identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03FF87F5FFEBFFF138ADFBF8FB1474E5.text	03FF87F5FFEBFFF138ADFBF8FB1474E5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ctenocolum Kingsolver & Whitehead 1974	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Ctenocolum Kingsolver &amp; Whitehead, 1974</p>
            <p> Ctenocolum Kingsolver &amp; Whitehead (1974a) : 284, 285, 286 (original description); Whitehead &amp; Kingsolver (1975b): 461 (taxonomy); Kingsolver &amp; Whitehead (1976): 1 –2, 26–29, 33 (citation, taxonomy, host plant); Borowiec (1987): 77, 78 (distribution, host plant, redescription, taxonomy); Kingsolver (1988): 4 (taxonomy); Udayagiri &amp; Wadhi (1989): 78 (catalog); Romero &amp; Johnson (2002): 183 (citation); Sari et al. 2002: 484 (biology); Romero &amp; Johnson (2003): 221 (citation); Romero &amp; Johnson (2004): 614 (citation); Lorea-Barocio et al. 2006: 512 (citation); Ribeiro-Costa (2007): 51 (citation); Silva &amp; Ribeiro-Costa (2008): 802 –825 (diagnosis, key, comparative morphology). </p>
            <p> Type-species:  Pachymerus tuberculatum Motschulsky, 1874 (original designation). </p>
            <p> Diagnosis. Pronotum with median and lateral gibbosities, slightly to strongly elevated (Fig. 2). Elytra with striae 3 and 4 originating from basal gibbosity (Figs. 2, 3), both curved at base and each with tooth (Fig. 3); striae 7, 8 and 9 limited basally by humeral gibbosity (Fig. 2). Hind femur about 1.5 times the width of hind coxa, with toothed carina on external ventral margin, except  C. acapulcensis (Figs. 4, 75); internal ventral margin with two or more denticles on pre-pecten; pecten with numerous teeth (Fig. 4), 6–18, in some specimens first basal tooth separated from third by a gap bearing one very small tooth. Hind tibia with mucro shorter than apical width of tibia (Fig. 4). Pygidium entirely covered by setae, without speculum. Abdomen entirely pubescent, without polished areas. Male genitalia not elongated; median lobe not strongly arcuate, not fractured before apex; ventral valve subtriangular; internal sac with hinge and other sclerites (Figs. 5, 6), with tufts of setae at apex laterally and group of spicules medially (Figs. 5–6, 79–90); tegmen with lateral lobes deeply emarginated (Figs. 7, 91–102). </p>
            <p>Redescription. BL: 2.0– 4.8 mm; BW: 1.4–3.4 mm.</p>
            <p>Integument. Dorsum variable, mostly black (Figs. 8–21). Antenna in general pale brown to dark brown (Figs. 8, 53, 55, 57–60); some species with first 3 antennomeres paler (Figs. 58, 61) and 8–10 darker (Figs. 63, 65). Pygidium in general reddish brown. Ventral region usually reddish brown and black. Front and middle femur and tibia mostly pale brown or brown; hind femur in general bicolor.</p>
            <p>Pubescence. Dorsum usually variegated (Figs. 8–21). Pronotum brown to dark brown, white and black setae, sparse setae exposing the integument forming an area from anterior to posterior region usually divided by transversal and longitudinal strip of denser setae and on each lateral regions usually one small area (Figs. 9, 13, 14). Scutellum dense, usually white (Figs. 8, 12–16, 21). Elytra generally variegated with brown, black and white setae (Figs. 8, 13, 14, 18–21); interstria 3 at base and at submedian region usually with dense, short strip of white setae (Figs. 8, 11, 13, 14). Pygidium pubescent, usually white and dense, except on four small lateral areas with sparse setae and on median region with larger area with sparse setae (Figs. 35–39, 43–44, 51). Abdomen without polished areas. Ventral region usually with yellowish gray, brown and white setae (Figs. 53–65).</p>
            <p>Head. Ocular sinus 0.2–0.3 mm; ocular index 4.2–11.6; length of eyes in frontal view behind sinus 0.01–0.34 mm. Head moderately elongated; strongly constricted behind eyes; postocular lobe short; frons prominent with frontal carina enlarged at base (Fig. 1); gena glabrous, between base of mandible and antennal fossa about as long as width of antennal fossa (Figs. 22–34). Antenna serrate usually from antennomeres 4–10 (Figs. 12, 20).</p>
            <p>Prothorax. Pronotum campaniform, sides irregularly concave; median gibbosity usually slightly elevated, not divided by longitudinal and transversal sulcus; lateral gibbosities in general slightly to moderately elevated (Fig. 3); basal lobe with or without depression, usually slightly emarginated (Fig. 3); lateral carina reaching or not cervical sulcus; prosternal process acute at apex.</p>
            <p> Mesothorax and metathorax. Scutellum subquadrate, apex bidentate (Figs. 3, 8–21). Elytra, striae usually with punctures moderately impressed; striae 3 and 4 originate from basal gibbosity, curved at base, and each with tooth (Figs. 3, 8–21); tooth of stria 4 usually closer to base of tooth of stria 3 than anterior margin of elytra (Fig. 3); stria 6 generally conspicuously impressed; striae 7, 8 and 9 limited basally by humeral gibbosity. Mesoventral process truncate at apex. Hind coxae densely punctured. Hind femur about 1.5 times width of hind coxa, with 6–18 teeth uniformly distributed in pecten (Fig. 4), in some species first basal tooth separated from third by gap bearing very small tooth on it; from second tooth gradually increasing in size until middle and decreasing towards apex (Figs. 66–74) or until apex regular in profile (Figs. 4, 75–78); external ventral margin with toothed carina (Fig. 4), except  C. acapulcensis (Fig. 75) and usually without denticles above external ventral margin; internal ventral margin with two or more denticles on pre-pecten. Hind tibia arcuate, with ventral, lateroventral, lateral and dorsomesal carinae developed; ventral carina projected on apical third or half; with (Figs. 4, 75–78) or without row of denticles in outer surface; apex with (Figs. 4, 66–71) or without lateral coronal tooth and denticles, emarginated beside mucro (Figs. 4, 66–78); mucro shorter than apical width of tibia (Figs. 4, 66–78); 1-tarsomere with or without lateral carina. </p>
            <p>Abdomen. Pygidium usually longer than wide, oval, at median basal region moderately punctate, truncate in male (Figs. 35–46), rounded in female apically (Figs. 47–52); last abdominal ventrite medially emarginated in male, not in female.</p>
            <p>Male genitalia. Median lobe (Figs. 5, 6, 79–90), ventral valve subtriangular, usually as long as wide, truncate or acute apically, basal margin generally emarginated; without fracture before apex; not strongly arcuate. Internal sac, lateral apex usually with short tuft of setae and medially with group of spicules; hinge sclerite usually elongate (Fig. 6); squamous (Figs. 6, 79–86) or smooth sclerite present (Figs. 5, 87–90). Tegmen (Figs. 7, 91–102), lateral lobes separated by emargination about 0.5–0.9 times the length of lateral lobes; apex truncate or rounded, at internal margin with thick or thin setae, usually with expanded apex 2–5.5 times the smallest width of stem on median region; internal margin near end of emargination, curved or straight.</p>
            <p>Sexual dimorphism. According to Kingsolver &amp; Whitehead (1974a) the eyes can be larger in males than in females and the antenna of males extends to or beyond the elytral humerus, whereas the antenna of females extends to about elytral humerus.</p>
            <p> Unfortunately, of the 13 species of  Ctenocolum only  C. aquilus Albuquerque &amp; Ribeiro-Costa sp. nov. ,  C. martiale ,  C. milelo Albuquerque &amp; Ribeiro-Costa sp. nov. ,  C. podagricus ,  C. acapulcensis ,  C. janzeni and  C. tubercultaum were represented by both sexes in our study. In these species we did not observe the sexual dimorphism that Kingsolver &amp; Whitehead (1974a) had described. However, we observed sexual dimorphism in some characters. Antenna is serrate from antennomere 4 in males and from 5 in females of  C. tuberculatum and  C. aquilus whereas antenna is serrate from antennomere 3 in males and from antennomere 4 in females of  C. martiale and  C. janzeni . Pygidium oval in male (Fig. 37) and triangular in females (Fig. 48) of  C. martiale ,  C. milelo ,  C. podagricus , longer than wide in males (Fig. 37) and subequal in female (Fig. 48) of  C.martiale ; subequal in male (Fig. 46) and as long as wide in the female (Fig. 52) of  C. tuberculatum ; pygidium of males truncated at apex and rounded in females. Last ventrite medially emarginate in males and truncate in females. In some species the males and females have different pubescence pattern (Figs. 46, 52; 38, 49). </p>
            <p>Distribution. Nearctic region: Mexico (Sonora, Tamaulipas).</p>
            <p>Neotropical region: Puerto Rico, Mexico (Sinaloa, Nayarit, San Luis Potosi, Jalisco, Querétaro, Veracruz, Michoacán, Guerrero, Morelos, Oaxaca, Chiapas, Campeche, Yucután, Quintana Roo), Guatemala (Chimaltenango, Sacatepéquez, Escuintla), El Salvador (San Salvador, La Unión), Honduras (Colón, Copán, Olancho, El Paraíso), Costa Rica (Guanacaste, Heredia, Puntarenas, San Jose), Panama, Venezuela (Aragua, Distrito Capital), Trinidad and Tobago (Tobago, Trinidad), Guyana, Brazil (Mato Grosso, Paraná).</p>
            <p>New records: American Virgins Islands, Jamaica (Saint James), French West Indies (Saint Bathelemy), Colombia, Ecuador (Guayas*), Peru (Junin), Bolivia (Santa Cruz), Brazil (São Paulo*).</p>
            <p> Host plants (Tables I–II).  Papilionoideae :  Dalbergia retusa Hemsl. ,  Lonchocarpus sp.,  L. costaricensis (Donn. Sm.) Pittier. ,  L. constrictus Pittier ,  L. eriocarinalis Micheli. ,  L. heptaphyllus (Poir.) DC.,  L. hondurensis Benth. ,  L. longistylus Pittier ,  L. margaritensis Pittier ,  L. minimiflorus Donn. Sm. ,  L. nitidus (Vogel) Benth. ,  L. parviflorus Benth. ,  L. purpureus Pittier ,  L. rugosus Benth. ,  L. sericeus (Poir.) DC.,  L. velutinus Benth. ,  Muellera sp. (=  Bergeronia sp.),  Piscidia sp.,  Piscidia carthagenensis Jacq. ,  Piscidia grandifolia (Donn. Sm.) I. M. Johnst. ,  Piscidia mollis Rose.</p>
            <p> Caesalpinioideae :  Peltophorum dasyrrhachis (Miq.) Kurz.</p>
            <p> New records:  Caesalpinioideae :  Bauhinia glabra Jacq. Papilionoideae :  Lonchocarpus emarginatus Pittier. L. guillemineanus (Tul.) Malme. ,  L. muehlbergianus Hassl ,  Piscidia piscipula (L.) Sarg. </p>
            <p> Note. According to Kingsolver &amp; Whitehead (1974a), the record in  Peltophorum dasyrrhachis is dubious. </p>
            <p> Comparative notes. Kingsolver &amp; Whitehead (1974a), Whitehead &amp; Kingsolver (1975) and Borowiec (1987) remarked that  Ctenocolum, Caryedes and  Meibomeus are very close. They share a relatively elongated frons, elongated gena and antennal scrobe of gena equal to or larger than the diameter of antennal fossa, abdomen and pygidium lacking glabrous polished areas. Conversely, some characters in combination separate  Ctenocolum from these genera, for instance striae 3 and 4 curved at base and each with a tooth; very enlarged femur about 1.5 times the width of hind coxa; larger number of teeth on pecten; mucro shorter; tegmen with lateral lobes deeply emarginated (Kingsolver &amp; Whitehead 1974a); pecten with 6–18 teeth; mucro shorter than apical width of tibia; short median lobe without fractured before apex; internal sac with hinge and others sclerites. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF87F5FFEBFFF138ADFBF8FB1474E5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Albuquerque, Felícia Pereira De;Manfio, Daiara;Ribeiro-Costa, Cibele Stramare	Albuquerque, Felícia Pereira De, Manfio, Daiara, Ribeiro-Costa, Cibele Stramare (2014): A contribution to the knowledge of New World Bruchinae (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae): taxonomic revision of Ctenocolum Kingsolver & Whitehead, with description of five new species. Zootaxa 3838 (1): 1-45, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3838.1.1
03FF87F5FFE6FFEE38ADFAA2FA2A7365.text	03FF87F5FFE6FFEE38ADFAA2FA2A7365.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ctenocolum	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Key to the species of  Ctenocolum</p>
            <p> 1. Hind femur with second tooth of pecten regular in profile until apex (Figs. 75–78); hind tibia on outer surface with row of denticles (Figs. 4, 75–78), apex lightly or moderately emarginated beside mucro (Figs. 75–78) (Group  tuberculatum )..... 2 </p>
            <p> - Hind femur with second tooth of pecten gradually increasing in size until middle and decreasing towards apex (Figs. 66–74); hind tibia on outer surface without row of denticles, apex strongly emarginated beside mucro (Figs. 66–74) (Group  podagricus )............................................................................................ 5 </p>
            <p>2 (1). Antennomeres 8–10 darker than the others (Figs. 18, 19, 21, 63, 65); internal sac at apex laterally with short tuft of setae (Figs. 90); tegmen, lateral lobe at apex without membranous projection (Figs. 99–100, 102).............................3</p>
            <p> - Antennomeres 8–10 the same color as the others (Figs. 20, 64); internal sac at apex laterally with long tuft of setae (Figs. 5, 89); tegmen at apex of lateral lobe with membranous projection (Fig. 7)....................................  C. salvini</p>
            <p> 3 (2). Hind femur on external ventral margin without toothed carina (Fig. 75)............................  C. acapulcensis</p>
            <p>- Hind femur on external ventral margin with toothed carina (Figs. 76, 78)..................................... 4</p>
            <p> 4 (3). Hind femur with denticles on the external ventral margin (Fig. 76); pygidium of female with sparse setae on two basal “C” pattern areas, on four lateral small areas and on a larger median area (Fig. 51)...............................  C. janzeni</p>
            <p> - Hind femur without denticles on external ventral margin (Fig. 78); pygidium of female with sparse setae on two lateral areas and on rectangular conspicuous area extending from basal to submedian region (Fig. 52)...........  C. tuberculatum</p>
            <p> 5 (1). Dorsum mostly with yellowish gray setae, forming a “C” pattern on each elytron (Fig. 10); pronotum with sparse setae that exposes the integument and forms a rounded area on anterior region (Fig. 10)..............................  C. colburni</p>
            <p>- Dorsum never mostly yellowish gray; when mostly yellow gray, not forming a conspicuous pattern on each elytron like a “C” (Figs. 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17); pronotum with sparse pubescence exposing the integument forming an oval, wide area from anterior to posterior region, divided or not by transversal and longitudinal strip of denser setae (Figs. 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17)................................................................................. 6</p>
            <p>6 (5). Elytral striae with deeply impressed punctures (Figs. 15, 16)................................................... 7</p>
            <p>- Elytral striae with moderately impressed punctures (Figs. 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 17)................................ 8</p>
            <p> 7 (6). Pygidium at median basal region with moderately impressed punctures; tegmen of lateral lobes with “ U” emargination (Fig. 97)...................................................  C. punctinotatus Albuquerque &amp; Ribeiro-Costa sp. nov.</p>
            <p> - Pygidium at median basal region with deeply impressed punctures; tegmen of lateral lobes with “V” emargination (Fig. 98)..........................................................  C. pygospilotos Albuquerque &amp; Ribeiro-Costa sp. nov.</p>
            <p> 8 (6). Elytral stria 4 with tooth closer to anterior margin of elytra than base of the tooth of stria 3................  C. biolleyi</p>
            <p>- Elytral stria 4 with tooth closer to base of tooth of stria 3 than to anterior margin of elytra...................... 9</p>
            <p> 9 (8). Pronotum with median gibbosity divided by transversal sulcus; antenna pale brown or brown with antennomeres 3–11 darker at apex; male genitalia, internal sac with inverted Y-shape sclerite (Fig. 79).................................................................................................  C. aquilus Albuquerque &amp; Ribeiro-Costa sp. nov.</p>
            <p>- Pronotum with median gibbosity not divided by transversal sulcus; antenna brown and dark brown or brown to dark brown, never with antennomeres 3–11 darker at apex; male genitalia, internal sac with different forms of sclerites (Figs. 81–83, 86)................................................................................................ 10</p>
