identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03FF87E0FE929F66BC2D12A9FF7F488B.text	03FF87E0FE929F66BC2D12A9FF7F488B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polypoetes tulipa Miller 2009	<div><p>tulipa Miller (Polypoetes), 269, 280, 301, 304,</p> <p>325, 921, 947, pl. 12. turbida Hering (Proutiella), 685, 689, 927. turgida Warren (Josia), 678, 810, 825–827, 828,</p> <p>929, 955, pl. 33. turrenti Miller (Getta), 693, 700, 701, 704, 706,</p> <p>708, 709, 927, 953, pl. 26. umbrifera Walker (Erbessa), 135, 143, 172, 174,</p> <p>175, 919, 945, pl. 7. undulata Hering (Nebulosa), 442, 923. unicolor Hering (Getta),26,693,694,696,698,702–</p> <p>704, 711, 714, 715, 723, 927, 953, pl. 27. unifascia Hering (Scoturopsis), 557, 559, 562,</p> <p>636, 925, 951, pl. 22. uniformis Hering (Dolophrosyne), 547, 548, 549,</p> <p>924. uniformis Möschler (Scotura), 90, 917. uniguttata Warren (Dioptis), 18, 482, 508, 522,</p> <p>924, 950, pl. 20. unimacula Warren (Erbessa), 8, 14, 531, 532,</p> <p>536–538, 539, 924, 945, pl. 21. unimacula Warren (Monocreaga), 133, 134, 144,</p> <p>160, 161, 175, 919, 932, 950, pl. 6. ursula Hering (Erbessa), 135, 175, 176, 919, 945,</p> <p>pl. 3. vacuata Warren (Dioptis), 45, 480, 498, 500,</p> <p>923, 949, pl. 18. velutinum Butler (Ephialtias), 680, 734, 743, 744,</p> <p>746, 750, 927, 953, pl. 28. venata Butler (Scotura), 82, 89, 98, 108, 113,</p> <p>855, 917, 943, pl. 2. veninotata Warren (Xenomigia), 568, 578, 579,</p> <p>585, 587, 590, 925, 951, pl. 23. venusta Dognin (incertae sedis), 670, 671, 673,</p> <p>842, 854, 926, 953, pl. 25. vestigiata Prout (Scotura), 69, 79, 83, 917, 943,</p> <p>pl. 1. vidua Warren (Polypoetes), 301, 304, 327, 921,</p> <p>947, pl. 12. villia Druce (Polypoetes), 15, 19, 255, 256, 277,</p> <p>281, 303, 327, 328, 354, 877, 921, 932, 947, pl.</p> <p>11, pl. 38.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF87E0FE929F66BC2D12A9FF7F488B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Miller, James S	Miller, James S (2009): Generic Revision Of The Dioptinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea: Notodontidae) Part 2: Josiini. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2009 (321): 675-1022, DOI: 10.1206/321.1-1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1206/321.1-1
03FF87E0FE929F69BEEB12A8FB954DE6.text	03FF87E0FE929F69BEEB12A8FB954DE6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polypoetes villiodes (Prout 1918) Prout 1918	<div><p>villiodes Prout (Polypoetes), 15, 296, 343, 344,</p> <p>348, 349, 578, 590, 922, 936, 947, pl. 13. villiopsis Hering (Polypoetes), 343, 344, 349,</p> <p>350, 922, 947, pl. 13. Vitrifera Group (Dioptis), 495, 502, 923, 941,</p> <p>949. vitrifera Warren (Dioptis), 14, 484, 502, 503,</p> <p>923, 932, 949, pl. 18. vitrina Druce (Phanoptis), 14, 200, 206, 210, 212,</p> <p>213, 920, 932, 945, pl. 9. vittula Hübner (Proutiella), 680–682, 685, 691,</p> <p>693, 765, 831, 868, 927, 953. vulturata Warren (Lyces), 754, 769, 770, 777,</p> <p>778, 779, 780, 841, 854, 928, 954, 956. wagneri Miller (Polypoetes), 284, 285, 329, 330,</p> <p>332, 333, 921, 947, pl. 12. watsoni Beutelspacher (Phryganidia), 8, 199,</p> <p>920. wormsi Miller (Pareuchontha), 596, 600, 925. xanthogramma Hering (Erbessa), 151, 918. Xenomigia Warren, 8, 13, 15, 19, 20, 26, 29, 35–</p> <p>37, 48, 52, 52, 99, 201, 281, 343, 345, 348–350,</p> <p>546, 548, 558, 568, 590, 602, 670, 673, 813,</p> <p>856–858, 865, 867, 873, 925, 941. Xenorma Prout, 15, 34, 49, 54, 176, 188, 357,</p> <p>450, 453, 454, 668, 858, 863, 866, 871, 874,</p> <p>919, 940. Xenormicola Hering, 26, 34, 39, 52, 54, 540, 546,</p> <p>547, 552, 562, 563, 858, 867, 873, 925. yanayacu Miller (Nebulosa), 13, 14, 18, 407, 410,</p> <p>411, 416, 420, 432, 459, 460, 461, 878, 923,</p> <p>936, 949, pl. 16, pl. 38. youngi Rawlins and Miller (Caribojosia), 15,</p> <p>102, 678, 780–782, 783, 928, 936, 954,</p> <p>pl. 31. zarza Dognin (Dioptis), 485, 502, 503, 924, 950,</p> <p>pl. 18. zetila Boisduval (Isostyla), 14, 18, 522, 659, 662,</p> <p>663, 664, 666, 667, 926, 932, 952, pl. 24. Zunacetha Walker (Scotura), 15, 48, 58, 59, 71,</p> <p>83.</p> <p>INDEX OF HOST PLANT GENERA FOR THE DIOPTINAE</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF87E0FE929F69BEEB12A8FB954DE6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Miller, James S	Miller, James S (2009): Generic Revision Of The Dioptinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea: Notodontidae) Part 2: Josiini. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2009 (321): 675-1022, DOI: 10.1206/321.1-1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1206/321.1-1
03FF87E0FE9D9F69BCF013F1FF664890.text	03FF87E0FE9D9F69BCF013F1FF664890.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Acacia (Leguminoseae)	<div><p>Acacia (Leguminoseae), 18, 222, 854. Acalypha (Euphorbiaceae), 19, 87. Alchornea (Euphorbiaceae), 18, 280, 354. Alfaroa (Juglandaceae), 18, 397, 405, 874.</p> <p>Araujia (Asclepiadaceae), 18, 229, 874.</p> <p>Aristolochia (Aristolochiaceae), 18, 221, 229, 873, 874.</p> <p>Asterogyne (Arecaceae), 18, 19, 482, 498, 646, 663, 665.</p> <p>Astrophea (Passiflora subgenus), 39, 678, 703, 706, 708, 710, 711, 719, 730, 875.</p> <p>Bauhinia (Fabaceae), 18, 381, 382, 384, 389, 874.</p> <p>Calyptrogyne (Arecaceae), 18, 19, 482, 498, 646, 649, 655, 663, 952.</p> <p>Casearia (Salicaceae), 18, 416, 441, 444.</p> <p>Cecropia (Urticaceae), 19, 182, 184, 185, 186, 871, 874.</p> <p>Celtis (Celtidaceae), 18, 277, 307–309, 316, 875.</p> <p>Cestrum (Solanaceae), 18, 416, 442, 875.</p> <p>Chamaedorea (Arecaceae), 19, 646, 657, 873, 952.</p> <p>Chusquea (Poaceae), 18, 19, 546, 547, 549, 551, 558, 560, 566, 578, 580, 586, 873.</p> <p>Conostegia (Melastomataceae), 18, 132, 140, 157, 168.</p> <p>Eucalyptus (Myrtaceae), 18, 132, 163, 168.</p> <p>Eugenia (Myrtaceae), 18, 132, 168.</p> <p>Genipa (Rubiaceae), 19, 86.</p> <p>Geonoma (Arecaceae), 18, 19, 482, 498, 514, 522, 632, 635, 646, 653, 657, 873, 952.</p> <p>Heliconia (Heliconiaceae), 19, 646, 654.</p> <p>Henriettea (Melastomataceae), 18, 131, 157, 164, 168.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF87E0FE9D9F69BCF013F1FF664890	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Miller, James S	Miller, James S (2009): Generic Revision Of The Dioptinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea: Notodontidae) Part 2: Josiini. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2009 (321): 675-1022, DOI: 10.1206/321.1-1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1206/321.1-1
03FF87E0FFBD9E48BCC3143AFDF34E0D.text	03FF87E0FFBD9E48BCC3143AFDF34E0D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Proutiella undefined-1	<div><p>KEY TO PROUTIELLA SPECIES</p> <p>1. Forewing with a relatively wide, light yellow to lemon yellow transverse band crossing distal margin of DC at a gentle angle (pl. 26), from Sc to basad of tornus; HW uniformly iridescent blue black blue to purplish gray, or with a white central area............ 2</p> <p>– FW with a long, narrow, orange-yellow transverse band crossing distal margin of DC at an oblique angle, from Sc to tornus (pl. 26); HW with an elongate orange-yellow stripe in central area from base to well beyond DC; FW length 5 15.0–16.5 mm (SE Brazil)............ vitulla (Hübner)</p> <p>2. Hind wing uniformly iridescent blue black to purplish gray, rarely with a yellow spot at apex; yellow transverse band of FW relatively long and wide, extending from Sc to anal margin......................... 6</p> <p>– HW central area translucent white from near base to distal margin of DC, HW outer margin blackish brown; yellow transverse band of FW relatively short and narrow, extending from Sc to CuA 2 or slightly beyond......................... 3</p> <p>3. White HW central area narrow, its apex acute; yellow transverse FW band slightly convex......................... 4</p> <p>– White central area of HW wide, rounded at its apex; yellow transverse FW band essentially straight.................... 5</p> <p>4. Forewing band squared at its posterior end; internal spines of signum robust, long, PVP wide; ♀ FW length 5 14.0 mm (distribution unknown)............. jordani (Hering)</p> <p>– FW band rounded at its posterior end; internal spines of signum delicate, short (fig. 287F), PVP narrow; ♀ FW length 5 14.0–15.0 mm (Lower Amazon of Brazil)................. simplex (Walker)</p> <p>5. White central area of HW large, almost round, touching anal margin; yellow FW band with irregular margins; ♀ FW length 5 15.5 mm (E Ecuador)... esoterica (Prout)</p> <p>– White central area of HW small, an elongate oval, falling short of anal margin; FW band with even margins; ♀ FW length 5 11.5– 13.5 mm (E Ecuador and Peru, Upper Amazon, French Guiana)...... tegyra (Druce)</p> <p>6. Hind wing uniformly iridescent blue-black to purplish gray, lacking a spot at apex; male aedeagus with a ratchetlike structure at apex; female PA evenly quadrate, dorsal margin simple......................... 7</p> <p>– HW iridescent blue black with a yellow spot at apex; aedeagus without a ratchetlike apical structure; PA not quadrate, posterior margin irregular, dorsal margin forming a large triangular process; FW length 5 15.5–17.5 mm (NE Colombia).......................... repetita (Warren)</p> <p>7. Bases of HW and FW brilliant iridescent turquoise blue; transverse FW band relatively narrow, its outer margin crossing, but not extending beyond, fork of M 3 and CuA 1; costal process of valva digitate (fig. 285A); DB with a large, expanded appendix at base (fig. 285E); FW length 5 13.0–16.0 mm (Costa Rica S to Colombia)..... ilaire (Druce)</p> <p>– Bases of HW and FW dull iridescent purplish brown; transverse band of FW wide, its outer margin crossing well beyond fork of M 3 and CuA 1; costal process of valva not digitate; DB with a small, compressed appendix at base........................... 8</p> <p>8. Labial palpus segment 1 light brown; costal process of valva long, acute (fig. 287A); PA an elongate oval (fig. 287B); FW length 5 16.0–17.0 mm (SW Colombia, W Ecuador)................ latifascia (Prout)</p> <p>– Lp1 white; costal process of valva short, paddle-shaped (fig. 286A); PA quadrate (296E); FW length 5 11.0–14.0 mm (Venezuela and French Guiana S to Amazonian Brazil)............... infans (Walker)</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF87E0FFBD9E48BCC3143AFDF34E0D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Miller, James S	Miller, James S (2009): Generic Revision Of The Dioptinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea: Notodontidae) Part 2: Josiini. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2009 (321): 675-1022, DOI: 10.1206/321.1-1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1206/321.1-1
03FF87E0FFBC9E4BBEDF10D2FBBD4947.text	03FF87E0FFBC9E4BBEDF10D2FBBD4947.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Proutiella ilaire (Druce 1885)  1885	<div><p>Proutiella ilaire (Druce), new combination Figures 284B, 284C, 285; plate 26 [EX]</p> <p>Ephialtias ilaire Druce, 1885a: 147, pl. 13, fig. 26. TYPE LOCALITY: Panama, Bugabá, 800–</p> <p>1500 ft. TYPE: Syntype 3, leg. Champion (BMNH).</p> <p>DISCUSSION: Proutiella ilaire can be distinguished by its iridescent, dark blue-gray ground color in the wings (pl. 26). The blue is usually somewhat more brilliant in the HW than in the FW. Proutiella ilaire shows similarities to P. repetita from Colombia, which differs in being slightly larger and in having a small, light yellow spot at the HW apex (pl. 26). However, morphological study suggests that, within Proutiella, P. ilaire is most closely related to P. latifascia; the two share the presence of a long, thin process on the costa of the male valva (figs. 285A, 287A).</p> <p>In Costa Rica, P. ilaire is known almost exclusively from the Osa Peninsula (fig. 4), on the Pacific coast near the border with Panama. That material is undoubtedly conspecific with the P. ilaire type (from northwestern Panama). However, a single specimen (shown here as P. ilaire, pl. 26) was captured by Gunnar Brehm (April 2003) near Puerto Viejo (fig. 4), on the Caribbean side of the Cordillera Central. In lieu of obtaining additional material, I have not performed dissections to determine whether eastern material represents an undescribed species. If previous experience with Costa Rican Dioptinae holds true, the two are distinct.</p> <p>Hering (1925) described turbida as a subspecies of ilaire, and Bryk (1930) listed that name as an ilaire synonym. I studied the male and female ZMH syntypes of P. turbida —both from northwestern Colombia —and have concluded that this taxon is instead a synonym of P. latifascia Prout (1918). Proutiella latifascia shows a characteristic purplish iridescence in the otherwise dark brown HW, and the FW band is wider than in P. ilaire. The turbida types show both traits clearly. Furthermore, they were collect- ed in the same habitat as P. latifascia (see below).</p> <p>DISTRIBUTION: Costa Rica (AMNH, EME, INBio, LACM, SMNS); Panama (BMNH, CAS, USNM, ZMH); Colombia (AMNH, BMNH, USNM).</p> <p>DISSECTED: 3, Costa Rica, Golfito, 24 Jul 1957, leg. Truxal &amp; Menke, LACM (genitalia slide no. JSM-1486, wing slide no. JSM-1666); 3, [no data], Wm Schaus Collection, USNM (genitalia slide no. JSM-1380); ♀, Panama, Chiriquí, Wm. Schaus Collection, USNM (genitalia slide no. JSM-1381); ♀, Panama, Canal Zone, Barro Colorado Island, 8 Jan 1945, leg. C. Michener, AMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-1487).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF87E0FFBC9E4BBEDF10D2FBBD4947	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Miller, James S	Miller, James S (2009): Generic Revision Of The Dioptinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea: Notodontidae) Part 2: Josiini. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2009 (321): 675-1022, DOI: 10.1206/321.1-1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1206/321.1-1
03FF87E0FFBF9E4DBEB6160AFB5E492B.text	03FF87E0FFBF9E4DBEB6160AFB5E492B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Proutiella infans (Walker, 1856: 1856)  1856	<div><p>Proutiella infans (Walker), new combination Figure 286; plate 26</p> <p>Scea infans Walker, 1856: 1647.</p> <p>TYPE LOCALITY: Brazil, Pará.</p> <p>TYPE: Holotype ♀, ex Saunders Collection (OUMNH).</p> <p>DISCUSSION: Proutiella infans is superficially indistinguishable from two Lyces species (pl. 29)— ena (Boisduval) and enoides (Boisduval). Previous authors placed all of these in Josia. During the course of over 25 years of research on the Dioptinae, I was unsure of the identity of infans; no specimens had been identified as such in collections, whereas ena was apparently common. Not until Walker’s type was finally located at the Oxford University collection (October 2006) could the characters of P. infans be established. It then became clear that not only are infans and ena distinct species, but they belong in different genera of the Josiini. Re-examination of material that had historically been identified as L. ena showed that, while ena is indeed more common, examples of P. infans reside in small numbers scattered throughout the world’s major collections.</p> <p>The two taxa are superficially so similar that specimens must be examined carefully to identify them. Two characters are particularly useful: First, in Lyces ena M 1 arises from the anterolateral angle of the DC, close to, but separate from, the base of the radial sector (see fig. 320I). In P. infans, on the other hand, M 1 is stalked with Rs 1 –Rs 4, arising well out on the radial sector (see fig. 284C). This trait can be used to separate all members of Proutiella and Lyces. A second character is useful as well. The abdominal venter in P. infans is white with a wide, gray longitudinal stripe along its midline. In contrast, the venter in L. ena is completely white or grayish white, without a longitudinal stripe. The wings of P. infans are also somewhat more elongate, especially in males.</p> <p>Within Proutiella, P. infans and P. latifascia show similar wing patterns. The best way to distinguish these is by their size. The FW length of P. infans (11.0–14.0 mm) is much shorter than that of P. latifascia (16.0– 17.0 mm). In addition, Lp1 is white in P. infans but light gray-brown in P. latifascia. The two species do not overlap in distribution, with P. infans endemic to the Upper Amazon, including French Guiana, but P. latifascia occurring in southwestern Colombia and western Ecuador. Aside from this, P. infans cannot be confused with any other Proutiella species.</p> <p>Proutiella infans shows a distribution roughly congruent with that of its look-alike, Lyces ena. One difference is that L. ena has been collected in Panama, whereas P. infans is known exclusively from South America. Based on all the material of P. infans I could locate in museum and private collections (15 specimens in total), the species occurs from the mouth of the Amazon upriver to Santarém and Manaus, and even further west to Ariquemes in Rondônia, at the headwaters of the Rio Madeira. Proutiella infans has also been collected in French Guiana and Venezuela.</p> <p>It seems likely that careful searching through collections will reveal many more examples of P. infans than are currently known. For example, the collection at the BMNH contains hundreds of specimens identified as L. ena, but none of P. infans; some of their material is undoubtedly the latter. Unfortunately, at the time of my most recent visit to the London collection (March 2005), I was unaware of the identity of P. infans. Indeed, the genus Proutiella was an unknown entity at that time. It will be important for Lepidopterists to sort through their material identified as L. ena, separating out the ones in which FW vein M 1 is fused with the radial sector—these are P. infans.</p> <p>DISTRIBUTION: Brazil (BMNH, CMNH, USNM, ZMH); French Guiana (BHC, USNM); Venezuela (AMNH, MNHN).</p> <p>DISSECTED: Holotype ♀ (genitalia dissection JSM-1736); 3, Brazil, Rondônia, 62 km S Ariquemes, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-62.802498&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-10.535833" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -62.802498/lat -10.535833)">Fazenda Rancho Grande</a>, 165 m, 18–26 Apr 1991, 10 ° 32 9 S, 62 ° 48 9 W, leg. Ron Leuschner, AMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-1534); ♀, Brazil, Rondônia, 62 km S Ariquemes on Linea C- 20, 22 km W B-364, 10 ° 32 9 S, 62 ° 48 9 W, 11 Aug 1995, leg. A.D. Warren, AMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-1535).</p> <p>Proutiella jordani (Hering), new combination</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF87E0FFBF9E4DBEB6160AFB5E492B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Miller, James S	Miller, James S (2009): Generic Revision Of The Dioptinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea: Notodontidae) Part 2: Josiini. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2009 (321): 675-1022, DOI: 10.1206/321.1-1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1206/321.1-1
03FF87E0FFA59E51BCFC16FFFB504B86.text	03FF87E0FFA59E51BCFC16FFFB504B86.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Proutiella tegyra (Druce 1899)  1899	<div><p>Proutiella tegyra (Druce), new combination Figure 288; plate 26 [EX]</p> <p>Josia tegyra Druce, 1899: 298.</p> <p>TYPE LOCALITY: ‘‘Ecuador’’.</p> <p>TYPE: Syntype ♀, leg. Whitely (BMNH).</p> <p>Josia (Phintia) tessmanni Hering, 1925: 525, fig. 70g. New synonymy.</p> <p>TYPE LOCALITY: Peru, Río Pachitea.</p> <p>TYPE: Syntype 3/ ♀ (ZMH).</p> <p>DISCUSSION: Numerous small Proutiella species show a narrow yellow transverse FW band and a white HW central area (pl. 26). Bryk (1930) listed five— esoterica Prout (1918), jordani Hering (1925), simplex Walker (1856), tegyra Druce (1899), and tessmanni Hering (1925). In an attempt to make taxonomic sense of this situation, I dissected material from sites across the Amazon Basin. Genitalia comparisons confirm my suspicion that fewer valid species exist than had heretofore been recognized. However, I took a conservative approach, sinking only one of the five names; tessmanni is now a junior synonym of tegyra.</p> <p>According to my concept, P. tegyra exhibits slight intraspecific differences in the size and shape of the yellow FW band, as well as in the shape of the white HW area, but these are not correlated with differences in genital morphology. Proutiella tegyra is the smallest member of this species complex, being significantly smaller than P. esoterica and P. simplex, but only slightly smaller than P. jordani. I did not dissect the types of tegyra, esoterica, or jordani, and there remains a strong possibility that even fewer valid species are involved. Resolution of that issue will require revisionary work.</p> <p>Specimens of P. tegyra can be found in most major collections, but usually only a few examples exist at each. The species appears to occur throughout lowland forests of the Upper Amazon Basin. It has not been recorded in the lower Amazon, home to P. simplex.</p> <p>DISTRIBUTION: Ecuador (AMNH, BMNH); Peru (AMNH, CMNH, ZMH); French Guiana (JCC); Brazil (AMNH, BMNH, CMNH, USNM).</p> <p>DISSECTED: 3, Peru, Middle Río Ucayali, 20 Sep 1923, H. Bassler Collection, AMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-282); 3, Brazil, São Paulo de Olivença, Sep 1935, leg. S. Waehner, BMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-317); 3, Peru, Río Pachitea, leg. G. Tessmann, ZMH (genitalia slide no. JSM-1422); 3, Peru, Achinamiza, 25 Dec 1925, F6001, H. Bassler Collection, Acc. 33591, AMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-1727); 3, Peru, Yurimaguas, Río Huallaga, 3 Apr 1920, AMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-1726); ♀, Ecuador, Sucumbíos, Yasuní, Garzacocha, 6 Aug 1992, leg. P. DeVries, AMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-1725); ♀, Peru, Achinamiza, 11 Oct 1927, H. Bassler Collection, AMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-283); ♀, Brazil, Amazonas, Bates Collection, BMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-318).</p> <p>Proutiella vittula (Hübner), new combination</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF87E0FFA59E51BCFC16FFFB504B86	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Miller, James S	Miller, James S (2009): Generic Revision Of The Dioptinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea: Notodontidae) Part 2: Josiini. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2009 (321): 675-1022, DOI: 10.1206/321.1-1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1206/321.1-1
03FF87E0FFA89E5CBCCD12A8FDF34C25.text	03FF87E0FFA89E5CBCCD12A8FDF34C25.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Getta undefined-1	<div><p>KEY TO GETTA SPECIES</p> <p>1. Transverse band of FW light yellow to lemon yellow......................... 2</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF87E0FFA89E5CBCCD12A8FDF34C25	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Miller, James S	Miller, James S (2009): Generic Revision Of The Dioptinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea: Notodontidae) Part 2: Josiini. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2009 (321): 675-1022, DOI: 10.1206/321.1-1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1206/321.1-1
03FF87E0FFAB9E5FBD6C16EAFBE348F3.text	03FF87E0FFAB9E5FBD6C16EAFBE348F3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Getta ennia Druce Plate 1899	<div><p>Getta ennia Druce Plate 26 [EX]</p> <p>Getta ennia Druce, 1899: 295.</p> <p>TYPE LOCALITY: ‘‘Brazil’’.</p> <p>TYPE: Syntype ♀, leg. Smith (BMNH).</p> <p>DISCUSSION: Since its original description (Druce, 1899), ennia has been included in Getta, even though males lack the conspicuous FW and HW androconial patches found in other species. My cladistic analyses confirm this placement (fig. 283). Supporting evidence includes: the tuft of scales on the antennal scape; the presence of an elongate anterior apodeme on male St8; the presence of a thornlike process on the valva apex, and the presence of a coriaceous sclerite on the female CB. Getta ennia also shows three important wing venation characters of the genus: FW vein M 1 is stalked with Rs 1 –Rs 4; HW veins Rs and M 1 are completely fused; and the male FW DC is short and narrow.</p> <p>The androconia found in other Getta species were thus either lost in G. ennia, or this species represents the basal element of the genus and they evolved subsequently. As is noted in the Diagnosis for Getta (above), the wings of G. ennia males seem to possess a rudimentary androconial system. This could have led to the evolution of more elaborate structures.</p> <p>Getta ennia shows additional characteristics setting it apart from other Getta species. All other taxa have Lp1, the lower portion of the occiput, and often the propleuron, yellow. In G. ennia these regions are uniformly dark gray, like the rest of the body. The labial palpi of G. ennia are thinner than those of other Getta species. The shape of the male tegumen and socii uncus complex are also unusual, as is the structure of the ventral plate in the female corpus bursae.</p> <p>An AMNH male from Bolívar in southern Venezuela (leg. Carl Ferraris) is blacker than most examples of Getta ennia; the abdomen is entirely black above, with the venter being broadly dark gray. Its genitalia (JSM-567) differ slightly from those of G. ennia, suggesting that this specimen represents an undescribed species.</p> <p>DISTRIBUTION: Brazil (AMNH, BMNH, CMNH, ZMH); Peru (BMNH); Ecuador (BMNH); Venezuela (AMNH).</p> <p>DISSECTED: 3, Brazil, Pará, leg. A.M. Moss, BMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-1406); 3, Brazil, Humayta, Río Madeira, Jul–Sep 1906, leg. W. Hoffmanns, BMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-1407); 3, Brazil, Manacapurú, Mar 1926, leg. S.M. Klages, C.M. Acc. 8607, CMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-562); ♀, Brazil, Humayta, Río Madeira, Jul–Sep 1906, leg. W. Hoffmanns, BMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-1408); ♀, Amazons, L. de Villafranca, coll. 477, BMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-295).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF87E0FFAB9E5FBD6C16EAFBE348F3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Miller, James S	Miller, James S (2009): Generic Revision Of The Dioptinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea: Notodontidae) Part 2: Josiini. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2009 (321): 675-1022, DOI: 10.1206/321.1-1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1206/321.1-1
03FF87E0FFAB9E5EBE911475FB1E4E66.text	03FF87E0FFAB9E5EBE911475FB1E4E66.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Getta niveifascia Walker	<div><p>Getta niveifascia Walker, revised status Figures 289B–D, 289G, 292; plate 26 [EX]</p> <p>Getta niveifascia Walker, 1864: 140.</p> <p>TYPE LOCALITY: Peru, Nauta, ‘‘Amazon Region’’.</p> <p>TYPE: Syntype 3, ex Bates Collection (BMNH).</p> <p>Getta probles Prout, 1918: 427.</p> <p>TYPE LOCALITY: Peru (E), Chanchamayo, 1000–1500 m.</p> <p>TYPE: Holotype ♀, leg. Watkins (BMNH).</p> <p>DISCUSSION: Material identified as Getta clite in museum collections has been incorrectly named. I dissected the BMNH type of clite and discovered it to be a species of Erbessa (tribe Dioptini). Getta niveifascia, formerly a synonym of ennia (Bryk, 1930), is thus raised from synonymy. The wing patterns of E. clite (pl. 3) and G. niveifascia (pl. 26) are easily confused, but obvious features of their morphology, such as tympanal structure and wing venation, differ drastically. This misidentification, ascribed to Kirby (1892), was followed by all subsequent authors. Prout (1918) described probles as a subspecies of ‘‘ Getta clite ’’. My dissections of the types confirm that probles and niveifascia are conspecific.</p> <p>Preliminary studies suggest that G. niveifascia occurs throughout the Amazon Basin, occurring at a fairly wide range of altitudes. The type locality, Nauta, is near Iquitos on the Río Marañon at an elevation of 100 meters. Other examples, such as Prout’s type of probles, were collected at 1000–1500 meters in the eastern Andes.</p> <p>However, dissections hint that G. niveifascia could ultimately represent a case analogous to what was discovered for G. baetifica; what appeared at first to be a single species, is in fact a series of cryptic species. French Guiana specimens of G. niveifascia show slight differences from Peruvian material. In males the costa of the valva is straighter and the vesica of the aedeagus is larger. Rather than describe material from French Guiana as distinct, I await future revisionary work and treat all this material as a single species.</p> <p>Getta niveifascia was reared in French Guiana (table 6) on Passiflora candida (pl. 41B, subgenus Astrophea).</p> <p>DISTRIBUTION: Peru (AMNH, BMNH, MUSM); Bolivia (CUIC); Ecuador (BMNH); Colombia (AMNH); Brazil (USNM, VOB); French Guiana (AMNH, BHC, OUMNH); Guyana (CMNH); Venezuela (MNHN).</p> <p>DISSECTED: Syntype 3 (genitalia slide no. JSM-1403); 3, Peru, La Merced, 2500 ft, 5 Jun 1903, leg. Watkins &amp; Tomlinson, BMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-1365); 3, Peru, Madre de Dios, Tambopata Reserve, 200 m, Dec 1994, leg. S. Fratello, day-collecting (genitalia slide no. JSM-1462); 3, Colombia, Cauca Valley, AMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-366); 3, French Guiana, Kaw, PK 31.5, 25 Sep 1992, leg. J.A. Cerda, AMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-1367); 3, ‘‘ French Guiana’ ’, BMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-1405); 3, French Guiana, Fourgassie´, 20 Jan 1985, no. 98, leg. B. Hermier, AMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-1524); ♀, Brazil, Santarém, Rio Tapajós, Pará, Nov 1921, USNM (genitalia slide no. JSM-563); ♀ holotype of probles Prout, Peru, Chanchamayo 1000–1500 m, BMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-1525); ♀, Peru, Moyobamba, 1888, leg. M. de Mathan, BMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-1366); ♀, French Guiana, Kaw, PK 41, 25 Aug 1994, leg. J.A. Cerda, AMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-1368); ♀, French Guiana, Matoury, Oct 1981, leg. J.Y. Gallard, BHC (genitalia slide no. JSM-1735).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF87E0FFAB9E5EBE911475FB1E4E66	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Miller, James S	Miller, James S (2009): Generic Revision Of The Dioptinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea: Notodontidae) Part 2: Josiini. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2009 (321): 675-1022, DOI: 10.1206/321.1-1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1206/321.1-1
