); 3) P 1 propodus bears a longitudinal upper row of two to four spines on mesial surface and an upper mesial subdistal and distal spine; there is no mesial distal spine near the cutting edge of dactylus, no longitudinal upper smooth crest on the lateral surface in U. tipica (with upper longitudinal tuberculate or spinous crest on mesial surface, upper mesial subdistal, distal spine and median distal spine near cuting edge of dactylus; upper lateral longitudinal smooth crest often present in U. pusilla); and 4) the telson is approximately quadrate, with the uropodal exopod longer than its distal width in U. tipica (telson is wider than long, with uropodal exopod about as long as its distal width in U. pusilla). It can be added that U. tipica prefers deeper water than U. pusilla (Picard 1965; Thessalou-Legaki & Zenetos 1985; Dworschak 1992).	en	Ngoc-Ho, Nguyen (2003): European and Mediterranean Thalassinidea (Crustacea, Decapoda). Zoosystema 25 (3): 439-555, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5402949