            <p> 10 (9). Elytra, striae 3 and 4 with conspicuous teeth at base (Fig. 11); male genitalia, internal sac at submedian region with squamous hollow sclerite (Fig. 81)............................................................  C. martiale</p>
            <p>- Elytra, striae 3 and 4 with less conspicuous teeth at base (Figs. 13, 14, 17); male genitalia, internal sac with different form of sclerite (Figs. 82, 83, 86)........................................................................... 11</p>
            <p>11(10). Ocular index 4.7–7.0 (Figs. 26, 27); pygidium oval in male (Figs. 38, 39) and triangular in females (Figs. 49, 50)..... 12</p>
            <p> - Ocular index 4.5 (Fig. 30); pygidium oval in male (Fig. 42) and female....................................................................................................  C. triangulatus Albuquerque &amp; Ribeiro- Costa sp. nov. </p>
            <p> 12(11). Male genitalia, lateral lobes of tegmen with internal margin near end of emargination forming a "U" (Fig. 95)..................................................................................................  C. podagricus</p>
            <p> - Male genitalia, lateral lobes of tegmen with internal margin near end of emargination forming a “V” (Fig. 94)...................................................................  C. milelo Albuquerque &amp; Ribeiro-Costa sp. nov.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF87F5FFE6FFEE38ADFAA2FA2A7365	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Albuquerque, Felícia Pereira De;Manfio, Daiara;Ribeiro-Costa, Cibele Stramare	Albuquerque, Felícia Pereira De, Manfio, Daiara, Ribeiro-Costa, Cibele Stramare (2014): A contribution to the knowledge of New World Bruchinae (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae): taxonomic revision of Ctenocolum Kingsolver & Whitehead, with description of five new species. Zootaxa 3838 (1): 1-45, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3838.1.1
03FF87F5FFF9FFEA38ADFC52FB9575E8.text	03FF87F5FFF9FFEA38ADFC52FB9575E8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ctenocolum podagricus	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Group  podagricus</p>
            <p> Group  crotonae: Kingsolver &amp; Whitehead (1974a) : 291, 292 (distribution, host plant, taxonomy). </p>
            <p> Included species:  C. aquilus Albuquerque &amp; Ribeiro-Costa sp. nov. ,  C. biolleyi ,  C. colburni ,  C. martiale ,  C. milelo Albuquerque &amp; Ribeiro-Costa sp. nov. ,  C. podagricus ,  C. punctinotatus Albuquerque &amp; Ribeiro-Costa sp. nov. ,  C. pygospilotos Albuquerque &amp; Ribeiro-Costa sp. nov. ,  C. triangulatus Albuquerque &amp; Ribeiro- Costa sp. nov. </p>
            <p> Diagnosis. Pronotum with median gibbosity not divided by transversal sulcus, except  C. aquilus Albuquerque &amp; Ribeiro-Costa sp. nov. ; lateral carina about half of pronotum, never reaching cervical sulcus. Hind femur with second tooth of pecten gradually increasing in size until middle and decreasing towards apex (Figs. 66–74). Hind tibia with ventral carina projected on apical half; without row of denticles on outer surface; apex with lateral coronal tooth and strongly emarginated beside mucro (Figs. 66–74); 1- tarsomere with lateral carina. Median lobe (Figs. 6, 79–86), ventral valve truncate apically; on subapical region with lateral margin concave; internal sac with squamous sclerite. Tegmen (Figs. 91–98), lateral lobe truncated at apex; internal margin with thick setae, transverse directed towards middle. </p>
            <p>Distribution. Neotropical region: Puerto Rico, Mexico (Sinaloa, Nayarit, Jalisco, Querétaro, Veracruz, Michoacán, Guerrero, Oaxaca, Chiapas, Campeche, Quintana Roo), Guatemala (Chimaltenango), El Salvador (San Salvador, La Unión), Honduras (Colón, Copán, El Paraíso), Costa Rica (Guanacaste, Heredia, Puntarenas, San Jose), Venezuela (Distrito Capital), Trinidad e Tobago (Tobago, Trinidad), Guyana, Ecuador, Brazil (Mato Grosso, Paraná).</p>
            <p>New records: United States Virgin Islands, Jamaica (Saint James), Colombia, Ecuador (Guayas*), Peru (Junin), Bolivia (Santa Cruz), Brazil (São Paulo).</p>
            <p> Host plants (Table I–II).  Papilionoideae :  Lonchocarpus sp.,  L. costaricensis (Donn. Sm.) Pittier. ,  L. constrictus Pittier ,  L. eriocarinalis Micheli. ,  L. heptaphyllus (Poir.) DC.,  L. hondurensis Benth. ,  L. margaritensis Pittier ,  L. minimiflorus Donn. Sm. ,  L. nitidus (Vogel) Benth. ,  L. parviflorus Benth. ,  L. purpureus Pittier ,  L. rugosus Benth. ,  L. sericeus (Poir.) DC.,  L. velutinus Benth. ,  Muellera sp. (=  Bergeronia sp.),  Piscidia carthagenensis Jacq. ,  Piscidia piscipula (L.) Sarg. (=  P. erythrina L.). </p>
            <p> Caesalpinioideae :  Peltophorum dasyrrhachis (Miq.) Kurz.</p>
            <p> New records:  Caesalpinioideae :  Bauhinia glabra Jacq. Papilionoideae :  Lonchocarpus guillemineanus (Tul.) Malme ,  L. muehlbergianus Hassl.</p>
            <p> Notes. According to Kingsolver &amp; Whitehead (1974a), the record in  Peltophorum dasyrrhachis is dubious. Larvae of this group are known to feed on seeds of  Muellera (=  Bergeronia ),  Lonchocarpus , and  Piscidia , therefore the first genus not have been associated at species level of  Ctenocolum (Kingsolver &amp; Whitehead 1974a). The genus  Bauhinia is recorded here for the first time as host plant for the group  podagricus and to the genus  Ctenocolum . </p>
            <p> Comparative notes. Kingsolver &amp; Whitehead (1974a) mentioned that the group  podagricus probably is natural but the relationships among its component species are not clear. According to the authors (Kingsolver &amp; Whitehead 1974a),  Ctenocolum colburni is the most distinct and  C. podagricus ,  C. biolleyi and  C. martiale are probably closer to each other by sharing the increased basal displacement of teeth on stria 4 of elytra; this basal displacement is more pronounced in  C. biolleyi and  C. martiale , may indicate that they are more closely related to each other than to any of the others. We observed that  C. aquilus Albuquerque &amp; Ribeiro-Costa sp. nov. ,  C. milelo Albuquerque &amp; Ribeiro-Costa sp. nov. and  C. podagricus share the general pubescence pattern on the dorsum, a character that differentiates these species from all others (Figs. 8, 13, 14). By contrast,  Ctenocolum punctinotatus Albuquerque &amp; Ribeiro-Costa sp. nov. and  C. pygospilotos Albuquerque &amp; Ribeiro-Costa sp. nov. share deeply impressed punctures in the striae of the elytra and a similar general pubescence pattern, with yellowish gray and white setae that separate them from all others (Figs. 15, 16). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF87F5FFF9FFEA38ADFC52FB9575E8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Albuquerque, Felícia Pereira De;Manfio, Daiara;Ribeiro-Costa, Cibele Stramare	Albuquerque, Felícia Pereira De, Manfio, Daiara, Ribeiro-Costa, Cibele Stramare (2014): A contribution to the knowledge of New World Bruchinae (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae): taxonomic revision of Ctenocolum Kingsolver & Whitehead, with description of five new species. Zootaxa 3838 (1): 1-45, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3838.1.1
03FF87F5FFFDFFE938ADF9D1FD3672F8.text	03FF87F5FFFDFFE938ADF9D1FD3672F8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ctenocolum aquilus Albuquerque & Ribeiro-Costa	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Ctenocolum aquilus Albuquerque &amp; Ribeiro-Costa sp. nov.</p>
            <p>(Figs. 8, 22, 35, 53, 66, 79, 91)</p>
            <p> Type material. Holotype deposited in DZUP, male: “GUARAPUAVA – PARANÁ/ Est.Águas Sta.Clara/ BRASIL 0 2. I. 1987 / Lev. Ent. PROFAUPAR/ LÂMPADA” [white label printed in black]; “♂” [white label printed in black]; “ HOLOTYPE /  Ctenocolum aquilus / Det. Albuquerque &amp; Ribeiro-Costa” [white label with red margin, first line printed in red, remainder printed in black]. 32 Paratypes deposited in the following collections: 12 in DZUP, 1 male: “Porto Ferreira, SP/ Reserva Estadual – IF/ 28.IX.94 / E.P. Teixeira–col." [white label with margin and E.P. Teixeira–col. printed in black, remainder handwritten in black]; "Hosp.  Lonchocarpus /  muehlbergianus / Hassl./ (loncocarpus)” [white label with margin printed in black, handwritten in black]; “♂” [white label printed in black]; “ PARATYPE /  Ctenocolum aquilus / Det. Albuquerque &amp; Ribeiro-Costa” [white label with yellow margin, printed in black]. 2 males: “JUNDIAÍ DO SUL – PR/ Fazenda Monte Verde/ BRASIL 29.XII.1986 / Lev. Ent. </p>
            <p> PROFAUPAR/ LÂMPADA” [white label printed in black]; “♂” [white label printed in black]; “ PARATYPE /  Ctenocolum aquilus / Det. Albuquerque &amp; Ribeiro-Costa” [white label with yellow margin, printed in black]. 1 female: “JUNDIAÍ DO SUL – PR/ Fazenda Monte Verde/ BRASIL 29.XII.1986 / Lev. Ent. PROFAUPAR/ LÂMPADA” [white label printed in black]; “♀” [white label printed in black]; “ PARATYPE /  Ctenocolum aquilus / Det. Albuquerque &amp; Ribeiro-Costa” [white label with yellow margin, printed in black]. 1 female: “JUNDIAÍ DO SUL – PR/ Fazenda Monte Verde/ BRASIL 31.XII.1986 / Lev. Ent. PROFAUPAR/ LÂMPADA” [white label printed in black]; “♀” [white label printed in black]; “ PARATYPE /  Ctenocolum aquilus / Det. Albuquerque &amp; Ribeiro-Costa” [white label with yellow margin, printed in black]. 1 female: “TELÊMACO BORBA – PR/ Res. Samuel Klabin/ BRASIL 31.III.1987 / Lev. Ent. PROFAUPAR/ LÂMPADA” [white label printed in black]; “♀” [white label printed in black]; “ PARATYPE /  Ctenocolum aquilus / Det. Albuquerque &amp; Ribeiro-Costa” [white label with yellow margin, printed in black]. 1 male: “PR. Três Barras/ 22.VII.1999 / Maschio, W. col.” [white label with margin printed in black, handwritten in black]; “♂” [white label printed in black]; “ PARATYPE /  Ctenocolum aquilus / Det. Albuquerque &amp; Ribeiro-Costa” [white label with yellow margin, printed in black]. 1 female: "PR.Três Barras/ 22.VII.1999 / Maschio, W. col." [white label with margin printed in black, handwritten in black]; “♀” [white label printed in black]; “ PARATYPE /  Ctenocolum aquilus / Det. Albuquerque &amp; Ribeiro- Costa” [white label with yellow margin, printed in black]. 1 male: “ BRASIL.PR.Três Barras/ 22.julho.1999/ Maschio, W. col.” [white label with margin printed in black, handwritten in black]; “  Ctenocolum / sp./ Ribeiro-Costa, 2000” [white label with margin printed in black, handwritten in black]; “♂” [white label printed in black]; “ PARATYPE /  Ctenocolum aquilus / Det. Albuquerque &amp; Ribeiro-Costa” [white label with margin yellow and printed in black]. 1 male: “PR.Três Barras/ 22.VII 1999 / Maschio,W. col.” [white label with margin printed in black, handwritten in black]; “  Ctenocolum /  crotonae / (Fahraeus, 1839)” [white label with margin printed in black, handwritten in black]; “Pl. Hosp./  Lonchocarpus /  muehlbergianus ” [white label with margin printed in black, handwritten in black]; “♂” [white label printed in black]; “ PARATYPE /  Ctenocolum aquilus / Det. Albuquerque &amp; Ribeiro-Costa” [white label with yellow margin, printed in black]. 1 male: “GUARAPUAVA – PARANÁ/ Est. Águas Sta. Clara/ BRASIL 29.XI.1986 / Lev. Ent. PROFAUPAR/ LÂMPADA” [white label printed in black]; “♂” [white label printed in black]; “ PARATYPE /  Ctenocolum aquilus / Det. Albuquerque &amp; Ribeiro-Costa” [white label with yellow margin, printed in black]. 1 female: “GUARAPUAVA – PARANÁ/ Est.Águas Sta.Clara/ BRASIL 27.I.1987 / Lev. Ent. PROFAUPAR/ LÂMPADA” [white label printed in black]; “♀” [white label printed in black]; “ PARATYPE /  Ctenocolum aquilus / Det. Albuquerque &amp; Ribeiro-Costa” [white label with yellow margin, printed in black]. 3 in FSCA, 1 male: “ BRASIL.PR.Três Barras/ 17.julho.1999/ Maschio.W. col.” [white label with margin printed in black, handwritten in black]; “♂” [white label printed in black]; “ PARATYPE /  Ctenocolum aquilus / Det. Albuquerque &amp; Ribeiro-Costa” [white label with yellow margin, printed in black]. “ 1 female: BRASIL.PR.Três Barras/ 17.julho.1999/ Maschio.W. col.” [white label with margin printed in black, handwritten in black]; “♀” [white label printed in black]; “ PARATYPE /  Ctenocolum aquilus / Det. Albuquerque &amp; Ribeiro-Costa” [white label with yellow margin, printed in black]. 1 female: "PR.Três Barras/ 22.VII.1999 / Maschio, W. col." [white label with margin printed in black, handwritten in black]; “♀” [white label printed in black]; “ PARATYPE /  Ctenocolum aquilus / Det. Albuquerque &amp; Ribeiro-Costa” [white label with yellow margin, printed in black]. 3 in MNRJ, 1 male: “PR.Três Barras/ 22.VII.1999 / Mashio, W.col.” [white label with margin printed in black, handwritten in black]; “♂” [white label printed in black]; “ PARATYPE /  Ctenocolum aquilus / Det. Albuquerque &amp; Ribeiro- Costa” [white label with yellow margin, printed in black]. 1 female: “PR.Três Barras/ 22.VII.1999 / Mashio, W.col.” [white label with margin printed in black, handwritten in black]; “♀” [white label printed in black]; “ PARATYPE /  Ctenocolum aquilus / Det. Albuquerque &amp; Ribeiro-Costa” [white label with yellow margin, printed in black]. 1 female: “ BRASIL.PR.Três Barras/17.julho.1999/ Maschio, W. col.” [white label with margin printed in black, handwritten in black]; “♀” [white label printed in black]; “ PARATYPE /  Ctenocolum aquilus / Det. Albuquerque &amp; Ribeiro-Costa” [white label with yellow margin, printed in black]. 3 in MZSP, 1 female: “JUNDIAÍ DO SUL – PR/ Fazenda Monte Verde/ BRASIL 29.XII.1986 / Lev. Ent. PROFAUPAR/ LÂMPADA” [white label printed in black]; “♀” [white label printed in black]; “ PARATYPE /  Ctenocolum aquilus / Det. Albuquerque &amp; Ribeiro-Costa” [white label with yellow margin, printed in black]. 1 male: “PR. Três Barras/ 22.VII.1999 / Mashio, W.col.” [white label with margin printed in black, handwritten in black]; “♂” [white label printed in black]; “ PARATYPE /  Ctenocolum aquilus / Det. Albuquerque &amp; Ribeiro-Costa” [white label with yellow margin, printed in black]. 1 female: “PR. Três Barras/ 22.VII.1999 / Mashio, W.col.” [white label with margin printed in black, handwritten in black]; “♀” [white label printed in black]; “ PARATYPE /  Ctenocolum aquilus / Det. Albuquerque &amp; Ribeiro-Costa” [white label with yellow margin, printed in black]. 4 in TAMU, 1 male: “ BRASIL.PR.Três Barras/17.julho.1999/ Maschio.W. col.” [white label with margin printed in black, handwritten in black]; “♂” [white label printed in black]; “ PARATYPE /  Ctenocolum aquilus / Det. Albuquerque &amp; Ribeiro-Costa” [white label with yellow margin, printed in black]. 1 female: “ BRASIL.PR.Três Barras/ 17.julho.1999/ Maschio.W. col.” [white label with margin printed in black, handwritten in black]; “♀” [white label printed in black]; “ PARATYPE /  Ctenocolum aquilus / Det. Albuquerque &amp; Ribeiro-Costa” [white label with yellow margin, printed in black]. 1 male: “GUARAPUAVA – PARANÁ/ Est. Águas Sta.Clara/ BRASIL 01.XI.1986 / Lev. Ent. PROFAUPAR/ LÂMPADA” [white label printed in black]; “  Ctenocolum /  crotonae / (Fhraeus, 1839)” [white label with margin printed in black, handwritten in black]; “♂” [white label printed in black]; “ PARATYPE /  Ctenocolum aquilus / Det. Albuquerque &amp; Ribeiro-Costa” [white label with yellow margin, printed in black]. 1 female: GUARAPUAVA – PARANÁ/ Est.Águas Sta.Clara/ BRASIL 0 2. I. 1987 / Lev. Ent. PROFAUPAR/ LÂMPADA” [white label printed in black]; “♀” [white label printed in black]; “ PARATYPE /  Ctenocolum aquilus / Det. Albuquerque &amp; Ribeiro - Costa." [white label with yellow margin printed in black]. 4 in USNM, 2 females: "PR.Três Barras/ 22.VII.1999 / Maschio, W. col." [white label with margin printed in black, handwritten in black]; “♀” [white label printed in black]; “ PARATYPE /  Ctenocolum aquilus / Det. Albuquerque &amp; Ribeiro-Costa” [white label with yellow margin, printed in black]. 2 males: “GUARAPUAVA – PARANÁ/ Est.Águas Sta.Clara/ BRASIL 0 2. I. 1987 / Lev. Ent. PROFAUPAR/ LÂMPADA” [white label printed in black]; “♂” [white label printed in black]; “ PARATYPE /  Ctenocolum aquilus / Det. Albuquerque &amp; Ribeiro-Costa” [white label with yellow margin, printed in black]. 3 in ZMHB, 2 males: “JUNDIAÍ DO SUL – PR/ Fazenda Monte Verde/ BRASIL 29.XII.1986 / Lev. Ent. PROFAUPAR/ LÂMPADA” [white label printed in black]; “♂” [white label printed in black]; “ PARATYPE /  Ctenocolum aquilus / Det. Albuquerque &amp; Ribeiro-Costa” [white label with yellow margin, printed in black]. 1 female: "PR.Três Barras/ 22.VII.1999 / Maschio, W. col." [white label with printed margin in black, handwritten in black]; “♀” [white label printed in black]; “ PARATYPE /  Ctenocolum aquilus / Det. Albuquerque &amp; Ribeiro-Costa” [white label with yellow margin, printed in black]. </p>