03FF87E0FFAA9E63BF6D11E5FE234E28.text	03FF87E0FFAA9E63BF6D11E5FE234E28.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Getta tica Miller 2009	<div><p>Getta tica, new species Figures 293, 294; plates 26, 40B</p> <p>DIAGNOSIS: Specimens of Getta tica from Costa Rica and Panama, have until now been regarded as Central American examples of G. baetifica (type locality: Angamarca, Ecuador). The two are extremely similar in appearance (pl. 26). Differences include a more intensely colored and wider orange-yellow transverse FW band in G. tica, and a purplish blue, rather than turquoise blue, iridescence. However, the most reliable means for separating the two requires study of their genitalia. The male vesica is much longer in G. baetifica, whereas the ventral plate of the female CB is wider and more rounded in G. tica (fig. 293D). The third taxon in this species complex, G. turrenti, sp. nov, from northern Central America, is even more purple in the FW and HW. Its genitalia are distinctive, showing an especially wide, short vesica (fig. 295C) and a large basal appendix of the female CB (fig. 295D).</p> <p>DESCRIPTION: Male. FW length 5 19.5 mm. Head: Labial palpus moderately long, porrect, curving slightly upward to immediately below middle of front; Lp1 short, curving upward, bright orange-yellow, with a ventral fringe of long yellow scales, dorsum black; Lp2 slightly longer than Lp1, glossy bluish black, with longer, yellow scales on ventral surface near base; Lp3 short, bullet shaped, bluish black; scales of front charcoal gray with a bluish iridescence; frontal scales long, pointing down from antennal bases, then horizontally to meet at midline; occiput charcoal gray; eye large and round, sparsely covered with microscopic setae; vertex black with a purplish-blue luster, scales long, pointing anteriorly; antenna bipectinate, rami fairly short, tightly spaced; scape with a fanlike tuft of charcoal gray, slightly iridescent blue scales; dorsum of antennal shaft tightly covered with glossy, blackish brown scales.</p> <p>Thorax: Area of prothorax below proboscis yellow; legs and pleural region covered with long, hairlike, dark gray/iridescent turquoise scales; patagium, tegula, and dorsum covered with long, hairlike, charcoal-gray or iridescent cobalt-blue scales; scales along outer margins of tegula particularly long and fine.</p> <p>Forewing: (Dorsal) Ground color black to blackish gray (pl. 26); wing veins lighter gray; a patch of iridescent, Windsor blue to violet blue scales in basal fourth, extending from cubitus anteriorly to anal margin posteriorly; an orange-yellow transverse band extending from midpoint of leading edge, slightly behind costa, to immediately short of tornus; transverse band crossing fork of M 1 and Rs 1 – Rs 4, as well as fork of M 3 and CuA 1, ending beyond apex of 1A+2A. (Ventral) Ground color gray to blackish gray (pl. 26); no iridescent blue patch at base; a large, ovoid androconial organ near base, covered with elongate, deciduous, yellowish-beige scales; area surrounding androconial patch, extending from DC to slightly below 1A+2A, scaleless, with a cellophane-like appearance.</p> <p>Hind wing: (Dorsal) Ground color blackish gray to gray (pl. 26); from base to near outer margin covered with iridescent, Windsor blue to violet-blue scales; iridescent area extending from cubitus anteriorly to anal margin posteriorly; a large, ovoid androconial organ at base near anterior margin, covered with elongate, yellowish-beige scales; organ straddling Sc+R, its anterior margin falling short of wing’s leading edge, its posterior margin passing through DC to touch cubitus; a wide area surrounding androconial organ scaleless, its surface glistening gray. (Ventral) Ground color blackish gray to charcoal gray (pl. 26); posterior half of wing, from CuA 2 to anal margin, with a faint, bluish iridescence.</p> <p>Abdomen: Dorsum uniformly charcoal gray, with a Windsor blue to turquoise iridescence; venter dark gray, with a turquoise iridescence.</p> <p>Terminalia (fig. 293A–C, 293E): Tg8 narrower than Tg7, wider than St8, anterior margin with a wide, shallow mesal excavation, posterior margin with an indistinct, wide, U-shaped mesal excavation; St8 narrower posteriorly, lateral margins slightly constricted in distal third; anterior margin of St8 with an extremely long, thin mesal apodeme, almost as long as rest of sternum, posterior margin with a deep, U-shaped mesal excavation; socii/uncus complex with a fairly wide attachment to tegumen; uncus bent downward near base, distal portion long, thin, bent downward at apex, with a large, laterally compressed dorsal crest along midline near base; socii slightly shorter than uncus, each with a dorsal crest (matching that on uncus) near base, apices acute; ventral margin of genitalia slightly convex; valva bases broadly sclerotized, each with a knob on inner surface ventrally; BO large, outer margin broadly rounded; longitudinal sclerite of BO sinuate, with a large, sclerotized, toothlike ridge at dorsum; a large scale tuft in manica below transtillar arms; base of aedeagus angulate (not rounded), apex gradually narrow; vesica long, slightly narrower than aedeagus, with an almost 90 ° bend at distal third; vesica with a small, dentate, transverse sclerite at base near apex of aedeagus, a compact group of large, spinelike cornuti on right side before bend, and a large group of straight, spinelike cornuti on dorsal surface in distal third (beyond bend).</p> <p>Female. FW length 5 21.5–25.0 mm. Head, thorax, and wings similar to male, except: Pleuron with a wide, longitudinal band of orange-yellow from behind eye to mesepimeron; antenna ciliate, shaft widening from base, then gradually tapered; wings longer, broader, and more rounded; androconial organs absent; blue iridescence of FW base and HW more extensive, orange-yellow transverse band of FW wider.</p> <p>Terminalia (fig. 293D): Tg7 large and wide, slightly narrower at posterior margin, margins simple; St7 narrower than Tg7, slightly narrower posteriorly, margins simple; CB large, rounded, with a long, narrow dorsal sclerite, widening to form a broad Y at its apex, internal surface of sclerite minutely dentate; CB with a large, coriaceous, ventral sclerite near base, its lateral margins broadly rounded; junction between CB and DB forming a small, melanized, laterally compressed appendix on left side; DS attached at junction of DB and CB on right side; DB narrow; posterior margin of PA simple.</p> <p>ETYMOLOGY: This species name comes from the moth’s larval host plant, Passiflora tica. The word tica is a Costa Rican term for ‘‘farmer’’.</p> <p>DISTRIBUTION: Getta tica occurs on the Caribbean slope of the Cordillera de Talamanca at elevations between 750 and 1100 meters, in regions of high humidity. Established localities in Costa Rica are confined to a small area (fig. 294) either in, or in close proximity to, Parque Nacional Braulio Carrillo. Getta turrenti occurs in southern Mexico and Guatemala (fig. 296), and an as yet undescribed species exists in Honduras (see Discussion for G. turrenti). The southernmost limits of G. tica have yet to be determined. A USNM female from Colón, on the Caribbean coast of Panama, is here provisionally considered to be an example of G. tica. The identity of Getta from the Pacific side of the Cordillera in Panama also remains unresolved.</p> <p>BIOLOGY: In Costa Rica, G. tica is associated with Passiflora tica (pl. 40A, C–E). As is true of the other known hosts of Getta, this plant belongs in the Passiflora subgenus Astrophea (table 6). Getta tica shares this host with the butterfly Heliconius eleuchia (Gómez and Gómez, 1981; DeVries, 1987). Getta tica females have been observed flying between 10 A. M. and 12 A. M., laying eggs on the undersides of new P. tica leaves (J. Corrales, October 2004). The host plants grow along shaded mountain streams on nearly vertical embankments.</p> <p>On January 23, 2007, Jorge Corrales and I collected eggs of Getta tica, as well as those of Heliconius eleuchia, at the following locality: Costa Rica: Heredia: San Miguel, Bosque Alegre, Laguna de Hule, 750 m, 513200- 253300 LN. Two batches of eggs were found on Passiflora tica plants overhanging the Río Cariblanco (pl. 40A). In addition, numerous dead larvae of all instars were observed on P. tica leaves. They appeared to have been killed by a white fungus. The eggs hatched approximately one week later, but these larvae succumbed to the white fungus as they matured. None formed pupae or adults.</p> <p>DISCUSSION: Although consistent wing-pattern differences appear to exist, the best way to separate G. baetifica and G. tica is by comparison of their genitalia. In both, the vesica of the aedeagus is elongate with a sharp bend part way out. The portion beyond the bend bears a large group of spinelike cornuti on its dorsal surface. This portion of the vesica in G. baetifica is long and relatively thin (longer than one-half the vesica length). In contrast, the portion beyond the bend in G. tica is shorter (fig. 293C), less than one-half the vesica length. In females, the large ventral plate of the CB is shorter and more broadly rounded in G. tica (fig. 293D). These genitalia traits, though subtle, seem to be reliable for separating the two species. Their Astrophea host plants differ as well; G. baetifica has been recorded on Passiflora macrophylla and P. arborea (Ecuador), whereas caterpillars of G. tica feed exclusively on P. tica.</p> <p>The identity of material from Panama requires additional study. Based on its wing coloring, a female specimen from Colón (USNM) is almost certainly G. tica. This location, on the Caribbean coast, is a logical extension of the Costa Rican habitat for G. tica, on the Caribbean side of the Cordillera Central. Specimens from the western side of the central ridge (USNM) in Panama are of indeterminate status. They potentially represent the northernmost range of G. baetifica, known from the Pacific slope in Colombia and Ecuador.</p> <p>HOLOTYPE: Male (pl. 26). COSTA RICA: San Jose´: Parque Nacional Braulio Carrillo, La Montura, 1100 m, larva 1–2 instar coll. 13 Dec 1995, adult 30 Dec 1995, voucher no. 95-</p> <p>JFCM-22, leg. J.F. Corrales (INBio; genitalia slide no. JSM-1519). The type is deposited at the AMNH.</p> <p>PARATYPES: COSTA RICA: San Jose´: 1♀, Parque Nacional Braulio Carrillo, La Montura, 1100 m, larva 1–2 instar coll. 11 Dec 1995, adult 29 Dec 1995, voucher no. 95- JFCM-24, leg. J.F. Corrales (INBio); 1♀, La Montura, Braulio Carrillo, 1000 m, 30 Jul 1982, leg. P. DeVries (AMNH; genitalia slide no. JSM-564); 1♀, La Montura, Braulio Carrillo, 1000 m, 27 July 1982, leg. P.J. DeVries (AMNH; genitalia slide no. JSM-1520); 1♀, Parque Nacional Braulio Carrillo, 1050 m, 26 Jun 1980, leg. G.B. Small (USNM); 1♀, 2 Jul 1980, leg. G.B. Small (USNM).</p> <p>OTHER SPECIMENS EXAMINED: PANAMA: Panama: 1♀, Colón, 1500 ft, 23 Feb 1969, leg. G.B. Small (USNM).</p> <p>DISSECTED: 233, 2♀♀.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF87E0FFAA9E63BF6D11E5FE234E28	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Miller, James S	Miller, James S (2009): Generic Revision Of The Dioptinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea: Notodontidae) Part 2: Josiini. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2009 (321): 675-1022, DOI: 10.1206/321.1-1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1206/321.1-1
03FF87E0FF979E65BC9C1123FE3E4E7D.text	03FF87E0FF979E65BC9C1123FE3E4E7D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Getta turrenti Miller 2009	<div><p>Getta turrenti, new species Figures 295, 296; plate 26</p> <p>DIAGNOSIS: Of the three blue-winged Getta species — baetifica, tica, and turrenti —the latter shows the greatest amount of purple (pl. 26); Getta baetifica is more greenish blue, whereas G. tica tends toward cobalt blue. Getta turrenti also shows distinctive features of its genitalia, and these provide the most reliable means for separating it from the others. The male vesica of G. turrenti (fig. 295C) is shorter and wider than in its close relatives. The cornuti at the base of the vesica are larger and more numerous, and the aedeagus itself is wider. At the base of the CB in females, all three species exhibit a small, folded appendix with a thickened membrane. In G. turrenti (fig. 295D) this appendix is much larger than in either G. baetifica or G. tica.</p> <p>DESCRIPTION: Male. FW length 5 20.5– 21.0 mm. Head: Labial palpus long, porrect, curving slightly upward to immediately above clypeus; Lp1 moderately long, curving upward, scales light yellow to lemon yellow, with a loose fringe below, dorsum blue black; Lp2 slightly longer than Lp1, bluish brown to blue-black; Lp3 short, bullet shaped, blue-black; scales of front dark brown with a steely blue iridescence; frontal scales long, pointing down from antennal bases, then horizontally to meet at midline to form a conical frontal tuft; occiput brown; eye large and round, sparsely covered with microscopic setae; vertex brown, scales long, pointing anteriorly; antenna bipectinate, rami long, tightly spaced; scape and dorsum of antennal shaft covered with glossy, purplish-brown scales.</p> <p>Thorax: Area of prothorax below proboscis yellow; legs closely covered with gray-brown scales with a blue iridescence; pleuron covered with long hairlike and shorter scales, all with a blue iridescence; patagium, tegula, and dorsum covered with long, dark brown to dark gray-brown scales, these with a turquoise blue iridescence; distal scales of tegula long.</p> <p>Forewing: (Dorsal) Ground color blackish gray; wing veins slightly lighter gray; a patch of iridescent, violet-blue scales in basal fourth, extending from cubitus anteriorly to anal margin posteriorly; an orange-yellow to lemon-yellow transverse band extending from midpoint of leading edge, behind costa, to slightly short of tornus; transverse band crossing fork of M 1 and Rs 1 –Rs 4, as well as fork of M 3 and CuA 1, ending past apex of 1A+2A. (Ventral) Ground color gray-brown to charcoal gray; no iridescent area; a large, ovoid androconial organ near base, covered with elongate, deciduous, yellowish-beige scales; area surrounding androconial patch, extending from DC to immediately below 1A+2A, scaleless, with a cellophane-like appearance.</p> <p>Hind wing: (Dorsal) Ground color gray-brown to dark charcoal gray; basal half covered with iridescent, violet-blue scales; iridescent area extending from cubitus anteriorly to anal margin posteriorly; a large, ovoid androconial organ at base near anterior margin, covered with elongate, yellowish-beige scales; organ straddling Sc+R, its anterior margin falling short of wing’s leading edge, its posterior margin passing through DC to touch cubitus; a wide area surrounding androconial organ scaleless, its surface glistening light gray. (Ventral) Ground color gray-brown to charcoal gray; posterior half of wing, from CuA 2 to anal margin, with a faint, bluish iridescence.</p> <p>Abdomen: Dorsum uniformly brownish gray, with a turquoise iridescence; venter gray, with a turquoise iridescence.</p> <p>Terminalia (fig. 295A–C, 295E): Tg8 narrower than Tg7, wider than St8, anterior margin with a wide, shallow mesal excavation, posterior margin with an indistinct, wide, U-shaped mesal excavation; St8 narrower posteriorly, lateral margins slightly constricted in distal third; anterior margin of St8 with an extremely long, thin mesal apodeme, almost as long as rest of sternum, posterior margin with a deep, U-shaped mesal excavation; socii/uncus complex with a fairly wide attachment to tegumen; uncus bent downward near base, distal portion long, thin, bent downward at apex, with a large, laterally compressed dorsal crest along midline near base; socii almost as long as uncus, each with a dorsal crest (more acute dorsally than one on uncus) near base, apices acute; tegumen not as tall as vinculum, narrow at attachment of valva below, abruptly wider above, dorsal margin transverse; vinculum narrow, tall; ventral margin of genitalia transverse; valva bases broadly sclerotized, each with a knob on inner surface ventrally; BO large, outer margin broadly rounded; longitudinal sclerite of BO sinuate, with a large, sclerotized, toothlike ridge at dorsum; base of aedeagus angulate (not rounded), apex gradually narrow; vesica relatively short, wider than aedeagus, forming a broad, club shaped appendix distally; vesica with a transverse sclerite at base near apex of aedeagus, a loose group of large, spinelike cornuti on right side near base, and large group of straight, robust, spinelike cornuti on dorsal surface at apex.</p> <p>Female (fig. 26). FW length 5 21.0– 23.0 mm. Head, thorax, and wings similar to male, except: pleuron with a wide, longitudinal light yellow band from behind eye to mesepimeron; antenna ciliate, shaft widening from base, then gradually tapered; wings longer, broader, and more rounded than in male; androconial organs absent; blue iridescence of FW base and HW more extensive.</p> <p>Terminalia (pl. 295D): Tg7 extremely large and wide, slightly narrower at posterior margin, margins simple; St7 equal in length to Tg7, narrower, lateral margins constricted in distal third, posterior third narrowing slightly; CB relatively narrow; CB with a relatively wide, short dorsal sclerite, broadening at its apex, internal surface of sclerite coarsely dentate; CB with a large, coriaceous, ventral sclerite near base, its lateral margins broadly rounded; junction between CB and DB forming a large, melanized, laterally compressed appendix on left side, appendix with an upright fold on its anterior surface; DS attached at junction of DB and CB on right side; DB wide; posterior margin of PA lobate near dorsum; other features as in genus description.</p> <p>ETYMOLOGY: This species is named in honor of Rafael Turrent, who kindly made his collection of Mexican Lepidoptera available to me for study. His material yielded many interesting Dioptinae, including most of the known examples of Getta turrenti.</p> <p>DISTRIBUTION: Getta turrenti is known from the Caribbean side of the Sierra Madre (fig. 296), in an area spanning roughly 1000 km. Its habitat extends from Orizaba Mexico, E-SE of Veracruz, south to Cayuga Guatemala. Getta turrenti has been captured at four Mexican sites—Orizaba and Oaxaca in the state of Veracruz, as well as Chajul and San Quintin. The two latter localities are in Chiapas near the Guatemala border, on the Río Lacantum. All of these specimens were collected at relatively low elevations; Chajul is at 150 meters altitude.</p> <p>A female from Truxillo, Honduras (AMNH; F.C. Nicholas Collection), on the Caribbean coast, represents a fourth iridescent blue Getta species. Its FW stripe is unusually wide, its HW is strikingly purple, and its genitalia (JSM-1741) are distinctive. Known from only a single specimen, I refrain from describing this taxon until additional material becomes available.</p> <p>DISCUSSION: Getta turrenti can be readily distinguished from G. tica and G. baetifica: The head, thorax, and wing ground color of G. turrenti tend toward dark brown or blackish brown rather than black; the iridescent FW and HW areas are slightly more violet colored, especially at their peripheries; the male antennal pectinations are noticeably longer in G. turrenti than in either G. tica or G. baetifica. When the genitalia of these three species are compared, obvious differences set G. turrenti apart.</p> <p>In all likelihood, caterpillars of G. turrenti feed on whatever Astrophea species are endemic to that region of Central America.</p> <p>It will be important to search along streams and other likely Astrophea habitats, in hopes of discovering the life history of this species.</p> <p>HOLOTYPE: Female (pl. 26). MEXICO: Chiapas: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-91.35&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=16.4" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -91.35/lat 16.4)">San Quintin</a>, 16.4 ° N, 91.35 ° W, 14– 18 Oct 1977, leg. Peter Hubbell. The type is deposited at the LACM.</p> <p>PARATYPES: MEXICO: Chiapas: 13, Chajul, Río Lacantum, May 1981, leg. R. Turrent (LACM; genitalia slide no. JSM-565); 233, Chajul, Río Lacantum, leg. R. Turrent (ARTC); 2♀♀, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-91.35&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=16.4" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -91.35/lat 16.4)">San Quintin</a>, 16.4 ° N, 91.35 ° W, 14–18 Oct 1977, leg. Peter Hubbell (LACM; genitalia slide no. JSM-1733). Veracruz: 1♀, Tuxpango, 5 km S Orizaba, Aug 1938, leg. Mario del Toro (ARTC); 233, Oaxaca, Río Sarabía, S Tuxtepec, leg. R. Turrent (ARTC).</p> <p>OTHER SPECIMENS EXAMINED: GUATE- MALA: 13, Cayuga, May, Schaus &amp; Barnes Collection (USNM; genitalia slide no. JSM-569).</p> <p>DISSECTED: 233, 1♀.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF87E0FF979E65BC9C1123FE3E4E7D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Miller, James S	Miller, James S (2009): Generic Revision Of The Dioptinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea: Notodontidae) Part 2: Josiini. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2009 (321): 675-1022, DOI: 10.1206/321.1-1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1206/321.1-1
03FF87E0FF919E6CBCE711ECFD9B4E89.text	03FF87E0FF919E6CBCE711ECFD9B4E89.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Getta unicolor (Hering 1925)	<div><p>Getta unicolor (Hering), new combination Figures 289A, 297; plate 27</p> <p>Polyptychia unicolor Hering, 1925: 530.</p> <p>TYPE LOCALITY: Peru, Yurimaguas. TYPE: Holotype ♀ (ZMH).</p> <p>DISCUSSION: This species had been a mystery since my research on the Dioptinae first began. Hering (1925) described unicolor in Polyptychia, and it was retained there by Bryk (1930). Several years ago, I had identified a French Guyana female (BHC) as Polyptychia unicolor. That female and the female holotype were thought to be the only known specimens. However, during a visit to the BMNH (March 2005), a male of what I thought was an undescribed Getta species was discovered among their unidentified material. Its membership in Getta was clear—the moth bore the characteristic FW and HW androconia (pl. 27). Upon further study, this male, from Bartica, Guyana, exhibited a set of unusual characters: First, FW vein M 1 is long stalked with the radial sector, a condition that does not occur in Polyptychia (fig. 298E) but provides one of the diagnostic features for Getta (fig. 289F, H). Second, the apex of Lp2 bears an extremely wide, dense, fanlike tuft (fig. 289A). Third, the moth has ridgelike tufts running vertically along the lateral margins of the front, extending from the clypeus up to the vertex between the antennal bases (fig. 289A). This set of traits is unique for the Dioptinae. Subsequent comparisons showed that the French Guiana unicolor female exhibits the same wing venation, tufted labial palpus, and frontal crests as the Guyana male. This female was recompared with the unicolor type, and the mystery was solved— unicolor Hering (1925) belongs in Getta as a new combination, rather than in Polyptychia. Had Hering seen a unicolor male, he would not have made that error.</p> <p>With this knowledge in hand, I searched available museum material and located a total of eight G. unicolor specimens (233, 6♀♀ including the type). Even though the moth is rare, it shows a surprisingly broad distribution. Getta unicolor can be found across the Guyana Shield from Venezuela east to French Guiana, and seemingly occurs throughout the Upper Amazon Basin, from Peru north to Colombia. As additional specimens of G. unicolor accumulate, it will be interesting to determine whether the species is truly widespread, or alternatively, whether it comprises a species complex, similar to the case of G. baetifica and its close relatives.</p> <p>Getta unicolor (pl. 27) is unmistakable. Its tufted palpi (fig. 289A) are a giveaway. The wings show a faint blue iridescence, but not the dazzling blue found in G. baetifica. Furthermore, G. unicolor is much larger (3 FW length 5 21.0–22.5 mm) than either G. niveifascia (3 FW length 5 11.0–19.0 mm) or G. ennia (3 FW length 5 17.0 mm), the only other species with which its wing pattern might be confused. The genitalia in both sexes of G. unicolor are also unique (fig. 297). It is interesting to note an unusual group of small cornuti on the male vesica. When viewed with a dissecting scope, these are shaped like scoli, found on the bodies of saturniid caterpillars. Such scolus-like cornuti occur nowhere else in the Notodontidae as far as I am aware.</p> <p>DISTRIBUTION: Peru (BMNH, ZMH); Ecuador (FNHM); Colombia (BMNH); Venezuela (LACM); French Guiana (BHC, MNHN); Guyana (BMNH).</p> <p>DISSECTED: 3, Guyana, Bartica, BMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-1523); ♀, Colombia, Florida, Río Putumayo, Apr 1932, leg. G.</p> <p>Klug, BMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-1526); ♀, French Guiana, C. Bar Collection, BMNH (slide no. JSM-1734).</p> <p>The following species has been transferred from Getta:</p> <p>clite Walker to Erbessa Walker</p> <p>POLYPTYCHIA C. AND R. FELDER, 1874 Figures 298–304; plate 27</p> <p>Polyptychia C. and R. Felder, 1874: pl. 104, fig. 7. Type species: Polyptychia fasciculosa C. and R. Felder, 1874 (by monotypy).</p> <p>DIAGNOSIS: Males of Polyptychia are highly distinctive, being the only dioptine with conspicuous white, hairlike androconia along the length of the hind femora and tibiae (pl. 27). Males are also unique in possessing two androconial organs on the HW (fig. 298E)—the first located immediately beyond the DC along the cubital vein, and the second in a large fold on the anal margin. Although both organs enclose deciduous androconia, they are structurally different. The one along the anal margin contains long gray bristles (fig. 301B, C), and under those, a large pocket of white, wooly, apparently sticky scales (fig. 301D, E). The second pouch, beyond the DC, encloses an elaborate androconial organ containing thickened, fleshy-looking deciduous scales (figs. 300B–F, 301A). At its basal end is a brush of long, thick, bristlelike scales (figs. 299, 300A). No other dioptine possesses a two-part androconial system of this type.</p> <p>Females can be distinguished by their small yellow spot immediately below the HW apex (pl. 27). This spot varies in size, being conspicuous in some species but almost absent in others. It is usually slightly larger on the HW ventral surface. Another trait for distinguishing Polyptychia (both sexes) from other Josiini is the configuration of the FW radials (fig. 298E); Rs 4 branches from the radial sector below veins Rs 1 –Rs 3. This also occurs in a single species of Getta — G. unicolor (pl. 27)—but nowhere else in the Dioptinae. Polyptychia and G. unicolor can be separated because M 1 is long stalked with the radial sector in the latter, whereas in Polyptychia M 1 arises from the anterolateral angle of the DC. Their androconial systems differ dramatically.</p> <p>REDESCRIPTION: Male. FW length 5 18.5–23.0 mm. Head (fig. 298A–D): Labial</p> <p>3 Tg8; D, aedeagus; E, ♀ genitalia (illustration by A. Trabka).</p> <p>palpus long, porrect, gradually upturned to immediately above clypeus; Lp2 slightly longer than Lp1, Lp3 somewhat elongate, bullet shaped; clypeus scaleless; frontal scales pointing downward from antennal bases, ventral few pointing horizontally toward midline above clypeus; eye large, bulging outward, gena narrow, scaleless; scales on vertex pointing anteriorly, with a faint part between antennal bases; antenna bipectinate, rami relatively short, approximately 20 terminal annulations simple.</p> <p>Thorax (fig. 301F): Epiphysis relatively short, narrow, its apex falling well short of tibial apex; femur and tibia of metathoracic leg covered with short scales on outer surface, inner surface covered with a dense brush of long, white, hairlike androconia (pl. 27), longest and most conspicuous on posterior surfaces; tegula long, dorsal portion narrow, ventral process acute, the two sections divided by a strong transverse sulcus; metathoracic tympanum of the kettledrum type, membrane large, enclosed, oriented horizontally.</p> <p>Forewing (fig. 298E; pl. 27): Shaped like an elongate triangle, drawn out toward apex, apical angle acute, outer margin almost straight; vein Rs 1 stalked with Rs 2 –Rs 4; Rs 4 arising from radial sector below veins Rs 1 – Rs 3; Rs 1 –Rs 3 in the pattern 2+[3+4]; M 1 arising from anterolateral angle of DC near base of Rs 1 –Rs 4, UDC extremely short; DC less than one-half FW length; veins M 3 and CuA 1 stalked; ground color dark brown to blackish brown, with a yellow transverse band beyond DC.</p> <p>Hind wing (figs. 298E, 299, 300, 301; pl. 27): Triangular, apical angle acute; Rs and M 1 fused; two complex androconial organs present: the first, a deep, slitlike pouch located beyond DC, situated between M 2 and M 3 +CuA 1, ending before HW outer margin; slit enclosing bat shaped, deciduous androconia, these covered by a long brush of coarse scales arising together from anterior end of slit; second androconial organ comprising a pouch, located along a deeply folded anal margin, edged with a row of extremely long, hairlike scales; pouch enclosing a large packet of white, wooly, deciduous scales; veins M 3 and CuA 1 obscured by central (anterior) androconial pouch, their apices appearing as small folds near margin.