            <p> Diagnosis.  Ctenocolum aquilus Albuquerque &amp; Ribeiro-Costa sp. nov. differs from all other species by having antennomeres 3–11 darker at apex (Fig. 53) and male genitalia at submedian region with squamous inverted Yshape sclerite (Fig. 79). </p>
            <p>Description. BL: 2.5–2.9 mm; BW: 1.7–2.0 mm.</p>
            <p>Integument. Dorsum in general dark brown or dark brown and brown. Antenna pale brown or brown, antennomeres 3–11 darker at apex of each antennomere (Figs. 8, 53). Pygidium rufous and dark brown or pale brown. Ventral region in general black and reddish brown sometimes black, reddish brown and pale brown. Front and middle femur and tibia pale brown to brown; hind femur brown and dark brown.</p>
            <p>Pubescence. Pronotum brown, white and black; sparse setae exposing integument forming an oval, wide area from anterior to posterior region usually divided by transversal and longitudinal strip of denser setae and on each lateral region one small oval area (Fig. 8). Elytra strongly variegated with brown, white and black setae; interstria 3 with short dense strip of white setae at base and at submedian region (Fig. 8). Pygidium white, dense except on two basal, four lateral and one apical small areas with sparse setae; at median region a larger area with sparse setae (Fig. 35). Ventral region pale brown, brown and white (Fig. 53).</p>
            <p>Head. Ocular sinus 0.2 mm; ocular index 5.1–6.8; length of eyes in frontal view behind sinus 0.07–0.09 mm (Fig. 22). Antenna serrate from antennomere 4-10 in male and from 5-10 in female. Frons with frontal carina (Fig. 22).</p>
            <p>Prothorax. Pronotum with median gibbosity slightly elevated, usually not divided by longitudinal sulcus and divided by transversal sulcus; lateral gibbosity slightly to moderately elevated; basal lobe with depression and slightly emarginated (Fig. 8).</p>
            <p>Mesothorax and metathorax. Elytra, striae with punctures moderately impressed; less conspicuous teeth at base of striae 3 and 4; tooth of stria 4 closer to base of tooth of stria 3 than to anterior margin of elytra; stria 6 conspicuously impressed. Hind femur (Fig. 66) on external ventral margin with toothed carina; without denticles above external ventral margin; pecten with 6–8 teeth. Hind tibia (Fig. 66) strongly emarginated beside mucro; lateral coronal denticles present.</p>
            <p>Abdomen. Pygidium longer than wide, oval, at median basal region with moderately impressed punctures (Fig. 35).</p>
            <p>Male genitalia. Median lobe with ventral valve as long as wide, lateral margin concave on subapical region (Fig. 79), basal margin slightly emarginated. Internal sac, lateral apex with short tuft of setae, hinge sclerite curved at base, short, extending over 1/3 of subapical region; subapical region with homogeneously distributed spicules, dense on lateral elongated strip; median region with homogeneously distributed spicules; submedian region with squamous inverted Y-shape sclerite (Fig. 79); basal region without denticles or spines. Tegmen (Fig. 91), lateral lobes separated by emargination about 0.7 times the length of lateral lobes; internal margin near end of emargination straight, forming a “V”; expanded at apex, about 2 times the smallest width on median region; without membranous projection at apex.</p>
            <p> Etymology. The specific name "  aquilus " refers to the antennomeres 3–11 with darker apex. </p>
            <p>Distribution. Neotropical region: Brazil (São Paulo, Paraná).</p>
            <p> Host plant (Tables I–II).  Papilionoideae :  Lonchocarpus muehlbergianus Hassl.</p>
            <p> Note. The species mentioned as  C. podagricus by Sari et al (2002) belongs to  C. aquilus Albuquerque &amp; Ribeiro-Costa sp. nov. In their paper, the authors Sari et al. (2002), performed a survey of insects associated with seeds of  Lonchocarpus muehlbergianus , recorded from a total of 2,353 examined seeds, 4.9% damaged by  C. aquilus Albuquerque &amp; Ribeiro-Costa sp. nov. (=  C. podagricus ) and 4.6% by  Horismenus missouriensis . According to Sari et al. (2002), the parasitoid  H. missouriensis is probably associated with  C. aquilus Albuquerque &amp; Ribeiro-Costa sp. nov. (=  C. podagricus ). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF87F5FFFDFFE938ADF9D1FD3672F8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Albuquerque, Felícia Pereira De;Manfio, Daiara;Ribeiro-Costa, Cibele Stramare	Albuquerque, Felícia Pereira De, Manfio, Daiara, Ribeiro-Costa, Cibele Stramare (2014): A contribution to the knowledge of New World Bruchinae (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae): taxonomic revision of Ctenocolum Kingsolver & Whitehead, with description of five new species. Zootaxa 3838 (1): 1-45, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3838.1.1
03FF87F5FFFEFFE638ADFCA6FC4572E7.text	03FF87F5FFFEFFE638ADFCA6FC4572E7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ctenocolum biolleyi Kingsolver & Whitehead 1974	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Ctenocolum biolleyi Kingsolver &amp; Whitehead, 1974</p>
            <p>(Figs. 9, 23, 47, 54, 67)</p>
            <p> Ctenocolum biolleyi Kingsolver &amp; Whitehead (1974a) : 287, 303, 311 (original description, key, characters, distribution, figures, type-locality: Costa Rica, San Jose, host plant); Janzen (1977): 417 (host plant); Janzen (1978): 183 (host plant); Janzen (1980): 947 (host plant); Johnson &amp; Kingsolver (1981): 418 (catalog); Udayagiri &amp; Wadhi (1989): 78 (catalog). </p>
            <p> Type material.  Ctenocolum biolleyi Kingsolver &amp; Whitehead, 1974a . Holotype deposited in USNM, female: “San Jose/ Costa Rica ” [white label handwritten in black]; "P.Biolley/ Collector" [white label handwritten in black]; “Collection/ Chittenden” [white label printed in black]; "habitus/ drawing" [white label handwritten in black]; "luxurianus" [white label handwritten in black]; "Buchus?/ Teosiute (Rhea/ na  luxurians )" [white label with black margin, handwritten in black]; “ HOLO / 72801” [red label printed in black, 72801 handwritten in black]; “ TYPE ” [red label printed in black]; “ HOLOTYPE /  Ctenocolum /  biolleyi / Kings. + Whd.” [white label with red margin, HOLOTYPE letters printed in red, remainder handwritten in black]; “♀” [white label printed in black]. 1 paratype deposited in USNM, female: “San Jos/ Costa Rica ” [white label handwritten in black]; “P.Biolley/ Collector” [white label handwritten in black]; "  Bruchus ?/ Teosiute (Rheana/  luxurians " [white label handwritten in black]; “Collection/ Chittenden” [white label handwritten in black]; "luxurianus" [white label handwritten in black]; "drawn" [white label handwritten in black]; " PARATYPE /  Ctenocolum /  biolleyi / Kings. + Whd." [white label with blue margin, PARATYPE letters printed in blue, remainder handwritten in black]; “♀” [white label printed in black]. </p>
            <p>Note. Kingsolver &amp; Whitehead (1974a) indicated that the holotype and the paratype are deposited in the USNM. The holotype and paratype received from USNM were examined and coincide with the description.</p>
            <p> Diagnosis.  Ctenocolum biolleyi differs from all other species by having tooth of stria 4 closer to anterior margin of elytra than to base tooth of stria 3. </p>
            <p>Redescription. BL: 4.2–4.4 mm; BW: 2.8–2.9 mm.</p>
            <p>Integument. Dorsum mostly black with reddish brown area near scutellum. Pygidium reddish brown. Ventral region, reddish brown and dark brown. Middle femur and tibia brown; hind femur reddish brown and dark brown.</p>
            <p>Pubescence. Pronotum brown and yellowish gray, black and white; sparse setae exposing the integument forming an oval, wide area from anterior to posterior region divided by transversal and longitudinal strip of denser setae and in one small area on each lateral region (Fig. 9). Elytra slightly variegated with brown, black and white setae; interstria 3 at base with short dense strip of white setae (Fig. 9). Pygidium white, dense except four lateral small areas and a larger area from basal to median region (Fig. 47). Ventral region brown and white (Fig. 54).</p>
            <p>Head. Ocular sinus 0.3 mm; ocular index 4.7 mm; length of eyes in frontal view behind sinus 0.13 mm (Fig. 23). Frons with frontal carina (Fig. 23).</p>
            <p>Prothorax. Pronotum with median gibbosity slightly elevated, not divided by longitudinal and transversal sulcus (Fig. 54); lateral gibbosity moderately elevated; basal lobe with depression and slightly emarginated (Fig. 9).</p>
            <p>Mesothorax and metathorax. Elytra, striae with punctures moderately impressed; conspicuous teeth at base of striae 3 and 4; tooth of stria 4 closer to anterior margin of elytra than base of tooth of stria 3; stria 6 conspicuosly impressed (Fig. 9). Hind femur (Fig. 67) on external ventral margin with toothed carina; without denticles above of external ventral margin; pecten with 10 teeth. Hind tibia (Fig. 67) strongly emarginated beside mucro; lateral coronal denticles present.</p>
            <p>Abdomen. Pygidium longer than wide, subtriangular, at median basal region with moderately impressed punctures (Fig. 47).</p>
            <p>Note. The male is unknown and the redescription was done only based on two female specimens. Besides, the antenna is not present in the specimens examined.</p>
            <p>Distribution. Neotropical region: Costa Rica (San Jose).</p>
            <p> Host plant (Tables I–II).  Papilionoideae :  Lonchocarpus eriocarinalis Micheli.</p>
            <p> Note. According to Kingsolver and Whitehead (1974a) and label of the holotype,  Zea luxurians (Durieu &amp; Asch.) R. M. Bird. (=  Reana luxurians Durieu ) is mentioned as the host plant of  C. biolleyi , but this record is probably erroneous because this plant species belongs to the family  Poaceae . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF87F5FFFEFFE638ADFCA6FC4572E7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Albuquerque, Felícia Pereira De;Manfio, Daiara;Ribeiro-Costa, Cibele Stramare	Albuquerque, Felícia Pereira De, Manfio, Daiara, Ribeiro-Costa, Cibele Stramare (2014): A contribution to the knowledge of New World Bruchinae (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae): taxonomic revision of Ctenocolum Kingsolver & Whitehead, with description of five new species. Zootaxa 3838 (1): 1-45, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3838.1.1
03FF87F5FFF1FFE738ADFCD4FDA87474.text	03FF87F5FFF1FFE738ADFCD4FDA87474.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ctenocolum colburni Kingsolver & Whitehead 1974	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Ctenocolum colburni Kingsolver &amp; Whitehead, 1974</p>
            <p>(Figs. 6, 10, 24, 36, 55, 68, 80, 92)</p>
            <p> Ctenocolum colburni Kingsolver &amp; Whitehead (1974a) : 287, 292, 311 (original description, key, characters, distribution, figures, host plant, type-locality: “ Honduras, Cuyamel”); Johnson &amp; Kingsolver (1981): 418 (catalog); Udayagiri &amp; Wadhi (1989):79 (catalog); Turnbow et al. (2003): 274 (catalog); Romero &amp; Johnson (2004): 623 (catalog); Silva &amp; Ribeiro-Costa (2008): 803 -806, 809, 814, 819, 821 (distribution, taxonomy). </p>
            <p> Type material.  Ctenocolum colburni Kingsolver &amp; Whitehead, 1974a . Holotype deposited in USNM, male: “ HOND./ Cuyamel/ 17.VIII.1924 / MACarleton” [white label handwritten in black]; “  Lonchocarpus /  pentaphyllus / (Poir.) D.C./ USNM herb.” [white label handwritten in black]; “ HOLO / 72800” [red label printed in black, 72800 handwritten in black]; “ HOLOTYPE /  Ctenocolum /  colburni / Kings. + Whd.” [white label with red margin, HOLOTYPE letters printed in red, remainder handwritten in black]; “♂” [white label printed in black]. 1 Paratype deposited in TAMU, male: “ MEXICO: Veracruz/ Coyame, Lake Catemaco/ July 14, 1971 / Clark, Murray,/ Hart, Schaffner” [white label printed in black]; “  Caryedes / sp./ 1973/ det. C. D. Johnson” [white label with black margin, handwritten in black]; “ PARATYPE /  Ctenocolum /  colburni / Kings. + Whitehead” [white label with blue margin, PARATYPE letters printed in blue, remainder handwritten in black]; “♂” [white label printed in black]; “ TAMU ENTO /X0180694/bar code”". </p>
            <p>Note. Kingsolver &amp; Whitehead (1974) indicated that the holotype and the eight paratypes are deposited in USNM. The holotype and the paratype received from USNM were examined and coincide with the description.</p>
            <p>Additional material. MEXICO: Veracruz: 2, Catemaco, 20.III.2001 (DZUP).</p>
            <p> Diagnosis.  Ctenocolum colburni differs from all other species by the dorsum mostly covered with yellowish gray setae forming a “C” pattern on elytra and pronotum with sparse setae exposing the integument and forming a rounded area anteriorly (Fig. 10). </p>
            <p>Redescription. BL: 2.5–3.05 mm; BW: 1.6–2.3 mm.</p>
            <p>Integument. Dorsum mostly black. Antenna black and brown (Figs. 10, 55) or dark brown and brown. Pygidium black and reddish brown or black and rufous. Ventral region reddish brown and black. Front and middle femur and tibia pale brown and brown or darker; hind femur brown and black.</p>
            <p>Pubescence. Pronotum white, yellowish gray and black; sparse setae exposing the integument forming a rounded area on anterior region (Fig. 10). Elytra strongly variegated with black, white and yellowish gray setae; yellowish gray setae forming a “C” pattern from basal to median region; interstria 3 without white setae (Fig. 10). Pygidium white and yellowish gray, dense except on two basal, four lateral and one apical small areas with sparse setae; at median region a larger area with sparse setae (Fig. 36). Ventral region white, pale yellow and pale brown (Fig. 55).</p>
            <p>Head. Ocular sinus 0.2–0.3 mm; ocular index 5.3–5.5; length of eyes in frontal view behind sinus 0.01-0.09 mm (Fig. 24). Antenna serrate from antennomere 4. Frons with frontal carina (Fig. 24).</p>
            <p>Prothorax. Pronotum with median gibbosity slightly elevated, not divided by longitudinal and transversal sulcus (Fig. 55); lateral gibbosity slightly elevated; basal lobe without depression and slightly emarginated (Fig. 10).</p>
            <p>Mesothorax and metathorax. Elytra, striae with punctures moderately impressed; less conspicuous teeth at base of striae 3 and 4; tooth of stria 4 closer to base of tooth of stria 3 than to anterior margin of elytra; stria 6 conspicuously impressed (Fig. 10). Hind femur (Fig. 68) on external ventral margin with toothed carina; without denticles above of external ventral margin; pecten with 6–7 teeth. Hind tibia (Fig. 68) strongly emarginated beside mucro; lateral coronal denticles present.</p>
            <p>Abdomen. Pygidium longer than wide, oval, at median basal region with moderately impressed punctures (Fig. 36).</p>
            <p>Male genitalia. Median lobe, ventral valve as long as wide, lateral margin concave on subapical region (Fig. 80), basal margin strongly emarginated. Internal sac, lateral apex with short tuft of setae, hinge sclerite with inverted L-shape, long, extending through subapical region; subapical region with homogeneously distributed spicules; median and submedian regions with sparse lateral denticles, squamous sclerite with balloon-shape (Fig. 80); basal region with homogeneously distributed spines and sparse denticles. Tegmen (Fig. 92), lateral lobes separated by emargination about 0.7 times the length of lateral lobes; internal margin near end of emargination curved, forming a "U"; expanded at apex, about 4 times the smallest width on median region; without membranous projection at apex.</p>
            <p>Note. All specimens examined are males.</p>
            <p>Distribution. Neotropical region: Mexico (Veracruz), Guatemala (Chimaltenango), Honduras (Colón, Copán, El Paraíso), Costa Rica (Heredia).</p>
            <p> Host plants (Tables I–II).  Papilionoideae :  Lonchocarpus heptaphyllus (Poir.) DC. (=  L. pentaphyllus (Poir.) DC.),  L. purpureus Pittier ,  L. velutinus Benth.</p>
            <p> Note. Kingsolver &amp; Whitehead (1974a) and Udayagiri &amp; Wadhi (1989) quoted  L. velutina , but according to the literature (http://www.catalogue of life.org /) this name does not exist. We suspect that the spelling is wrong, and that the correct is  L. velutinus . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF87F5FFF1FFE738ADFCD4FDA87474	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Albuquerque, Felícia Pereira De;Manfio, Daiara;Ribeiro-Costa, Cibele Stramare	Albuquerque, Felícia Pereira De, Manfio, Daiara, Ribeiro-Costa, Cibele Stramare (2014): A contribution to the knowledge of New World Bruchinae (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae): taxonomic revision of Ctenocolum Kingsolver & Whitehead, with description of five new species. Zootaxa 3838 (1): 1-45, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3838.1.1
03FF87F5FFF0FFE538ADFB2DFD3873AD.text	03FF87F5FFF0FFE538ADFB2DFD3873AD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ctenocolum martiale Kingsolver & Whitehead 1974	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Ctenocolum martiale Kingsolver &amp; Whitehead, 1974</p>
            <p>(Figs. 11, 25, 37, 48, 56, 69, 81, 93)</p>
            <p> Ctenocolum martiale Kingsolver &amp; Whitehead (1974a) : 287, 305, 311 (original description, key, characters, distribution, figures, type-locality: “ Mexico, Veracruz, Laguna Del Majahual, Los Tuxtlas”, host plant); Johnson &amp; Kingsolver (1981): 419 (catalog); Udayagiri &amp; Wadhi (1989): 79 (catalog); Johnson (1998): 149 (distribution, host plant); Romero &amp; Johnson (2004): 623 (catalog). </p>
            <p> Caryedes martiale: Lorea-Barocio et al. (2006): 518 (catalog). </p>
            <p> Type material.  Ctenocolum martiale Kingsolver &amp; Whitehead, 1974a . Holotype deposited in USNM, male: “ex  Lonchocarpus /  cruentus Lundell / M.Sousa # 3353” [white label handwritten in black]; “ MEX. Ver. Laguna/ del Majahual,/ Los Tuxtlas. 100 m. / 30 Nov. 1967 ” [white label handwritten in black]; “ HOLO / 72799” [red label, HOLO letters printed in black and 72799 numbers handwritten in black]; “ TYPE ” [red label printed in black]; “♂” [white label printed in black]; “ HOLOTYPE /  Ctenocolum /  martiale / Kings. + Whd” [white label with red margin, HOLOTYPE letters printed in red, remainder handwritten in black]. 8 paratypes deposited in USNM, 1 female and 1 male: “Bot. N 589/ Mexico ” [white label handwritten in black]; “Collection/ Chittenden” [white label handwritten in black]; “Tail Cleared” [white label handwritten in black]; “ PARATYPE /  Ctenocolum /  martiale / Kings. + Whd.” [white label with blue margin, PARATYPE letters printed in blue, remainder handwritten in black]. 1 male: “ex  Lonchocarpus /  cruentus Lundell / M.Sousa # 3353” [white label handwritten in black]; “ MEX.Ver. Laguna/ del Majahual,/ Los Tuxtlas, 100 m. / 30 Nov. 1967 ” [white label handwritten in black]; “♂” [white label printed in black]; “ PARATYPE /  Ctenocolum /  martiale / Kings. + Whd.” [white label with blue margin, PARATYPE letters printed in blue, remainder handwritten in black]. 1 female: “ Mexico ” [white label handwritten in black]; “Collection/ Chittenden” [white label handwritten in black]; “ MEX. Guerrero./ Acapulco vic./ x.1894 – III. 1895 / E. Palmer # 589” [white label handwritten in black]; “  Lonchocarpus /  constrictus / Pittier/ USNMherb.” [white label handwritten in black]; “ PARATYPE /  Ctenocolum /  martiale / Kings. + Whd.” [white label with margin and PARATYPE letters printed in blue, remainder handwritten in black]; “♀” [white label printed in black]. 1 male: “Acapulco./ Mex” [white label handwritten in black]; “on  Lonchocarpus / Bot.N 589.” [white label handwritten in black]; “Collection Chittenden” [white label handwritten in black]; “divaricatus” [white label handwritten in black]; “habitus drawing” [white label handwritten in black]; “ PARATYPE /  Ctenocolum /  martiale / Kings. + Whd.” [white label with blue margin, PARATYPE letters printed in blue, remainder handwritten in black];“♂” [white label printed in black]. 1 female: “Acapulco./ Mex.” [white label handwritten in black]; “ Bot. N 226.” [white label handwritten in black]; “Collection Chittenden” [white label handwritten in black]; “  Ctenocolum /  acapulcensis ” [white label handwritten in black]; “Same herb./ Shut as Ct./  acapulcensis / det. D.R.Whitehead/ Lonch./  eriocarinalis / Micheli/ det. D.R.Whitehead” [white label printed and handwritten in black]; “ PARATYPE /  Ctenocolum /  martiale / Kings. + Whd.” [white label with blue margin, PARATYPE letters printed in blue, remainder handwritten in black]; “♀” [white label printed in black]. 1 male: “Acapulco/ Mex.” [white label handwritten in black]; “on  Lonchocarpus / Bot.N 589” [white label handwritten in black]; “Collection Chittenden” [white label handwritten in black]; “ PARATYPE /  Ctenocolum /  martiale / Kings. + Whd.” [white label with blue margin, PARATYPE letters printed in blue, remainder handwritten in black]; “♂” [white label printed in black]. 1 female: “ MEX. Oax. Loma/ del Chivo, 50 m.,/ “ Chiltepec, Tuxtepec/ 9 may 1968 ” [white label handwritten in black]; “ex  Lonchocarpus /  cruentus Lund. / M. Sousa # 366 V” [white label handwritten in black]; “divaricatus” [white label handwritten in black]; “drawn” [white label handwritten in black]; “ PARATYPE /  Ctenocolum /  martiale / Kings. + Whd.” [white label with blue margin, PARATYPE letters printed in blue, remainder handwritten in black]; “♀” [white label printed in black]. </p>
            <p>Note. Kingsolver &amp; Whitehead (1974) quoted the holotype is deposited in the USNM and the thirteen paratypes in the CNC and USNM. The holotype and the eight paratypes received from USNM were examined and coincide with the description.</p>
            <p> Additional material. MEXICO: Nayarit: 2, 5 mi. S Rosamorada, 04.III.1979, reared seeds 600-79, C. D. Johnson col. (TAMU); 1, same information (DZUP). Jalisco: 1, Chamela, 31.I.1980, A. Pescador R. col.,  Lonchocarpus eriocarinalis (USNM); 3, La Huerta, Rancho Cuixmala, 1992, #1033, L. Rico col., reared seeds  Lonchocarpus eriocarinalis (TAMU). Michoacán: 1, 13 km W Playa Azul, 29.XII.1979, reared seeds 1172-79, C. D. Johnson col., same host plant (TAMU). </p>
            <p> Diagnosis.  Ctenocolum martiale is different from  C. milelo ,  C. podagricus and  C. triangulatus by having striae 3 and 4 of elytra with conspicuous teeth at base. This species differs from all other species mainly by the male genitalia with the internal sac bilobate, elongate with dense spines and the presence of a hollow sclerite (Fig. 81). </p>
            <p>Redescription. BL: 2.6–4.4 mm; BW: 2.0– 2.6 mm.</p>
            <p>Integument. Dorsum in general black and reddish brown. Antenna brown and dark brown, sometimes first 3 antennomeres paler (Figs. 11, 12). Pygidium reddish brown or reddish brown and black or rufous. Ventral region reddish brown and black sometimes adding brown. Front and middle femur and tibia variegated from pale brown to dark brown and reddish brown; hind femur reddish brown and from dark brown to black.</p>
            <p>Pubescence. Pronotum brown, white and black; sparse setae exposing the integument forming an oval, wide area from anterior to posterior region divided or not by transversal and longitudinal strip or only by transversal strip of denser setae and on each lateral region one small area (Figs. 11, 12). Elytra slightly or strongly variegated with brown, black and white setae; interstria 3 with white or yellowish gray setae forming a short dense or sparse strip at base and at submedian region with short dense or sparse strip of white setae (Figs. 11, 12). Pygidium densely white and yellowish gray, some females white and brown (Fig. 48), except on two basal, four lateral, one apical small areas with sparse setae and on median region a larger area with sparse setae (Figs. 37, 48). Ventral region dark brown and white (Fig. 56).</p>
            <p>Head. Ocular sinus 0.2–0.3 mm; ocular index 4.2–5.4; length of eyes in frontal view behind sinus 0.07–0.10 mm (Fig. 25). Antenna serrate from antennomere 3-10 in male and from 4-10 in female. Frons with frontal carina (Fig. 25).</p>
            <p>Prothorax. Pronotum with median gibbosity slightly elevated, not divided by longitudinal and transversal sulcus (Fig. 56); lateral gibbosity slightly to moderately elevated; basal lobe with depression and slightly or strongly emarginated (Figs. 11, 12).</p>
            <p>Mesothorax and metathorax. Elytra, striae with punctures moderately impressed; conspicuous teeth at base of striae 3 and 4 (Fig. 11); tooth of stria 4 closer to base of tooth of stria 3 than to anterior margin of elytra; stria 6 conspicuously impressed. Hind femur (Fig. 69) on external ventral margin with toothed carina; without denticles above of external ventral margin; pecten with 8–10 teeth. Hind tibia (Fig. 69) strongly emarginated beside mucro; lateral coronal denticles present.</p>
            <p>Abdomen. Pygidium of female subequal, subtriangular (Fig. 48), of male longer than wide, oval (Fig. 37), at median basal region with moderately impressed punctures.</p>
            <p>Male genitalia. Median lobe, ventral valve wider than long, lateral margin concave on subapical region (Fig. 81), basal margin slightly emarginated. Internal sac, lateral apex with short tuft of setae, hinge sclerite similar to stick, long, extending through subapical region; subapical and median regions with homogeneously distributed spicules, at median region dense spicules in lateral strip; submedian region with spicules and squamous hollow sclerite (Fig. 81); basal region bilobate elongate and with dense spines. Tegmen (Fig. 93), lateral lobes separated by emargination about 0.7 times the length of lateral lobes; internal margin near end of emargination straight, forming a “V”; expanded at apex, about 4 times the smallest width on median region; without membranous projection at apex.</p>
            <p> Note. Kingsolver &amp; Whitehead (1974a) remarked that the pubescence of  C. martiale is sexually dimorphic dorsally. Because we studied more specimens than the authors (Kingsolver &amp; Whitehead 1974a), it was possible to conclude that the pubescence color pattern on the dorsum corresponds to intraspecific variation (Figs. 11,12). </p>
            <p>Distribution. Neotropical region: Mexico (Nayarit, Jalisco, Veracruz, Michoacán, Guerrero, Oaxaca), Trinidad and Tobago (Trinidad).</p>
            <p> Host plants (Tables I–II).  Papilionoideae :  Lonchocarpus constrictus Pittier ,  L. eriocarinalis Micheli. ,  L. sericeus (Poir.) DC. (=  L. cruentus Lundell ). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF87F5FFF0FFE538ADFB2DFD3873AD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Albuquerque, Felícia Pereira De;Manfio, Daiara;Ribeiro-Costa, Cibele Stramare	Albuquerque, Felícia Pereira De, Manfio, Daiara, Ribeiro-Costa, Cibele Stramare (2014): A contribution to the knowledge of New World Bruchinae (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae): taxonomic revision of Ctenocolum Kingsolver & Whitehead, with description of five new species. Zootaxa 3838 (1): 1-45, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3838.1.1
03FF87F5FFF2FFE238ADFC08FD2C769F.text	03FF87F5FFF2FFE238ADFC08FD2C769F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ctenocolum milelo Albuquerque & Ribeiro-Costa	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Ctenocolum milelo Albuquerque &amp; Ribeiro-Costa sp. nov.</p>
            <p>(Figs. 13, 26, 38, 49, 57, 70, 82, 94)</p>
            <p> Type material. Holotype deposited in DZUP, male: “ Brasil – SP – Botucatu Fazenda/ Experimental Edgárdia–FCA–/ UNESP 2248’S 4824’W 577m / 15.VI.2009 L.M.S. Rodrigues” [white label printed in black]; “ Larva consumindo sementes de/  Lonchocarpus guillemineanus ” [white label printed in black]; “♂” [white label printed in black]; “ HOLOTYPE /  Ctenocolum milelo / Det. Albuquerque &amp; Ribeiro-Costa” [white label with red margin, printed in black]. 5 paratypes deposited in the following collections: 4 in DZUP, 1 male: “Porto Ferreira, SP/ Reserva Estadual – IF/ 28.IX.94 / E.P. Teixeira– col.” [white label with margin and E.P. Teixeira–col." printed in black, remainder handwritten in black]; “Hosp.  Lonchocarpus /  muehlbergianus / Hassl./ (loncocarpus)” [white label with margin, handwritten in black]; “♂” [white label printed in black]; “ PARATYPE /  Ctenocolum milelo / Det. Albuquerque &amp; Ribeiro-Costa” [white label with yellow margin, printed in black]. 1 male: “ Brasil – SP – Botucatu Fazenda/ Experimental Edgárdia–FCA–/ UNESP 2248’S 4824’W 577m / 15.VI.2009 L.M.S. Rodrigues” [white label printed in black]; “Larva consumindo sementes de/  Lonchocarpus guillemineanus ” [white label printed in black]; “♂” [white label printed in black]; “ PARATYPE /  Ctenocolum milelo / Det. Albuquerque &amp; Ribeiro-Costa” [white label with yellow margin, printed in black]. 1 female: “ Brasil – SP – Botucatu Fazenda/ Experimental Edgárdia–FCA–/ UNESP 2248’S 4824’W 577m / 15.VI.2009 L.M.S. Rodrigues” [white label printed in black]; “ Larva consumindo sementes de/  Lonchocarpus guillemineanus ” [white label printed in black]; “♀” [white label printed in black]; “ PARATYPE /  Ctenocolum milelo / Det. Albuquerque &amp; Ribeiro-Costa” [white label with yellow margin, printed in black]. 1 female: “BR–SP–Botucatu/ Fazenda Edgria– UNESP / 18/VI/2007 / Rodrigues,L.M. Col.” [white label with black margin, printed in black]; “Planta hospedeira/  Lonchocarpus /  muehlbergianus ” [white label with black margin, printed in black]; “♀” [white label printed in black]; “  Ctenocolum /  podagricus / (Fabricius, 1804)/ Viana, J. H. det. 2008” [white label with black margin, printed in black]; “ PARATYPE /  Ctenocolum milelo / Det. Albuquerque &amp; Ribeiro-Costa” [white label with yellow margin, printed in black]. 1 in FSCA, male: “ BOLIVIA: Santa Cruz/ Potrerillos del Guendá;/ 40Km.NW.SantaCruz/ 17 40.3’S – 06327.4’W/ 3–X–2007, R.Morris, light” [white label printed in black]; “♂” [white label printed in black]; “ PARATYPE /  Ctenocolum milelo / Det. Albuquerque &amp; Ribeiro- Costa” [white label with yellow margin, printed in black]. </p>
            <p> Diagnosis.  Ctenocolum milelo Albuquerque &amp; Ribeiro-Costa sp. nov. differs from  C. triangulatus Albuquerque &amp; Ribeiro-Costa sp. nov. by ocular index 4.9-7.0 and pygidium oval in male and triangular in females; is different from  C. martiale by elytral striae 3 and 4 with less conspicuous teeth at base. This species is different from all other species by having a squamous sphere-shaped sclerite in the internal sac of male genitalia (Fig. 82). </p>
            <p>Description. BL: 2.2–3.0 mm; BW: 1.5–2.0 mm. Integument. Dorsum mostly black. Antenna brown and dark brown or first 3 antennomeres paler (Figs. 13, 57). Pygidium reddish brown and black or rufous and black (Figs. 38, 49). Ventral region reddish brown and black. Front and middle femur and tibia brown; hind femur reddish brown and black.</p>
            <p>Pubescence. Pronotum brown, black and white; sparse pubescence exposing the integument forming an oval, wide area from anterior to posterior region, divided or not by transversal and longitudinal strip of denser setae and on each lateral region one small area (Fig. 13). Elytra strongly variegated with brown, black and white setae; interstria 3 with short dense strip of white setae at base and at submedian region dense or sparse (Fig. 13). Pygidium brown and white; in females, dense white setae forming two lateral stripes and one apical spot less dense (Fig. 49), sparse setae forming two small submedian and one median large areas; in males, sparse setae forming four lateral small areas (Fig. 38). Ventral region brown, pale brown and white (Fig. 57).</p>
            <p>Head. Ocular sinus 0.2–0.3 mm; ocular index 4.9–7.0; length of eyes in frontal view behind sinus 0.07–0.09 (Fig. 26). Antenna serrate from antennomere 4-10. Frons with frontal carina (Fig. 26).</p>
            <p>Prothorax. Pronotum with median gibbosity slightly elevated, not divided by longitudinal and transversal sulcus (Fig. 57); lateral gibbosity slightly elevated; basal lobe with or without depression and slightly emarginated (Fig. 13).</p>
            <p>Mesothorax and metathorax. Elytra, striae with punctures moderately impressed; less conspicuous teeth at base of striae 3 and 4; tooth of stria 4 closer to base of tooth of stria 3 than to anterior margin of elytra; stria 6 conspicuously impressed. Hind femur (Fig. 70) on external ventral margin with toothed carina; without denticles above of external ventral margin; pecten with 7–9 teeth. Hind tibia (Fig. 70) strongly emarginated beside mucro; lateral coronal denticles present.</p>
            <p>Abdomen. Pygidium longer than wide, oval in males (Fig. 38), subtriangular in females (Fig. 49), at median basal region with moderately impressed punctures.</p>
            <p>Male genitalia. Median lobe, ventral valve as long as wide, lateral margin concave on subapical region (Fig. 82), basal margin strongly emarginated. Internal sac, lateral apex with short tuft of setae, hinge sclerite pleated, long, extending to median region; subapical region with homogeneously distributed spicules; median region with agglomerate of spicules; submedian region with few sparse spines and squamous sphere-shape sclerite (Fig. 82); basal region without or with few sparse spines. Tegmen (Fig. 94), lateral lobes separated by emargination about 0.7 times the length of lateral lobes; internal margin near end of emargination straight, forming a “V”; expanded at apex, about 2.5 times the smallest width on median region; without membranous projection at apex.</p>