</p> <p>Abdomen: Elongate, apex acute; dorsum slightly darker than venter, no stripe present along pleuron.</p> <p>Terminalia (figs. 302A–D, 303A, 303C–E): Tg8 short, slightly wider anteriorly than posteriorly, anterior margin with a pair of broad, anterolateral apodemes; St8 slightly longer than Tg8, with acute anterolateral angles, sternum somewhat wider anteriorly than posteriorly; socii/uncus complex with a relatively wide attachment to tegumen; socii laterally compressed, variable in size and shape (see description of P. hermieri); tegumen as tall as vinculum, relatively narrow, forming hump shaped shoulders at dorsum; vinculum narrow; saccus absent; valva large, roughly forming an upright, elongate oval; BO large, occupying most of valva; pleats of BO on inner surface enclosing fine, hairlike androconia; a ventral pocket on valva’s lateral surface enclosing long, thick, bristlelike androconia, the base of each set in a darkened socket; costa narrow at base, becoming much wider distally, forming large scoop-shaped (P. hermieri) or flattened (P. fasciculosa) processes; apex of valva lightly sclerotized, curled inward; region above BO and below apex membranous, with fine, transverse striations; transtillar arms narrow, oriented either slightly downward or horizontally, meeting to form a small concave structure in anellus at midline; spiculate patch above transtilla (some Josiini) absent; aedeagus broad, anterior end slightly constricted, apex with a tiny ventral tooth; vesica extremely large, broadly transverse, covered with long, spinelike cornuti; ductus ejaculatorius simplex sinuate, curled.</p> <p>Female. FW length 5 19.0–25.0 mm. Body characters as in male except: antenna ciliate; FW longer and broader, less acutely angled at apex; HW broader, lacking androconial organs; apex with a small, yellow, commashaped submarginal spot, its anterior margin touching Rs, its posterior margin touching M 3; abdomen much broader, truncate.</p> <p>Terminalia (figs. 302E, 303B): Tg7 longer than Tg6, similar in length to St7, lateral margins broadly excavated near midpoint, anterior margin simple, posterior margin simple, with a wide sclerotized band; St7 slightly narrower at posterior margin than at anterior one, otherwise unmodified; Tg8 sclerotized posterior margin rounded, forming a rooflike structure over PA; AA long; A8 pleuron lightly sclerotized; PA small, membranous, bearing long setae, PA margins with a prominent dorsal lobe; PP long, thin, curving downward; area of PVP extremely wide, lightly sclerotized, margins obscure, surface spiculate; DB short and wide, dorsoventrally compressed; body of CB roughly ovoid, with numerous melanized folds in membrane; base of CB with a large, wide, sclerotized, flattened appendix on dorsum, its surface coriaceous, appendix somewhat Ushaped in posterior view, DS attached at its posterior margin; signum large, shield shaped, concave in lateral view, its internal surface coarsely dentate along lateral margins.</p> <p>DISTRIBUTION: Polyptychia is strictly South American. The group is most common in the Upper Amazon Basin of Brazil and in northern South America, especially the Guyana Shield. Much of the material of P. fasciculosa in museum collections was captured near the turn of the 20th century at Suapure, in central Venezuela on the Orinoco River. A single example of P. hermieri, sp. nov., is known from Trinidad (CMNH). Polyptychia is an inhabitant of lowland rainforests; to my knowledge, not a single specimen has been collected above 500 meters in elevation. The southernmost Polyptychia record is from Fazenda Rancho Grande (Rondônia), at the headwaters of the Rio Madeira.</p> <p>BIOLOGY: Polyptychia, like its close relative Getta, is associated with Passiflora species in the subgenus Astrophea (table 6). Polyptychia hermieri, sp. nov., was reared in French Guiana on Passiflora candida (pl. 41B). It appears likely that the entire clade to which Getta and Polyptychia belong (Clade 19; fig. 7; see below) will be found in association with Astrophea. Host plants remain unknown for Phavaraea, the other genus of that lineage.</p> <p>Caterpillars of P. hermieri (pl. 39H) resemble Getta larvae (pl. 40B), but show a more intricate series of blackish transverse lines across the abdominal dorsum. They are large, feeding along the edges of the tough, dry leaves of P. candida.</p> <p>DISCUSSION: According to my phylogenetic analyses, Polyptychia belongs in a subclade of the Josiini (Clade 19; fig. 7) that includes Getta and Phavaraea, and totals 12 species (appendix 2). Within the clade, Polyptychia arises above Getta as the sister group to Phavaraea. These results should be considered provisional, however. Certain apomorphies imply that Getta and Polyptychia might instead be sister groups. Potential synapomorphies for these two are their diamondshaped male hind wings, and the fusion of HW veins Rs and M 1 (figs. 289H, 298E). To truly understand relationships within this lineage, it will be necessary to treat all 12 species in a single analysis. Ideally, such a study would employ characters from immature stages and DNA.</p> <p>The androconial systems in Polyptychia are perplexing. Nowhere else in the Dioptinae do androconia occur on the legs, and although HW androconial organs occur in Getta and Phavaraea, it is difficult to imagine that these are homologous with the elaborate central pocket of Polyptychia. Perhaps developmental research could provide insights into this remarkable phenomenon.</p> <p>KEY TO POLYPTYCHIA SPECIES Plate 27</p> <p>1. Forewing ground color dark chocolate brown; transverse FW band light yellow, narrow; bristlelike scales at base of central androconial patch light brown; costal process near apex of valva broad, flat (fig. 302A); uncus with a tiny dorsal crest, apex of uncus long, narrow; socii narrow, with an acute dorsal process near apex; FW length 5 19.0–25.0 mm (Colombia, Venezuela, Upper Amazon of Brazil)................... fasciculosa C. and R. Felder</p> <p>– FW ground color blackish brown to black; transverse FW band lemon yellow, relatively wide; bristlelike scales at base of central androconial patch cream colored to beige; costal process near apex of valva narrow, concave (fig. 303A); uncus with a large dorsal crest, apex of uncus short, blunt; socii wide, with a wide dorsal flange near apex; FW length 5 18.5–21.5 mm (Trinidad, French Guiana, Low- er Amazon of Brazil)..... hermieri, sp. nov.</p> <p>SPECIES INCLUDED AND MATERIAL EXAMINED</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF87E0FF919E6CBCE711ECFD9B4E89	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Miller, James S	Miller, James S (2009): Generic Revision Of The Dioptinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea: Notodontidae) Part 2: Josiini. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2009 (321): 675-1022, DOI: 10.1206/321.1-1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1206/321.1-1
03FF87E0FF989E6FBC0511C1FEAD4C51.text	03FF87E0FF989E6FBC0511C1FEAD4C51.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polyptychia fasciculosa Felder 1868	<div><p>Polyptychia fasciculosa C. and R. Felder Figure 302; plate 27</p> <p>Polyptychia fasciculosa C. and R. Felder, 1874: pl. 104, fig. 7.</p> <p>TYPE LOCALITY: Colombia, ‘‘ Bogotá ’’.</p> <p>TYPE: Holotype 3 (BMNH).</p> <p>Thyrgis ceron Druce, 1899: 295.</p> <p>TYPE LOCALITY: Colombia, San Martín, Llanos of Río Meta.</p> <p>TYPE: Syntype ♀, leg. G.D. Child (BMNH).</p> <p>DISCUSSION: All previous authors have recognized a single species of Polyptychia — fasciculosa —occurring throughout South America. It was not until I located the Felder type of fasciculosa at the BMNH (pl. 27) that the existence of two species became clear. The type is interesting for several reasons: First, it is large (FW length 5 23.0 mm) compared to most examples of so-called fasciculosa in collections. Second, the Felder specimen is almost certainly the corresponding male of ceron Druce (1899), the female BMNH type of which is also large (FW length 5 25.0 mm). Their wing patterns and body coloration are identical. The type locality of P. fasciculosa, ‘‘ Bogotá ’’, is widely cited in Felder descriptions, but many Lepidopterists doubt the veracity of this report. According to them, the true provenance of Felder types could encompass a range of Colombian localities. However, the BMNH type of ceron provides more detail. That specimen was collected in Colombia at San Martín (‘‘Llanos of Río Meta’’). This locality is at 400 meters elevation near the headwaters of the Río Meta, which eventually joins the Orinoco in Venezuela.</p> <p>With the identity of P. fasciculosa firmly established, I then compared dissections of so-called ‘‘ fasciculosa ’’ across numerous South American localities. These revealed the existence of a second Polyptychia species, described below as Polyptychia hermieri, sp. nov. My research suggests that P. fasciculosa occurs in the Upper Amazon Basin of Brazil, from the headwaters of the Amazon north to the Llanos drainage of the Meta and Orinoco rivers, through Colombia and Venezuela. Polyptychia hermieri, on the other hand, occurs from Trinidad and French Guiana south to the lower portion of the Amazon River. Its western limits in Brazil, though not precisely known, extend upriver at least as far as Santarém. Means for separating the two taxa are provided in the Polyptychia species key (above). Their male genitalia are dramatically different.</p> <p>Adding to the complexity, a third species of Polyptychia exists. I know this taxon from a single male collected at Rondônia, Brazil. Label data for that specimen are as follows: Brazil, Rondônia, 62 km S Ariquemes, 165 m, Faz. Rancho Grande, 10 ° 32 9 S, 62 ° 48 9 W, 27 Aug–8 Sep 1994, leg. Ron Leuschner, LACM (genitalia slide no. JSM-1739). I refrain from describing this taxon until additional material becomes available.</p> <p>DISTRIBUTION: Brazil (AMNH, BMNH, CMNH, CUIC, LACM, USNM, ZMH); Peru (MPM, BMNH); Colombia (BMNH, USNM, ZMH); Venezuela (BMNH, USNM).</p> <p>DISSECTED: 3, Venezuela, Suapure, 25 Apr 1900, USNM (genitalia slide no. JSM-1359, wing slide no. JSM-1361); 3, Brazil, São Paulo de Olivença, Mar 1883, leg. M. de Mathan, BMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-1504); 3, Venezuela, 14 Apr 1899, USNM (genitalia slide no. JSM-1506); ♀, Colombia, Muzo, 1915, Apollinaire Coll., USNM (genitalia slide no. JSM-1508); ♀, Venezuela, Suapure, 11 Jul 1899, USNM (genitalia slide no. JSM-1742).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF87E0FF989E6FBC0511C1FEAD4C51	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Miller, James S	Miller, James S (2009): Generic Revision Of The Dioptinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea: Notodontidae) Part 2: Josiini. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2009 (321): 675-1022, DOI: 10.1206/321.1-1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1206/321.1-1
03FF87E0FF9B9E70BCB41318FDBD4943.text	03FF87E0FF9B9E70BCB41318FDBD4943.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polyptychia hermieri Miller 2009	<div><p>Polyptychia hermieri, new species Figures 298–301, 303, 304; plates 27, 39H</p> <p>[EX]</p> <p>DIAGNOSIS: Although Polyptychia hermieri is superficially similar to P. fasciculosa (pl. 27), it is distinguished by its darker wing and body coloring, and its more richly pigmented yellow transverse band. Three other characters are useful for separation: the frontal scales of P. hermieri show a strong, iridescent blue luster when observed from above, whereas in P. fasiculosa the front is brown, with only a faint hint of blue. Second, males differ because the brush of long, bristlelike scales in the central HW androconial patches (figs. 298E, 299) are light brown in P. fasciculosa, but more cream colored in P. hermieri. Finally, the two can often be separated by their size. The FW length of P. hermieri is generally smaller that that of P. fasciculosa (see species key), but overlap exists. When their genitalia are compared (figs. 302, 303), the species are instantly recognizable.</p> <p>DESCRIPTION: Male. Forewing length 5 18.5–21.0 mm. Head (fig. 298A–D): Lp1 yellow on outer surface, black on inner surface, with a long, loose fringe below, inner black scales of fringe longer than yellow ones; Lp2 tightly scaled with black to dark gray black scales, a few yellow scales near base; Lp3 dark gray black; scales of front blackish brown, with an iridescent blue tinge; occiput blackish brown above, a patch of long, yellow scales below eye; an additional patch of long yellow scales below palpus and above procoxa; vertex blackish brown, with an iridescent blue cast, especially near antennal bases; scape blackish brown; antennal shaft wide, dorsum densely covered with blackish brown scales.</p> <p>Thorax (fig. 301F): Prothoracic and mesothoracic legs blackish brown on inner surfaces, gray-brown on outer ones; coxa of metathoracic leg covered with long, blackish brown scales; femur and tibia of metathoracic leg covered with short, gray-brown scales on outer surfaces, inner surfaces covered with a dense brush of long, white, hairlike androconia, longest and most conspicuous on posterior surfaces of tibiae; spurs gray to gray-brown; pleuron covered with blackish brown, hairlike scales, having a slight iridescent blue tinge; patagium black to blackish brown; tegula blackish brown, fringed with concolorous long, hairlike scales; dorsum dark brown to blackish brown.</p> <p>Forewing (fig. 298E; pl. 27): (Dorsal) Ground color dark blackish brown, almost black; a wide, yellow to orange-yellow transverse band beyond DC, band starting behind costa anteriorly and ending slightly short of tornus posteriorly; inner and outer margins of transverse band irregular, lightly irrorated with black scales. (Ventral) Similar to dorsal surface, except ground color lighter, blackish brown to dark chocolate brown; transverse band wider than on dorsal surface, lighter yellow.</p> <p>Hind wing (figs. 298E, 299, 300, 301A–E; pl. 27): (Dorsal) Ground color blackish brown, slightly lighter in tone than FW, wing surface less densely scaled; anterior (central) androconial organ enclosing brownish-yellow, bat-shaped, deciduous androconia, these covered by coarse bristles; second androconial organ along anal margin edged with a row of extremely long, smoky gray, hairlike scales, pouch enclosing a large packet of white, wooly deciduous scales. (Ventral) Ground color uniformly dark brown; slitlike androconial pouch represented below by a large, irregular fold.</p> <p>Abdomen: Uniformly dark gray-brown to blackish brown above, with an iridescent blue tinge; color slightly lighter gray-brown on venter.</p> <p>Terminalia (fig. 303A, 303C–E): Anterolateral apodemes of Tg8 truncate; posterior margin of Tg8 membranous, slightly concave; anterior margin of St8 with a broadly forked mesal apodeme, posterior margin with a shallow, U-shaped excavation; uncus broad, robust, beaklike, laterally compressed above to form a large dorsal crest; socii wide, laterally compressed, with a broad, crestlike flange at base, apices forming wide, scooplike structures; ventral margin of genitalia simple, almost horizontal; distal portion of costa forming a broad, scoop-shaped process, apex itself lightly sclerotized, tapered; arms of transtilla oriented downward; anterior end of aedeagus forming a large rounded knob, apex with a tiny ventral tooth; vesica extremely large, broadly transverse, oriented almost horizontally (more steeply angled in P. fasciculosa), a transverse band of short, spinelike cornuti on right side near base (not present in P. fasciculosa).</p> <p>Female (pl. 27). Forewing length 5 19.0– 21.5 mm. Body characters similar to male except HW with a comma shaped yellow spot below apex; androconia absent.</p> <p>Terminalia (fig. 303B): Tg8 sclerotized except for a membranous seam along midline; AA long, recurved; DB with a strong fold anteriorly, near base of CB; body of CB roughly ovoid; coriaceous, U-shaped appendix larger and taller than in P. fasciculosa, its dorsal angle more acute; signum with a prominent, external ridge along midline.</p> <p>ETYMOLOGY: This species is named in honor of Bernard Hermier, from Cayenne, French Guiana. Bernard kindly hosted my visit to French Guiana in 1994, during which we found larvae of Polyptychia hermieri feeding on Passiflora candida in disturbed habitat along the road from Cayenne to Coralie. Bernard’s spectacular Lepidoptera collection contains paratypes of P. hermieri, not to mention untold material of rare and undescribed Lepidoptera from French Guiana. Study of his collection was crucial to completion of this publication.</p> <p>DISTRIBUTION: My studies reveal that P. hermieri is not restricted to French Guiana, but also occurs in northeastern Brazil (fig. 304). Its distribution extends from French Guiana southeast to the mouth of the Amazon, then west upriver at least as far as Obidos and Santarém. It has also been collected on the Rio Tapajós, which joins the Amazon at Vila Franca and Santarém. Dissections of material from further upriver at São Paulo d’Olivença, on the Rio Solimões, show these to be examples of P. fasciculosa. The latter thus appears to be more western in distribution. A female from Trinidad bears a wing pattern and genital morphology (JSM-1744) suggesting it to be P. hermieri, which extends the species’ range west across the Guyana Shield.</p> <p>In addition to the material listed below, there are numerous examples of P. hermieri from French Guiana and Brazil in the BMNH collection. Unfortunately, I was not able to obtain label data for those specimens, all of which are relatively ancient.</p> <p>DISCUSSION: When larvae of P. hermieri were discovered in French Guiana (May 1994), it was my assumption that we had found P. fasciculosa. Over 10 years later (March 2005), it became clear that we had collected a new species, described here as P. hermieri.</p> <p>Distinctions between the two species first became apparent through comparison of male genitalia, which differ in the shape of St8 (figs. 302B, 303C), as well as the shape of the uncus, socii and valval costa (figs. 302A, 303A). The vesica also differs (figs. 302D, 303D), with that of P. hermieri being oriented nearly horizontal to the aedeagus, but that of P. fasciculosa oriented at a steeper angle. Female differences are less obvious. These involve the configuration of the large, coriaceous sclerite at the base of the corpus bursae (figs. 302E, 303B). Characters of the vestiture useful for separation are noted in the Diagnosis (above).</p> <p>Adults and larvae of P. hermieri were discussed and figured in Miller (1996), although there they were then unknowingly referred to as P. fasciculosa. The caterpillars (pl. 39H) feed on Passiflora candida (pl. 41B; table 6).</p> <p>HOLOTYPE: Male (pl. 27). FRENCH GUIANA: Cayenne: Pk 57.5 on road to Coralie, 14 May 1994, leg. J.S. Miller, reared from larva on Passiflora candida, emerged Jun 4 1994. The type is deposited at the AMNH.</p> <p>PARATYPES: FRENCH GUIANA: Cayenne: 13, Pk 57.5 on road to Coralie, 14 May 1994, leg. J.S. Miller, C. Snyder &amp; L.D. Otero, reared from larva on Passiflora candida, emerged Apr 1994 (AMNH); 13, Kaw, Pk 57, 4 Oct 1996, á vue, leg. J.A. Cerda (BHC); 1♀, Kaw, Pk 37.5, 1 Oct 2000, á vue, leg. J.A. Cerda (BHC); 1♀, Kaw, Pk 37.5, 24 Sep 2000, á vue, leg. J.A. Cerda (BHC); 1♀, Kaw, Pk 38, 12 Oct 1996, leg. M. Duranron (BHC); 13, Fourgassie´, 20 Jan 1985, leg. B. Hermier (AMNH; genitalia slide no. JSM-715); 13, Pk 57.5 on road to Coralie, 14 May 1994, leg. J.S. Miller, reared from larva on Passiflora candida, emerged 4</p> <p>Jun 1994 (AMNH; genitalia slide no. JSM-1505, wing slide no. JSM-1669); 1♀, Piste de Coralie, km 10, 7 Mar 1992, at light, leg. B. Hermier (AMNH; genitalia slide no. JSM-716).</p> <p>OTHER SPECIMENS EXAMINED: FRENCH GUIANA: Cayenne: 1♀, Cayenne, CAS (genitalia slide no. JSM-1507). BRAZIL: Para´: 13, 1♀, Itaituba, Rio Tapajós, Mar, leg. H. Fassl (BMNH; male genitalia slide no. JSM-1509); 1♀, Serra Tiracambu, 450 m, Jun 2003, á vue, leg. P. Jauffret (BHC); 1♀, Taperinha, leg. Fassl (USNM; genitalia slide no. JSM-1360, wing slide no. JSM-1362); 233, Obidos, Dognin Collection (USNM); 3♀♀, Santarém, leg. Fassl (USNM); 1♀, Braganza, leg. H.B. Merrill (USNM); 1♀, Barreiras, leg. Fassl (USNM); 233, 1♀, L. de Villafranca (USNM); 13, 1♀, Rio Manes, Dognin Collection (USNM). Trinidad: 1♀, Holland Collection (CMNH; genitalia slide no. JSM-1744).</p> <p>DISSECTED: 433, 3♀♀.</p> <p>The following has been removed from Polyptychia:</p> <p>unicolor Hering to Getta Walker</p> <p>PHAVARAEA WALKER, 1854</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF87E0FF9B9E70BCB41318FDBD4943	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Miller, James S	Miller, James S (2009): Generic Revision Of The Dioptinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea: Notodontidae) Part 2: Josiini. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2009 (321): 675-1022, DOI: 10.1206/321.1-1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1206/321.1-1
03FF87E0FF8D9E79BCF010ACFD154E7B.text	03FF87E0FF8D9E79BCF010ACFD154E7B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phavaraea Walker 1854	<div><p>KEY TO THE SPECIES OF PHAVARAEA</p> <p>1. Hind wing uniformly blackish brown, without a yellow spot near anterior margin; outer margin of male HW not scalloped; FW length 5 21.0–28.0 mm.................. 2</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF87E0FF8D9E79BCF010ACFD154E7B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Miller, James S	Miller, James S (2009): Generic Revision Of The Dioptinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea: Notodontidae) Part 2: Josiini. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2009 (321): 675-1022, DOI: 10.1206/321.1-1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1206/321.1-1
03FF87E0FF8D9E78BF5013C4FEDA4F1D.text	03FF87E0FF8D9E78BF5013C4FEDA4F1D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phavaraea dilatata (Walker 1884) Hering 1854	<div><p>Phavaraea dilatata (Walker) Figures 305E–G, 306B, 307; plate 28 [EX]</p> <p>Josia dilatata Walker, 1854: 316.</p> <p>TYPE LOCALITY: Brazil.</p> <p>TYPE: Syntype 3, Bates Collection (BMNH).</p> <p>DISCUSSION: Phavaraea dilatata can be distinguished from other members of the genus because the FW is more elongate (pl. 28), and the FW veins are lined with light brown scales as they run through the dark brown ground color; in other Phavaraea the FW veins are concolorous. Males exhibit a complex, and unique, set of androconia providing for easy recognition. First, the HW is extremely full with a greatly expanded anal margin (fig. 306B), held folded around the abdomen (Walker, 1854). Within this fold, the HW margin bears long, pedicellate, light gray androconia interspersed with even longer, brown lanceolate ones. On the abdomen itself there are two types of androconia: (1) long, blackish-brown bristles arising from the pleuron of A4–A6; and (2) elongate blackish-brown scales on the dorsum of A5–A7. The blackish bristles alone make the moth instantly recognizable. How the various parts of this male system function together during courtship is unknown.</p> <p>Phavaraea dilatata is relatively rare. My survey of the world’s collections uncovered a total of 24 specimens (1933, 5♀♀), most of these captured well over 100 years ago. The largest series, at the ZMH, contains six males and two females, originally from the Staudinger Collection, all in beautiful condition (Brazil, Novo Friburgo). Three specimens document the species’ occurrence in Suriname (13) and French Guiana (13, 1♀), while the remainder were collected in eastern Brazil, in the vicinity of Rio de Janeiro. The genitalia of moths from these rather disjunct localities are identical.</p> <p>DISTRIBUTION: Brazil (BMNH, CAS, MCZ, MNHN, OUMNH, VOB, ZMH); French Guiana (CAS); Suriname (BMNH).</p> <p>DISSECTED: 3, Suriname, BMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-346); 3, Brazil, Espírito Santo, R. H. Stretch Collection, CAS (genitalia slide no. JSM-1743, wing slide no. JSM-1667); ♀, Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, San Fidelis, Sto. Antonio dos Brotos, 1876 –1882, leg. August Vincent de Lyon, BMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-347).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF87E0FF8D9E78BF5013C4FEDA4F1D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Miller, James S	Miller, James S (2009): Generic Revision Of The Dioptinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea: Notodontidae) Part 2: Josiini. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2009 (321): 675-1022, DOI: 10.1206/321.1-1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1206/321.1-1
03FF87E0FF8C9E78BCB8104DFBC04C52.text	03FF87E0FF8C9E78BCB8104DFBC04C52.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phavaraea poliana (Druce) Druce 1893	<div><p>Phavaraea poliana (Druce) Figure 308; plate 27</p> <p>Eucyane poliana Druce, 1893: 285.</p> <p>TYPE LOCALITY: Guyana, Essequibo Riv- er.</p> <p>TYPE: Syntype ♀, leg. Whitely (BMNH).</p> <p>DISCUSSION: Phavaraea poliana (pl. 27) shows a wing pattern similar to that of P. rejecta (pl. 28), except that the transverse FW band is white rather than being yellow-orange, and the band in P. poliana tends to be wider. Other than wing color, the easiest way to separate P. poliana and P. rejecta is by the color of their labial palpi (see Phavaraea species key). Males of P. poliana exhibit a stunning patch of brilliant, iridescent purple androconia on the venter of A2–6 (pl. 27), with matt-black androconia on A7 and A8. In P. rejecta, the androconia on A2–A6 are dull blackish purple (pl. 28), and those on A7 and A8 are gray black.</p> <p>Distinguishing features of the genitalia include the following: In males, the anterior apodeme on St8 is truncate in P. poliana (fig. 308E), but bifid in P. rejecta (fig. 310E). Females show stronger differences. The signum in P. rejecta is a narrow transverse sclerite (fig. 310B), raised from the outer surface of the CB. In contrast, the signum of P. poliana is a large, broad plate (fig. 308B).</p> <p>Like Phavaraea rejecta, P. poliana is quite rare—I know it from 15 specimens. The two species are sympatric, but P. poliana shows a more restricted distribution, occurring in the Guyana Shield as well as the lower portion of the Amazon River in Brazil.</p> <p>DISTRIBUTION: Brazil (AMNH, CMNH, CUIC, VOB, ZMH); Guyana (BMNH); Suriname (BMNH); French Guiana (BHC, BMNH).</p> <p>DISSECTED: 3, French Guiana, BMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-303); ♀, Suriname (‘‘interio’’), Sep 1892, leg. C.W. Ellacombe, BMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-304).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF87E0FF8C9E78BCB8104DFBC04C52	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Miller, James S	Miller, James S (2009): Generic Revision Of The Dioptinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea: Notodontidae) Part 2: Josiini. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2009 (321): 675-1022, DOI: 10.1206/321.1-1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1206/321.1-1
03FF87E0FF8C9E7BBECF1319FE974966.text	03FF87E0FF8C9E7BBECF1319FE974966.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phavaraea rectangularis (Toulgoet and Navatte 1997) Toulgoet and Navatte 1997	<div><p>Phavaraea rectangularis (Toulgoët and Navatte), new combination Figure 309; plate 28</p> <p>Pseudophaloë rectangularis Toulgoët and Navatte,</p> <p>1997: 316–317.</p> <p>TYPE LOCALITY: French Guiana, Relais de Patawa, Piste de Kaw, PK 36, 19.</p> <p>TYPE: Holotype 3, leg. J. Cerda, Apr 1995 (MNHN).</p> <p>DISCUSSION: This species is here transferred from Pseudophaloë (Arctiidae: Pericopinae) to Phavaraea as a new combination. Phavaraea rectangularis, endemic to French Guiana, is highly unusual and exceedingly rare. The moth was not discovered until the mid-1990s. As far as I am aware, the world’s holdings comprise three specimens —the male holotype and a female paratype, both at the MNHN in Paris, as well as a male in the Bernard Hermier Collection. Of these, I was able to examine the BHC male firsthand, using that specimen for photographs (pl. 28) and dissection (JSM-1775). After considerable study, I have assigned rectangularis to Phavaraea, but the species remains problematic.</p> <p>Toulgoët and Navatte (1997) described rectangularis in the arctiid subfamily Pericopinae, but its membership in the Josiini is confirmed by a kettledrum thoracic tympanum and typical josiine male genitalia (fig. 309). Furthermore, the species belongs in the josiine subclade that includes Getta, Polyptychia and Phavaraea (Clade 19; fig. 7). Beyond that, its position is open to debate.</p> <p>The only androconia in P. rectangularis are found in an elongate pouch, located along the anal margin of the HW (pl. 28). A similar HW system appears in Polyptychia (fig. 298E) as well as in other Phavaraea (fig. 306A, B), but the androconial organ of P. rectangularis —comprised of a relatively narrow fold enclosing a set of long, hairlike scales—is less elaborate than in these others. Furthermore, there are no abdominal androconia in P. rectangularis, either on the venter or pleuron.</p> <p>Phavaraea rectangularis also exhibits a set of autapomorphies. For example, the abdominal dorsum is unusual in showing broad lateral patches of extremely short, appressed, light gray scales on A2–A4, and the dorsum of Tg8 exhibits a purplish cast. The antennae of P. rectangularis are unlike those of other Josiini, in that the rami along the mesal surface are much shorter than the lateral ones; elsewhere in the tribe, the pectinations on each side of the antennal shaft are roughly equal in length. The wing venation of P. rectangularis is not particularly helpful regarding generic placement; the species does not exhibit apomorphies characteristic of Getta (FW and HW discal cells short) or Polyptychia (FW Rs 4 branching below Rs 1). In the FW, vein M 1 arises from the anterolateral angle of the DC, touching the base of the radial sector, and M 3 is stalked with CuA 1. The HW venation is unremarkable, with Rs and M 1, as well as M 3 and CuA 1, being stalked. In lieu of additional character information, I have chosen Phavaraea as the most appropriate genus in which to place this species.</p> <p>DISTRIBUTION: French Guiana (BHC, MNHN).</p> <p>DISSECTED: 3, /464/, Route forestière de Bélizon, Montagne Tortue pk 14.5, spk 2.5+(à droite)2, 1+(à droite)4.4, 20 May 2001, J.-L. Giuglaris, piège lumineux, BHC (JSM-1775).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF87E0FF8C9E7BBECF1319FE974966	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Miller, James S	Miller, James S (2009): Generic Revision Of The Dioptinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea: Notodontidae) Part 2: Josiini. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2009 (321): 675-1022, DOI: 10.1206/321.1-1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1206/321.1-1