            <p> Etymology. The specific name “  milelo ” is an anagram of surname from researcher Julianne Milléo. </p>
            <p>Distribution. Neotropical region: Bolivia (Santa Cruz), Brazil (São Paulo).</p>
            <p> Host plants.  Papilionoideae :  Lonchocarpus guillemineanus (Tul.) Malme and  L. muehlbergianus Hassl.</p>
            <p> Note. The species mentioned as  C. podagricus by Rodrigues et al. (2012) belongs to  C. milelo Albuquerque &amp; Ribeiro-Costa sp. nov. In their paper, Rodrigues et al. (2012) developed an ecological study, in which they collected 16 species belonging to four families. A total of 1,037 bruchines belonging to five species emerged from fruits. Of these, one individual was  Ctenocolum milelo Albuquerque &amp; Ribeiro-Costa sp. nov. , which emerged from  Lonchocarpus muehlbergianus . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF87F5FFF2FFE238ADFC08FD2C769F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Albuquerque, Felícia Pereira De;Manfio, Daiara;Ribeiro-Costa, Cibele Stramare	Albuquerque, Felícia Pereira De, Manfio, Daiara, Ribeiro-Costa, Cibele Stramare (2014): A contribution to the knowledge of New World Bruchinae (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae): taxonomic revision of Ctenocolum Kingsolver & Whitehead, with description of five new species. Zootaxa 3838 (1): 1-45, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3838.1.1
03FF87F5FFF5FFE138ADF90EFADA7210.text	03FF87F5FFF5FFE138ADF90EFADA7210.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ctenocolum podagricus (Fabricius 1801) Fabricius 1801	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Ctenocolum podagricus (Fabricius, 1801)</p>
            <p>(Figs. 14, 27, 39, 50, 58, 71, 83, 95)</p>
            <p> Bruchus podagricus Fabricius (1801): 399 (original description, type-locality: América Meridional); Johnson &amp; Nilsson (1990): 171, 172 (synonym, lectotype). </p>
            <p> Pseudopachymerus podagricus: Pic (1913a) : 11 (catalog). </p>
            <p> Caryedes podagrica: Blackwelder (1946): 758 (catalog). Wilcox (1975):10; Peck (2011): 40 (distribution); Peck et al. (2014): 111 (distribution). </p>
            <p> Acanthoscelides podagricus: Zacher (1952): 465 (host plant). </p>
            <p> Caryedes podagricus: De Luca (1972): 106 (catalog); Johnson &amp; Kingsolver (1981): 417 (catalog); Udayagiri &amp; Wadhi (1989) (catalog); Lorea-Barocio et al (2006): 518 (catalog). </p>
            <p> Ctenocolum podagricus: Johnson &amp; Nilsson (1990):171 (distribution); Alvarez-Marin &amp; Kingsolver (1997): 219 (catalog); Romero &amp; Johnson (2004): 623 (catalog); Silva &amp; Ribeiro-Costa (2008): 803, 809, 811, 814, 816-819, 821, (distribution, taxonomy); Rodrigues et al. (2012): 273 (host plant). </p>
            <p> Bruchus crotonae Fåhraeus (1839): 123 , 124 (original description, type-locality: Brasil). </p>
            <p> Pseudopachymerus crotonae: Pic (1913a) : 10 (catalog). </p>
            <p> Caryedes crotonae: Blackwelder (1946): 758 (catalog). </p>
            <p> Ctenocolum crotonae: Kingsolver &amp; Whitehead (1974a) : 287, 307, 310, 311 (redescription, key, characters, distribution, figures, type-locality, host plant); Janzen (1977): 417 (host plant); Janzen (1978): 183 (host plant); Janzen (1980): 947 (host plant); Johnson &amp; Kingsolver (1981): 418 (catalog); Udayagiri &amp; Wadhi (1989): 79 (catalog); La Rosa &amp; Romero-Nápoles (2002): 189 (host plant); Sari et al. (2002): 483, 484, 485 (host plant); Turnbow et al. (2003): 277 (citation). </p>
            <p> Bruchus pictifemur: Sharp (1885): 446 (original description, type-locality: Mexico, Jalapa); Kingsolver &amp; Whitehead (1974a): 307 (=  Bruchus podagricus ).  Pseudopachymerus pictifemur: Pic (1913a) : 11 (catalog). </p>
            <p> Caryedes pictifemur: Blackwelder (1946): 758 (catalog); Wilcox (1975): 10 (catalog). </p>
            <p> Type material.  Bruchus podagricus Fabricius, 1801 . Not examined. </p>
            <p> Note. In the original description of  Bruchus podagricus, Fabricius (1801) did not specify how many specimens he studied. He also failed to mention which museum the material was deposited. We requested the material to the Zoologisk Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark, but our request was not granted. According to Johnson &amp; Nilsson (1990), the male genitalia of  B. podagricus and  B. crotonae are identical. </p>
            <p> Bruchus crotonae Fåhraeus, 1839 . Syntype deposited in NHRS, male: “ Typus ” [red label with black margin, printed in black]; “mi Sem: Croton/ et Laqurninofa/ e Brazilia./ Falderman” [white label handwritten in black]; “90/ H” [red label, 90 numbers printed in black, H letter handwritten in blue]; “♂” [white label printed in black]; “ SYNTYPE /  Bruchus crotonae / Fåhraeus, 1839 / Det. Albuquerque &amp; Ribeiro-Costa” [white label with red margin, printed in black]; “  Ctenocolum podagricus / (Fabricius, 1801)/ F. P. Albuquerque det. 2013” [white label with black margin, printed in black]. </p>
            <p> Note. In the original description of  Bruchus crotonae Fåhraeus (1839) did not specify how many specimens he studied. He also failed to mention which museum the material was deposited. However, the literature indicates that the type material is deposited in the NHRS (Kingsolver &amp; Whitehead 1974a; Johnson &amp; Nilsson 1990). It was received from NHRS one specimen that confers with the original description of Fảhraeus (1839), being considered here as a syntype. </p>
            <p> Bruchus pictifemur Sharp, 1885 . Lectotype designated here, deposited in BMNH, female: “  Bruchus picti/ femur. Type / D.S./ Jalapa./ Mexico. Hoge” [white label handwritten in black]; “LECTO–/ TYPE ” [round label, purple with center white, printed in black]; “ Type ” [round label, red with center white, printed in black]; “Jalapa,/ Mexico./ Hoege.” [white label printed in black]; “B. C. A. Col. V./  Bruchus /  pictifemur ,/ Sharp.” [white label with black margin, printed in black]; “Sharp Coll./1905–313.” [white label printed in black]; “♀” [white label printed in black]; “ LECTOTYPE /  Bruchus pictifemur / Sharp, 1885 / Det. Albuquerque &amp; Ribeiro-Costa” [white label with red margin, printed in black]; “  Ctenocolum podagricus / (Fabricius, 1801)/ F. P. Albuquerque det. 2013” [white label with black margin, printed in black]. 2 paralectotypes, deposited in BMNH, female: “  Bruchus picti–/ femur. D.S./ Jalapa./ Mexico. Hoge.” [white label handwritten in black]; “PARA–/ LECTO–/ TYPE ” [round label, blue with center white, printed in black]; “Jalapa,/ Mexico./ Hoege.” [white label printed in black]; “B. C. A. Col. V./  Bruchus /  pictifemur ,/ Sharp.” [white label with black margin, printed in black]; “♀” [white label printed in black]; “ PARALECTOTYPE /  Bruchus pictifemur / Sharp, 1885 / Det. Albuquerque &amp; Ribeiro- Costa” [white label with yellow margin, printed in black]; “  Ctenocolum podagricus / (Fabricius, 1801)/ F. P. Albuquerque det. 2013” [white label with black margin, printed in black]. Female: “PARA–/ LECTO–/ TYPE ” [round label, blue with center white, printed in black]; “Jalapa,/ Mexico./ Hoege.” [white label printed in black]; “B. C. A. Col. V./  Bruchus /  pictifemur ,/ Sharp.” [white label with black margin, printed in black]; “  pictifemur ” [white label printed in black]; “♀” [white label printed in black]; “ PARALECTOTYPE /  Bruchus pictifemur / Sharp, 1885 / Det. Albuquerque &amp; Ribeiro- Costa” [white label with yellow margin, printed in black]; “  Ctenocolum podagricus / (Fabricius, 1801)/ F. P. Albuquerque det. 2013” [white label with black margin, printed in black]. </p>
            <p> Note. In the original description of  Bruchus pictifemur, Sharp (1885) did not specify where the material was deposited, he only mentioned that he studied three specimens. However, the literature indicates that the type material is deposited in the BMNH (Kingsolver &amp; Whitehead 1974a). We received three specimens from this museum, one with lectotype label and two with paralectotype labels, although a formal designation was not published. As these specimens agree with the original description, the specimen that has the lectotype label is here designated as lectotype to improve nomenclatural stability (Declaration 44, Amendment of Article 74.7.3, ICZN 1999). </p>
            <p> Additional material. PORTO RICO: 2, Mayaguez, 12.X.1936, #1770, R. H. Moore &amp; L. C. McAlister col.,  Piscidia erythrina (TAMU). MEXICO: Sinaloa: 1, Mazatlán, 14.VIII.1965, H. Burke &amp; J. Meyer col. (TAMU); Jalisco: 8, 34 mi. NW Barra de Navidad, 09.III.1973, emerged in 30.VII.1973, C. D. Johnson col., reared seeds 438-73,  Lonchocarpus nitidus (DZUP); 16, same information except emerged in 23.V.1973, (TAMU); 6, same information except emerged in 12. IV.1973, (TAMU); 2, same information except emerged in 13.VI.1973, (TAMU); 3, same information except emerged in 9.X.1973, (TAMU); 1, same information except emerged in 29.XII.1973, (TAMU); 3, same information except emerged in 27.VI.1973, (TAMU). JAMAICA: Saint James: 1, Montego Bay, 03.VIII.1967, L. &amp; C. W. O’Brien col. (TAMU). COSTA RICA: Guanacaste: 8, 30 Km de Liberia, 26.II.1976, D. H. Janzen col.,  Bauhinia glabra (DZUP); 1, Santa Rosa, 15.III.1972, D. H. Janzen col. (BMNH); Puntarenas: 1, Guacimal, 07.III.1976, D. R. Whitehead col.,  Bauhinia glabra (DZUP). PERU: Junin: 1, San Ramón de Pangoa, 40 Km SE Satipo, 750 m., 07.V.1972, R. T. &amp; J. C. Schuh col. (TAMU). </p>
            <p> Diagnosis.  Ctenocolum podagricus differs from  C. triangulatus Albuquerque &amp; Ribeiro-Costa sp. nov. by ocular index 4.7–7.0 and pygidium oval in male and triangular in females; differs from  C. martiale by elytral striae 3 and 4 with less conspicuous teeth at base. This species is different from all other species by having a squamous inverted V-shaped sclerite in the internal sac of male genitalia (Fig. 83). </p>
            <p>Redescription. BL: 2.0– 3.4 mm; BW: 1.4–2.1 mm.</p>
            <p>Integument. Dorsum variegated with dark brown to black and reddish brown or predominate black. Antenna brown to dark brown, first 3 antennomeres paler (Figs. 14, 58). Pygidium reddish brown or rufous. Ventral region from brown to black and reddish brown. Front and middle femur from pale brown to dark brown; hind femur dark brown and black.</p>
            <p>Pubescence. Pronotum brown, black and white; sparse setae exposing the by a transversal and/or longitudinal strip of denser setae and on each lateral region a small area (Fig. 14). Elytra strongly variegated, brown, black and white setae; interstria 3 with short dense strip of white setae at base and at submedian region (Fig. 14). Pygidium densely white and yellowish gray in male, white and brown in female; two basal, four lateral, one apical small areas and at median region a larger area with sparse setae (Figs. 39, 50).Ventral region brown, pale brown, yellowish gray and white (Fig. 58).</p>
            <p>Head. Ocular sinus 0.2 mm; ocular index 4.7–7.0; length of eyes in frontal view behind sinus 0.06–0.08 mm (Fig. 27). Antenna serrate from antennomere 4-10. Frons with frontal carina (Fig. 27).</p>
            <p>Prothorax. Pronotum with median gibbosity slightly elevated, divided or not by longitudinal sulcus and not divided by transversal sulcus (Fig. 58); lateral gibbosity slightly to moderately elevated; basal lobe with or without depression and slightly emarginated (Fig. 14).</p>
            <p>Mesothorax and metathorax. Elytra, striae with punctures moderately impressed; less conspicuous teeth at base of striae 3 and 4; tooth of stria 4 closer to base of tooth of stria 3 than to anterior margin of elytra; stria 6 conspicuously impressed. Hind femur (Fig. 71) on external ventral margin with toothed carina; without denticles above of external ventral margin; pecten with 7–9 teeth. Hind tibia (Fig. 71) strongly emarginated beside mucro; lateral coronal denticles present.</p>
            <p>Abdomen. Pygidium longer than wide, oval in male (Fig. 39), subtriangular in female (Fig. 50), at median basal region with moderately impressed punctures.</p>
            <p>Male genitalia. Median lobe, ventral valve as long as wide, lateral margin concave on subapical region (Fig. 83), basal margin slightly or strongly emarginated. Internal sac, lateral apex with short tuft of setae, hinge sclerite similar to stick, long, extending through subapical region; subapical region with homogeneously distributed spicules and medially dense; median region with an agglomerate of spicules; submedian region with squamous inverted V-shape sclerite (Fig. 83); basal region with or without spines. Tegmen (Fig. 95), lateral lobes separated by emargination about 0.75 times the length of lateral lobes; internal margin near end of emargination curved, forming a "U"; expanded at apex, about 2 times the smallest width on median region; without membranous projection at apex.</p>
            <p>Distribution. Neotropical region: Puerto Rico, Mexico (Sinaloa, Jalisco, Querétaro, Veracruz, Chiapas, Campeche, Quintana Roo), El Salvador (San Salvador, La Unión), St. Barthelemy, Costa Rica (Guanacaste, Puntarenas), Venezuela (Distrito Capital), Trinidad and Tobago (Tobago), Ecuador, Guyana, Brazil (Mato Grosso, Paraná).</p>
            <p>New records: Jamaica (Saint James) and Peru (Junin).</p>
            <p> Host plants (Table I–II).  Caesalpinioideae :  Peltophorum dasyrrhachis (Miq.) Kurz. Papilionoideae :  Lonchocarpus sp.,  L. costaricensis (Donn.Sm.) Pittier. ,  L. heptaphyllus (Poir.) DC. (=  L. pentaphyllus (Poir.) DC.),  L. hondurensis Benth. ,  L. margaritensis Pittier ,  L. minimiflorus Donn. Sm. ,  L. nitidus (Vogel) Benth. ,  L. parviflorus Benth. ,  L. rugosus Benth. ,  Piscidia carthagenensis Jacq. ,  Piscidia piscipula (L.) Sarg. (=  P. erythrina L.). </p>
            <p> New records:  Caesalpinioideae :  Bauhinia glabra Jacq.</p>
            <p> Note. According to Kingsolver &amp; Whitehead (1974a), the record in  Peltophorum dasyrrhachis is dubious. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF87F5FFF5FFE138ADF90EFADA7210	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Albuquerque, Felícia Pereira De;Manfio, Daiara;Ribeiro-Costa, Cibele Stramare	Albuquerque, Felícia Pereira De, Manfio, Daiara, Ribeiro-Costa, Cibele Stramare (2014): A contribution to the knowledge of New World Bruchinae (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae): taxonomic revision of Ctenocolum Kingsolver & Whitehead, with description of five new species. Zootaxa 3838 (1): 1-45, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3838.1.1
03FF87F5FFF6FFDE38ADFD8EFCAA7148.text	03FF87F5FFF6FFDE38ADFD8EFCAA7148.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ctenocolum punctinotatus Albuquerque & Ribeiro-Costa	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Ctenocolum punctinotatus Albuquerque &amp; Ribeiro-Costa sp. nov.</p>
            <p>(Figs. 15, 28, 40, 59, 72, 84, 96)</p>
            <p> Type material. Holotype deposited in FSCA, male: “ ECUADOR / Guayaquil-Los Ceibos/ 11-18-1981 / Gary V. Manley” [white label printed in black]; “  Caryedes / or/  Ctenocolum / det. n. sp./ J. M. Kingsolver” [white label with black margin, det. J. M. Kingsolver letters printed in black, remainder handwritten in black]; “♂” [white label printed in black]; “ HOLOTYPE /  Ctenocolum punctinotatus / Det. Albuquerque &amp; Ribeiro-Costa” [white label with red margin, printed in black]. </p>
            <p> Diagnosis.  Ctenocolum punctinotatus Albuquerque &amp; Ribeiro-Costa sp. nov. is different from  C. pygospilotos Albuquerque &amp; Ribeiro-Costa sp. nov. by having punctures on pygidium moderately impressed (deeply impressed in  C. pygospilotus ) and tegmen with U emargination (V emargination in  C. pygospilotus ). And from the other species by having, in the internal sac of male genitalia, a C-shaped sclerite involved by spicules and a squamous hood-shaped sclerite (Fig. 84). </p>
            <p>Description. BL: 2.5 mm; BW: 1.6 mm.</p>
            <p>Integument. Dorsum reddish brown and from dark brown to black. Antenna pale brown (Figs. 15, 59). Pygidium rufous. Ventral region reddish brown and black. Front and middle femur and tibia pale brown; hind femur from brown, reddish brown to dark.</p>
            <p>Pubescence. Pronotum yellowish gray, brown and white; sparse setae exposing the integument forming an oval, wide area from anterior to posterior region divided by transversal and longitudinal strip of denser setae (Fig. 15). Elytra slightly variegated, yellowish gray and white setae; interstria 3 without white setae (Fig. 15). Pygidium white and yellowish gray; probably only with two submedian lateral areas of sparse seta (Fig. 40). Ventral region yellowish gray and white (Fig. 59).</p>