03FF87E0FF8F9E7ABC9F16EAFDB94827.text	03FF87E0FF8F9E7ABC9F16EAFDB94827.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phavaraea rejecta (Geyer) Geyer 1832	<div><p>Phavaraea rejecta (Geyer) Figures 305A–D, 306A, 310; plate 28 [EX]</p> <p>Centronia rejecta Geyer, 1832 (in Hübner, 1832) 4: 18, [pl. 115], figs. 663, 664. TYPE LOCALITY: ‘‘Java’’ (‘‘patria falsa’’;</p> <p>Bryk, 1930). TYPE: Not seen.</p> <p>Josia stygne Walker, 1854: 313.</p> <p>TYPE LOCALITY: Brazil, Pará.</p> <p>TYPE: Syntype ♀, Bates Collection (BMNH).</p> <p>Eucyane ortropea Druce, 1893: 286.</p> <p>TYPE LOCALITY: Interior of Colombia.</p> <p>TYPE: Syntype ♀, ‘‘Wheeler, Mus. D’’. (BMNH).</p> <p>DISCUSSION: From a taxonomic standpoint, the species described in the Zuträge zur Sammlung exotischer Schmetterlinge by Hübner and Geyer (1806–1838), have provided nothing but headaches. This taxon is no exception. As with all names published in those works, we are left with only a color plate showing the moth’s dorsal and ventral views. The types are presumed lost, and no text accompanies the illustrations. Phavaraea rejecta is a particularly frustrating case because the type locality given, ‘‘Java’’, is obviously in error. Subsequent authors (e.g., Bryk, 1930) have extrapolated its provenance as Brazil.</p> <p>After attempting to establish the identity of P. rejecta, it has become apparent that two species co-occur in Brazil. One of them is large (3 FW length 5 24.0–28.0) and broadly distributed across the Upper Amazon Basin from Brazil, Bolivia, and Peru north into Venezuela and French Guiana. The smaller one (3 FW length 5 21.0–24.0) is confined to eastern Brazil, from Bahia south to Rio de Janeiro. The genitalia of the two are distinct, showing differences in the shape of male St8, and in the configuration of the vesica. The question is: Which one of these is rejecta ?</p> <p>Careful comparison of available museum material with the color plates in Hübner and Geyer leads me to believe that the smaller one from Rio, showing a wider and more orangecolored FW band, is P. rejecta. This moth is rare, known from six males and two females (MPM, OUMNH, USNM). The larger, possibly nameless, taxon is common; there are over 50 specimens in North American collections alone, as well as an even larger number at the BMNH. Unfortunately, all of this material is currently referred to a single name— rejecta. If specimens from southeastern Brazil are truly P. rejecta, then the name stygne Walker (type locality Pará), currently a synonym of rejecta, could be applied to the Amazonian taxon. Resolution will require dissection of Walker’s type.</p> <p>I defer to all previous authors (Prout, 1918; Hering, 1925; Bryk, 1930) in regarding ortropea Druce (1893), where the transverse FW band is deeply indented along its outer margin, as being a synonym of rejecta. However, otropea could potentially represent yet a third valid species within this complex.</p> <p>Finally, a USNM female from Panama, collected by Gordon Small, represents the lone Central American record for Phavaraea. Small (1934–1989) is one of the most important modern collectors of neotropical Lepidoptera (see DeVries, 1997). His material, most of which resides at the USNM, has been hugely important throughout this paper. Small’s specimen shows the same general size and wing pattern as P. rejecta. Its genitalia typify those of Phavaraea, but also show important autapomorphies. I have not described this taxon as new, choosing instead to wait until additional material, including males, is discovered. In the meantime, label data is as follows: Panama, Panama Prov., Distrito de El Llano, Cordillera de San Blas, North of El Llano, 330 m, 11 Jun 1978, leg. Gordon B. Small (genitalia slide no. JSM-1585).</p> <p>DISTRIBUTION: Brazil (BMNH, CMNH, CUIC, MNHN, MPM, OUMNH, PMNH, USNM, ZMH); Bolivia (ZMH); Peru (AMNH, BMNH, CUIC); Colombia (AMNH, BMNH, CMNH, MNHN, ZMH); Venezuela (AMNH, BMNH, CAS, CMNH, OUMNH, USNM); French Guiana (AMNH, BMNH, CAS, MNHN).</p> <p>DISSECTED: 3, Peru, Río Marañon, 1918, BMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-1527); 3, [no data], USNM (genitalia slide no. JSM-1353, wing slide no. JSM-1354); ♀, Venezuela, Las Quiguas, Esteban Valley, Nov- Mar 1910, USNM (genitalia slide no. JSM-1355, wing slide no. JSM-1356); ♀, Brazil, Humayta, Rio Madeira, Jul–Sep 1906, leg. W. Hoffmanns, BMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-1586).</p> <p>EPHIALTIAS HÜBNER, 1816</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF87E0FF8F9E7ABC9F16EAFDB94827	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Miller, James S	Miller, James S (2009): Generic Revision Of The Dioptinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea: Notodontidae) Part 2: Josiini. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2009 (321): 675-1022, DOI: 10.1206/321.1-1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1206/321.1-1
03FF87E0FFF29E09BE8E10BFFB1D49A6.text	03FF87E0FFF29E09BE8E10BFFB1D49A6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ephialtias abrupta (Hubner)  1806	<div><p>Ephialtias abrupta (Hübner)</p> <p>Figures 311F, 314; plate 29 [EX]</p> <p>Hipocrita Tineiformis abrupta Hübner, 1806: pl. 184, figs. 1–4.</p> <p>TYPE LOCALITY: Not known.</p> <p>TYPE: Not seen.</p> <p>Ephialtias basalis Butler, 1878: 59.</p> <p>TYPE LOCALITY: Brazil, Pará.</p> <p>TYPE: Syntype ♀, leg. 9 Mar 1875 (BMNH).</p> <p>Josia dorsivitta Walker, 1854: 305. New synonymy. TYPE LOCALITY: Brazil, Ega. TYPE: Syntype ♀, Bates Collection</p> <p>(BMNH).</p> <p>Josia hyperia Walker, 1854: 306. New combination, revised synonymy. TYPE LOCALITY: Brazil, Pará. TYPE: Syntype ♀, Bates Collection</p> <p>(BMNH).</p> <p>Josia icca Prout, 1918: 421.</p> <p>TYPE LOCALITY: Brazil, Pará.</p> <p>TYPE: Syntype ♀ (BMNH).</p> <p>Josia pilarge Walker, 1854: 305. New combination, revised synonymy. TYPE LOCALITY: Brazil, Pará. TYPE: Syntype ♀, Bates Collection</p> <p>(BMNH).</p> <p>DISCUSSION: Ephialtias abrupta has been a difficult taxon to characterize. After considerable study, a broad species concept has been applied; the name abrupta is used for all Ephialtias showing a white region on the HW dorsal surface (pl. 29). The white area varies greatly in size. In some specimens it occupies over half the wing, whereas in others it is a small, inconspicuous patch. The white HW area in the male and female moths figured by Hübner (1806; pl. 184) is of moderate size, but is considerably larger in the female.</p> <p>Because of this pattern variation, previous authors recognized more than one species and described numerous forms and subspecies. In my arrangement, there are five synonyms of abrupta. Having made this move, it is interesting to note that the type locality for four of these five is the same— Pará, Brazil. The remaining locale, Ega, type locality for dorsivitta Walker, is nearby on the Amazon river. These observations add credence to the hypothesis that the names constitute a single species with highly variable wing pattern. Unfortunately, the Hübner type of abrupta has been lost, and its type locality will never be known.</p> <p>Details of the new synonymies are as follows: First, my research suggests that dorsivitta Walker, previously regarded as a species in Josia (Bryk, 1930), is a synonym of abrupta. The two differ only in the size of the white HW central area (smaller in abrupta). Their genitalia and other aspects of body coloring are identical. Secondly, study of BMNH types confirms that hyperia and pilarge, both described by Walker (1854), are synonyms of abrupta Hübner. Prout (1918: 421) and subsequent authors instead listed them as synonyms of E. consueta Walker. The types of hyperia and pilarge show white dorsal spots on the abdomen and a FW band typical of abrupta. However, hyperia has only a tiny amount of white in the HW, while pilarge exhibits a larger, but still faint, white central area (more clearly visible below). Finally, the names basalis Butler and icca Prout were treated as aberrations of abrupta by Prout (1918) and subsequent authors (Hering, 1925; Bryk, 1930). On those, I defer judgement.</p> <p>No other Ephialtias species shows white in the HW. Other, similar-appearing Josiini, such as P. simplex and P. esoterica (pl. 26), belong in Proutiella. Certain Arctiidae, such as Ordishia klagesi (pl. 29), are mimetic with E. abrupta, but wing venation and tympanal morphology make these easily separable.</p> <p>The abdomen of E. abrupta females exhibits a row of white spots along the midline. Interestingly, the abdominal dorsum in males is completely black. Abdominal spots are characteristic of Ephialtias, but only E. abrupta and E. consueta possess white ones.</p> <p>Within the Abrupta Group, genital morphology suggests that E. abrupta (from the Amazon Basin) and E. pseudena (from Colombia and Panama) are sister species. In both, male St8 exhibits a large, wide anterior apodeme (figs. 314E, 318E), and the valva apex bears a tiny, thumblike, membranous appendix (figs. 314A, 318A). They can be distinguished because the FW band is consistently narrower in E. abrupta, and E. pseudena never shows white in the HW.</p> <p>DISTRIBUTION: Brazil (BMNH, CMNH, NMW, OUMNH, USNM); Peru (AMNH, CUIC, MUSM, USNM, ZMC); Ecuador (LACM); Venezuela (MNHN).</p> <p>DISSECTED: 3, Brazil, ex Coll. Smith, 1844–5, BMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-333); 3, Brazil, Santarem, May 1919, leg. S.M. Klages, CMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-1731); 3, [no data], ‘‘comp. type B.M. ’’, Wm. Schaus Collection, USNM (genitalia slide no. JSM-1345, wing slide no. JSM-1346); ♀, Brazil, Pará, BMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-334); ♀, Peru, Madre de Dios, Parque Manu, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-70.96917&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-11.885833" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -70.96917/lat -11.885833)">Pakitza</a>, 11 ° 53 9 S, 70 ° 58 9 W, 400 m, 5 Oct 1990, leg. R. Robbins, USNM (genitalia slide no. JSM-1732).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF87E0FFF29E09BE8E10BFFB1D49A6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Miller, James S	Miller, James S (2009): Generic Revision Of The Dioptinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea: Notodontidae) Part 2: Josiini. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2009 (321): 675-1022, DOI: 10.1206/321.1-1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1206/321.1-1
03FF87E0FFFD9E08BEBC16A5FBD74CC6.text	03FF87E0FFFD9E08BEBC16A5FBD74CC6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ephialtias choba (Druce 1899) Druce 1899	<div><p>Ephialtias choba (Druce), new combination Figure 315; plate 29</p> <p>Myonia choba Druce, 1899: 297.</p> <p>TYPE LOCALITY: Brazil, Amazonas, Santarem.</p> <p>TYPE: Syntype 3, leg. Leech (BMNH).</p> <p>Actea transita Hering, 1925: 524. New synonymy. TYPE LOCALITY: Brazil, Pará (3).</p> <p>TYPE: Syntype 3/ ♀ (ZMH).</p> <p>DISCUSSION: This species was formerly placed in the genus Actea Walker (Prout, 1918; Hering, 1925; Bryk, 1930). Here, it is newly combined with Ephialtias.</p> <p>Typical specimens of Ephialtias choba differ from E. monilis (pl. 29) in possessing a single small yellow spot near the FW costal margin, rather than having a pair of large spots separated at M 2. Comparison of male and female genitalia (figs. 315, 317) confirms that the two species are distinct. They show strong differences in the shape of male St8, in the shape of the male vesica, and in the shape of the signum of the female CB. In fact, within the Abrupta Group, E. choba and E. monilis do not appear to be sister taxa. For example, they show different scale configurations on their labial palpi (see species key), and the frontal scales are oriented differently—vertically in monilis but horizontally in choba. Such traits indicate considerable divergence between the two. At this time, I am unable to suggest a precise placement of E. choba relative to other Ephialtias species.</p> <p>Dissection of the ZMH syntypes of Actea transita, described as a species by Hering (1925) and retained as such by Bryk (1930), produced an interesting result. These specimens show a long yellow transverse FW band (pl. 29), rather than a single spot near the anterior margin. Their FW pattern thus approximates that of E. monilis. Nevertheless, their male and female genitalia (JSM-1764, 1765) are identical with those of E. choba, as are their palpus and head-scaling patterns. Here, transita Hering is placed in synonymy with E. choba (Druce). To stabilize the nomenclature of transita, I also designate the male as a lectotype and the female as a paratype. In addition to the ZMH type material, there is a male paratype of transita at the BMNH.</p> <p>This synonymy demonstrates the existence of wing-pattern variation in E. choba, with most specimens showing a single small FW spot, but rare examples (the transita types) exhibiting a long, uneven band. The best wing-pattern trait for separating E. choba and E. monilis involves the FW ventral surface, where choba shows a diffuse basal streak, absent in E. monilis.</p> <p>Ephialtias choba is not common in collections, but a fairly large series (633, 6♀♀) is housed at the USNM. The species is found on the lower Amazon of Brazil, in the vicinity of Santarém, occurring in sympatry with E. abrupta and E. consueta.</p> <p>DISTRIBUTION: Brazil (BMNH, CMNH, NMW, USNM, ZMH).</p> <p>DISSECTED: 3, Brazil, Amazonas, Taperinha, Dognin Colln., USNM (genitalia slide no. JSM-1343); 3 type of transita Hering, Brazil, Pará, A. Schulz S., 23/992, ZMH (genitalia slide no. JSM-1764); ♀, Brazil, Amazonas, Taperinha, Dognin Colln., USNM (genitalia slide no. JSM-1344); ♀ type of transita Hering, Brazil, Pará, ‘‘7738’’, ZMH (genitalia slide no. JSM-1765).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF87E0FFFD9E08BEBC16A5FBD74CC6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Miller, James S	Miller, James S (2009): Generic Revision Of The Dioptinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea: Notodontidae) Part 2: Josiini. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2009 (321): 675-1022, DOI: 10.1206/321.1-1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1206/321.1-1
03FF87E0FFFC9E0BBE8B1385FD144DF9.text	03FF87E0FFFC9E0BBE8B1385FD144DF9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ephialtias consueta (Walker 1854) Plate	<div><p>Ephialtias consueta (Walker) Plate 29</p> <p>Josia consueta Walker, 1854: 304.</p> <p>TYPE LOCALITY: Brazil, Pará.</p> <p>TYPE: Holotype ♀ (BMNH).</p> <p>Josia lugens C. and R. Felder, 1874: pl. 105, fig. 22. TYPE LOCALITY: [Not known]. TYPE: Holotype ♀, ‘‘Bates’’, ex Felder</p> <p>Collection (BMNH).</p> <p>DISCUSSION: Ephialtias consueta is known exclusively from two females —Walker’s holotype (pl. 29) and the Felder holotype of lugens —both at the BMNH. Careful examintion reveals the presence in E. consueta of faint white spots along the abdominal dorsum, an important characteristic of Ephialtias. Furthermore, I dissected the female type of lugens C. and R. Felder. There is no locality data on that specimen, but a handwritten label gives Bates as the collector. It was therefore, in all probability, collected on the Amazon. The Felder type of lugens matches the type of consueta with precision; the two are undoubtedly synonyms, as Prout (1918) had proposed. My dissection (JSM-1545) confirms membership of consueta, formerly in Josia (Prout, 1918; Hering, 1925; Bryk, 1930), in Ephialtias, where Kirby (1892) had placed it long ago.</p> <p>Ephialtias consueta is the only member of the genus in which the HW dorsal surface is completely dark, but the ventral surface shows a diffuse white region along the anal margin. Prout (1918) originally described cassa as a subspecies of consueta. It does not show this white ventral HW spot. I have instead moved cassa to its new position as a synonym of Ephialtias pseudena (appendix 2).</p> <p>DISTRIBUTION: Brazil (BMNH).</p> <p>DISSECTED: ♀ holotype of lugens, BMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-1545).</p> <p>Ephialtias dorsispilota Warren, revised status</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF87E0FFFC9E0BBE8B1385FD144DF9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Miller, James S	Miller, James S (2009): Generic Revision Of The Dioptinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea: Notodontidae) Part 2: Josiini. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2009 (321): 675-1022, DOI: 10.1206/321.1-1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1206/321.1-1
03FF87E0FFFF9E0ABF54107BFF3D4E83.text	03FF87E0FFFF9E0ABF54107BFF3D4E83.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ephialtias monilis (Hubner) Hubner 1806	<div><p>Ephialtias monilis (Hübner) Figures 311D, 317; plate 29 [EX]</p> <p>Hipocrita (Tineiformis) monilis Hübner, 1805: pl. 183, figs. 1–4.</p> <p>TYPE LOCALITY: Not known.</p> <p>TYPE: Not seen.</p> <p>DISCUSSION: Ephialtias monilis is similar in wing pattern to typical examples of E. choba (pl. 29), differing in showing a pair of yellow spots, rather than a single spot, in the position of the FW cross band. These are formed by having the transverse band abruptly narrowed, sometimes broken, at the point beyond the DC where M 2 arises. However, as is discussed above, some rare wing pattern variants of E. choba (‘‘ transita ’’, pl. 29) show a broken transverse band nearly identical with that of E. monilis. More reliable wing pattern differences are the width of the yellow-orange HW band—wide in E. monilis, but narrow in E. choba —and, on the FW ventral surface, a basal streak in E. choba not found in E. monilis.</p> <p>The labial palpi provide another method for separating males of E. monilis and E. choba: Lp2 and Lp 3 in E. monilis bear long, bristlelike scales at their apices, forming a diffuse tuft. This tuft is absent in choba. Interestingly, a homologous palpus tuft occurs in E. dorsispilota, a species with an unbroken FW band and a uniformly blackish HW (pl. 28). Genital similarities further suggest that E. monilis and E. dorsispilota are sister species (figs. 316, 317).</p> <p>Ephialtias monilis, widely distributed throughout the Upper Amazon Basin, also occurs in French Guiana. The species is common in museum collections, often being represented by large series. A single female, in the Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna, bears labels indicating that it was captured in</p> <p>Chiriquí, Panama. That specimen, purchased by Staudinger, was apparently collected in August 1886, although the collector is not given. The veracity of this label seems doubtful (G. Lama, personal commun.), but were it to be correct, this is the first record of E. monilis for Central America.</p> <p>During the course of its taxonomic history, this species has resided in Josia (Walker, 1854), Brachyglene (Kirby, 1892), and Actea (Prout, 1918; Hering, 1925; Bryk, 1930).</p> <p>DISTRIBUTION: Brazil (AMNH, BMNH, CMNH, LACM, NMW, OUMNH, USNM, ZMH); Peru (AMNH, MUSM, USNM, ZMH); Ecuador (BMNH); French Guiana (AMNH, BHC); Panama (NMW).</p> <p>DISSECTED: ³, Peru, Madre de Dios, Parque Manu, Pakitza, 12 ° 07 9, 70 ° 58 9, 400 m, 21 Sept 1989, leg. R. Robbins, USNM (genitalia slide no. JSM-1543); ³, [no data], colln. W. Schaus, USNM (genitalia slide no. JSM-1347); ♀, [no data], colln. W. Schaus, USNM (genitalia slide no. JSM-1348).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF87E0FFFF9E0ABF54107BFF3D4E83	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Miller, James S	Miller, James S (2009): Generic Revision Of The Dioptinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea: Notodontidae) Part 2: Josiini. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2009 (321): 675-1022, DOI: 10.1206/321.1-1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1206/321.1-1
03FF87E0FFFE9E0ABCDC11CEFD4D48F6.text	03FF87E0FFFE9E0ABCDC11CEFD4D48F6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ephialtias pseudena (Boisduval 1870)	<div><p>Ephialtias pseudena (Boisduval) Figures 311E, 318A–E; plate 28</p> <p>Retila pseudena Boisduval, 1870: 94.</p> <p>TYPE LOCALITY: ‘‘ Muzo’’?.</p> <p>TYPE: Syntype ³ (BMNH).</p> <p>Josia cassa Prout, 1918: 421. Revised synonymy.</p> <p>TYPE LOCALITY: Colombia, Muzo, Río Cantinero, 400 m.</p> <p>TYPE: Holotype ³, leg. A.H. Fassl (BMNH).</p> <p>DISCUSSION: In his description of pseudena, Boisduval (1870: 94) listed Honduras and Mexico as localities. Subsequent authors thus mistakenly reported this species from Mexico south to Colombia (e.g., Hering, 1925). The locality label on Boisduval’s pseudena type is extremely difficult to read. After considerable study of the handwriting, I propose ‘‘Muzo’’ as the type locality. Support for this hypothesis comes from other museum material. No verified examples of the moth have been collected north of the Canal Zone in Panama, whereas many specimens are known from Muzo, near the headwaters of the Río Magdalena in central Colombia.</p> <p>Ephialtias dorsispilota, previously treated as a synonym of pseudena (Bryk, 1930), is here raised to species status following the original author (Warren, 1905). The two moths are readily separable (pl. 28) because the front and femora, as well as the venter of the abdomen, are white in E. pseudena, whereas these regions are dark brown to blackish brown in E. dorsispilota. Of the two species, E. pseudena is less common in collections.</p> <p>Prout (1918: 421) described cassa as a subspecies of Josia consueta Walker, differing in having no white dorsal markings on the abdomen, in having the FW cross band straighter and narrower, and in lacking white scaling along the HW anal margin. Subsequent authors have followed this treatment (Hering, 1925; Bryk, 1930). My study of the relevant types suggests that cassa is instead a junior synonym of pseudena. Prout stated that cassa is known from Panama and from Bogotá, Colombia. This matches the known distribution of E. pseudena, but not that of E. consueta (Pará, Brazil).</p> <p>Based on genital similarities, E. pseudena is an extremely close relative of E. abrupta from the Amazon Basin. Synapomorphies are noted in the discussion of the latter (above).</p> <p>DISTRIBUTION: Colombia(AMNH,BMNH, MNHN); Panama (AMNH, BMNH, NMW).</p> <p>DISSECTED: ³, Colombia, Muzo, 400– 800 m, leg. Fassl, BMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-301); ³, Colombia, Cundinamarca, Nouvelle Grenade, Cananche, 1 Sept 1900, leg. M. de Mathan, BMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-294); ³, Colombia, Cundinamarca, Cananche, 1 Sep 1900, leg. M. de Mathan, BMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-859); ♀, Colombia, Muzo, 400–800 m, leg. Fassl, BMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-302); ♀, Colombia, Muzo, R. Cantinero, 400 m, leg. A.H. Fassl, BMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-860).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF87E0FFFE9E0ABCDC11CEFD4D48F6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Miller, James S	Miller, James S (2009): Generic Revision Of The Dioptinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea: Notodontidae) Part 2: Josiini. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2009 (321): 675-1022, DOI: 10.1206/321.1-1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1206/321.1-1
03FF87E0FFFE9E0ABE88147AFB994B28.text	03FF87E0FFFE9E0ABE88147AFB994B28.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ephialtias velutinum (Butler 1878) Butler 1878	<div><p>Ephialtias velutinum (Butler),</p> <p>new combination</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF87E0FFFE9E0ABE88147AFB994B28	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Miller, James S	Miller, James S (2009): Generic Revision Of The Dioptinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea: Notodontidae) Part 2: Josiini. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2009 (321): 675-1022, DOI: 10.1206/321.1-1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1206/321.1-1
03FF87E0FFF89E0FBC171354FE414B33.text	03FF87E0FFF89E0FBC171354FE414B33.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ephialtias bryce (Walker 1854)	<div><p>Ephialtias bryce (Walker), new combination Plate 29</p> <p>Josia bryce Walker, 1854: 303.</p> <p>TYPE LOCALITY: Brazil, Tapajós.</p> <p>TYPE: Holotype ³, Bates Collection (BMNH).</p> <p>Josia rosea Hering, 1925: 526, fig. 70h. New synonymy.</p> <p>TYPE LOCALITY: Brazil, Itaituba.</p> <p>TYPE: Syntype ³/ ♀ (ZMH).</p> <p>Josia subdraconis Bryk, 1953: 226.</p> <p>TYPE LOCALITY: Brazil, Amazonas, S. Gabriel.</p> <p>TYPE: Holotype ♀ (not seen), leg. 29 Dec, ex Roman Collection.</p> <p>DISCUSSION: According to my taxonomic interpretation, E. bryce can be distinguished from other Bryce Group species because the transverse FW band shows reddish coloring at it anterior and posterior ends in bryce, whereas the band is red exclusively at its anterior end in the other two taxa. Ephialtias bryce is also slightly smaller than E. draconis and E. tenuifascia. The genitalia of E. bryce are also distinctive. For example, in females, the elongate sclerite of the corpus bursae shows less curvature than in the other two, and is also much more densely spined.</p> <p>Comparison of the types of bryce Walker and rosea Hering suggests that these are synonyms; they have identical wing patterns, with the same amount of rosy red in the transverse FW band, and a similar peachcolored central area near the band’s center (see Bryce Group species key). Both type localities are on the Rio Tapajós of Brazil — ‘‘Rio Tapajos’’ for bryce, and ‘‘Itaituba’’ for rosea. Hering’s rosea is here made a junior synonym of E. bryce. The only specimen of E. bryce at the BMNH is the Walker type. There are, however, nine examples identified as rosea in the ZMH collection, including a paratype. The male dissected for this study (JSM-1421) is from that series.</p> <p>By studying material with wings strictly adhering to this characterization of E. bryce, it appears that the species is endemic to a relatively small area in the vicinity of the Rio</p> <p>Tapajós, a large tributary that empties into the Amazon River near Santarém. The question becomes which name to apply to material from further west up the Amazon. Specimens from there do not show the pinkish-red FW band. I leave resolution of that issue to future revisionary work. I was unable to locate the type of subdraconis, described by Bryk (1953) as a subspecies of E. bryce.</p> <p>DISTRIBUTION: Brazil (AMNH, BMNH, CUIC, USNM, ZMH).</p> <p>DISSECTED: ³, Brazil, Itaituba, ZMH (genitalia slide no. JSM-1421); ³, Brazil, Pará, Itaituba, Rio Tapajós, Feb 1922, USNM (genitalia slide no. JSM-1728); ♀, Brazil, AMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-134); ♀, Brazil, Rio Tapajós, leg. B. Pohl, CU Lot 819, Sub 309, CUIC (genitalia slide no. JSM-1730).</p> <p>Ephialtias draconis (Druce), new combination Figures 311G, 311H, 312, 313; plate 29 [EX]</p> <p>Actea draconis Druce, 1885a: 145, pl. 14, fig. 6. TYPE LOCALITY: Panama, San Juan. TYPE: Syntype ³ (ZMH).</p> <p>DISCUSSION: Ephialtias draconis is common in the Canal Zone of Panama (Forbes, 1939a). I have observed it along the Pipeline Road (1993), flying during the day in considerable numbers. Because of the many entomologists who have worked in Panama over the years, E. draconis is well represented in most major collections. However, when attempting to delimit geographical boundaries for the species, serious problems arise. Aside from the vast amount of Panamanian material, only two examples of E. draconis are known from Colombia (USNM). None has been captured in Ecuador. The next occurrence of the species as one travels south along the Andes is southeastern Peru and northeastern Bolivia. One might presume that this material represents an unnamed taxon. The HW in these southern examples is more salmon colored than the rosy red HW typical of E. draconis. However, their genitalia (JSM-717, 718) are indistinguishable from those of Panamanian specimens. I have therefore listed Bolivian material as E. draconis. Clearly, more work is needed to refine the taxonomic and geographical boundaries of this taxon.</p> <p>Interestingly, E. draconis has been listed as the only dioptine occurring in Jamaica (Prout, 1918), based on a single specimen in the BMNH collection. Todd (1981) questioned the veracity of that record. He discovered the specimen in question; it was purchased in 1888 from a ‘‘Mr. Mathew’’. The relevant BMNH accession records mention Lepidoptera from Australia and Chile, but nothing from Jamaica. Todd concluded that the specimen is mislabeled. There have been no subsequent reports of E. draconis occurring on Jamaica, or on any other island in the Antilles.</p> <p>The type of E. draconis, one of the few Druce types residing at the ZMH, originally came from the Staudinger Collection (Druce, 1885a).</p> <p>This is one of only two members of the Josiini whose larvae are known to feed on Turnera (Turneraceae; see table 6). Ephialtias draconis male and female genitalia, as well as its caterpillars, are illustrated and discussed in Miller (1996).</p> <p>DISTRIBUTION: Panama (AMNH, BMNH, CAS, CUIC, MUSM, NMW, UCB, USNM, ZMC); Colombia (USNM); Peru (AMNH, BMNH); Bolivia (AMNH, CMNH).</p> <p>DISSECTED: ³, Panama, Canal Zone, Barro Colorado Island, CAS (genitalia slide no. JSM-703); ³, Panama, Canal Zone, Barro Colorado Island, AMNH (wing slide no. JSM-171; genitalia slide no. JSM-133); ³, Panama, Canal Zone, Barro Colorado Island, AMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-284); ³, Bolivia, Las Juntas, leg. Steinbach, CMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-718); ♀, Panama, Canal Zone, Barro Colorado Island, AMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-285); ♀, Panama, Canal Zone, Barro Colorado Island, 22 Mar 1945, leg. C.D. Michener, AMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-710); ♀, Bolivia, Las Juntas, leg. Steinbach, CMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-717).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF87E0FFF89E0FBC171354FE414B33	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Miller, James S	Miller, James S (2009): Generic Revision Of The Dioptinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea: Notodontidae) Part 2: Josiini. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2009 (321): 675-1022, DOI: 10.1206/321.1-1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1206/321.1-1
03FF87E0FFFB9E0FBCAA143EFE4B4B87.text	03FF87E0FFFB9E0FBCAA143EFE4B4B87.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ephialtias tenuifascia (Prout 1918)	<div><p>Ephialtias tenuifascia (Prout),</p> <p>new combination revised status</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF87E0FFFB9E0FBCAA143EFE4B4B87	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Miller, James S	Miller, James S (2009): Generic Revision Of The Dioptinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea: Notodontidae) Part 2: Josiini. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2009 (321): 675-1022, DOI: 10.1206/321.1-1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1206/321.1-1
03FF87E0FFFB9E16BF5E1434FB0549A8.text	03FF87E0FFFB9E16BF5E1434FB0549A8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lyces Walker 1854	<div><p>LYCES WALKER, 1854</p> <p>Figures 320–325; plates 29–31</p> <p>Lyces Walker 1854: 366. Type species: Lyces angulosa Walker, 1854 (by original designation).</p> <p>Leptactea Prout, 1918: 397. Type species: Actea minuta Druce, 1885b (by original designation). New synonymy.</p> <p>DIAGNOSIS: Taken as a whole, Lyces shows remarkable variation in wing pattern. This variability includes: Species with a yellow or orange-yellow transverse FW band and a corresponding yellow or orange-yellow central area in the HW (e.g., L. angulosa and L. constricta, pl. 29); taxa with longitudinal yellow or orange FW and HW stripes (e.g., L. striata and L. cruciata, pl. 31); as well as species with a yellow transverse FW band and a completely dark HW (e.g., L. ignorata and L. ena, pl. 29). Anomalous wing patterns include those of L. banana, L. fluonia, and L. vulturata (pls. 29, 30)—all of which exhibit an oblique yellow FW stripe—as well as L. minuta (pl. 31), where the orange markings of the FW include an unusual longitudinal streak behind vein Sc, and a quadrate transverse band. Lyces solaris (pl. 30) possesses wings reminiscent of some Scea species (e.g., S. angustimargo, pl. 33). This spectrum of patterns notwithstanding, comprehensive analysis of adult morphology strongly supports the monophyly of a Lyces clade (fig. 283), separate from Josia.</p> <p>Lyces species can be recognized by the following suite of characters: labial palpus porrect, barely ascending (figs. 320A, B, E– H); Lp2 almost straight, slightly shorter than Lp1; Lp3 bullet shaped, rarely elongate (L. attenuata); front and labial palpus uniformly dark brown to blackish brown, rarely (some Patula Group species) with white or orange markings; eye moderately large (fig. 320A– D), postgena relatively wide; FW vein M 1 arising from anterolateral angle of DC (fig. 320I), either touching or almost touching base of radial sector; male and female abdomen elongate, acute distally (especially in males). The male genitalia are variable, but always have an extremely large, membranous BO (e.g., figs. 322A, 323A), narrow, laterally compressed socii, and a relatively long vesica (e.g., fig. 323B, G). In females, the base of the CB usually forms a sclerotized, vaselike structure near its junction with the DB (figs. 323C, 323H, 324C, 324H, 325B, 325G). Internally, this structure is densely spinose.</p> <p>In Lyces species with longitudinal FW stripes, such as members of the Patula Group (pl. 30), it is important to recognize that these stripes fall along the wing more anteriorly than the ones found in Josia (Forbes, 1931; Miller, 1996). In Lyces, the majority of the stripe lies within the DC, anterior to the cubitus. The stripe in Josia, on the other hand, invariably straddles the cubitus (fig. 336H), its trailing margin extending posteriorly well beyond the anal fold.</p> <p>REDESCRIPTION: Male. FW length 5 10.5– 23.0 mm. Head (fig. 320A–H): Labial palpus extending almost horizontally, barely ascending; Lp1 relatively long, curved upward, with a wedge-shaped fringe of long scales below; Lp2 straight and fairly wide, shorter than Lp1, usually tightly scaled, without a fringe; Lp3 bullet-shaped; clypeus scaleless; frontal scales short, pointing ventrally from below antennal bases, then horizontally above clypeus; eye moderately large, postgena wide; scales of vertex relatively short, pointing anteriorly; antennal rami thin, variable in length, ranging from moderately long (e.g., L. striata) to short (L. gopala), approximately 12 terminal segments simple; antennal shaft widened from base, tapering distally.</p> <p>Thorax: Epiphysis moderately wide, approximately two-thirds length of tibia, not extending beyond its apex; tegula moderately long, slightly less than two-thirds length of mesoscutum, ventral angle acute; metathoracic tympanum kettledrum shaped, drum extremely large, occupying almost entire metepimeron; tympanal membrane large, ovoid, oriented horizontally.</p> <p>Forewing (fig. 320I; pls. 29–31): Broad to slightly elongate; veins Rs 2 –Rs 4 in the pattern [2+3]+4; M 1 arising from anterolateral angle of DC, either touching (e.g., L. aurimutua, L. flavissima) or almost touching (e.g., L. angulosa, L. ena) base of radial sector; DC much longer than one-half FW length; veins M 3 and CuA 1 long stalked; wing pattern variable, ground color dark brown to black; most species either with a yellow or orange-yellow transverse band crossing distal margin of DC (Angulosa Group), or with a longitudinal stripe (Patula Group).</p> <p>Hind wing (fig. 320I; pls. 29–31): Broad and full, rounded at apex; M 3 and CuA 1 long stalked; pattern highly variable; ground color dark brown to black, central area concolorous (e.g., L. fluonia, L. banana), with a yellow or orange central area of various sizes and shapes (e.g., L. attenuata), or with a longitudinal orange stripe (e.g., L. aurimutua).</p> <p>Abdomen: Elongate, acute distally; often uniformly brownish gray to blackish gray above and below; some species with thin, longitudinal whitish (e.g., L. longistria) or orange (L. cruciata) pleural stripes; venter sometimes either with a faint white stripe along midline (e.g., L. longistria), or completely white (e.g., L. ena, L. cruciata).</p> <p>Terminalia (figs. 321A, B, D–G, I, J; 322A–D; 323A, B, D–G, I, J; 324A, B, D, E, F, G, I, J): Tg8 short, roughly quadrate, occasionally tapered posteriorly (e.g., L. fluonia, L. vulturata), anterior margin simple, posterior margin either with a shallow, wide excavation (Angulosa Group), or with a deep, U-shaped mesal excavation (Patula, Eterusialis groups); St8 longer and wider than Tg8, narrowing posteriorly, sometimes markedly so (e.g., L. flavissima); anterior margin of St8 with a short, acute mesal apodeme (longer in L. flavissima), posterior margin either simple (Angulosa Group), or with a deep, often narrow, U-shaped or V-shaped mesal excavation; socii/uncus complex highly variable in shape, narrowly attached to tegumen; uncus usually long, thin and acute at apex, arching downward from base, sometimes with a large, bladelike dorsal flange (e.g., L. angulosa, L. ariaca, L. ena); socii variable in shape, usually laterally compressed, sometimes acutely tapered (e.g., L. striata, L. attenuata), occasionally with bristlelike dorsal setae (e.g., L. ariaca); tegumen wide (Angulosa Group), or moderately wide to narrow; tegumen taller than vinculum, or rarely shorter (Eterusialis Group); vinculum narrow; saccus apparently absent, ventral margin of genitalia broadly U-shaped; valva large, completely membranous except for costa and base, BO extremely large, occupying almost entire valva, expanded along outer margin; costa narrow, variable in length, sometimes extremely short (Eterusialis Group), frequently with an acute (e.g., L. patula, L. ariaca) or bladelike (e.g., L. cruciata) process approximately one-half way out; apex bearing a short, sclerotized process of variable shape, usually somewhat truncate (e.g., L. fluonia, L. solaris), rarely acute (L. angulosa); valva bases frequently joining below ventral margin of genitalia to form a W-shaped structure; arms of transtilla wide, pointing sharply downward, sometimes crenulate along dorsal margin (e.g., L. cruciata); transtillar arms meeting at midline to form a large, deeply concave medial plate, its lateral margins sometimes curled inward; most species with a triangular patch of spicules in manica above transtillar plate, spicules sometimes long and densely arranged (e.g., L. cruciata); aedeagus extremely wide and bulbous at base, abruptly tapered distally; apex of aedeagus forming a small point; vesica as long as, or longer than aedeagus, variable in shape, always extending upward; vesica wide and arising at a sharp angle from aedeagus (e.g., Angulosa and Eterusialis groups), or long and narrow, curled anteriorly (Patula Group); vesica with numerous spinelike cornuti, variable in size; often with a single, isolated cornutus at apex of vesica much larger than others (many Patula Group species).</p> <p>Female. FW length 5 9.5–24.0 mm. Head: Similar to male, except antenna ciliate.</p> <p>Thorax: Similar to male.</p> <p>Forewing: Longer and broader than male (pls. 29–31), yellow/orange-yellow maculations wider.</p> <p>Hind wing: Longer and broader than male, outer margin more rounded, yellow/orange-yellow pattern wider; frenulum comprising two bristles.</p> <p>Abdomen: Elongate as in male, but wider.</p> <p>Terminalia (321C, H; 322E; 323C, H; 324C, H): Tg7 long and wide, slightly narrower posteriorly, anterior margin simple, posterior margin with a deep, wide, often poorly defined, U-shaped mesal excavation; posterior two-thirds of Tg7 more sclerotized than anterior third, a transverse depression dividing the two sections; St7 long and wide, equal in length to Tg7, anterior margin simple, posterior margin with a deep, narrow Ushaped mesal excavation; Tg8 completely membranous, membrane fragile; AA extremely thin, either short and delicate (Angulosa and Eterusialis groups) or moderately long, straight (Patula Group); A8 pleuron membranous, with a thin, straplike sclerite along anterior margin; PP moderately long, extremely thin; PA small, almost always with a dorsal lobe, sometimes (Angulosa Group) with ventrolateral margin heavily sclerotized, forming a bladelike lateral flange; area of PVP either completely membranous, or rarely lightly sclerotized; a short, half-moon–shaped antevaginal plate sometimes present (e.g., L. ena, L. auriaca); DB short, narrow or moderately wide, membranous; CB large, sometimes (e.g., L. flavissima, L. angulosa) extremely so, roughly ovoid, midsection broadly sclerotized above; base of CB variable, either with a complex series of folds and a large, laterally compressed dorsal appendix (Angulosa and Eterusialis groups), or narrowed and smoothly sclerotized to form a vaselike constriction (Patula Group); CB almost always with a large set of internal spines near base (absent in L. angulosa); signum located ventrally, bird shaped, comprising a wide, transverse sclerite with long, internal spines at each end, central portion of signum protruding from CB membrane; DS arising dorsally from a large, laterally compressed, often sclerotized, appendix, base of DS often curled, pigtail shaped.</p> <p>DISTRIBUTION: The Eterusialis Group (two species) is strictly South American, whereas the other two Lyces species groups occur from southern Mexico south to Bolivia and southeastern Brazil. The majority of Patula Group species are endemic to Andean cloud forests at elevations between 1500 and 3000 meters—a few have been recorded from 4000 meters. The remaining taxa, such a L. ena (Angulosa Group) and L. cruciata (Patula Group), live in lowland forests.</p> <p>BIOLOGY: Immature stages have been discovered for 10 Lyces species (table 6)— more than a third of the genus. Their hosts seem to contrast with those of Josia. Almost all Lyces hosts belong in the Passiflora subgenus Granadilla, whereas Josia larvae are associated most commonly with Passiflora species currently assigned to the subgenus Decaloba. A similar dichotomy occurs within Heliconius (Smiley, 1985); the erato - charitonia species group specializes on Decaloba, whereas the numata -melpomene group is restricted to Granadilla. Plants in these two subgenera show basic differences. The leaves of most Granadilla species are glabrous and thick, whereas those in Plectostemma are pubescent and delicate (see, e.g., Holm-Nielsen et al., 1988). Whether this difference in host-plant utilization between Lyces and Josia is correlated with divergence in plant secondary chemicals within Passiflora, or whether other biological determinants are at play, remains to be investigated. Plant chemistry is only one of the factors determining Passiflora species usage in Heliconius (Smiley and Wisdom, 1985), other variables being plant nutritive value and plant-associated predators. It will be interesting to fill in the missing host-plant data for the remainder of the Josiini in search of general patterns.</p> <p>In contrast to Josia caterpillars (pl. 39L– O), Lyces larvae generally show simpler abdominal coloration—less reticulate and more geometric (pl. 39J, K). Other features of their morphology are the same (Miller and Otero, 1994; Miller, 1996).</p> <p>DISCUSSION: In previous treatments of the Dioptinae, the taxa now residing in Lyces were placed in Josia, which then included many more species than are recognized here. Earlier authors (Prout, 1918; Hering, 1925; Forbes, 1931) were obviously confused by the diversity of wing patterns occurring in the Josiini, and with few other character systems available to them, were unsure how to proceed regarding the group’s taxonomy. Their solution was to create a large diverse genus called Josia, which we now know, was polyphyletic (Miller, 1996; Miller, Brower and DeSalle, 1997).</p> <p>The genus name Lyces, prior to now not widely used, is attributed to Walker (1854), who described two species in the genus, angulosa and flavissima. Kirby (1892) later designated angulosa as the type, listing six species of Lyces, only four of which— angulosa, eterusialis, flavissima, and fornax —currently reside in the Josiini. According to the classification proposed here (appendix 2), all four of these are correctly assigned to Lyces. Schaus (1892) added a fifth, describing maera from Brazil, a species that Hering (1925) subsequently moved to its proper position in Erbessa. Prout (1918) placed Lyces in synonymy with Josia, applying the name to his ‘‘Section III’’. Prout recognized 13 species in ‘‘Section III’’, almost all of which belong in Lyces as conceived here. Both Hering (1925) and Bryk (1930) abandoned the use of Lyces in any capacity. According to my concept, Lyces includes 25 species in three species groups.</p> <p>Unlike some genera of the Dioptinae, where there are numerous undescribed species and few names, I discovered fewer species in Lyces than names. In this paper, seven new junior synonyms are proposed, and one new species is described. Additional study will, in all likelihood, reduce the number of valid species even further. I know of only a handful of undescribed Lyces in collections, most of these represented by a single specimen collected at an exotic locality.</p> <p>The three species groups defined here are built largely on characters from genitalia. Wing patterns vary dramatically within Lyces, but other features, such as the labial palpi and male antennae, are relatively uniform throughout (fig. 320). By and large, I believe these species groups are robust. At the very least they can act as hypotheses for future testing.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF87E0FFFB9E16BF5E1434FB0549A8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Miller, James S	Miller, James S (2009): Generic Revision Of The Dioptinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea: Notodontidae) Part 2: Josiini. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2009 (321): 675-1022, DOI: 10.1206/321.1-1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1206/321.1-1
03FF87E0FFED9E19BE9210B7FC9D4B4F.text	03FF87E0FFED9E19BE9210B7FC9D4B4F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lyces eterusialis Walker 1864	<div><p>Lyces eterusialis Walker, revised status Figure 321F–J; plate 30</p> <p>Lyces eterusialis Walker, 1864: 178.</p> <p>TYPE LOCALITY: Colombia, ‘‘ Bogotá ’’.</p> <p>TYPE: Syntype ³, ex Stevens Collection (BMNH).</p> <p>DISCUSSION: Lyces eterusialis is similar in all respects to L. flavissima, the only difference being that the markings of L. eterusialis are a dark, rich yellow, whereas those of L. flavissima are lighter lemon yellow to almost greenish yellow. When genital morphology for the two taxa is compared, they are impossible to separate. It thus appears that L. eterusialis and L. flavissima may represent color forms of a single species. I leave resolution of that question for future research. Material identified as Lyces eterusialis, uncommon in museum collections, is restricted to eastern Colombia in the vicinity of Bogotá.</p> <p>DISTRIBUTION: Colombia(AMNH, BMNH, MNHN, NMW, OUMNH, USNM, ZMH).</p> <p>DISSECTED: ³, Colombia, Bogotá, leg. Lindig, MNHN (genitalia slide no. JSM-503); ³, Colombia, Susumico, USNM (genitalia slide no. JSM-1377); ♀, Colombia, Villavicencio, nr. Bogotá, Apr 1917, leg. Apollinaire, USNM (genitalia slide no. JSM-1378).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF87E0FFED9E19BE9210B7FC9D4B4F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Miller, James S	Miller, James S (2009): Generic Revision Of The Dioptinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea: Notodontidae) Part 2: Josiini. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2009 (321): 675-1022, DOI: 10.1206/321.1-1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1206/321.1-1
03FF87E0FFED9E18BE9314FDFCC548B6.text	03FF87E0FFED9E18BE9314FDFCC548B6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lyces flavissima Walker 1854	<div><p>Lyces flavissima Walker, revised status Plates 30, 39J [EX]</p> <p>Lyces flavissima Walker, 1854: 367.</p> <p>TYPE LOCALITY: Venezuela.</p> <p>TYPE: Syntype ♀, ex Dyson Collection (BMNH).</p> <p>DISCUSSION: As noted above, L. flavissima is extremely similar to L. eterusialis, with one observable difference—the color of the FW and HW markings (pl. 30). The two taxa exhibit seemingly identical genital morphology. Furthermore, in both species the rami of the male antennae are extremely short. This characteristic can also be found in some members of the Patula Group, such as L. longistria.</p> <p>My dissections suggest that specimens from eastern Ecuador, which exhibit lemon-yellow markings, are conspecific with material from Venezuela, the provenance of the L. flavissima type. A single known example from Guyana (Mt. Ayanganna; 05 ° 24.1N, 59 ° 57.4W; 4500–5500 ft; USNM), matches these. Assuming the two are even distinct species, the range of L. flavissima thus appears to be more extensive than that of L. eterusialis, so far recorded exclusively from Colombia. Lyces flavissima, discussed in Miller (1996), was reared by L.D. Otero (1992) in Venezuela on Passiflora oerstedi and P. ambigua (table 6).</p> <p>An undescribed species belonging in the Eterusialis Group, closely related to but markedly distinct from L. flavissima, occurs in Venezuela. I know this taxon from a single specimen: ³, Venezuela, Sucre, Elvecia, near Mt. Turumquire, leg. G. Netting (CMNH). Its wing pattern generally resembles that of L. flavissima, but the lemon-yellow FW band is displaced as it crosses the stem of M 3 +CuA 1, and the yellow central area of the HW is scalloped along its outer margin. The male genitalia of this specimen (JSM-433) show all the characteristics of the Eterusialis Group, but differ markedly from the other two species, especially in the configuration of the vesica.</p> <p>DISTRIBUTION: Venezuela (AMNH, BMNH, IZA, OUMNH, USNM, ZMH); Guyana (USNM); Ecuador (AMNH, CMNH, NMW, USNM, ZMH).</p> <p>DISSECTED: ³, Venezuela, Aragua, Rancho Grande, 1100 m, 27 Jul 1992, leg. L.D. Otero, ex ova on Passiflora oerstedi (genitalia slide no. JSM-652); ³, Venezuela, Cucuta, USNM (genitalia slide no. JSM-624); ³, Venezuela, ZMH (genitalia slide no. JSM-638); ♀, Venezuela, Aragua, Rancho Grande, 1100 m, 27 Jul 1992, leg. L.D. Otero, ex ova on Passiflora oerstedi (genitalia slide no. JSM-653); ♀, Venezuela, Aragua, Rancho Grande nr. Maracay, 30 Apr 1946, Tropical Research Station, N.Y. Zoological Society (genitalia slide no. JSM-623); ♀, Venezuela, Cucuta, USNM (genitalia slide no. JSM-625); ♀, Ecuador, Pastaza, Río Pastaza, ZMH (genitalia slide no. JSM-636); ♀, ‘‘Amaz.’’, ZMH (genitalia slide no. JSM-638).</p> <p>2. ANGULOSA GROUP</p> <p>The Angulosa Group (pl. 29) divides into two clades—one containing L. angulosa and L. constricta, and the other comprising L. ariaca, L. banana, L. ena, and L. enoides. Although wing patterns in this second subclade are seemingly divergent, genital morphology is highly derived, and remarkably similar.</p> <p>Members of the Angulosa Group can be characterized by the traits utilized in the species-group key above. In addition, the following features apply: base of female CB with a large, laterally compressed dorsal appendix; DB relatively long, membranous. The dorsal process on the male uncus (figs. 321A, 322A) and the sclerotized margins of the papillae anales in females (figs. 321C, 322E) are particularly reliable.</p> <p>Of the eight included species in the Angulosa Group, all are here transferred from Josia, their previous assignment (Prout, 1918; Hering, 1925; Bryk, 1930). Seven of these are new combinations, the lone exception being L. angulosa Walker, the type species of Lyces.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF87E0FFED9E18BE9314FDFCC548B6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Miller, James S	Miller, James S (2009): Generic Revision Of The Dioptinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea: Notodontidae) Part 2: Josiini. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2009 (321): 675-1022, DOI: 10.1206/321.1-1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1206/321.1-1
03FF87E0FFEC9E1BBED317A9FD1648D4.text	03FF87E0FFEC9E1BBED317A9FD1648D4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lyces angulosa Walker 1854	<div><p>KEY TO ANGULOSA GROUP SPECIES</p> <p>1.</p> <p>–</p> <p>2.</p> <p>Plate 29</p> <p>Hind wing with a yellow central area of varying shape.................... 4 HW completely blackish brown, sometimes with a faint blue iridescence.......... 2 Forewing with a transverse lemon-yellow band crossing distal margin of DC, band extending from subcosta to immediately short of tornus;....................... 3</p> <p>– FW with an oblique, orange-yellow band extending from wing base to immediately short of tornus; FW length 5 14.0–15.5 mm (Brazil).............. banana (Warren)</p> <p>3. Forewing somewhat elongate; transverse yellow band variable in width, never extremely wide, its inner margin crossing cubitus at base of R 1, its outer margin not extending beyond fork of Rs 1 and Rs 2 –Rs 4; lateral margins of female signum with numerous internal spines; FW length 5 9.5–14.5 mm........................... ena (Boisduval) / enoides (Boisduval)</p> <p>– FW broad; transverse yellow band extremely wide, its inner margin crossing cubitus basal to R 1, its outer margin extending well beyond fork of Rs 1 and Rs 2 –Rs 4; lateral margins of signum with few internal spines; FW length 5 15.5 mm............. ignorata (Hering)</p> <p>4. Yellow central area of HW broad, its outer margin rounded, reaching fork of M 3 +CuA 1; body entirely gray-brown with a steely iridescence; apex of valva acute, bladelike (fig. 322A); FW length 5 16.5–21.5 mm (eastern Brazil)........ angulosa Walker</p> <p>– Yellow central area of HW elongate, narrow, not touching fork of M 3 +CuA 1; body iridescent blue gray, abdominal venter whitish; apex of valva forming a triangular process, not bladelike (fig. 321A); FW length 5 11.5– 18.0 mm........................ 5</p> <p>5. Transverse band of FW wide, straight; dorsal process on uncus small, spatulate; central portion of valva with a triangular process, base with a large flange, apex triangular; base of female CB with a set of internal spines; FW length 5 11.5–14.5 mm (Mexico S to Honduras)................ ariaca (Druce)</p> <p>– Transverse band of FW narrow, curving gently outward; dorsal process on uncus large, bladelike; central portion of valval costa rugulose, base simple, apex spatulate; base of CB smoothly sclerotized, lacking internal spines; FW length 5 14.5–18.0 mm (eastern Brazil)...... constricta (Warren)</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF87E0FFEC9E1BBED317A9FD1648D4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Miller, James S	Miller, James S (2009): Generic Revision Of The Dioptinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea: Notodontidae) Part 2: Josiini. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2009 (321): 675-1022, DOI: 10.1206/321.1-1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1206/321.1-1
03FF87E0FFEF9E1ABCDB141FFED64E45.text	03FF87E0FFEF9E1ABCDB141FFED64E45.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lyces angulosa Walker 1854	<div><p>Lyces angulosa Walker, revised status Figures 320A, 320I, 322; plate 29 [EX]</p> <p>Lyces angulosa Walker, 1854: 367. TYPE LOCALITY: ‘‘Brazil’’. TYPE: Syntype ♀, ex Stevens Collection</p> <p>(BMNH).</p> <p>Ephialtias morena Warren, 1906: 411. New synonymy. TYPE LOCALITY: Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul. TYPE: Holotype ³ (USNM type no. 9166).</p> <p>DISCUSSION: Because angulosa is the type species of Lyces, a genus reinstated in the current work, considerable effort was spent attempting to resolve its identity. There appears to be a significant amount of intraspecific variation in the width and shape of the yellow-orange transverse FW band, and in the shape and size of the yellow-orange HW area, all of which contributed to making this a particularly difficult identification problem.</p> <p>Lyces angulosa can be characterized by its relatively large size (FW length 5 16.5– 21.5 mm), by having a slightly curved, light yellow to lemon-yellow transverse band in the FW, and by having a mostly rounded central area of the HW (pl. 29). The majority of material in museum collections from Pelotas, Brazil, identified by C. Biezanko as ‘‘ L. vittula ’’, a species now in the new genus Proutiella, is instead L. angulosa. A female from Teresopolis, Brazil, somewhat further north than the majority of material examined, matches the type precisely. Its genitalia (JSM- 1492) are indistinguishable from more southerly females. Lyces angulosa occurs exclusively in the Atlantic forests of central and southeastern Brazil.</p> <p>Dissection of the USNM type of Ephialtias morena Warren (JSM- 1379), from Rio Grande do Sul, previously regarded as a distinct species (Bryk, 1930), shows that its male genitalia are identical with those of L. angulosa. Its wing pattern is also the same. For these reasons I propose morena as a new synonym of L. angulosa.</p> <p>The following is an undescribed Lyces species, perhaps related to L. angulosa: ³, Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, 7 Aug 1932, leg. P. Gagarin, MPM (genitalia slide no. JSM-556); ♀, Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, MPM (genitalia slide no. JSM- 557).</p> <p>DISTRIBUTION: Brazil (AMNH, BMNH, FML, MCZ, MNHN, MPM, NMW, OUMNH, PMNH, USNM, VOB, ZMH).</p> <p>DISSECTED: ³, Brazil, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, 27 Jan 1952, leg. C. Biezanko, AMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-426); ³, Brazil, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, 12 Jan 1957, leg. C. Biezanko, AMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-1503); ³ type of morena Warren, USNM (genitalia slide no. JSM-1379); ³, [no data], USNM (genitalia slide no. JSM-713); ³, [no data], H.G. Dyar collection, USNM (genitalia slide no. JSM-719); ³, Brazil, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, 12 Dec 1954, leg. C. Biezanko, AMNH (wing slide no. JSM-1665); ♀, Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-42.985832&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-22.452501" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -42.985832/lat -22.452501)">Teresopolis</a>, 22 ° 27 9 S, 42 ° 59 9 W, 1000 m, 29 Sept 1994, leg. A. Caldas, USNM (genitalia slide no. JSM-1492); ♀, Brazil, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, 16 Jan 1955, leg. C. Biezanko, AMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-427); ♀, Brazil, H.G. Dyar collection, USNM (genitalia slide no. JSM-720); ♀, [no data], ex Colln. Brooklyn Museum, AMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-1485).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF87E0FFEF9E1ABCDB141FFED64E45	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Miller, James S	Miller, James S (2009): Generic Revision Of The Dioptinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea: Notodontidae) Part 2: Josiini. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2009 (321): 675-1022, DOI: 10.1206/321.1-1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1206/321.1-1