            <p>Head. Ocular sinus 0.2 mm; ocular index 8.0; length of eyes in frontal view behind sinus 0.09 mm (Fig. 28). Antenna serrate from antennomere 4-10. Frons with frontal carina (Fig. 28).</p>
            <p>Prothorax. Pronotum with median gibbosity slightly elevated, not divided by longitudinal and transversal sulcus; lateral gibbosity slightly elevated; basal lobe without depression and slightly emarginated (Fig. 15).</p>
            <p>Mesothorax and metathorax. Elytra, striae with punctures deeply impressed; less conspicuous teeth at base of striae 3 and 4; tooth of stria 4 closer to base of tooth of stria 3 than to anterior margin of elytra; stria 6 conspicuously impressed. Hind femur (Fig. 72) on external ventral margin with toothed carina; without denticles above of external ventral margin; pecten with 7 teeth. Hind tibia (Fig. 72) strongly emarginated beside mucro; lateral coronal denticles present.</p>
            <p>Abdomen. Pygidium longer than wide, oval, at median basal region with moderately impressed punctures (Fig. 40).</p>
            <p>Male genitalia. Median lobe, ventral valve as long as wide, lateral margin concave on subapical region (Fig. 84), basal margin slightly emarginated. Internal sac, lateral apex with short tuft of setae, hinge sclerite inverted Lshape, short, extending over 1/3 of subapical region; subapical region with homogeneously distributed spicules, dense in vertical rows forming an elongated strip medially; median region with C- shape sclerite involved by spicules (Fig. 84); submedian region with squamous hood- shape sclerite (Fig. 84); basal region without denticles, spines and spicules. Tegmen (Fig. 96), lateral lobes separated by emargination about 0.75 times the length of lateral lobes; expanded at apex, about 5.5 times the smallest width on median region; internal margin near end of emargination curved, forming a "U"; without membranous projection at apex.</p>
            <p>Note. The female and host plants unknown.</p>
            <p> Etymology. The specific name “  punctinotatus ” refers to the punctures deeply impressed on striae of elytra. </p>
            <p>Distribution. Neotropical region: Ecuador (Guayas).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF87F5FFF6FFDE38ADFD8EFCAA7148	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Albuquerque, Felícia Pereira De;Manfio, Daiara;Ribeiro-Costa, Cibele Stramare	Albuquerque, Felícia Pereira De, Manfio, Daiara, Ribeiro-Costa, Cibele Stramare (2014): A contribution to the knowledge of New World Bruchinae (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae): taxonomic revision of Ctenocolum Kingsolver & Whitehead, with description of five new species. Zootaxa 3838 (1): 1-45, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3838.1.1
03FF87F5FFC9FFDE38ADFE76FF487743.text	03FF87F5FFC9FFDE38ADFE76FF487743.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ctenocolum pygospilotos Albuquerque & Ribeiro-Costa	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Ctenocolum pygospilotos Albuquerque &amp; Ribeiro-Costa sp. nov.</p>
            <p>(Figs. 16, 29, 41, 60, 73, 85, 97)</p>
            <p> Type material. Holotype deposited in USNM, male: “Donald De Leon/ *83240June’40/ St. Thomas, A.V.I.” [white label handwritten in black]; “From Ichthyo-/ methia pisci–/ pula seeds” [white label handwritten in black]; “HOMOTYPE/  Bruchus /  podagricus F./ 1967/ Comp. by JV. G. Larsson” [white label with black margin, HOMOTYPE letters printed in red, remainder handwritten in black]; “♂” [white label printed in black]; “ HOLOTYPE /  Ctenocolum pygospilotos / Det. Albuquerque &amp; Ribeiro-Costa” [white label with red margin, printed in black]. </p>
            <p> Diagnosis. See comments in  C. punctinotatus . </p>
            <p>Description. BL: 2.8 mm; BW: 2.0 mm. Integument. Dorsum reddish brown and black. Antenna dark brown and dark brown, first 3 paler (Figs. 16, 60). Pygidium reddish brown and black. Ventral region reddish brown and black. Front and middle femur and tibia brown; hind femur brown and dark brown.</p>
            <p>Pubescence. Pronotum yellowish gray, brown and white; sparse setae exposing the integument forming an oval, wide area from anterior to posterior region divided by transversal strip of dense setae (Fig. 16). Elytra slightly variegated, yellowish gray and white; interstria 3 without white setae at base and at submedian region with short sparse strip of white setae (Fig. 16). Pygidium white and yellowish gray, dense except two small lateral and one larger at median and apical areas with sparse setae (Fig. 41). Ventral region yellowish gray and white (Fig. 60).</p>
            <p>Head. Ocular sinus 0.3 mm; ocular index 6; length of eyes in frontal view behind sinus 0.12 mm (Fig. 29). Antenna serrate from antennomere 4-10 (Fig. 60). Frons with frontal carina (Fig. 29).</p>
            <p>Prothorax. Pronotum with median gibbosity slightly elevated, not divided by longitudinal and transversal sulcus (Fig. 60); lateral gibbosity slightly elevated; basal lobe with depression and slightly emarginated (Fig. 16).</p>
            <p>Mesothorax and metathorax. Elytra, striae with punctures deeply impressed (Fig. 16); less conspicuous teeth at base of striae 3 and 4; tooth of stria 4 closer to base of tooth of stria 3 than to anterior margin of elytra; stria 6 conspicuously impressed. Hind femur (Fig. 73) on external ventral margin with toothed carina; without denticles above of external ventral margin; pecten with 8 teeth. Hind tibia (Fig. 73) strongly emarginated beside mucro; lateral coronal denticles present.</p>
            <p>Abdomen. Pygidium longer than wide, oval, at median basal region with deeply impressed punctures (Fig. 41).</p>
            <p>Male genitalia. Median lobe, ventral valve as long as wide, lateral margin concave on subapical region (Fig. 85), basal margin strongly emarginated. Internal sac, lateral apex with short tuft of setae, hinge sclerite with base curved, short, extending over 1/3 of subapical region; subapical region with homogeneously distributed spicules, medially dense in elongated strip; median region with dense spicules forming two irregular elongated groups; submedian region with squamous open ring-shape sclerite (Fig. 85); basal region in lateral with sparse denticles. Tegmen (Fig. 97), lateral lobes separated by emargination about 0.75 times the length of lateral lobes; internal margin near end of emargination curved, forming a “U”; expanded at apex, about 4 times the smallest width on median region; without membranous projection at apex.</p>
            <p>Note. The female is unknown.</p>
            <p> Etymology. The specific name “  pygospilotos ” refers to punctures deeply impressed at pygidium. </p>
            <p>Distribution. Neotropical region: United States Virgin Islands.</p>
            <p> Host plant (Tables I–II).  Papilionoideae :  Piscidia piscipula (L.) Sarg. (=  Ichthyomethia piscipula (L.) Hitchc.). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF87F5FFC9FFDE38ADFE76FF487743	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Albuquerque, Felícia Pereira De;Manfio, Daiara;Ribeiro-Costa, Cibele Stramare	Albuquerque, Felícia Pereira De, Manfio, Daiara, Ribeiro-Costa, Cibele Stramare (2014): A contribution to the knowledge of New World Bruchinae (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae): taxonomic revision of Ctenocolum Kingsolver & Whitehead, with description of five new species. Zootaxa 3838 (1): 1-45, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3838.1.1
03FF87F5FFC8FFDF38ADFF75FD0E76D7.text	03FF87F5FFC8FFDF38ADFF75FD0E76D7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ctenocolum triangulatus Albuquerque & Ribeiro-Costa	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Ctenocolum triangulatus Albuquerque &amp; Ribeiro-Costa sp. nov.</p>
            <p>(Figs. 17, 30, 42, 61, 74, 86, 98)</p>
            <p> Type material. Holotype deposited in ZMHB, male: “53758” [white label printed in black]; “misotur/ m.” [white label handwritten in black]; “Hist. -Coll. (  Coleoptera )/ Nr. 53758/  Bruchus / aequinoctialis Erichs./ Columb., Moritz./ Zool. Mus. Berlin” [green label with black margin, printed in black]; “  Ctenocolum / SP/ det./ J. M.Kingsolver” [white label handwritten, printed in black]; “♂” [white label printed in black];]; “ HOLOTYPE /  Ctenocolum triangulatus / Det. Albuquerque &amp; Ribeiro-Costa” [white label with red margin, printed in black]. </p>
            <p> Diagnosis.  Ctenocolum triangulatus Albuquerque &amp; Ribeiro-Costa sp. nov. is different from  C. milelo Albuquerque &amp; Ribeiro-Costa sp. nov. and  C. podagricus by having ocular index 4.5 and pygidium oval in both sex; differs from  C. martiale by elytral striae 3 and 4 with less conspicuous teeth at base. This species differs from all others by the male genitalia at submedian region with squamous subtriangular-shape sclerite (Fig. 86). </p>
            <p>Description. BL: 2.4 mm; BW: 1.5 mm.</p>
            <p>Integument. Dorsum reddish brown and dark brown. Antenna dark brown, first 3 antennomeres paler (Fig. 61). Pygidium reddish brown and dark brown.Ventral region reddish brown and black. Front and middle femur and tibia brown; hind femur brown, reddish brown to dark brown.</p>
            <p>Pubescence. Pronotum reddish brown and white; sparse setae exposing the integument forming an oval, wide area from anterior to posterior region and on each lateral region one small area (Fig. 17). Elytra slightly variegated, reddish brown and black setae; interstria 3 without white setae at base and at submedian region with short sparse strip of white setae (Fig. 17). Pygidium dense, white and yellowish gray in a spotted pattern (Fig. 42). Ventral region with setae yellowish gray, brown and white (Fig. 61).</p>
            <p>Head. Ocular sinus 0.2 mm; ocular index 4.5; length of eyes in frontal view behind sinus 0.09 mm (Fig. 30). Antenna serrate from antennomere 4-10 (Fig. 61). Frons with frontal carina (Fig. 30).</p>
            <p>Prothorax. Pronotum with median gibbosity slightly elevated, not divided by longitudinal and transversal sulcus (Fig. 61); lateral gibbosity slightly elevated; basal lobe with depression and slightly emarginated (Fig. 17).</p>
            <p>Mesothorax and metathorax. Elytra, striae with punctures moderately impressed; less conspicuous teeth at base of striae 3 and 4; tooth of stria 4 closer to base of tooth of stria 3 than to anterior margin of elytra; stria 6 conspicuously impressed. Hind femur (Fig. 74) on external ventral margin with toothed carina; without denticles above of external ventral margin; pecten with 8 teeth. Hind tibia (Fig. 74) strongly emarginated beside mucro; lateral coronal denticles present.</p>
            <p>Abdomen. Pygidium longer than wide, oval, at median basal region with moderately impressed punctures (Fig. 42).</p>
            <p>Male genitalia. Median lobe, ventral valve as long as wide, lateral margin concave on subapical region (Fig. 86), basal margin not emarginated. Internal sac, lateral apex with short tuft of setae, hinge sclerite with curved apex, long, extending through subapical region; subapical region with homogeneously distributed spicules, dense medially and in lateral forming elongated strips; median region with homogeneously distributed spicules; submedian region with squamous subtriangular- shape sclerite (Fig. 86); basal region with spicules. Tegmen (Fig. 98), lateral lobes separated by emargination about 0.85 times the length of lateral lobes; internal margin near end of emargination straight, forming a “V”; expanded at apex, about 2.5 times the smallest width on median region; without membranous projection at apex.</p>
            <p>Note. The female is unknown.</p>
            <p> Etymology. The specific name “  triangulatus ” refers to the squamous subtriangular-shaped sclerite of male genitalia. </p>
            <p>Distribution. Neotropical region: Colombia.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF87F5FFC8FFDF38ADFF75FD0E76D7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Albuquerque, Felícia Pereira De;Manfio, Daiara;Ribeiro-Costa, Cibele Stramare	Albuquerque, Felícia Pereira De, Manfio, Daiara, Ribeiro-Costa, Cibele Stramare (2014): A contribution to the knowledge of New World Bruchinae (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae): taxonomic revision of Ctenocolum Kingsolver & Whitehead, with description of five new species. Zootaxa 3838 (1): 1-45, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3838.1.1
03FF87F5FFC8FFDC38ADF8D1FE9173C1.text	03FF87F5FFC8FFDC38ADF8D1FE9173C1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ctenocolum tuberculatum	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Group  tuberculatum</p>
            <p> Group  tuberculatum: Kingsolver &amp; Whitehead (1974a) : 287, 288 (distribution, host plant, taxonomy). </p>
            <p> Included species:  C. acapulcensis ,  C. janzeni ,  C. salvini and  C. tuberculatum . </p>
            <p>Diagnosis. Pronotum with median gibbosity divided by transversal sulcus; lateral carina reaching cervical sulcus. Hind femur with second tooth of pecten regular in profile until apex (Figs. 75–78). Hind tibia with ventral carina projected on apical third; with row of denticles in the outer surface; apex without lateral coronal tooth and slightly or moderately emarginated beside mucro (Figs. 75–78); 1-tarsomere without lateral carina. Median lobe (Figs. 5, 87–90), ventral valve acute apically; subapical region with lateral margin usually straight; internal sac with smooth sclerite. Tegmen (Figs. 7, 99–102), lateral lobe rounded at apex; internal margin with thin setae, longitudinal or slightly inclined, never toward the middle.</p>
            <p>Distribution. Nearctic region: Mexico (Sonora, Tamaulipas). Neotropical region: Mexico (Sinaloa, Nayarit, San Luis Potosi, Jalisco, Veracruz, Guerrero, Morelos, Oaxaca, Yucatán), Guatemala (Sacatepéquez, Escuintla), Honduras (Olancho), Costa Rica (Puntarenas), Panama, Venezuela (Aragua).</p>
            <p>New record: Costa Rica (Guanacaste).</p>
            <p> Host plants (Tables I–II).  Papilionoideae :  Dalbergia retusa Hemsl. ,  Lonchocarpus sp.,  L. eriocarinalis Micheli. ,  L. longistylus Pittier ,  L. minimiflorus Donn. Sm. ,  L. nitidus (Vogel) Benth. ,  L. parviflorus Benth. ,  L. rugosus Benth. ,  Piscidia sp.,  P. grandifolia (Donn. Sm.) I. M. Johnst. ,  P. mollis Rose ,  P. carthagenensis Jacq.</p>
            <p> New record:  Papilionoideae :  L. emarginatus Pittier.</p>
            <p> Comparative notes. Kingsolver &amp; Whitehead (1974a) remarked that a large, symmetric and complex sclerite on the male genitalia is putative evidence that the group  tuberculatum is probably natural. However, the relationship among its species is not clear. Is possible that synapomorphies occur between the species  C. acapulcensis and  C. salvini (sclerite of male genitalia simplified) and between  C. acapulsensis and  C. janzeni (eye with sexual dimorphism) (Kingsolver &amp; Whitehead 1974a). </p>
            <p> In this review, we have noticed that  C. janzeni and  C. salvini are probably closer to each other because they share denticles above the external ventral margin on hind femur (Figs. 76, 77), a character that is unique to these two species. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF87F5FFC8FFDC38ADF8D1FE9173C1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Albuquerque, Felícia Pereira De;Manfio, Daiara;Ribeiro-Costa, Cibele Stramare	Albuquerque, Felícia Pereira De, Manfio, Daiara, Ribeiro-Costa, Cibele Stramare (2014): A contribution to the knowledge of New World Bruchinae (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae): taxonomic revision of Ctenocolum Kingsolver & Whitehead, with description of five new species. Zootaxa 3838 (1): 1-45, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3838.1.1
03FF87F5FFCBFFDD38ADFBFEFC1375C9.text	03FF87F5FFCBFFDD38ADFBFEFC1375C9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ctenocolum acapulcensis Kingsolver & Whitehead 1974	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Ctenocolum acapulcensis Kingsolver &amp; Whitehead, 1974</p>
            <p>(Figs. 18, 31, 43, 62, 75, 87, 99)</p>
            <p> Ctenocolum acapulcensis Kingsolver &amp; Whitehead (1974a) : 286, 288, 289, 311 (original description, key, characters, distribution, figures, host plant, Type-locality: “ Mexico, Guerrero, Acapulco”); Janzen (1977): 417 (host plant); Janzen (1978): 183 (host plant); Janzen (1980): 947 (host plant); Johnson &amp; Kingsolver (1981): 418 (catalog); Udayagiri &amp; Wadhi (1989): 78 (catalog); Johnson (1998): 148 (distribution, host plant); Romero &amp; Johnson (2004): 623 (catalog); Lorea- Barocio et al. 2006: 518 (distribution, host plant). </p>
            <p> Caryedes acapulcensis: Lorea-Barocio et al. (2006): 518 (distribution, host plant). </p>
            <p> Type material.  Ctenocolum acapulcensis Kingsolver &amp; Whitehead, 1974a . Holotype deposited in USNM, male: “Bot. N 226.” [white label handwritten in black]; “Acapulco./ Mex.” [white label handwritten in black]; “Collection/ Chittenden” [white label printed in black]; “ MEX. Guerrero./ Acapulco vic./ X.1894 – III.1895 / E. Palmer # 226” [white label handwritten in black]; “  Lonchocarpus /  eriocarinalis / Micheli/ USNM herb.” [white label handwritten in black]; “acapulcaensis” [white label handwritten]; “habitus/ drawing” [white label handwritten in black]; “ HOLO /72797” [red label, HOLO letters printed in black, 72797 numbers handwritten in black]; “ HOLOTYPE ♂/  Ctenocolum /  acapulcensis / Kings. + Whd.” [white label with red margin, HOLOTYPE letters printed in red, remainder handwritten in black]. </p>
            <p>Note. Kingsolver &amp; Whitehead (1974a) indicated that the holotype and one paratype are deposited in the USNM. The holotype received from USNM was examined and coincide with the description (Kingsolver &amp; Whitehead, 1974a).</p>
            <p> Additional material. MEXICO: Jalisco: 2, La Huerta, Rancho Cuixmala, 1992, #1033, L. Rico col., reared seeds  Lonchocarpus eriocarinalis (TAMU). COSTA RICA: Guanacaste: 1, Santa Rosa National Park, Bosque San Emilio, Setor Santa Rosa, 15.IV.1985, D. H. Janzen col.,  Lonchocarpus costaricensis (DZUP). </p>
            <p> Diagnosis.  Ctenocolum acapulcensis differs from all other species by having hind femur without toothed carina at the external ventral margin (Fig. 75). It is the only species of the group that has conspicuous teeth at the base of striae 3 and 4. </p>
            <p>Redescription. BL: 4.4–4.8 mm; BW: 3.1–3.4 mm.</p>
            <p>Integument. Dorsum black, sometimes mostly black and reddish brown. Antenna brown and dark brown; first antennomeres 8–10 almost entirely dark brown, last antennomere brown (Fig. 18). Pygidium rufous or brown or rufous and dark brown. Ventral region rufous, black and brown. Front and middle femur and tibia brown or brown and dark brown to black; hind femur reddish brown and black.</p>
            <p>Pubescence. Pronotum brown, yellowish gray and black; sparse setae exposing the integument forming an oval, wide area from anterior to posterior region divided or not by transversal and longitudinal strip of denser setae and on each lateral region one small rounded area (Fig. 18). Elytra strongly variegated, brown, yellowish gray, black and white setae; interstria 1 bellow scutellum with yellowish gray and white short dense strip; interstria 3 only with white setae at submedian region (Fig. 18). Pygidium dense, white and yellowish gray; sparse setae on two basal and four lateral small areas; at median region a larger area with sparse setae (Fig. 43). Ventral region brown, yellowish gray and white (Fig. 62).</p>
            <p>Head. Ocular sinus 0.3 mm; ocular index 8.0–11.6; length of eyes in frontal view behind sinus 0.34 mm (Fig. 31). Antenna strongly serrate from antennomere 3 or 4-10 in male. Frons with frontal carina (Fig. 31).</p>
            <p>Prothorax. Pronotum with median gibbosity strongly elevated, divided or not by longitudinal sulcus and divided by transversal sulcus (Fig. 62); lateral gibbosity strongly elevated; basal lobe with or without depression and slightly or strongly emarginated (Fig. 18).</p>
            <p>Mesothorax and metathorax. Elytra, striae with punctures moderately impressed; conspicuous teeth at base of striae 3 and 4; tooth of stria 4 closer to base of tooth of stria 3 than to anterior margin of elytra; stria 6 not impressed, formed only by isolated puntuation. Hind femur (Fig. 75) on external ventral margin without toothed carina; without denticles above of external ventral margin; pecten with 10–12 teeth. Hind tibia (Fig. 75) slightly emarginated beside mucro; lateral coronal denticles absent.</p>
            <p>Abdomen. Pygidium subequal, oval, at median basal region with moderately impressed punctures (Fig. 43).</p>
            <p>Male genitalia. Median lobe with ventral valve as long as wide, lateral margin straight on subapical region (Fig. 87), basal margin not emarginated. Internal sac, lateral apex with short tuft of setae, hinge sclerite Sshaped, long, extending over 1/2 of subapical region; subapical region with homogeneously distributed spicules, forming an elongated strip; median region with homogeneously distributed spicules, dense denticles and smooth sclerite, subsquare with stems oriented forward, longer than central region (Fig. 87); submedian region without sclerite and denticles; basal region with spicules, without denticles and spines. Tegmen (Fig. 99), lateral lobes separated by emargination about 0.5 times the length of lateral lobes; internal margin near end of emargination curved, forming a "U"; not expanded at apex, about the same width of the median region; without membranous projection at apex.</p>
            <p>Note. The males of this species are the only in the genus with strongly serrate antenna. Unfourtunately, we had not females in our samples to compare antennal forms.</p>
            <p>Distribution. Neotropical region: Mexico (Jalisco, Guerrero), Costa Rica (Guanacaste).</p>
            <p> Host plant (Tables I–II).  Papilionoideae :  Lonchocarpus eriocarinalis Micheli.</p>
            <p> New record:  Papilionoideae :  L. costaricensis (Donn. Sm.) Pittier.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF87F5FFCBFFDD38ADFBFEFC1375C9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Albuquerque, Felícia Pereira De;Manfio, Daiara;Ribeiro-Costa, Cibele Stramare	Albuquerque, Felícia Pereira De, Manfio, Daiara, Ribeiro-Costa, Cibele Stramare (2014): A contribution to the knowledge of New World Bruchinae (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae): taxonomic revision of Ctenocolum Kingsolver & Whitehead, with description of five new species. Zootaxa 3838 (1): 1-45, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3838.1.1
03FF87F5FFCAFFDB38ADF9F6FC2371D9.text	03FF87F5FFCAFFDB38ADF9F6FC2371D9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ctenocolum janzeni Kingsolver & Whitehead 1974	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Ctenocolum janzeni Kingsolver &amp; Whitehead, 1974</p>
            <p>(Figs. 4, 19, 32, 44, 51, 63, 76, 88, 100)</p>
            <p> Ctenocolum janzeni Kingsolver &amp; Whitehead (1974a) : 287, 289, 311 (original description, key, characters, distribution, figures, host plant, type-locality: “ Costa Rica, Puntarenas”); Janzen (1977): 417 (host plant); Johnson (1977): 313 –318 (biology, distribution, ecology, host plant); Janzen (1978): 183 (host plant); Janzen (1980): 947 (host plant); Johnson &amp; Kingsolver (1981): 418 (catalog); Hetz &amp; Johnson (1988): 134 (parasitoids); Udayagiri &amp; Wadhi (1989): 79 (catalog); La Rosa &amp; Romero-Nápoles (2002): 189 (distribution, ecology, host plant); Turnbow et al. 2003: 274 (catalog); Johnson &amp; Romero (2004): 404 (oviposition); Romero &amp; Johnson (2004): 623 (catalog); Silva &amp; Ribeiro-Costa (2008): 803, 808, 818, 819, 821 (distribution, taxonomy) Romero-Nápoles &amp; Westcott (2011): 11 (distribution, host plant). </p>
            <p> Caryedes janzeni: Lorea-Barocio et al. (2006): 518 (catalog); Peck et al. (2014): 101 (distribution). </p>
            <p> Type material.  Ctenocolum janzeni Kingsolver &amp; Whitehead, 1974a . Holotype deposited in USNM, male: “C.R. Puntarenas/ Prov., 4 mi. n./ Jet. To Puntarenas/ 6.III.1972 DH.Janzen” [white label handwritten in black]; “reared ex.  Piscidia / fruits, em.by/ 20.VI.1972 / CODE: VI–20–1972 –X” [white label handwritten in black]; “ HOLO / 72798” [red label, “ HOLO letters printed, 72798 numbers handwritten in black]; “♂” [white label printed in black]; “ HOLOTYPE /  Ctenocolum /  janzeni / Kings. + Whd.” [white label with red margin, HOLOTYPE letters printed in red, remainder handwritten in black]. 1 paratype deposited in USNM, male: “ MEX. Sonora./ Torres./ 10.II.1903 / F.V.Coville # 1659”[white label handwritten in black]; “ex  Piscidia /  mollis Rose / USNH.” [white label handwritten in black]; “ PARATYPE /  Ctenocolum /  janzeni / Kings. + Whd.” [white label with blue margin, PARATYPE letters printed in blue, remainder handwritten in black]; “♂” [white label printed in black]. </p>
            <p>Note. Kingsolver &amp; Whitehead (1974) indicated that the holotype is deposited in the USNM and the eight paratypes are deposited in the CNC and USNM. The holotype and the paratype received from USNM were examined and coincide with the description.</p>
            <p> Additional material. MEXICO: Sonora: 2, Lake Mocuzari, 22.XII.1976, emerged in 30.III. 1977, C. D. Johnson col., reared seeds 142-76,  Piscidia mollis (TAMU); 2, same information (DZUP); 1, same information except, 29.XII.1977, emerged in 9.V. 1978, reared seeds 193-77 (DZUP); 1, 21 mi. NW Álamos, 22.XII.1976, reared seeds 160-76, emerged in 2.V.1977, same collector and host plant (TAMU); Oaxaca: 3, 12 mi. W Tehuantepec, 02.IV.1979, emerged in 15.XI.1979,C. D. Johnson col., reared seeds 1086-79,  Lonchocarpus emarginatus (TAMU); 2, same information (DZUP); 1 same information, except emerged 3.V.1979 (DZUP). COSTA RICA: Guanacaste: 2, Palo Verde, 26.III.1974, D. H. Janzen col.,  Piscidia carthagenensis (USNM). </p>
            <p> Diagnosis.  Ctenocolum janzeni and  C. salvini differs from the others by having on hind femur denticles above the external ventral margin (Figs. 76, 77).  Ctenocolum janzeni differs from the others species by having, the internal sac of the male genitalia, an hourglass-shaped sclerite with apex elongate, extending until subapical region (Fig. 88). </p>
            <p>Redescription. BL: 3.1–3.9 mm; BW: 2.1–2.6 mm.</p>
            <p>Integument. Dorsum variegated of black and rufous, brown to dark brown. Antenna from pale brown to black; antennomeres 8–10 black (Fig. 19). Pygidium brown and black or reddish brown and black. Ventral region reddish brown and black. Front and middle femur and tibia variegated of pale brown to black or only pale brown; hind femur reddish brown and black.</p>
            <p>Pubescence. Pronotum brown, yellowish gray, black and white; sparse setae exposing the integument forming an oval, wide area from anterior to posterior region divided by transversal and longitudinal strip of denser setae and on each lateral region two small areas, in some specimens sparse areas absent (Fig. 19). Elytra strongly variegated, brown, yellowish gray, black and white; interstria 3 only with dense strip of white setae at submedian region (Fig. 19). Pygidium dense, white or yellowish gray; sparse setae, more in female (Fig. 51) than in male (Fig. 44), on two basal “C” pattern areas, on four lateral small areas and on a larger median area (Figs. 44, 51). Ventral region brown, yellowish gray and white (Fig. 63).</p>
            <p>Head. Ocular sinus 0.2–0.3 mm; ocular index 4.5–7.1; length of eyes in frontal view behind sinus 0.1–0.2 (Fig. 32). Antenna serrate from antennomere 3-10 in male and from 4-10 in female. Frons with a longitudinal area not elevated as a carina of the other species (Fig. 32).</p>
            <p>Prothorax. Pronotum with median gibbosity strongly elevated, divided by longitudinal and transversal sulcus (Fig. 63); lateral gibbosity strongly elevated; basal lobe generally without depression and slightly or strongly emarginated (Fig. 19).</p>
            <p>Mesothorax and metathorax. Elytra, striae with punctures moderately impressed; less conspicuous teeth at base of striae 3 and 4; tooth of stria 4 closer to base of tooth of stria 3 than to anterior margin of elytra; stria 6 conspicuously impressed. Hind femur (Fig. 76) on external ventral margin with toothed carina; with denticles above of external ventral margin; pecten with 13–18 teeth. Hind tibia (Fig. 76) moderately emarginated beside mucro; lateral coronal denticles present.</p>
            <p>Abdomen. Pygidium longer than wide, oval, at median basal region with moderately impressed punctures (Figs. 44, 51).</p>
            <p>Male genitalia. Median lobe with ventral valve wider than long, lateral margin straight on subapical region (Fig. 88), basal margin not emarginated. Internal sac, lateral apex with short tuft of setae, hinge sclerite Jshaped, long, extending through subapical region; subapical region with few spicules; median region with few sparse spicules, sparse setae in lateral, with dense denticles and smooth sclerite, hourglass-shaped sclerite with elongate apex extending until subapical region and stems oriented forward, shorter than central region (Fig. 88); submedian region with dense denticles; basal region without denticles or spines. Tegmen (Fig. 100), lateral lobes separated by emargination about 0.6 times the length of lateral lobes; internal margin near end of emargination straight, forming a “V”; not expanded at apex, about the same width of the median region; without membranous projection at apex.</p>
            <p>Distribution. Nearctic region: Mexico (Sonora, Tamaulipas). Neotropical region: Mexico (Sinaloa, San Luis Potosi, Jalisco, Veracruz, Morelos, Oaxaca), Guadeloupe, Honduras (Olancho), Costa Rica (Puntarenas).</p>
            <p>New record: Costa Rica (Guanacaste*).</p>
            <p> Host plants (Tables I–II).  Papilionoideae :  Lonchocarpus rugosus Benth. ,  Piscidia sp.,  Piscidia carthagenensis Jacq. ,  Piscidia grandifolia (Donn. Sm.) I. M. Johnst. ,  Piscidia mollis Rose.</p>
            <p> New record:  Papilionoideae :  Lonchocarpus emarginatus Pittier.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF87F5FFCAFFDB38ADF9F6FC2371D9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Albuquerque, Felícia Pereira De;Manfio, Daiara;Ribeiro-Costa, Cibele Stramare	Albuquerque, Felícia Pereira De, Manfio, Daiara, Ribeiro-Costa, Cibele Stramare (2014): A contribution to the knowledge of New World Bruchinae (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae): taxonomic revision of Ctenocolum Kingsolver & Whitehead, with description of five new species. Zootaxa 3838 (1): 1-45, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3838.1.1
03FF87F5FFCCFFD838ADFDC6FC00743D.text	03FF87F5FFCCFFD838ADFDC6FC00743D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ctenocolum salvini (Sharp 1885) Sharp 1885	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Ctenocolum salvini (Sharp, 1885)</p>
            <p> (Figs. 5, 7, 20, 33, 45, 64, 77, 89, 101)  Bruchus salvini Sharp (1885): 446 (original description, type-locality: “ Guatemala, Capetillo”). </p>
            <p> Pseudopachymerus salvini: Pic (1913a) : 12 (catalog). </p>
            <p> Caryedes salvini: Blackwelder (1946): 758 (catalog); Wilcox (1975): 10 (catalog). </p>
            <p> Ctenocolum salvini: Kingsolver &amp; Whitehead (1974a) : 287, 290, 311 (redescription, key, characters, distribution, figures, typelocality, host plant); Janzen (1980): 947 (host plant); Johnson &amp; Kingsolver (1981): 419 (catalog); Udayagiri &amp; Wadhi (1989): 79 (catalog). </p>
            <p> Type material.  Bruchus salvini Sharp, 1885 . Lectotype, male, here designated, deposited in BMNH: “  Bruchus S.alvini/ Type D. S/ Capetillo. Guatemala / Champion.” [white label with specimen glued, handwritten in black]; “ LECTO –/ TYPE ” [round, purple label with white center, printed in black]; “ Type ” [round red label with center white, printed in black]; “Sp. figured.” [white label printed in black]; “Capetillo,/ Guatemala./ G. C. Champion.” [white label printed in black]; “B. C. A. Col. V./  Bruchus /  salvini ,/ Sharp.” [white label printed in black]; “ LECTOTYPE /  Bruchus salvini / Sharp, 1885 / Det. Albuquerque &amp; Ribeiro-Costa” [white label with red margin, printed in black]; “  Ctenocolum salvini / (Sharp, 1885)/ F. P. Albuquerque det. 2013” [white label with black margin and printed in black]. 1 paralectotype, deposited in BMNH, male: “ PARA –/ LECTO –/ TYPE ” [round, blue label with center white, printed in black]; “  salvini ” [white label handwritten in black]; “Capetillo,/ Guatemala,/ G. C. Champion.” [white label printed in black]; “Godman-Salvin/ Coll. 1908–146” [white label printed in black]; “♂” [white label printed in black]; “ PARALECTOTYPE /  Bruchus salvini / Sharp, 1885 / Det. Albuquerque &amp; Ribeiro- Costa” [white label with yellow margin, printed in black]; “  Ctenocolum salvini / (Sharp, 1885)/ F. P. Albuquerque det. 2013” [white label with black margin, printed in black]. </p>