03FF87E0FFEE9E1ABCF21104FCE74F7D.text	03FF87E0FFEE9E1ABCF21104FCE74F7D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lyces ariaca (Druce 1885)	<div><p>Lyces ariaca (Druce), new combination Figure 320H, 321A–E; plate 29 [EX]</p> <p>Ephialtias ariaca Druce, 1885a: 147, pl. 13, fig. 27. TYPE LOCALITY: Mexico, Yucatan, Valladolid. TYPE: Syntype ♀, leg. Gaumer (BMNH).</p> <p>Ephialtias coatepeca Schaus, 1889: 192. New synonymy.</p> <p>TYPE LOCALITY: Mexico, Coatepec, Paso de San Juan.</p> <p>TYPE: Syntype ³/ ♀ (USNM type no. 18706).</p> <p>DISCUSSION: Lyces ariaca appears to be widely distributed throughout the northern countries of Central America. As occurs in L. angulosa (fig. 322A) and L. constricta, the uncus of L. ariaca bears a dorsal process (fig. 321A), in this species more spatulate than bladelike. Precisely the same spatulate process occurs in L. ena and L. banana. The taxon most similar in size and wing pattern to ariaca is L. latistriga Hering (pl. 29), from Peru, so far known exclusively from the ZMH type. Its relationship to L. ariaca is unknown.</p> <p>There is no question regarding this moth’s identity. Schaus (1889: 192), in his original description of Ephialtias coatepeca, noted that it is ‘‘Closely allied to Ephialtias ariaca Druce’’. My examination of the L. coatepeca type material shows Schaus’ taxon to be a newly recognized synonym of L. ariaca; no characters distinguish the two.</p> <p>DISTRIBUTION: Mexico (AMNH, BMNH, FNHM, LACM, MNHN, UCB, USNM, ZMH); Honduras (BMNH, USNM); Belize (AMNH); Guatemala (BMNH, CMNH, USNM).</p> <p>DISSECTED: ³, Mexico, Veracruz, Atoyac, BMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-315); ♀, Mexico, Veracruz, Jalapa, BMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-316).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF87E0FFEE9E1ABCF21104FCE74F7D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Miller, James S	Miller, James S (2009): Generic Revision Of The Dioptinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea: Notodontidae) Part 2: Josiini. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2009 (321): 675-1022, DOI: 10.1206/321.1-1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1206/321.1-1
03FF87E0FFEE9E1ABEC210EFFB064BCD.text	03FF87E0FFEE9E1ABEC210EFFB064BCD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lyces banana (Warren 1901)  1901	<div><p>Lyces banana (Warren), new combination Plate 29</p> <p>Josia banana Warren, 1901: 441.</p> <p>TYPE LOCALITY: [Not known].</p> <p>TYPE: Syntype ³/ ♀ (BMNH).</p> <p>DISCUSSION: Although the type of L. banana bears no locality data, the identity of this species is clear—its wing pattern is distinctive. Lyces banana, endemic to Brazil, is one of the rarest species in the Josiini. It is known from only seven specimens: four at the BMNH (2 ³³, 2 ♀♀), including the types; 1 male at the MCZ; 1 female at the NMW; and 1 female at the ZMH. All of this material was collected over 100 years ago.</p> <p>Traditionally (Prout, 1918; Hering, 1925; Bryk, 1930), L. banana (pl. 29) was thought to be a close relative of L. fluonia (pl. 30). That theory was apparently based on a general similarity of the unusual, obtuse FW markings in the two species. However, the male genitalia of L. banana exhibit a dorsal crest on the uncus, identical to the one found in L. ena and L. ariaca (fig. 321A). In fact, the male genitalia of these species are similar in every way. The implied relationship between L. banana and L. ariaca, a species with FW cross-bands typical of those found throughout Lyces, is fascinating. Wing-pattern similarities shared by L. banana and L. fluonia thus appear to have evolved through convergence.</p> <p>DISTRIBUTION: Brazil (BMNH, MCZ, NMW, ZMH).</p> <p>DISSECTED: ³, ‘‘Ex. Musaeo Ach. Guénée’’, BMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-324).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF87E0FFEE9E1ABEC210EFFB064BCD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Miller, James S	Miller, James S (2009): Generic Revision Of The Dioptinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea: Notodontidae) Part 2: Josiini. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2009 (321): 675-1022, DOI: 10.1206/321.1-1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1206/321.1-1
03FF87E0FFE99E1DBCF812A8FE414802.text	03FF87E0FFE99E1DBCF812A8FE414802.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lyces constricta (Warren 1901) Warren 1901	<div><p>Lyces constricta (Warren), new combination Plate 29</p> <p>Ephialtias constricta Warren, 1901: 440.</p> <p>TYPE LOCALITY: Brazil, Bahia.</p> <p>TYPE: Syntype ³ (BMNH).</p> <p>DISCUSSION: Warren (1901), in his original description of constricta, distinguished it from L. angulosa by being slightly smaller and by having a narrower, more curved stripe in the HW. The BMNH specimens of constricta I dissected match the type precisely and are from the state of Bahia in Central Brazil, where the type was collected. Their genitalia indicate an extremely close relationship with L. angulosa; the two appear to be sister species. They can be separated by wing size, as well as by several features of their male and female genitalia. Distinguishing characters of the genitalia include: thinner socii in L constricta males, lacking a dorsal flange as in L. angulosa (fig. 322A); a blunt (constricta) rather than acute (angulosa) valva apex; external process of signum rounded in L. constricta, but broadly truncate in L. angulosa (fig. 322E). The two species are apparently sympatric throughout their ranges.</p> <p>DISTRIBUTION: Brazil (AMNH, BMNH, NMW, VOB).</p> <p>DISSECTED: ³, Brazil, Bahia, BMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-206); ³, Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul, Sao Leopoldo, 4 Oct 1958, MPM (genitalia slide no. JSM-554); ♀, Brazil, Bahia, leg. Fruhstorfer, BMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-207); ♀, Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul, Sao Leopoldo, 4 Oct 1958, MPM (genitalia slide no. JSM-555).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF87E0FFE99E1DBCF812A8FE414802	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Miller, James S	Miller, James S (2009): Generic Revision Of The Dioptinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea: Notodontidae) Part 2: Josiini. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2009 (321): 675-1022, DOI: 10.1206/321.1-1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1206/321.1-1
03FF87E0FFE99E1CBCEE1748FF0F4FD4.text	03FF87E0FFE99E1CBCEE1748FF0F4FD4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lyces ena (Boisduval 1870)  1870	<div><p>Lyces ena (Boisduval), new combination Figure 320E; plate 29</p> <p>Retila ena Boisduval, 1870: 95.</p> <p>TYPE LOCALITY: French Guiana, Cayenne.</p> <p>TYPE: Syntype ♀ (BMNH).</p> <p>Ephialtias tryma Schaus, 1896: 154.</p> <p>TYPE LOCALITY: Trinidad.</p> <p>TYPE: Syntype ³ (USNM type no. 11574).</p> <p>DISCUSSION: As Hering (1925) noted, L. ena is perhaps the most common species of Josiini in collections. The taxon is widespread, occurring from Panama south to Brazil and Peru, and is one of only three josiines found on Trinidad. Based on genital similarities, L. ena belongs in a subclade of the Angulosa Group along with L. ariaca, L. banana, and L. enoides. All of these are separable by their wing patterns (pl. 29).</p> <p>However, Lyces ena (pl. 29) and Proutiella infans (pl. 26) are essentially indistinguishable, sharing nearly identical wing pattern, body coloration, and size. Both show variation in the width and shape of the yellow transverse FW band. It has long been assumed by curators at collections around the world that all josiines of this size and appearance represent a single species— L. ena. Not until August 2005, when the type of infans was studied, did it become clear to me that two species were actually involved. Upon closer inspection, wing venation and abdominal coloration provide easy means for separation. As is true of other Lyces species (fig. 320I), FW vein M 1 in L. ena arises from the DC, almost touching—but separate from—the base of the radial sector; the abdominal venter is completely white or whitish gray; the thoracic scales are short, but they are not ovoid and appressed. In Proutiella infans, on the other hand, M 1 is stalked with Rs 1 –Rs 4, arising basal to Rs 1 (see fig. 284C); the abdominal venter is white with a wide gray stripe along the midline; and the thoracic scales are extremely short, ovoid, and appressed.</p> <p>Lyces ena has been recorded from two Passiflora species (table 6): in French Guiana, caterpillars were found on Passiflora laurifolia, whereas in Panama they feed on P. vitifolia. These plants belong in different Passiflora subgenera according to Killip (1938).</p> <p>The type of tryma Schaus shows identical characteristics, including male genital morphology (JSM-1533), with those of L. ena, thus confirming Prout’s (1918) synonymy.</p> <p>DISTRIBUTION: Panama (AMNH, BMNH, FNHM, USNM); Venezuela (AMNH, MNHN, NMW, USNM); Trinidad (AMNH, BMNH, CMNH, CUIC, MNHN, OUMNH, USNM); Guyana (USNM); French Guiana (AMNH, BMNH, CUIC, MNHN, OUMNH, USNM, ZMH); Brazil (AMNH, BMNH, CMNH, CUIC, MNHN, NMW, USNM, ZMC, ZMH); Colombia (MNHN, USNM); Peru (AMNH, LACM, MUSM, ZMH).</p> <p>DISSECTED: ³ syntype of tryma Schaus, USNM (genitalia slide no. JSM-1533); ³, French Guiana, Cayenne, Mar 1917, CMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-708); ³, Brazil, AMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-139; wing slide no. JSM-176); ♀, French Guiana, Mana River, May 1917, CMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-709); ♀, Panama, Pipeline Road, Canal Area, 9 May 1992, leg. C. Penz, ex egg on Passiflora vitifolia, USNM (genitalia slide no. JSM-504); ♀, Peru, Upper Río Huallaga, 20 Jul 1928, AMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-140); ♀, Trinidad, BWI, Arima Valley, 25 Feb 1957, AMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-505).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF87E0FFE99E1CBCEE1748FF0F4FD4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Miller, James S	Miller, James S (2009): Generic Revision Of The Dioptinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea: Notodontidae) Part 2: Josiini. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2009 (321): 675-1022, DOI: 10.1206/321.1-1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1206/321.1-1
03FF87E0FFE89E1CBC161096FECE4BCC.text	03FF87E0FFE89E1CBC161096FECE4BCC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lyces enoides (Boisduval 1870)	<div><p>Lyces enoides (Boisduval), new combination Plate 29</p> <p>Retila enoides Boisduval, 1870: 94.</p> <p>TYPE LOCALITY: ‘‘ Honduras and Mexico’’.</p> <p>TYPE LOCALITY: Syntype ³ (BMNH).</p> <p>DISCUSSION: The type of L. enoides (pl. 29), which I did not dissect, is similar to L. ena except that the FW cross-band is lighter yellow. The L. enoides type may have simply faded with time. Based on wing pattern, the only other species with which it might be associated is Proutiella infans (pl. 26). However, the wing of L. enoides shows vein M 1 arising at the base of Rs 1 –Rs 4, thus excluding it from Proutiella.</p> <p>Boisduval, in his original description, listed Honduras and Mexico as localities for this taxon. My search of museum collections produced no specimens similar in appearance to either L. enoides or L. ena from Honduras or Mexico — Panama is the furthest north that L. ena has been recorded. According to many Lepidopterists, the provenance of Boisduval types is often questionable. These observations place the status of enoides in doubt. In all probability, L. enoides and L. ena, described by Boisduval in the same publication, are conspecific. Both Boisduval types should be dissected to resolve the issue.</p> <p>DISTRIBUTION: Mexico (BMNH).</p> <p>DISSECTED: None.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF87E0FFE89E1CBC161096FECE4BCC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Miller, James S	Miller, James S (2009): Generic Revision Of The Dioptinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea: Notodontidae) Part 2: Josiini. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2009 (321): 675-1022, DOI: 10.1206/321.1-1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1206/321.1-1
03FF87E0FFE89E1CBEDF12A8FBF7495D.text	03FF87E0FFE89E1CBEDF12A8FBF7495D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lyces ignorata (Hering 1925)  1925	<div><p>Lyces ignorata (Hering), new combination Plate 29</p> <p>Josia ignorata Hering, 1925: 525, fig. 71f.</p> <p>TYPE LOCALITY: [Not known].</p> <p>TYPE: Holotype ♀, ex Staudinger Collection (ZMH).</p> <p>DISCUSSION: Lyces ignorata is represented in collections solely by the female holotype (pl. 29). That specimen bears no locality data, but in his original description, Hering (1925: 525) stated that it might have originated from Colombia. Lyces ignorata is closely related to L. ena, and the two could be easily confused. However, it differs in significant ways. The type of L. ignorata, with a FW length of 15.5 mm, is slightly larger than L. ena, the largest specimens of which have a FW length of 14.5 mm. The yellow FW band of L. ignorata is also much wider. Finally, the female genitalia of the ignorata type (JSM-1761) show structural differences distinguishing them from L. ena, especially with regard to the configuration of the folds at the base of the CB and the shape of the signum. I conclude that this taxon represents a valid species, and await the discovery of additional material.</p> <p>DISTRIBUTION: Not known.</p> <p>DISSECTED: Holotype ♀ (JSM-1761).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF87E0FFE89E1CBEDF12A8FBF7495D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Miller, James S	Miller, James S (2009): Generic Revision Of The Dioptinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea: Notodontidae) Part 2: Josiini. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2009 (321): 675-1022, DOI: 10.1206/321.1-1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1206/321.1-1
03FF87E0FFE89E1FBEDC160FFC3A4FD3.text	03FF87E0FFE89E1FBEDC160FFC3A4FD3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lyces latistriga (Hering 1925)	<div><p>Lyces latistriga (Hering), new combination Plate 29</p> <p>Josia latistriga Hering, 1925: 526, fig. 70i.</p> <p>TYPE LOCALITY: Peru, Marcapata.</p> <p>TYPE: Holotype ♀ (ZMH).</p> <p>DISCUSSION: The only specimen of L. latistriga known to me is the female holotype (pl. 29), which I did not dissect. This species is extremely similar in size and wing pattern to L. ariaca (pl. 29), from Central America. The type of L. latistriga has a FW length of 13.0 mm, and females of L. ariaca exhibit FW lengths ranging between 11.5 and 15.0 mm. Lyces latistriga also resembles L. constricta (pl. 29), a slightly larger moth from eastern Brazil. Based on its size and wing pattern, I have assigned L. latistriga to the Angulosa Group, thus associating it with L. ariaca and L. constricta. However, it is not included in the key to Angulosa Group species for lack of morphological characters.</p> <p>The type locality for L. latistriga, Marcapata Peru, is located less than 100 air km due east of Cuzco (see fig. 6) at an elevation of approximately 1900 meters.</p> <p>DISTRIBUTION: Peru (ZMH).</p> <p>DISSECTED: None.</p> <p>3. PATULA GROUP</p> <p>The Patula Group, the largest subgroup of Lyces (appendix 2), presents a diverse collection of wing patterns, held together as a clade by synapomorphies of the genitalia. Of the 15 included species, all but one of them, L. fornax, is here newly combined with Lyces. Ten species are taken from Josia, two from Scea, and one— L. minuta —is transferred to Lyces with the newly proposed synonymy of the genus Leptacea Prout.</p> <p>Subclades within the Patula Group are also apparent. Five species are united by, among other traits, the presence of an orange lateral band on the propleuron. More obviously, the species of this clade, which includes L. annulata, L. aurimutua, L. cruciata, L. minuta, and L. tamara, exhibit an orange-yellow band on the A1 dorsum (pl. 31), though the band is represented by only a faint dusting of orange scales in L. aurimuta.</p> <p>Six taxa form a tight clade in which the FW bears a yellow longitudinal FW stripe, and the HW central area is broadly yellow with a blackish brown marginal band (pl. 30, 31). Similarities in genitalia again support monophyly. Here, the included taxa, such as L. gopala (pl. 30) and L. striata (pl. 31), are so closely related that separating them often requires dissection and careful comparison.</p> <p>The remaining four species— L. fornax, L. fluonia, L. solaris, and L. vulturata —are correctly assigned to the Patula Group, but together probably do not form a clade. They encompass a strange assortment of wing patterns (pl. 30). For example, the wings of Lyces fornax are nearly indistinguishable from those of L. angulosa (pl. 29) in the Angulosa Group, but stand alone in the Patula Group. Lyces solaris and L. vulturata, formerly placed in Scea because of their wing patterns (see pls. 33–35), are instead referred here. The position of L. fluonia, with its oblique FW stripe and dark HW, is uncertain. A phylogenetic analysis of the Patula Group will provide fruitful ground for the study of wing-pattern evolution.</p> <p>Patula Group genitalia (figs. 323, 324) show a basic ground plan characterized by the following: valva with BO large; valval costa often bearing a curved, flangelike process at base; vesica long, curving dorsally, frequently with an enlarged distal cornutus; manica of male genitalia with a dense, roughly triangular patch of spicules below anal tube; base of female CB sclerotized, constricted, bearing numerous internal spines or spinules; DS forming a pigtail where it arises from CB. Other morphological traits vary across species.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF87E0FFE89E1FBEDC160FFC3A4FD3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Miller, James S	Miller, James S (2009): Generic Revision Of The Dioptinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea: Notodontidae) Part 2: Josiini. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2009 (321): 675-1022, DOI: 10.1206/321.1-1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1206/321.1-1
03FF87E0FFD59E21BCD0165CFB134EBE.text	03FF87E0FFD59E21BCD0165CFB134EBE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lyces andosa (Druce 1911) FW	<div><p>Lyces andosa (Druce), new combination Plate 30</p> <p>Josiomorpha andosa Druce, 1911: 290.</p> <p>TYPE LOCALITY: Colombia, Siato, Río Siato, Slopes of Choco, 5200 ft.</p> <p>TYPE: Syntype ♀, Sep 1909 (BMNH).</p> <p>DISCUSSION: This species was intitally described in Josiomorpha, now in the Arctiidae, but was then moved by Prout (1918) to Josia. Here it is newly combined with Lyces. The abdomen of the andosa syntype is missing, but two females (AMNH, USNM) match its wing pattern precisely. These are the only examples of L. andosa known to me. Males have not been found. Examination of female genitalia (JSM-1711) supports the theory that L. andosa should be recognized as a distinct species. It belongs in a tight clade of six Andean Patula Group species exhibiting yellow to yellow-orange longitudinal FW stripes, such as L. gopala (pl. 30). These are also characterized by a completely black head and thorax, without markings. Here, the only pattern on the abdomen is a thin, light gray pleural stripe, as well as a thin, whitish gray stripe along the ventral midline. The FW stripe of L. andosa almost reaches the outer margin, as in L. attenuata and L. striata, but is lighter yellow and much wider. The female genitalia of L. andosa show numerous similarities to females of L. longistria, from eastern Ecuador. These six species are so closely related that resolving their interrelationships will require a detailed analysis, one that integrates characters from adults, larvae, and DNA.</p> <p>Like L. striata and L. attenuata (pl. 31), L. andosa (pl. 30) is endemic to the western slope of the Andes. Interestingly, the remaining three species of this subclade— gopala, longistria, and patula —those with a short FW stripe (pl. 30) and a prominent process on the male costa, occur on the Amazonian side.</p> <p>DISTRIBUTION: Colombia (AMNH, BMNH, USNM).</p> <p>DISSECTED: ♀, Colombia, Dept. Antioquia, Mesopotamia, 5000 ft, Ac. 3977, AMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-1711).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF87E0FFD59E21BCD0165CFB134EBE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Miller, James S	Miller, James S (2009): Generic Revision Of The Dioptinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea: Notodontidae) Part 2: Josiini. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2009 (321): 675-1022, DOI: 10.1206/321.1-1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1206/321.1-1
03FF87E0FFD59E20BEBC11AFFD854BCC.text	03FF87E0FFD59E20BEBC11AFFD854BCC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lyces annulata (Dognin 1909)	<div><p>Lyces annulata (Dognin), new combination Plate 31</p> <p>Josia annulata Dognin, 1909: 223.</p> <p>TYPE LOCALITY: Colombia, San Antonio, 2000 m.</p> <p>TYPE: Syntype ³, leg. Fassl, 22 Jul 1908 (USNM).</p> <p>Josia punonis Strand, 1920: 133–134.</p> <p>TYPE LOCALITY: Peru, Puno, Titicaca. TYPE: Holotype ♀ (not seen).</p> <p>DISCUSSION: This species is here transferred from Josia Hübner. Prout (1918) hinted that annulata Dognin and cruciata Butler might be conspecific, but left them as separate taxa. Hering (1925) concurred, suggesting that the only wing-pattern difference is a slightly broader HW stripe in L. annulata, but again retained both as species. A series of genitalia dissections from specimens spanning a wide geographical distribution, provides further support; annulata and cruciata are distinct species. Differences between them are subtle. The strongest involves the shape of the socii. These are wide in L. annulata, but narrow with an elbowlike bend in L. cruciata. The female genitalia differ in the configuration at the base of the CB, and in signum shape. No other means for separating the two taxa were found. Width of the wing stripes offers no aid.</p> <p>Lyces annulata and L. cruciata are closely related to two additional taxa: L. tamara from northern Central America and L. aurimutua from Brazil. This subclade also includes the Ecuadorian endemic, L. minuta. All of these are unique among Lyces in showing an orange-yellow longitudinal band on the propleuron, as well as a transverse band of orange-yellow scales on the A1 dorsum.</p> <p>I have not seen the type of punonis Strand, and so cannot vouch for its placement as a synonym of annulata. I simply follow Bryk (1930).</p> <p>Caterpillars of Lyces annulata were reared in Colombia and Venezuela on three different Passiflora species (table 6), all belonging in the subgenus Granadilla (Killip, 1938).</p> <p>DISTRIBUTION: Venezuela (AMNH, BMNH, CMNH, FNHM, IZA, LACM, MNHN, OUMNH, USNM, ZMH); Colombia (AMNH, BMNH, USNM, ZMC, ZMH); Ecuador (AMNH, LACM, BMNH, USNM); Peru (AMNH, BMNH, CAS, CUIC, FNHM, FML, LACM, MNHN, MPM, MUSM, ZMH); Bolivia (BMNH); Brazil (AMNH, BMNH, CAS, LACM, MNHN, OUMNH, USNM, VOB, ZMC, ZMH).</p> <p>DISSECTED: Syntype ³ (JSM-702); ³, Venezuela, Mérida, Carr. Tovar-Zea, 2 km de El Amparo, 1100 m, 24 Jan 1993, leg. L.D. Otero, ex ovi on Passiflora cyanea, AMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-657); ³, Bolivia, Reyes, 7 Apr 1895, leg. Stuart, BMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-307); ³, Colombia, Meta, Río Negro, nr. Guayabetal, Pipiralito, 4 ° 15 9 N, 73 ° 45 9 W, 1000 m, May 1977, leg. J. Mallet, D. Jackson, ex larva on Passiflora nitida, AMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-553); ³, Peru, Río Pacaya– Río Ucayali, Jun–Sep 1912, AMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-1385); ³, Brazil, Bahia, leg. D. Davies, CAS (genitalia slide no. JSM-1386); ♀, Venezuela, Mérida, Carr. Tovar-Zea, 2 km de El Amparo, 1100 m, 24 Jan 1993, leg. L.D. Otero, ex ovi on Passiflora cyanea, AMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-658).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF87E0FFD59E20BEBC11AFFD854BCC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Miller, James S	Miller, James S (2009): Generic Revision Of The Dioptinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea: Notodontidae) Part 2: Josiini. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2009 (321): 675-1022, DOI: 10.1206/321.1-1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1206/321.1-1
03FF87E0FFD49E23BE8B12A8FB5D4831.text	03FF87E0FFD49E23BE8B12A8FB5D4831.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lyces attenuata	<div><p>Lyces attenuata, new species Figures 320G, 323A–E; plate 31</p> <p>DIAGNOSIS: As mentioned above with reference to L. andosa, six Andean species form a tight subclade within the Patula Group: L. andosa, L. attenuata, L. gopala, L. longistria, L. patula, and L. striata (pls. 30, 31). The identities of these are so difficult that essentially every specimen must be carefully scrutinized. Even then, identifications are often open to question. Of the six, the taxon with which L. attenuata could most easily be confused is L. striata (pl. 31). Both exhibit particularly narrow FW stripes. They are distinguished because Lyces attenuata is generally larger. Furthermore, the HW of L. attenuata shows a deep indentation along the posterior margin of the yellow area, located at the fork of M 3 +CuA 1. In most specimens of L. striata, the posterior margin of the yellow area is irregular, but does not show a deep indentation at that point. Another means for separating the two species involves the labial palpi: In L. attenuata, Lp 3 is quite long (fig. 320G). On the other hand, Lp3 is short and acute at its apex in L. striata (fig. 320F).</p> <p>The most reliable characters for separating L. attenuata and L. striata are found in their genitalia. In males of L. attenuata, the base of the valval costa is simple (fig. 323A), whereas in L. striata the costa bears a small flange at its base (fig. 323F). Females differ markedly in the shape of the sclerotized section at the base of the CB, which is irregular in shape and densely spinose in L. attenuata (fig. 323C), but is elongate, more regular in shape and less spinose in L. striata (fig. 323H).</p> <p>DESCRIPTION: Male. FW length 5 20.5– 22.0 mm. Head (fig. 320G): Lp3 somewhat elongate, Lp2 roughly equal in size to Lp1; all features covered with steely brown scales.</p> <p>Thorax: Covered with steely brown, hairlike scales shorter than those on the head.</p> <p>Abdomen: Steely brown, with a thin, buff-colored longitudinal stripe along pleuron and a prominent, cream to buff-colored stripe on venter along midline.</p> <p>Terminalia (fig. 323A, B, D, E): Tg8 shorter and narrower than St8, slightly tapered posteriorly, anterior margin with a wide, shallow mesal excavation, posterior margin with a large V-shaped mesal excavation; St8 large, wide, strongly tapered distally, anterior margin bearing broadly tapered mesal apodeme, posterior margin bearing a large, deep V-shaped mesal excavation; socii/ uncus complex robust; uncus beak shaped; socii strongly attenuated, curved; costa of valva wide, strongly concave, upper margin simple, apex forming a robust flange; BO extremely large, internal apodeme robust; membrane above transtillar plate bearing a wide, ovoid spiculate patch; aedeagus relatively wide; vesica curving gently upward; spinelike cornuti robust, distal club-shaped cornutus short, wide.</p> <p>Female. FW length 5 21.0–22.5. Body characters similar to male, except: wings slightly longer; FW and HW stripes wider; indentation near apex of HW yellow area not as pronounced.</p> <p>Terminalia (fig. 323C): PA relatively large, posterior margin rounded; DB irregular in shape, not elongate (compared to L. striata; fig. 323H); DB narrow near ostium, wider at junction with CB, internal spines robust; CB large, laterally compressed; internal spines of signum short; DS arising from a strongly pigtail-shaped appendix on dorsum of CB.</p> <p>DISTRIBUTION: Lyces attenuata, endemic to the Andean foothills of western Colombia (BMNH, NMW, USNM), roughly co-occurs with L. andosa and L. striata. However, it seems to be more northern in distribution than L. striata, which is most commonly collected in northwestern Ecuador. Based on available museum material, Lyces attenuata has never been captured in Ecuador.</p> <p>ETYMOLOGY: The name applied here, attenuata, was chosen by Warren when he described this taxon as an aberration of L. striata Druce. According to him (Warren, 1901: 442), attenuata differs from striata in that the FW stripe ‘‘is narrow and of nearly uniform width throughout, and thinning out gradually almost to a point at extremity’’. While his wing-pattern characterization of L. attenuata does not seem particularly robust, since many examples of L. striata show equally narrow FW stripes (pl. 31), Warren’s name is honored here because it was he who first noticed the uniqueness of L. attenuata.</p> <p>DISCUSSION: Warren named attenuata as an aberration of L. striata Druce, designating a lone female in the BMNH collection, lacking locality data, as the type. In recognizing Warren’s phenotype as a species distinct from L. striata and all other Lyces, that taxon is here described as new. The male specimen of L. attenuata designated here as the holotype matches the wing pattern and body size of Warren’s female with precision. The ZMH and BMNH collections contain L. attenuata in fairly long series (11³³, 2♀♀ at ZMH; 5³³, 8♀♀ at BMNH). In addition, there are five specimens at the USNM and three at the NMW. Except for the holotype, literally all the material of L. attenuata in museums was captured by Anton Fassl. Now that the identity of this species has been established, additional material will undoubtedly surface in collections around the world.</p> <p>HOLOTYPE: Male (fig. 323A, B, D, E; pl. 31). COLOMBIA: Cauca: Torne, Jan 1907, leg. Paine &amp; Brinkley (genitalia slide no. JSM-329). The type is deposited at the BMNH.</p> <p>OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: CO-</p> <p>LOMBIA: Valle: 1♀, Río Aguacatal, 1800 m, Feb 1909, leg. Fassl (USNM); 1³, 2♀♀, Río Aguacatal, 2000 m, leg. Fassl (NMW). 1♀, Alto de las Cruces, 2500 m, Nov 1908, leg. Fassl (USNM, genitalia slide no. JSM-330); 1♀, Alto de las Cruces, 2000 m, Oct 1908, leg. Fassl, Dognin Collection (USNM); 1♀, San Antonio, 2000 m, Dec 1908, leg. Fassl, Dognin Collection (USNM). 1³, 2♀♀, ‘‘Colombie’’, leg. Fassl, Dognin Collection (USNM).</p> <p>Lyces aurimutua (Walker), new combination</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF87E0FFD49E23BE8B12A8FB5D4831	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Miller, James S	Miller, James S (2009): Generic Revision Of The Dioptinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea: Notodontidae) Part 2: Josiini. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2009 (321): 675-1022, DOI: 10.1206/321.1-1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1206/321.1-1