            <p>Note. In the original description Sharp (1885) did not specify how many specimens he studied. He also failed to mention which museum the material was deposited. However, in the literature the type material is indicated as deposited in the BMNH (Kingsolver &amp; Whitehead 1974a). We received two specimens from this museum, one with ‘LECTOTYPE’ label and the other with ‘PARALECTOTYPE’ label, although a formal designation was not published. The specimens confer with the original description and the type locality is the same. The specimen with lectotype label has other “ Type ” handwritten label, probably written by Sharp, so this specimen is designated here as lectotype to improve nomenclatural stability (Declaration 44, Amendment of Article 74.7.3, ICZN 1999).</p>
            <p> Diagnosis.  Ctenocolum salvini differs from others species by the male genitalia, internal sac with long tuft of setae at lateral apex (Fig. 89) and lateral lobes at apex with membranous projection (Fig. 101). Comparing to other species of the group,  C. salvini can be distinguished by having antennomeres 8–10 with same color as the others (Fig. 20). For other comments see  C. janzeni . </p>
            <p>Redescription. BL: 4.0– 4.1 mm; BW: 2.5–2.7 mm.</p>
            <p>Integument. Dorsum black. Antenna brown and dark brown (Fig. 20). Pygidium reddish brown or rufous. Ventral region black and reddish brown or black. Front and middle femur and tibia pale and dark brown; hind femur reddish brown and black.</p>
            <p>Pubescence. Pronotum brown, yellowish gray, black and white; sparse setae exposing the integument forming an oval, wide area from anterior to posterior region and on each lateral region two small areas (Fig. 20). Elytra strongly variegated, brown, yellowish gray, black and white setae; interstria 3 only with denser strip of white setae on submedian region (Fig. 20). Pygidium dense, white or yellowish gray and white; sparse setae on two basal, four lateral and one apical small region (Fig. 45). Ventral region brown, yellowish gray and white (Fig. 64).</p>
            <p>Head. Ocular sinus 0.3 mm; ocular index 6.0; length of eyes in frontal view behind sinus 0.21 mm (Fig. 33). Antenna serrate from antennomere 4-10. Frons with conspicuous frontal carina (Fig. 33).</p>
            <p>Prothorax. Pronotum with median gibbosity strongly elevated, not divided by longitudinal sulcus and divided by transversal sulcus (Fig. 64); lateral gibbosity moderately elevated; basal lobe without depression and slightly emarginated (Fig. 20).</p>
            <p>Mesothorax and metathorax. Elytra, striae with punctures moderately impressed; less conspicuous teeth at base of striae 3 and 4; tooth of stria 4 closer to base of tooth of stria 3 than to anterior margin of elytra; stria 6 not impressed, formed only by isolated puntuation. Hind femur (Fig. 77) on external ventral margin with toothed carina; with denticles above of external ventral margin; pecten with 8–12 teeth. Hind tibia (Fig. 77) moderately emarginated beside mucro; lateral coronal denticles absent.</p>
            <p>Abdomen. Pygidium longer than wide, oval, at median basal region with moderately impressed punctures (Fig. 45).</p>
            <p>Male genitalia. Median lobe with ventral valve as long as wide, lateral margins concave on subapical region (Fig. 89), basal margin not emarginated. Internal sac, lateral apex with long tuft of setae, hinge sclerite curved at apex, long, extending through subapical region; subapical region with sparse spicules and a smooth sclerite, inverted V-shaped reaching the median region (Fig. 89); median region laterally and medially with agglomerate of spicules; submedian region with dense denticles and smooth sclerite, hourglass-shaped with stems oriented forward, shorter than the central region (Fig. 89); basal region with dense denticles. Tegmen (Fig. 101), lateral lobes separated by emargination about 0.5 times the length of lateral lobes; internal margin near end of emargination curved, forming a “U”; not expanded at apex, about the same width of the median region; with membranous projection at apex.</p>
            <p>Note. We studied only males of this species.</p>
            <p>Distribution. Neotropical region: Guatemala (Sacatepéquez).</p>
            <p> Host plant (Tables I–II).  Papilionoideae :  Dalbergia retusa Hemsl.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF87F5FFCCFFD838ADFDC6FC00743D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Albuquerque, Felícia Pereira De;Manfio, Daiara;Ribeiro-Costa, Cibele Stramare	Albuquerque, Felícia Pereira De, Manfio, Daiara, Ribeiro-Costa, Cibele Stramare (2014): A contribution to the knowledge of New World Bruchinae (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae): taxonomic revision of Ctenocolum Kingsolver & Whitehead, with description of five new species. Zootaxa 3838 (1): 1-45, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3838.1.1
03FF87F5FFCFFFD738ADFB98FC887627.text	03FF87F5FFCFFFD738ADFB98FC887627.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ctenocolum tuberculatum (Motschulsky 1874) Motschulsky 1874	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Ctenocolum tuberculatum (Motschulsky, 1874)</p>
            <p>(Figs. 1–3, 21, 34, 46, 52, 65, 78, 90, 102)</p>
            <p> Pachymerus tuberculatus Motschulsky (1874): 244 , 245 (original description, type-locality: “ Panamá ”); Sharp (1885): 440 (=  Bruchus longicollis ). </p>
            <p> Pseudopachymerus longicollis var. tuberculatus: Pic (1913a) : 11 (catalog). </p>
            <p> Caryedes longicollis var. tuberculata: Blackwelder (1946): 758 (catalog). </p>
            <p> Ctenocolum tuberculatum: Kingsolver &amp; Whitehead (1974a) : 287, 290, 311 (redescription, key, characters, distribution, figures, type-locality, host plant); Janzen (1977): 417 (host plant); Janzen (1978): 183 (host plant); Janzen (1980): 947 (host plant); Johnson &amp; Kingsolver (1981): 419 (catalog); Udayagiri &amp; Wadhi (1989): 79 (catalog); La Rosa &amp; Romero- Nápoles (2002): 189 (host plant); Turnbow et al. (2003): 274 (catalog); Romero &amp; Johnson (2004): 623 (catalog); Silva &amp; Ribeiro-Costa (2008): (distribution, taxonomy). </p>
            <p> Caryedes tuberculatum: Lorea-Barocio et al. (2006): 518 (catalog). </p>
            <p> Bruchus serratissimus Sharp (1885): 443 (original description, type-locality: Guatemala); Kingsolver &amp; Whitehead (1974a): 290 (synonym). </p>
            <p> Pseudopachymerus serratissimus: Pic (1913a) : 12 (catalog). </p>
            <p> Caryedes serratissima: Blackwelder (1946): 758 (catalog); Wilcox (1975): 10 (catalog). </p>
            <p> Type material.  Pachymerus tuberculatus Motschulsky, 1874 . Not examined. Note. In the original description of  Pachymerus tuberculatus, Motschulsky (1874) did not specify how many specimens he studied. He also failed to mention which museum the material was deposited. According to Kingsolver &amp; Whitehead (1974a) the type material is deposited in Zoological Museum, Moscow State University, Moscow. The material was requested but we have not received it for study. </p>
            <p> Bruchus serratissimus Sharp, 1885 . Holotype, deposited in BMNH, female: “  Bruchus serra–/ tissimus. Type / D.S./ Paso Antonio./ Guat. Champion” [white label, handwritten in black]; " Type " [round, red label with white center, printed in black]; “Paso Antonio,/ 400 ft./Champion” [white label handwritten in black]; “B. C. A. Col. V. /  Bruchus /  serratissimus ,/ Sharp.” [white label with black margin, printed in black]; “♀” [white label printed in black]; “ HOLOTYPE /  Bruchus serratissimus / Sharp, 1885 / Det. Albuquerque &amp; Ribeiro-Costa” [white label with red margin, printed in black]; “  Ctenocolum tuberculatum / (Motschulsky, 1874)/ F. P. Albuquerque det. 2013 ” [white label with black margin, printed in black]. </p>
            <p> Note. In the original description of  Bruchus serratissimus, Sharp (1885) did not specify where the type material is deposited, but indicated that one specimen was studied. However, in the literature the type material is indicated as deposited in t he BMNH (Kingsolver &amp; Whitehead 1974a). Was received from this museum one specimen that confers with the original description of Sharp (1885), being considered here as a holotype. </p>
            <p> Additional material. MEXICO: Jalisco: 4, 34 mi. NW Barra de Navidad, 09.III.1973, emerged in 29.XII. 1973, C. D. Johnson col., reared seeds 438-73,  Lonchocarpus nitidus (TAMU); 4, same information, except emerged in 9.X.1973 (TAMU); 1, same information, exept emerged in 23.XI.1973 (TAMU); 1 same information, exept emerged in 9.X. 1973 (DZUP); 1 same information, exept emerged in 29. XII. 1973 (DZUP). COSTA RICA: Guanacaste: 3, 1.3 mi. E Playa Coco, 03.XII.1970, D. H. Janzen col.,  Lonchocarpus sp., #307, (USNM); 1, same locality, without date, collector and host plant (USNM); 2, same locality, date, collector and host plant (BMNH); 1, same locality, date, collector and host plant (DZUP). </p>
            <p> Diagnosis.  Ctenocolum tuberculatum differs from the other species by having in the internal sac of the male genitalia a suboval sclerite with stems oriented forward, shorter than the central region (Fig. 90). </p>
            <p>Redescription. BL: 2.5–3.9 mm; BW: 1.7–2.3 mm.</p>
            <p>Integument. Dorsum black or black and reddish brown. Antenna variegated of brown to dark brown, first 3 antennomeres paler, antennomeres 8–10 darker (Figs. 21, 65). Pygidium of male rufous or reddish brown and black, female reddish brown and black or brown and black. Ventral region dark brown to black. Front and middle femur and tibia pale brown or brown; hind femur brown and black or reddish brown and black.</p>
            <p>Pubescence. Pronotum brown, yellowish gray, black and white; sparse setae exposing the integument forming an oval, wide area from anterior to posterior region divided by transversal and longitudinal strip of denser setae (Fig. 21). Elytra strongly variegated, brown, yellowish gray, black and white, sometimes without black setae; interstria 3 at base and submedian region with short dense strip of white setae (Fig. 21). Pygidium dense; in male, white and yellowish gray setae, sparse setae on two basal, four lateral, one apical small areas and on median region with a larger sparse area (Fig. 46); in female, white, yellowish gray and brown setae, sparse setae on two lateral areas and on rectangular conspicuous area extending from basal to submedian region (Fig. 52). Ventral region brown, yellowish gray and white (Fig. 65).</p>
            <p>Head. Ocular sinus 0.2 mm; ocular index 4.7–6.4; length of eyes in frontal view behind sinus 0.06–0.08 mm (Fig. 34). Antenna serrate from antennomere 4-10 in male and from 5-10 in female. Frons with frontal carina (Fig. 34).</p>
            <p>Prothorax. Pronotum with median gibbosity strongly elevated, divided by longitudinal and transversal sulcus (Fig. 65); lateral gibbosity moderately elevated; basal lobe without depression and slightly emarginated (Fig. 21).</p>
            <p>Mesothorax and metathorax. Elytra, striae with punctures moderately impressed; less conspicuous teeth at base of striae 3 and 4; tooth of stria 4 closer to base of tooth of stria 3 than to anterior margin of elytra; stria 6 conspicuously impressed. Hind femur (Fig. 78) on external ventral margin with toothed carina; without denticles above of external ventral margin; pecten with 12–14 teeth. Hind tibia (Fig. 78) moderately emarginated beside mucro; lateral coronal denticles present or absent.</p>
            <p>Abdomen. Pygidium oval, subequal in male (Fig. 46) as long as wide in female (Fig. 52), at median basal region with moderately impressed punctures.</p>
            <p>Male genitalia. Median lobe with ventral valve wider than long, lateral margin straight on subapical region (Fig. 90), basal margin strongly emarginated. Internal sac, lateral apex with short tuft of setae, hinge sclerite curved at apex, short, extending over 1/3 of subapical region; subapical region with dense homogeneously distributed spicules; median region with sparse spicules, dense denticles and smooth sclerite, suboval with stems oriented forward, shorter than the central region (Fig. 90); submedian region with sparse spicules; basal region without denticles and spines. Tegmen (Fig. 102), lateral lobes separated by emargination about 0.9 times length of lateral lobes; internal margin near end of emargination curved, forming a “U”; expanded at apex, about 2.5 times the smallest width on median region; without membranous projection at apex.</p>
            <p>Distribution. Neotropical region: Mexico (Nayarit, Jalisco, Oaxaca, Yucatán), Guatemala (Escuintla), Honduras (Olancho), Costa Rica (Guanacaste), Panama, Venezuela (Aragua).</p>
            <p> Host plants (Tables I–II).  Papilionoideae :  Lonchocarpus sp.,  L. costaricensis (Donn. Sm.) Pittier ,  L. longistylus Pittier ,  L. minimiflorus Donn. Sm. ,  L. nitidus (Vogel) Benth. ,  L. parviflorus Benth. ,  L. rugosus Benth.</p>
            <p> TABLE I.  Ctenocolum groups/species and host plants. New record for the species (NR), New record for the genus (*). </p>
            <p> Ctenocolum groups Insect Plants </p>
            <p> Group  podagricus C. aquilus sp. nov. Lonchocarpus muehlbergianus 7 </p>
            <p> C.  biolleyi L. eriocarinalis 234  C. colburni L. heptaphyllus 5 </p>
            <p> L. purpureus 5 </p>
            <p> L. velutinus 4 </p>
            <p> C. martiale L. constrictus 5 </p>
            <p> L. eriocarinalis 5  L. sericeus 5 </p>
            <p> C. milelo sp. nov. L. guillemineanus (*)  L. muehlbergianus C. podagricus Bauhinia glabra (NR, *)  Lonchocarpus sp.  L. costaricensis 234  L. heptaphyllus 5  L. hondurensis 5 </p>
            <p> L. margaritensis 5  L. minimiflorus 23  L. nitidus 45 </p>
            <p> L. parviflorus 4 </p>
            <p> L. rugosus 235 </p>
            <p> Peltophorum dasyrrhachis 5  Piscidia carthagenensis 2345 Piscidia piscipula 1  C. pygospilotos sp. nov. Piscidia piscipula</p>
            <p> Group  tuberculatum C. acapulcensis L. costaricensis (NR)  L. eriocarinalis 2345 C. janzeni L. emarginatus (NR, *)  L. rugosus 6 </p>
            <p> Piscidia sp. 5 </p>
            <p> Piscidia carthagenensis 2345 Piscidia grandifolia 5  Piscidia mollis 5 </p>
            <p> C. salvini Dalbergia retusa 4  C. tuberculatum Lonchocarpus sp. 5  L. costaricensis 2345  L. longistylus 5 </p>
            <p> L. minimiflorus 23  L. nitidus 4 </p>
            <p> L. parviflorus 4 </p>
            <p> L. rugosus 23 </p>
            <p>1—De Luca (2011), 2— Janzen (1977), 3— Janzen (1978), 4— Janzen (1980), 5—Kingsolver &amp; Whitehead (1974), 6—Romero &amp; Westcott, 7— Sari et al. (2002).</p>
            <p> TABLE II. Host plants and  Ctenocolum species. New record (NR), New record for the genus (*). </p>
            <p>Plant Insect</p>
            <p> Bauhinia glabra (NR, *)  C. podagricus Dalbergia retusa C. salvini</p>
            <p> Lonchocarpus constrictus C. martiale</p>
            <p> L. costaricensis (NR)  C. acapulcensis C. podagricus C. tuberculatum L. emarginatus (NR, *)  C. janzeni</p>
            <p> L. eriocarinalis C. acapulcensis C. biolleyi</p>
            <p> C. martiale</p>
            <p> L. guillemineanus (*)  C. milelo sp. nov. L. heptaphyllus C. colburni</p>
            <p> C. podagricus L. hondurensis C. podagricus L. longistylus C. tuberculatum L. margaritensis C. podagricus L. minimiflorus C. podagricus C. tuberculatum L. muehlbergianus C. aquilus sp. nov. C. milelo sp. nov. L. nitidus C. podagricus C. tuberculatum L. parviflorus C. podagricus C. tuberculatum L. purpureus C. colburni</p>
            <p> L. rugosus C. janzeni</p>
            <p> C. podagricus C. tuberculatum L. sericeus C. martiale</p>
            <p> Lonchocarpus sp.  C. podagricus C. tuberculatum L. velutinus C. colburni</p>
            <p> Peltophorum dasyrrhachis C. podagricus Piscidia carthagenensis C. janzeni</p>
            <p> C. podagricus Piscidia grandifolia C. janzeni</p>
            <p> Piscidia mollis C. janzeni</p>
            <p> Piscidia piscipula C. podagricus</p>
            <p> C. pygospilotos sp. nov.</p>
            <p> Piscidia sp.  C. janzeni</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF87F5FFCFFFD738ADFB98FC887627	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Albuquerque, Felícia Pereira De;Manfio, Daiara;Ribeiro-Costa, Cibele Stramare	Albuquerque, Felícia Pereira De, Manfio, Daiara, Ribeiro-Costa, Cibele Stramare (2014): A contribution to the knowledge of New World Bruchinae (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae): taxonomic revision of Ctenocolum Kingsolver & Whitehead, with description of five new species. Zootaxa 3838 (1): 1-45, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3838.1.1