03FF87E0FFD69E22BC0716C8FD7A48A5.text	03FF87E0FFD69E22BC0716C8FD7A48A5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lyces cruciata (Butler 1875)  1875	<div><p>Lyces cruciata (Butler), new combination Plate 31 [EX]</p> <p>Josia cruciata Butler, 1875: 340.</p> <p>TYPE LOCALITY: Panama, Veragua.</p> <p>TYPE: Syntype ♀, ‘‘75? 28’’, leg. Salvin (BMNH).</p> <p>DISCUSSION: This is another Patula Group species taken from Josia Hübner and placed in Lyces as a new combination. Based on my species concepts, L. cruciata shows a relatively restricted geographical distribution, occurring from the Osa Peninsula of southwestern Costa Rica (fig. 4) south to Veraguas, Panama. On the other hand, the species with which L. cruciata is essentially identical in size and wing pattern, L. annulata, is broadly distributed across northern South America, south to Bolivia and Brazil. The life history of Lyces cruciata was discovered by independent research groups in Costa Rica and Panama (table 6). The caterpillars feed on Passiflora menispermifolia.</p> <p>According to Prout (1918), the type locality for cruciata is in Panama. The label data on the type and in the original description (Butler, 1875) give the locality as ‘‘Veragua’’. The state of Veraguas, Panama, would be closest to this name. Butler also gives ‘‘Salvin’’ as the collector. Salvin collected extensively throughout Costa Rica and Panama.</p> <p>Butler’s description of cruciata (1875: 340) is misleading. He described the body as ‘‘black above, head and thorax spotted with orange, metathorax orange’’. However, the prominent, orange transverse band straddles the base of A1 (pl. 31), not the metathorax. On the head, Lp1, Lp2, the front, and the occiput are orange. Overall, there appears to be a great deal of variation in the amount of orange scaling on the body of this species, including tremendous variation in the width of the longitudinal FW and HW stripes.</p> <p>DISTRIBUTION: Costa Rica (AMNH, CAS, INBio, USNM); Panama (AMNH, BMNH, CAS, CMNH, FNHM, LAC, MUSNM, NMW, ZMH).</p> <p>DISSECTED: ³, Costa Rica, Osa Peninsula, Corcovado Park, Sirena Station 995, 15 Jan 1989, leg. C.N. Duckett, reared on Passiflora menispermifolia, AMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-552); ³, Panama, Barro Colorado, Canal Zone, 9 Feb 1936, leg. Gertsch, Lutz, Wood, AMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-1709); ³, Panama, Chiriquí, BMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-308); ♀, Panama, Barro Colorado, Canal Zone, 11 Mar 1936, leg. F.E. Lutz, AMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-1710).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF87E0FFD69E22BC0716C8FD7A48A5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Miller, James S	Miller, James S (2009): Generic Revision Of The Dioptinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea: Notodontidae) Part 2: Josiini. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2009 (321): 675-1022, DOI: 10.1206/321.1-1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1206/321.1-1
03FF87E0FFD69E25BECC17A4FEBF4807.text	03FF87E0FFD69E25BECC17A4FEBF4807.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lyces fluonia (Druce 1885)	<div><p>Lyces fluonia (Druce), new combination Plate 30</p> <p>Scea fluonia Druce, 1885b: 525, pl. 32, fig. 12. TYPE LOCALITY: Ecuador, Chiguinda. TYPE: Syntype ³, leg. C. Buckely</p> <p>(BMNH).</p> <p>DISCUSSION: The oblique yellow FW marking of L. fluonia is distinctive. Although this species has historically been considered a close relative of L. banana because of roughly similar wing patterns (Hering, 1925), numerous male genital differences suggest that the two belong in separate species groups within Lyces. In an earlier paper using a relatively small set of josiines, but employing larval as well as adult morphology (Miller, 1996), I suggested that fluonia belongs in a clade with cruciata, gopala, and striata. Here, all these taxa are placed together in the Patula Group of Lyces. A species-level analysis for Lyces would be required to more precisely determine the position of L. fluonia. Such an analysis might pinpoint the evolutionary transition that gave rise to its anomalous wing pattern.</p> <p>Rex Friesen (USDA) reared L. fluonia on Passiflora mollissima in Ecuador (table 6). Even though this species is not particularly well represented in museum collections, it is apparently quite common in the habitats where it occurs (R. Friesen, personal commun.). The AMNH holdings contain a recently collected series (8 ³³, 7 ♀♀).</p> <p>DISTRIBUTION: Ecuador (AMNH, BMNH, CMNH, USNM, ZMH); Peru (BMNH, MUSM, OUMNH).</p> <p>DISSECTED: ³, Ecuador, Carchi, Hwy between Mira-El Angel, 8300 ft, 8 Jun 1992, leg, R. D. Friesen, ex larva on Passiflora mollissima, AMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-714); ³, Peru, Amazonas, Chachapoyas, 1889, leg. M. de Mathan, BMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-309); ♀, Ecuador, Ibarra, May 1897, leg. Rosenberg, BMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-310).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF87E0FFD69E25BECC17A4FEBF4807	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Miller, James S	Miller, James S (2009): Generic Revision Of The Dioptinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea: Notodontidae) Part 2: Josiini. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2009 (321): 675-1022, DOI: 10.1206/321.1-1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1206/321.1-1
03FF87E0FFD19E25BCCE1745FD6E4BCD.text	03FF87E0FFD19E25BCCE1745FD6E4BCD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lyces fornax Druce FW 1885	<div><p>Lyces fornax Druce, revised status Plates 30, 39K</p> <p>Lyces fornax Druce, 1885b: 525, pl. 32, fig. 11. TYPE LOCALITY: Ecuador, Intaj.</p> <p>TYPE: Syntype ³, leg. Buckley (BMNH).</p> <p>Ephialtias aperta Warren, 1905: 313. New synonymy. TYPE LOCALITY: Peru, Cuzco, Cajon. TYPE: Holotype ³, leg. Garlepp, Oct 1900</p> <p>(BMNH).</p> <p>Ephialtias latimargo Warren, 1904: 16.</p> <p>TYPE LOCALITY: ‘‘Baiza’’, Ecuador, 16 Jan 1900, leg. Haensch.</p> <p>TYPE: Syntype ³ (BMNH).</p> <p>DISCUSSION: Lyces fornax is striking as the only member of the Patula Group to exhibit a transverse FW band (pls. 30, 31). Others show longitudinal or, occasionally, oblique stripes. Nevertheless, numerous synapomorphies, including the presence of an enlarged distal cornutus of the vesica (e.g., figs. 323B, 324B, 324G), support this placement for L. fornax. Interestingly, its wings are almost indistinguishable from those of L. angulosa (pl. 29), a Brazilian josiine in the Angulosa Group. For that reason, Hering (1925) assigned fornax and angulosa to the same subgroup of Josia. However, these pattern similarities appear to have arisen through convergence. Here, fornax is transferred from Josia to Lyces as a new combination.</p> <p>As with other Lyces species, L. fornax shows considerable variation in the width of the yellow transverse FW band, as well as in the size and shape of the yellow HW central area. Genitalia dissections suggest that L. aperta Warren, formerly recognized as a species (Bryk, 1930)—a form with an extremely wide, almost oval-shaped FW band—is a synonym of L. fornax. This new synonymy extends the range of L. fornax, previously thought to occur only in Ecuador, south to Bolivia. My dissections also confirm the synonymy of latimargo, described by Warren (1904) as an ‘‘aberration’’ of fornax.</p> <p>Caterpillars of L. fornax (pl. 39K) were discovered on the banks of the Río Pastaza in eastern Ecuador, feeding on Passiflora ligularis (J.S. Miller, L.D. Otero, and E. Tapia; table 6). It utilizes this same host at Yanayacu Biological Station (Dyer et al., 2009), further north. Adults and larvae were figured in Miller (1996).</p> <p>DISTRIBUTION: Ecuador (AMNH, BMNH, NMW, USNM); Peru (AMNH, BMNH, MUSM, USNM); Bolivia (BMNH).</p> <p>DISSECTED: ³, Ecuador, Env. d’Ambato, leg. R P. Irenee Blanc, BMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-348); ³, Ecuador, Napo, Baeza, near Río Quijos, 6200 ft, on shrub flowers, 31 Oct 1988, leg. J.S. Miller, AMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-432); ³, Peru, Quiroz, 10 Nov 1933, AMNH (genitalia and appendage slide no. JSM-135; wing slide no. JSM-172); ♀, Ecudaor, El Topo, Río Pastaza, 4200 ft, leg. M.G. Palmer, BMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-349).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF87E0FFD19E25BCCE1745FD6E4BCD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Miller, James S	Miller, James S (2009): Generic Revision Of The Dioptinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea: Notodontidae) Part 2: Josiini. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2009 (321): 675-1022, DOI: 10.1206/321.1-1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1206/321.1-1
03FF87E0FFD09E24BC0712A8FF0F4B11.text	03FF87E0FFD09E24BC0712A8FF0F4B11.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lyces gopala (Dognin 1891)  1891	<div><p>Lyces gopala (Dognin), new combination Plate 30</p> <p>Flavinia gopala Dognin, 1891: 109.</p> <p>TYPE LOCALITY: Venezuela, Mérida, ‘‘Terre Tempérée’’.</p> <p>TYPE: Syntype ♀ (USNM type no. 30946).</p> <p>DISCUSSION: Lyces gopala, known exclusively from the state of Mérida in the Andes of western Venezuela, occurs at elevations between 2000 and 2500 meters. Its sister species, L. patula (pl. 30) from Colombia, is extremely similar in both wing pattern and genital morphology. As is noted in the discussion for patula (below), these two names may ultimately be subsumed into one. In the meantime, I retain them as separate entities. Characters for separating L. gopala and L. patula are provided in the Patula Group species key. Lyces gopala (Dognin) was formerly in Josia (Prout, 1918; Hering, 1925; Bryk, 1930), but is here assigned to Lyces for the first time.</p> <p>Daniel Otero (Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida) reared Lyces gopala on Passiflora gritensis and P. cuneata (table 6). Miller (1996) described adult and larval morphology for this species, and its natural history was discussed by Miller and Otero (1994).</p> <p>DISTRIBUTION: Venezuela (AMNH,BMNH, NMW, USNM, ZMH).</p> <p>DISSECTED: Syntype ♀ (genitalia slide no. JSM-1532); ³, Venezuela, Mérida, Monterrey, El Valle, 2350 m, 14 Jun 1992, leg. L.D. Otero, ex ova on Passiflora gritensis, AMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-627); ³, Venezuela, Mérida, Nov 1898, leg. Bricenno, BMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-327); ♀, Venezuela, Mérida, Monterrey, El Valle, 2350 m, 14 Jun 1992, leg. L.D. Otero, ex ova on Passiflora gritensis, AMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-628); ♀, Venezuela, Mérida, leg. Bricenno, ZMH (genitalia slide no. JSM-661).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF87E0FFD09E24BC0712A8FF0F4B11	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Miller, James S	Miller, James S (2009): Generic Revision Of The Dioptinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea: Notodontidae) Part 2: Josiini. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2009 (321): 675-1022, DOI: 10.1206/321.1-1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1206/321.1-1
03FF87E0FFD09E24BC17145BFC674B4F.text	03FF87E0FFD09E24BC17145BFC674B4F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lyces longistria (Warren 1904)  1904	<div><p>Lyces longistria (Warren), new combination Figures 325A–E; plate 30</p> <p>Josia longistria Warren, 1904: 17.</p> <p>TYPE LOCALITY: Ecuador, ‘‘Baiza’’.</p> <p>TYPE: Holotype ♀, leg. Haensch, Jan 1900 (BMNH).</p> <p>DISCUSSION: Other than the type and an additional female at the BMNH, as well as an LACM female, the only known specimens of L. longistria (10³³, 10♀♀) are at the AMNH. The latter were collected relatively recently, either as adults or larvae, in the vicinity of the Yanayacu Biological Station (pl. 43), near Cosanga, Ecuador. Lyces longistria, referred here from Josia, has been reared on Passiflora monadelpha (table 6).</p> <p>My dissections show that, within the Patula Group, L. longistria is most closely related to L. gopala (Venezuela) and L. patula (Colombia). Among other similarities, all three taxa exhibit truncated FW stripes (pl. 30), and all show an acute central process on the valval costa (325A). Interestingly, these species occur on the Amazonian slope of the Andes. In Ecuador, a similar-appearing species, L. striata (pl. 31), can be found on the western slope. Its genitalia differ from eastern taxa, because the central costal process is absent (fig. 323F). Lyces striata forms a subclade with two additional western-slope species— L. andosa (pl. 30) and L. attenuata (pl. 31), both from Colombia.</p> <p>Lyces longistria appears to be endemic to a relatively small region of eastern Ecuador (Napo Province), in the vicinity of Baeza and Cosanga. The label on the longistria type incorrectly reads ‘‘Baiza, Peru’’. ‘‘Baiza’’ is a misspelling of Baeza. Haensch, who captured the type, collected exclusively in Ecuador, never in Peru (Gerardo Lamas, personal commun.).</p> <p>DISTRIBUTION: Ecuador (AMNH, BMNH, LACM).</p> <p>DISSECTED: ³, Ecuador, Napo, Yanayacu Biological Station, S 00 ° 35.9 9 W 77 ° 53.4, 2163 m, reared #971, Nov 2004, leg. H. Greeney et al., AMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-1489); ♀, Ecuador, Napo, Cosanga, Río Aliso, 2200 m, 25 Dec 1993, leg. E. Tapia, ‘‘reared ex Passiflora #5’’, AMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-1384); ♀, Ecuador, Napo, Yanayacu Biological Station, 5 km W Cosanga, Cosanga-Río Alíso Rd, 2200 m, 25 Sep 2004, day-collecting, leg. J.S. Miller &amp; E. Tapia, AMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-1715).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF87E0FFD09E24BC17145BFC674B4F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Miller, James S	Miller, James S (2009): Generic Revision Of The Dioptinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea: Notodontidae) Part 2: Josiini. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2009 (321): 675-1022, DOI: 10.1206/321.1-1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1206/321.1-1
03FF87E0FFD09E27BECC14FDFC3A4CA5.text	03FF87E0FFD09E27BECC14FDFC3A4CA5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lyces minuta (Druce 1885) Druce 1885	<div><p>Lyces minuta (Druce), new combination Figure 324A–E; plate 31 [EX]</p> <p>Actea minuta Druce, 1885b: 526.</p> <p>TYPE LOCALITY: Ecuador, Sarayacu. TYPE: Holotype ³, leg. C. Buckely</p> <p>(BMNH).</p> <p>DISCUSSION: This species, described by Druce (1885b) in the josiine genus Actea, was then transferred to Brachyglene (Kirby, 1892) in the Dioptini. Prout (1918), who saw this taxon as somehow forming a ‘‘link’’ between Brachyglene and Josia, then created the genus Leptactea, with minuta Druce as its sole member. The species bears no affinity to Brachyglene. My cladistic analyses show not only that minuta belongs within the Josiini proper, but that it is a derived member of the tribe. In my species sample, it arises within the Patula Group as the sister species to L. cruciata (fig. 283). Thus, Leptactea is here proposed as a new synonym of Lyces, and Lyces minuta (Druce) becomes a new combination.</p> <p>The genitalia of L. minuta (fig. 324A–E) exhibit all requisite features of the Patula Group. Lyces minuta and L. cruciata also exhibit an obvious synapomorphy—presence of an orange-yellow band across the base of the abdomen (pl. 31). The reason Prout gave special status to this moth seems attributable to its unusual FW pattern; L. minuta is the only josiine bearing a thin longitudinal stripe, located entirely anterior to the DC between the radial and subcostal veins, along with a distal cross-band. However, L. minuta simply joins the ranks of Lyces species, such as L. fornax, L. fluonia, L. vulturata, and L. solaris (pl. 30), with anomalous wing patterns.</p> <p>When I began studying the Dioptinae in 1986, Lyces minuta, an Ecuadorian endemic, was one of the most rare species of Josiini. The only specimen known at that time was the BMNH type. In recent years, additional specimens have surfaced. Three were captured by Phil DeVries (June–September 1994) at Garza Cocha, on the Río Napo in Sucumbíos Province. Tom Emmel (FNHM, Gainesville) collected a fourth specimen (September 1972) approximately 25 km upriver at Limoncocha. The largest series of L. minuta can be found in the collection of Francico Piñas (Quito, Ecuador). These were reared by Elicio Tapia on an unidentified Passiflora species.</p> <p>DISTRIBUTION: Ecuador (AMNH, BMNH, FNHM, FPC).</p> <p>DISSECTED: Holotype ³(genitalia slide no. JSM-343); ³, Ecuador, Río Napo, Limoncocha, 10 Sep 1972, leg. T. C. Emmel, FNHM (genitalia slide no. JSM-1467); ♀, Ecuador, Sucumbios, Garza Cocha — Anyagu, La Selva, 175 km ESE of Coca, 1 Sep 1994, leg. P.J. DeVries, AMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-721).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF87E0FFD09E27BECC14FDFC3A4CA5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Miller, James S	Miller, James S (2009): Generic Revision Of The Dioptinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea: Notodontidae) Part 2: Josiini. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2009 (321): 675-1022, DOI: 10.1206/321.1-1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1206/321.1-1
03FF87E0FFD39E26BEAB13A7FED94E2D.text	03FF87E0FFD39E26BEAB13A7FED94E2D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lyces patula (Walker 1864)  1864	<div><p>Lyces patula (Walker), new combination Figure 320B–D; plate 30 [EX]</p> <p>Josia patula Walker, 1864: 132.</p> <p>TYPE LOCALITY: Colombia, ‘‘ Bogotá ’’.</p> <p>TYPE: Syntype ³, ex Stevens Collection (BMNH).</p> <p>Smicropus consepta Dognin, 1913: 6. New synonymy.</p> <p>TYPE LOCALITY: Colombia, Monte Tolima, 3200 m, Central Cordillera.</p> <p>TYPE: Holotype ♀, leg. Fassl (USNM type no. 33034).</p> <p>Josia gephyra Hering, 1925: 528, fig. 71f. New synonymy. TYPE LOCALITY: Colombia, Cañon del</p> <p>Tolima, Cent. Cord., 1700 m. TYPE: Holotype ³, leg. Fassl (ZMH).</p> <p>DISCUSSION: Lyces patula is here referred to Lyces from Josia, where it has resided since its original description (Walker, 1864). This species is difficult to distinguish from L. gopala (pl. 30). The FW stripes are short in both, and their male and female genitalia are extremely similar. The only differences I could find are employed in the Patula Group species key (above). Lyces patula seems to be consistently larger than L. gopala. The FW stripe in L. patula males is generally narrower than in L. gopala, but this trait shows variability throughout the Josiini, as was stressed by Forbes (1931); L. patula females show a wide FW stripe (pl. 30). Additional study may reveal that L. patula and L. gopala represent a single species. Here, I retain them as distinct, following previous authors.</p> <p>My studies reveal that consepta Dognin (1913), from Monte Tolima, Colombia, is a new synonym of L. patula. The consepta female holotype shows genitalia (JSM-1531) indistinguishable from L. patula. Furthermore, I here propose gephyra Hering as a second new synonym of L. patula. The type locality for gephyra is Monte Tolima, Colombia, the same as that of consepta. Their wing patterns are identical. For some reason, the name consepta does not appear in major publications on the Dioptinae (Prout, 1918; Hering, 1925; Bryk, 1930). The type is at the USNM.</p> <p>Lyces patula is endemic to Colombia. All the specimens I have seen were collected in close proximity to Bogotá.</p> <p>DISTRIBUTION: Colombia (AMNH, BMNH, CMNH, CAS, CUIC, NMW, OUMNH).</p> <p>DISSECTED: ³, Colombia, Bogotá, BMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-331); ♀, Colombia, Muzo, 400–800 m, leg. Fassl, BMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-332); ♀ holotype of consepta Dognin (genitalia slide no. JSM-1531); ♀, Colombia, Cañon del Monte Tolima, 1700 m, leg. Fassl, BMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-328).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF87E0FFD39E26BEAB13A7FED94E2D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Miller, James S	Miller, James S (2009): Generic Revision Of The Dioptinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea: Notodontidae) Part 2: Josiini. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2009 (321): 675-1022, DOI: 10.1206/321.1-1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1206/321.1-1
03FF87E0FFD29E26BC0C111EFD7A4F59.text	03FF87E0FFD29E26BC0C111EFD7A4F59.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lyces solaris (Schaus 1892) FW 1892	<div><p>Lyces solaris (Schaus), new combination Figure 324F–J; plate 30</p> <p>Scea solaris Schaus, 1892: 285.</p> <p>TYPE LOCALITY: ‘‘Peru’’.</p> <p>TYPE: Syntype ♀ (USNM type no. 11572).</p> <p>DISCUSSION: Schaus (1892) described solaris in the genus Scea, undoubtedly because of its wing pattern (pl. 30). However, as has happened to so many taxonomists studying the Josiini, he was misled by convergence. Subsequent authors (Prout, 1918; Hering, 1925; Bryk, 1930) followed Schaus, retaining the species in Scea, but here solaris is referred to Lyces as a new combination.</p> <p>Another taxon formerly in Scea but now in Lyces — vulturata Warren (pl. 30)—shares wing-pattern similarities with solaris. Ignoring wing pattern, the genitalia of solaris (fig. 324F–J) are similar to those of L. fornax (pl. 30) in every detail. The relationship of these taxa to one another, and to other members of Lyces, will be revealed only through a comprehensive revision and phylogenetic analysis of the genus.</p> <p>The female syntype of L. solaris is missing its abdomen, but I examined a male and female, both from the USNM, identical to it in every way. The male of L. solaris possesses antennal rami so short that the antenna could be characterized as ciliate or subserrate.</p> <p>Lyces solaris is extremely rare. In addition to the three USNM specimens noted above, there are six females at the BMNH. The male dissected (JSM-1391) is the only one known.</p> <p>DISTRIBUTION: Peru (USNM); Bolivia (BMNH), Argentina (USNM).</p> <p>DISSECTED: ³, ‘‘ Peru’ ’, Colln. Wm Schaus, USNM (genitalia slide no. JSM-1391); ♀, Argentina, [‘‘Valliceto’’], 27 Sep 1920, USNM (genitalia slide no. JSM-1392).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF87E0FFD29E26BC0C111EFD7A4F59	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Miller, James S	Miller, James S (2009): Generic Revision Of The Dioptinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea: Notodontidae) Part 2: Josiini. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2009 (321): 675-1022, DOI: 10.1206/321.1-1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1206/321.1-1
03FF87E0FFD29E29BECE1013FDDC4BCD.text	03FF87E0FFD29E29BECE1013FDDC4BCD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lyces striata (Druce 1885)  1885	<div><p>Lyces striata (Druce), new combination Figures 320F, 323F–J; plate 31</p> <p>Josiomorpha striata Druce, 1885b: 528.</p> <p>TYPE LOCALITY: Ecuador, ‘‘Sarayacu’’. TYPE: Syntype ³, leg. C. Buckley (BMNH).</p> <p>Josia ampliflava Warren, 1901: 442. New synonymy.</p> <p>TYPE LOCALITY: Pichinde, Colombia, 5000 ft.</p> <p>TYPE: Holotype ♀, leg. Rosenberg, Dec 1894 (BMNH).</p> <p>Josia discipuncta Hering, 1928: 273. New synonymy.</p> <p>TYPE LOCALITY: Pululagua bei Quito, Ecuador.</p> <p>TYPE: Holotype ³, leg. Stübel, 2500– 2700 m, 28 Jul 1873 (ZMH).</p> <p>DISCUSSION: The identity of L. striata (Druce) —formerly in Josia (Kirby, 1892; Bryk, 1930) but here referred to Lyces —is somewhat problematic. There is a discrepancy between the known habitat of L. striata and its so-called type locality. The type label reads ‘‘Sarayacu’’, an Amazonian locality in eastern Ecuador near the Río Pastaza (fig. 5). Problems inherent in Buckley material purportedly from Sarayacu are discussed with reference to another dioptine— Pseudoricia sibyllae (see Pseudoricia, Distribution). Potentially, such material could have been collected almost anywhere in Ecuador. Lyces specimens throughout the world’s collections, matching Warren’s type of striata in every detail, have been captured exclusively on the western slope of the Colombian and Ecuadorian Andes. I therefore conclude that L. striata is endemic to the Pacific slope. Sarayacu can almost certainly be disregarded as the type’s provenance.</p> <p>In the same paper, Warren (1901) described ampliflava and attenuata as aberrations of L. striata. Subsequent authors retained those names as synonyms (see Bryk, 1930). A series of dissections support the theory that ampliflava is a synonym of L. striata, but L. attenuata is distinct and is here described as new. Characters for separating L. striata and L. attenuata are provided in the diagnosis for the latter (above). Based on comparison of types, discipuncta Hering (type locality: Quito, Ecuador) is established as a new synonym of L. striata.</p> <p>Lyces striata, described by Druce (1885b) in the genus Josiomorpha (Arctiiidae), flies commonly in the day at Otonga Reserve, a western Ecuadorian site at approximately 2000 meters. It co-occurs there with a nearly perfect mimic, Crocomela erectistria Warren (pl. 31) in the Pericopinae (Arctiidae). This pericopine is commonly misidentified in collections as L. striata, but membership in the Arctiidae is revealed by its quadrifid wing venation (see Fibiger and Lafontaine, 2005) and prominent countertympanal hood on A1 (see Forbes, 1960).</p> <p>Lyces striata was reared at Otonga Reserve (J.S. Miller, 1993) on Passiflora chelidonea (table 6).</p> <p>DISTRIBUTION: Ecuador (AMNH, BMNH, LACM, USNM, ZMH); Colombia (AMNH, BMNH, JBSC, USNM).</p> <p>DISSECTED: ³, Ecuador, Cotopaxi, La Otonga, W San Francisco de Las Pampas, 1900 m, 30 Jul 1993, leg. E. Tapia, host plant #4, AMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-671); ³, Colombia, Valle, km 118, Carr. Del Mar to Dapa Rd., 1800 m, 17 Jan 1992, leg. J.B. Sullivan, JBSC (genitalia slide no. JSM-1382); ³, Colombia, USNM (genitalia slide no. JSM-1446); ♀, Ecuador, Pichincha, Las Palmeras, 59 km W Quito, 8 km W Chiriboga, 6400 ft, black light, 24 Oct 1988, leg. J.S. Miller, AMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-654); ♀, Ecuador, Cotopaxi, La Otonga, Via Toachi-Las Pampas, 1900 m, 30 Jul 1993, leg. E. Tapia, AMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-672); ♀, Colombia, Valle, Peña Blanco, 1800 m, 21 Jan 1986, leg. J.B. Sullivan, JBSC (genitalia slide no. JSM-1383); ♀, Colombia, USNM (genitalia slide no. JSM-1447).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF87E0FFD29E29BECE1013FDDC4BCD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Miller, James S	Miller, James S (2009): Generic Revision Of The Dioptinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea: Notodontidae) Part 2: Josiini. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2009 (321): 675-1022, DOI: 10.1206/321.1-1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1206/321.1-1
03FF87E0FFDD9E29BEA812A8FB5448F6.text	03FF87E0FFDD9E29BEA812A8FB5448F6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lyces tamara (Hering 1925)  1925	<div><p>Lyces tamara (Hering), new combination Figure 325F–J; plate 31</p> <p>Josia tamara Hering, 1925: 527, fig. 71b.</p> <p>TYPE LOCALITY: ‘‘Honduras’’.</p> <p>TYPE: Holotype ♀ (ZMH).</p> <p>DISCUSSION: Lyces tamara is the northernmost member of a five-species clade within the Patula Group. This subgroup, which ranges as far south as southeastern Brazil, includes L. annulata, L. cruciata, L. minuta, and L. aurimutua. The clade is united by the presence of an orange-yellow transverse band on A1, and an orange-yellow longitudinal band on the T1 pleuron. Their male genitalia exhibit a wide costal flange. In addition to being the largest of these species, Lyces tamara is the only one showing a white longitudinal stripe on the abdominal pleuron; in all others this stripe is orange. The male genitalia of L. tamara are unique among Lyces in exhibiting a strange, caplike dorsal structure on the uncus (fig. 325F).</p> <p>In addition to the ZMH holotype, I know L. tamara from 14 specimens: three from Veracruz, Mexico (FNHM, PMNH); one from Puebla, Mexico (FNHM), eight from Chiapas, Mexico (ARTC, LACM, PTC); and two from Guatemala (LACM, USNM). Of this material, the only male is at the LACM (JSM-1674).</p> <p>Hering (1925) described tamara in Josia, and it was retained there by Bryk (1930). Here, it is referred to Lyces as a new combination.</p> <p>DISTRIBUTION: Honduras (ZMH); Guatemala (LACM, USNM); Mexico (FNHM, LACM, PMNH, PTC).</p> <p>DISSECTED: Holotype ♀ (genitalia slide no. JSM-701); ³, Mexico, Chiapas, ‘‘ Chorradero’ ’, 3 Jun 1973, leg. Robert Wind, LACM (genitalia slide no. JSM-1674); ♀, Guatemala, Alta Verapaz, Tamahu, 1000 m, 5 Dec 1983, leg. P. Hubbell, LACM (genitalia slide no. JSM-1675).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF87E0FFDD9E29BEA812A8FB5448F6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Miller, James S	Miller, James S (2009): Generic Revision Of The Dioptinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea: Notodontidae) Part 2: Josiini. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2009 (321): 675-1022, DOI: 10.1206/321.1-1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1206/321.1-1
03FF87E0FFDD9E2DBEBA1474FBFC4C8A.text	03FF87E0FFDD9E2DBEBA1474FBFC4C8A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lyces vulturata (Yellow FW 1904) Yellow FW 1904	<div><p>Lyces vulturata (Warren), new combination Plate 30</p> <p>Josia vulturata Warren, 1904: 12.</p> <p>TYPE LOCALITY: Peru, Upper Río Toro, La Merced, 3000 m.</p> <p>TYPE: Holotype ³, leg. Simmons, Aug– Sep 1901 (BMNH).</p> <p>DISCUSSION: Lyces vulturata (pl. 30), known from the high Andes of southeastern Peru, is one of the most striking species in the Josiini. Prout (1918) moved this taxon from Josia, where it was originally described (Warren, 1904), to Scea. That placement, followed by subsequent authors (Hering, 1925; Bryk, 1930), was apparently based on similarities between the wings of L. vulturata and Scea (pls. 33–35). However, closer examination reveals that these pattern elements are not homologous. Numerous genitalia characters demonstrate a close relationship between L. vulturata, L. fornax, and L. solaris (pl. 30), so vulturata Warren is here transferred to Lyces as a new combination. While these three species exhibit divergent wing patterns, similarities of their male genitalia include: Tg8 with a deep, concave excavation on posterior margin (fig. 324I); anterior apodeme on St8 broadly tapered (fig. 324J); and valva with short, tubular androconia in addition to typical hairlike ones (fig. 324F). A fascinating story of wing-pattern evolution in Lyces remains to be told.</p> <p>At least for L. vulturata, mimicry may be involved. The arctiid Crocomela flammifera Warren (pl. 30) flies in sympatry with L. vulturata —both species have been collected along the Pillahuata-Pilcopata road in SE Peru at roughly 2000 meters elevation—and their FW patterns are extremely similar.</p> <p>Two specimens (1³, 1♀) from Amazonas in northern Peru (MUSM) exhibit a wing pattern similar to L. vulturata, but differ in that the FW radius and HW cubitus are lined with black as they pass through the orange areas. Differences in genitalia confirm that these represent an undescribed species. Slide data for this taxon are as follows: ³, Peru, Amazonas, Quebrada Cuija, 0554/7758, 1500 m, 21 Sep 1996, leg. G. Lamas, MUSM (genitalia slide no. JSM-1713); ♀, Peru, Amazonas, Quebrada Cuija, 0554/7758, 1500 m, 21 Sep 1996, leg. F. Chang, MUSM (genitalia slide no. JSM-1714).</p> <p>DISTRIBUTION: Peru (AMNH, BMNH, CUIC, MUSM, ZMH).</p> <p>DISSECTED: ³, Peru, Upper Río Toro, La Merced, 8 Sep 1901, 3000 m, leg. Simmons, BMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-218); ♀, Peru, Chanchamayo, Jan–Aug 1901, leg. Hofmann, BMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-219).</p> <p>CARIBOJOSIA RAWLINS AND MILLER, 2008 Figures 326, 327; plates 31, 39P</p> <p>Caribojosia Rawlins and Miller, 2008: 209–211. Type Species: Caribojosia youngi Rawlins and Miller, 2008 (by monotypy).</p> <p>DIAGNOSIS: This genus, recently described (Rawlins and Miller, 2008), is the only representative of the Josiini known from the Caribbean region. The wing pattern of Caribojosia youngi (pl. 31), the sole included species, is unique. The arrangement of yellow FW and HW maculations, set against a brilliant iridescent blue ground color, is particularly novel. There are no taxa in the Dioptinae with which C. youngi could possibly be confused.</p> <p>Interestingly, the morphological details of C. youngi do not stand out. Its tympanum (fig. 326B) and male genitalia (fig. 327) are typical for the Josiini. The following characteristics are diagnostic: scales of vertex with a midsagittal part between antennal bases; M 1 in FW stalked with base of radial sector; FW with a broken, lemon-yellow transverse band crossing distal margin of DC; HW with a sinuate, lemon-yellow transverse band near apex. The genus is thoroughly illustrated and its biology discussed in Rawlins and Miller (2008).</p> <p>REDESCRIPTION: Male. Head (fig. 326A, B): Labial palpus relatively short, porrect, apex reaching to slighly above clypeus; Lp2 shorter than Lp1; Lp3 bullet shaped; front closely covered with short scales, these swooping down from below antennal bases, then pointing horizontally above clypeus; clypeus completely bare of scales, shiny; eye large, surrounded by a narrow scaleless area; antenna bipectinate, rami fairly long, terminal 8 segments simple; scales of vertex with a deep, midsagittal part between antennal bases.</p> <p>Thorax (fig. 326B): Epiphysis foliate, fairly wide, its apex falling short of tibia apex; tegula moderately long, wide, apex broadly rounded, with a strong transverse sulcus below; metathoracic tympanum kettledrum shaped, region below and behind tympanal opening scaleless; tympanal membrane large, enclosed, oriented horizontally.</p> <p>Forewing (pl. 31): Fairly broad, outer margin convex; Rs 1 arising from radial sector below Rs 2 –Rs 4; veins Rs 2 –Rs 4 in the pattern [2+3]+4; M 1 fused for a short distance with Rs 1 –Rs 4, not arising from DC; DC longer than one-half FW length; veins M 3 and CuA 1 stalked; wing pattern with a broken, lemon-yellow transverse band against an iridescent blue ground color.</p> <p>Hind wing: Broad; venation typical of Josiini, M 3 and CuA 1 stalked; androconial organs absent; a lemon-yellow, sinuate transverse band near apex.</p> <p>Abdomen: Uniformly iridescent blue, lacking longitudinal stripes or dorsal spots.</p> <p>Terminalia (fig. 327): Tg8 shorter than St8, anterior margin of Tg8 simple, posterior margin with a shallow U-shaped mesal excavation; St8 long, tapered posteriorly, anterior margin bearing an elongate mesal apodeme, posterior margin with a poorly defined, Ushaped mesal excavation; socii/uncus complex narrowly joined to tegumen; uncus and socii strongly bent downward from base; socii narrow, slightly shorter than uncus; tegumen shorter than vinculum; vinculum narrow, tall; saccus absent, ventral margin of genitalia broadly horizontal; valva large, mostly membranous; BO large, occupying two-thirds of valva; region between BO and valva apex membranous; costa moderately wide, forming a blunt distal process; apex membranous below costa; arms of transtilla meeting to form a large mesal sclerite; area of diaphragma below anal tube and above transtillar plate concave, with a patch of spicules; aedeagus wide, gently rounded at base; apex of aedeagus forming a broad point; vesica large, bulbous, ovoid, bearing small thornlike cornuti, and robust, spinelike cornuti.</p> <p>Female. Head: Labial palpus thinner than male but similar in length; antenna ciliate; midsagittal ‘‘part’’ on vertex scaleless along midline.</p> <p>Thorax: Similar to male.</p> <p>Forewing: Similar to male but broader, outer angles more rounded.</p> <p>Hind wing: Somewhat broader than male; frenulum comprising two setae.</p> <p>Abdomen: Similar to male, not as elongate.</p> <p>Terminalia: Posterior margin of Tg7 setose, with a shallow U-shaped mesal excavation, anterior margin simple; posterior margin of St7 setose, both margins simple; Tg8 membranous; AA short; PA small, with a distinct dorsal lobe; PVP lightly sclerotized, surface finely spiculate; DB short, membranous; CB large, roughly ovoid; internal surface of CB coarsely spiculate at base; signum bird shaped, with long internal spines on each side; central portion of signum protruding from CB membrane.</p> <p>DISTRIBUTION: Caribojosia is known exclusively from a small area of cloud forest in the Sierra de Neiba, an isolated mountain range located in the Dominican Republic within 1 km of its border with Haiti (see Rawlins and Miller, 2008). All known material was captured within a narrow range of altitudes, at or near 1800 meters.</p> <p>BIOLOGY: Adult flight patterns and immature stages of Caribojosia youngi, detailed in Rawlins and Miller (2008), are typical for the Josiini. The larval color pattern is somewhat unusual (pl. 39P), comprising a simple set of yellow and white longitudinal stripes. The species is strictly diurnal. Individuals are usually seen flying 50 meters or more above the treetops of their montane habitat. The caterpillars feed on Passiflora sexflora, a plant broadly distributed from the southern United States into Central America and the Caribbean. Passiflora sexflora is also utilized by Josia gigantea in Costa Rica (table 6).</p> <p>DISCUSSION: My cladistic analyses suggest that Caribojosia is the sister group to a large clade containing four genera (Clade 23; fig. 7)—two small ones (Phintia and Notascea), and two larger ones (Josia and Scea). However, support for this position is weak (BS 5 2; fig. 2). When additional character sets are ultimately brought to bear, the phylogenetic placement of Caribojosia will probably differ from the hypothesis proposed here.</p> <p>SPECIES INCLUDED AND MATERIAL EXAMINED</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF87E0FFDD9E2DBEBA1474FBFC4C8A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Miller, James S	Miller, James S (2009): Generic Revision Of The Dioptinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea: Notodontidae) Part 2: Josiini. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2009 (321): 675-1022, DOI: 10.1206/321.1-1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1206/321.1-1
03FF87E0FFD99E2CBE9213C6FE2F48C4.text	03FF87E0FFD99E2CBE9213C6FE2F48C4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Caribojosia youngi Rawlins and Miller	<div><p>Caribojosia youngi Rawlins and Miller Figures 326, 327; plate 31</p> <p>Caribojosia youngi Rawlins and Miller, 2008: 211–</p> <p>224.</p> <p>TYPE LOCALITY: Dominican Republic; Independencia, Sierra de Neiba.</p> <p>TYPE: Holotype ³, leg. J. Rawlins, R. Davidson, C. Young &amp; S. Thompson, Sierra de Neiba just south of crest, 5 km NNW Angel Feliz, 1780 m, 18–14N, 71–47W, 13– 15 Oct 1991, cloud forest (CMNH).</p> <p>DISCUSSION: It seems remarkable that a diurnal moth as large and showy as C. youngi (pl. 31), had gone unnoticed and uncollected until 1991. Nevertheless, its very existence heralds the urgent need to document the biodiversity of endangered habitats such as the Sierra de Neiba. The 20-year biotic survey of Lepidoptera from the Dominican Republic undertaken by Rawlins et al. (CMNH), comprising nearly a quarter million specimens (see Rawlins and Miller, 2008), serves as a model for such research. The two dioptines discovered from their work— Caribojosia youngi and Eremonidia mirifica —are nothing short of earth-shattering, whether viewed from the standpoints of biogeography, phylogeny, or basic natural history.</p> <p>DISTRIBUTION: Dominican Republic (AMNH, CMNH).</p> <p>DISSECTED: Paratype ³, Dominican Republic, Independencia, Sierra de Neiba just south of crest, 5 km NNW Angel Feliz, 1780 m, 18–41N, 71– 47W. 13–15 Oct 1991, leg. J. Rawlins, R. Davidson, C. Young, S. Thompson, Cloud forest, CMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-568); Paratype ³, Dominican Republic, Independencia, Sierra de Neiba just south of crest, 5 km NNW Angel Feliz, 1780 m, 18–41N, 71– 47W. 13–15 Oct 1991, leg. J. Rawlins, R. Davidson, C. Young, S. Thompson, Cloud forest, CMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-1747); Paratype ♀, Elías Piña, Sierra de Neiba at crest, 5.5 km NNW Angel Feliz, 1800 m, 18–41N, 71–47W, 15 Oct 1991, leg. R. Davidson, C. Young, S. Thompson, J. Rawlins, Cloud forest, CMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-876).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF87E0FFD99E2CBE9213C6FE2F48C4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Miller, James S	Miller, James S (2009): Generic Revision Of The Dioptinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea: Notodontidae) Part 2: Josiini. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2009 (321): 675-1022, DOI: 10.1206/321.1-1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1206/321.1-1
03FF87E0FFD89E30BCB01787FBD94E46.text	03FF87E0FFD89E30BCB01787FBD94E46.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phintia Walker 1854	<div><p>PHINTIA WALKER, 1854</p> <p>Figures 304, 328–330; plate 31</p> <p>Phintia Walker, 1854: 306. Type species: Phintia podarce Walker, 1854 (by original designation).</p> <p>DIAGNOSIS: Phintia species are easy to recognize. These are the only Josiini in which males exhibit greatly elongate, elbowed labial palpi (fig. 328D), extending over the front and reaching past the antennal bases. The junction between Lp2 and Lp3 is fused (fig. 328A). Furthermore, at the apex of Lp2, males possess a long scale tuft (fig. 328D). This tuft, whose shape is unique for the Dioptinae, terminates on the vertex of the head when the palpi are folded upward, and rests in a cavity of scales, formed between the antennal bases. The labial palpi of females are shorter and less elaborate, but are still longer than in any other josiine. The palpi of Phintia roughly resemble those found in some genera of the Dioptini, such as</p> <p>♀ genitalia.</p> <p>Erbessa (fig. 35A–E), Phaeochlaena (fig. 70A, B), Argentala (fig. 84A, D), and Polypoetes (e.g., figs. 89B, 90A, 90D). However, phylogenetic evidence confirms that the elongate palpi of Phintia have evolved independently (fig 7). In all cases, their function is unknown.</p> <p>The two described species of Phintia are small moths, with FW lengths ranging between 11.5 and 15.0 mm. Forewing vein M 1 is stalked with the base of Rs 1 –Rs 4 (fig. 328E). This configuration, while not typical of josiines, occurs in five additional genera, including Proutiella (fig. 284C), a taxon arising at the base of the tribal cladogram (fig. 283).</p> <p>REDESCRIPTION: Male. FW length 5 11.5–14.0 mm. Head (fig. 328A–D): Labial palpus extremely long, with an elbowlike joint, palpus held somewhat away from front, apex reaching to antennal base; Lp2 over twice as long as Lp1, with a distal tuft of greatly elongate, hairlike scales; Lp3 fused with Lp2; scales of front pointing upward, longer at outer margins, forming lateral ridges and crestlike tufts toward antennal bases; eye large, bulging, forming a dorsoventrally compressed, elongate oval; scales on vertex with a deep, midsagittal ‘‘part’’ between antennal bases; antenna bipectinate, rami fairly long, at least 20 apical annulations simple.</p> <p>Thorax: Epiphysis of foreleg wide, foliate, extending to beyond foretibia apex; tegula long, apex narrow, blunt, with a strong transverse sulcus below, ventral process acute; metathoracic tympanum kettledrum shaped, region below and behind tympanal opening scaleless; tympanal membrane large, enclosed, oriented horizontally.</p> <p>Forewing (fig. 328E; pl. 31): Elongate; vein Rs 1 arising from radial sector; veins Rs 2 –Rs 4 in the pattern [2+3]+4; M 1 long stalked with base of radial sector; DC approximately one-half FW length; M 3 and CuA 1 stalked; a light yellow or lemon-yellow transverse band, either straddling distal margin of DC (P. broweri) or located immediately beyond DC (P. podarce).</p> <p>Hind wing (fig. 328E; pl. 31): Somewhat elongate, angulate at apex; M 3 and CuA 1 stalked.</p> <p>Abdomen: Narrow, elongate, acute at terminus.</p> <p>Terminalia (figs. 329A–C, E–G; 330A, B): Tg8 narrowing posteriorly, anterior margin with lateral angles produced, apodemes absent, posterior margin with a deep, Vshaped or U-shaped mesal excavation; St8 longer than Tg8, narrower posteriorly, anterior margin with a long, robust, broadly tapered mesal apodeme, posterior margin with a wide, U-shaped mesal excavation; socii laterally compressed; base of socii/uncus complex moderately wide; tegumen approximately equal in height to vinculum, expand- ed dorsally near junction with socii/uncus complex; vinculum narrow, ventral margin horizontal; valva large, taller than ring, with ‘‘upright’’ orientation, lateral surfaces membranous, fragile; BO large, occupying over two-thirds of valva; a tapered sclerite along middle of BO; valva bases broadly sclerotized, meeting below lower margin of vinculum; region between BO and valva apex membranous, with transverse striations bearing fine, hairlike androconia; costa sclerotized, fairly wide, with a flangelike process below apex; apex itself membranous; transtillar arms straplike at base, pointing downward, broadening toward midline to form a wide, slightly concave, mesal sclerite; aedeagus long, narrow (compared to most Josiini), weakly sinuate, gradually tapered to a ventral point distally; vesica long, narrow in basal third, sharply angled upward in distal two-thirds; a scattered group of short, spinose cornuti dorsally near base of vesica, distal portion covered with moderately long, spinelike cornuti on posterior surface.</p> <p>Female. FW length 5 12.0–15.0 mm. Head: Similar to male except labial palpus shorter, without an elbowlike joint between Lp1 and Lp2, lacking a long apical tuft on Lp2; antenna ciliate.</p> <p>Thorax: Similar to male.</p> <p>Forewing: Broader than male, outer margin more convex.</p> <p>Hind wing: Broader than male, outer margin more convex; frenulum with two bristles (all Josiini).</p> <p>Abdomen: Wider than male, not elongate.</p> <p>Terminalia (fig. 329D, 330C): Tg7 large, broad, wider at anterior margin than at posterior one; anterior margin of Tg7 simple, posterior margin with an extremely deep, wide excavation extending anteriorly to over three-fourths tergum length; St7 equal in length to Tg7; St7 roughly quadrate, slightly tapered toward posterior margin, anterior and posterior margins simple; Tg8 almost completely membranous, represented dorsally by a thin, tapered band; AA thin, straight, moderately long; PA small, no dorsal lobe; PP long, extremely thin, bent slightly downward; postvaginal plate lightly sclerotized, wide, wrapping upward laterally; ostium wide, dorsoventrally compressed, lower surface membranous; DB membranous, fairly long, wide, dorsoventrally compressed; CB mostly membranous, coarsely wrinkled; CB with a large, laterally compressed, membranous dorsal appendix; DS arising from right side of appendix, base of DS wide; dorsum of CB with a long, narrow, sclerotized band, slightly wider posteriorly, tapered anteriorly; signum a transverse sclerite with a few long internal lateral spines; central portion of signum smooth, knob shaped, protruding from DB membrane.</p> <p>DISTRIBUTION: Phintia species are restrict- ed to lowland Amazonian forests; no specimens have been recorded above 200 meters. Phintia podarce, the more widespread taxon, has been captured along the entire length of the Amazon River in Brazil, from Pará west to São Paulo d’Olivença (Amazonas) near the Peruvian border. Continuing west to the upper reaches of the Amazon, the moth can be found in Peru as far as the Río Pacaya, which feeds into the Río Ucayali above Iquitos (see fig. 5). Phintia podarce has also been collected at Tambopata Reserve on the Madre de Dios, as well as in French Guiana. Its sister species, P. broweri, is known exclusively from a relatively small area of southeastern Peru and northern Bolivia (fig. 304).</p> <p>These records suggest that our biogeographical knowledge of Phintia is incomplete. For example, the range of P. podarce probably extends across a broad arc of the Amazon Basin, from southern Peru north to the Guyana Shield. Amazingly, a single specimen of Phintia (AMNH) was collected in Veracruz, Mexico. This example, an undescribed species, extends the range of the genus north over 3000 miles. Cases such as this highlight the incredible need for additional collecting, to fully understand the biodiversity and biogeography of groups such as the Dioptinae.</p> <p>BIOLOGY: Phintia adults are diurnal, but they are rare and difficult to collect. The larvae have never been found. Since Phintia plays a pivotal role in the phylogeny of the Josiini (fig. 283), it will be important to focus future fieldwork on a search for its host plants. Broad-based searches in Phintia habitat on the foliage of plants in the Achariaceae, Turneraceae, and of course Passifloraceae (see table 6), would be a well-advised starting point.</p> <p>DISCUSSION: The genus name Phintia first became available when Walker (1854) applied it to ‘‘Group 6’’ of Josia. Walker described four species in Group 6— hyperia, podarce, cercostis, and lanceolata —all from Pará, Brazil. The first of these is now a synonym of Ephialtias abrupta (appendix 2), and the last is no longer in the Dioptinae. Kirby (1892) raised Phintia to generic status, listing only two species, P. podarce and P. cercostis. Subsequent to Kirby, the name Phintia fell out of use. Prout (1918) placed cercostis and podarce (here considered a single species, podarce) in Josia, and they have remained there ever since. My analyses now suggest that podarce and its sister species, the newly described broweri, do not belong in Josia. Instead, they arise as a separate clade (fig. 283) that is sister to a diverse josiine lineage (44 spp.) comprising three genera— Notascea, Josia, and Scea. I therefore reinstate Phintia to generic status.</p> <p>1.</p> <p>–</p> <p>KEY TO PHINTIA SPECIES Plate 31</p> <p>Hind wing central area light lemon yellow to light greenish yellow; transverse band of FW narrow; posterior margin of male Tg8 with a U-shaped mesal excavation (fig. 329G); male St8 narrow (fig. 329F); dorsal sclerite of female CB wide (fig. 330C), with a longitudinal seam; FW length 5 11.5–15.0 mm (Amazonian Brazil, E Peru, French Guiana).................. podarce Walker HW completely brownish black to black; transverse FW band wide; posterior margin of male Tg8 with a deep V-shaped mesal excavation (fig. 329E); male St8 wide (fig. 329B); dorsal sclerite of female CB narrow (fig. 329D), without a seam; FW length 5 13.5–14.5 mm (SE Peru, NE Bolivia)................ broweri, sp. nov.</p> <p>SPECIES INCLUDED AND MATERIAL EXAMINED</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF87E0FFD89E30BCB01787FBD94E46	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Miller, James S	Miller, James S (2009): Generic Revision Of The Dioptinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea: Notodontidae) Part 2: Josiini. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2009 (321): 675-1022, DOI: 10.1206/321.1-1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1206/321.1-1
03FF87E0FFC49E32BE8D1105FC594E0F.text	03FF87E0FFC49E32BE8D1105FC594E0F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phintia broweri Miller 2009	<div><p>Phintia broweri, new species</p> <p>Figures 304, 328, 329A–E; plate 31</p> <p>DIAGNOSIS: Phintia broweri and P. podarce can be separated by their wing patterns (pl. 31). The most obvious difference is that the HW of P. broweri is completely black, whereas the HW of P. podarce exhibits a light yellow central area, extending from slightly short of the radial sector anteriorly to the anal margin posteriorly. Their FW differs as well: the yellow transverse band is wider and longer in P. broweri, extending from behind the costa posteriorly to vein 1A+2A, near the tornus; in P. podarce the transverse FW band is narrow at its anterior end behind the costa, and terminates posteriorly at CuA 2. More subtle differences include a slightly darker ground color in P. broweri with a faint, blue iridescence not found in P. podarce, as well as more lemon yellow (broweri), rather than light yellow (podarce) wing markings. Phintia broweri tends to be somewhat larger as well, although the number of specimens for comparison is few. Finally, the labial palpus of P. broweri (fig. 328A, D) is wider than that of P. podarce. Genital differences are outlined in the key to species (above).</p> <p>DESCRIPTION: Male. Forewing length 5 13.5–14.0 mm. Head (fig. 328A–D): Lp1 moderately long, wide, lateral surface with light yellow scales from base in posterior half, blackish gray to gray scales in anterior half, inner surface blackish gray; Lp2 extremely long, almost straight, joined at a sharp angle to Lp1, tightly covered with short, gray-black to gray scales on lateral and mesal surfaces, ventral surface unevenly covered with whitish-yellow scales; Lp2 with an apical tuft of elongate, gray, hairlike scales; Lp3 obscured by apical tuft of Lp2; front covered with gray to blackish-gray scales; occiput blackish brown in upper half, with long, light yellow scales in lower half; a second group of light yellow scales on cervical region below occiput; vertex covered with upright, blackish to dark gray scales; antennal scape glossy black to blackish brown; dorsum of antennal shaft tightly covered with glossy, gray-black scales.</p> <p>Thorax: Coxa on prothoracic leg glossy blackish gray on outer surface, conspicuous creamy white on inner one; remainder of legs dark gray on outer surfaces, whitish on inner ones; tibial spurs mostly white, light gray on outer surfaces; pleuron covered with short, dark gray scales, these having a bluish iridescence, a small patch of buff to light brown scales in pleuron immediately below tegula; patagium evenly covered with long, blackish-brown scales; tegula covered with dark blackish-brown scales, these with an iridescent blue tinge; margins of tegula trimmed with elongate, hairlike scales; dorsum evenly blackish brown, with a blue iridescence.</p> <p>Forewing (fig. 328E; pl. 31): (Dorsal) Ground color evenly matt black, the only marking a wide, lemon-yellow transverse band; band straddling discocellular veins at outer portion of DC, its anterior margin extending to slightly behind costa, its posterior margin ending slightly short of tornus, barely crossing 1A+2A; inner and outer margins of lemon-yellow band lightly infiltrated with black scales where it crosses wing veins. (Ventral) Similar to dorsal surface except slightly lighter, ground color gray black, gray along anal margin behind 1A+2A; lemon-yellow transverse band wider than on dorsal surface and less intense in tone.</p> <p>Hind wing (fig. 328E; pl. 31): (Dorsal) Ground color evenly black, without markings, gray along anterior margin from base to near apex. (Ventral) Similar to dorsal surface, but lighter in tone, gray-black.</p> <p>Abdomen: Dorsum dark blackish brown, with a blue, iridescent luster; pleuron dark gray; venter white, infused with dark gray scales along dorsolateral margins.</p> <p>Terminalia (fig. 329A–C, E): Tg8 narrowing distally, posterior margin with a deep, wide, V-shaped excavation; St8 relatively wide, mesal apodeme on anterior margin gradually tapered toward apex; socii apposed to uncus, uncus and socii elongate, thin, approximately equal in length; socii laterally compressed; costa of valva fairly wide, forming a blunt process distally; aedeagus almost straight, sides roughly parallel (aedeagus in P. podarce slightly constricted in basal third); aedeagus tapered to a sharp ventral point distally; distal two-thirds of vesica angled upward at an almost 90 ° angle.</p> <p>Female. Forewing length 5 14.0–14.5 mm. Head, thorax and wings similar to male except for the following: labial palpus short- er, without an elbowlike joint between Lp1 and Lp2, lacking a long apical tuft on Lp2; antenna ciliate; inner surface of procoxa gray-brown, not conspicuously white; rest of legs uniformly gray-brown, not white on inner surfaces; FW and HW ground color slightly lighter, transverse band wider.</p> <p>Terminalia (fig. 329D): Posterior margin of Tg7 with an extremely deep, wide, Ushaped excavation, extending anteriorly over three-fourths of tergum length; St7 roughly quadrate, very slightly tapered toward posterior margin; PA small, triangular in shape; AA and PP thin, moderate in length; PVP with a set of longitudinal carinae in central portion, posterior margin simple; DB lightly sclerotized, laterally compressed, widest near middle; CB bearing a long, narrow dorsal sclerite, this lacking a seam; dorsal appendix of CB finely coriaceous; signum bird shaped, internal spines short.</p> <p>ETYMOLOGY: This species is named in honor of Andrew Van Zandt Brower, who accompanied me to Tambopata Reserve. During that trip he collected the holotype, as well as one of the paratypes, of P. broweri. I became jealous of his uncanny ability to collect Dioptinae; I would come back to camp after a full day with only a fraction of his catch. Andy is a gifted Lepidopterist, both in the field and in the laboratory. His contributions to the study of butterfly systematics, as well as to evolutionary biology in general, are internationally renowned.</p> <p>DISTRIBUTION: It is impossible to adequately assess the distribution of Phintia broweri at the present time, since only six specimens are known. Five of those are from the type locality—Tambopata Reserve (fig. 304), a lowland site (200 m) in southeastern Peru on the Río Tambopata, a tributary of the Río Madre de Dios (fig. 6). Eventually, these rivers become the Rio Madeira, which joins the Amazon below Manaus. Interestingly, the butterfly faunas of Tambopata and Pakitza, the latter a nearby site within Manu National Park, are the richest on record anywhere in the world (Lamas, 1997). These locations are home to a remarkable diversity of Dioptinae as well.</p> <p>A female specimen in the BMNH collection, collected nearly 120 years ago at Yunga del Espiritu Santo (Cochabamba) Bolivia, appears to be conspecific with P. broweri. It was not dissected. This Bolivian example comes from a site geographically close to the type locality (fig. 304). Espirito Santo is at the headwaters of the Río Mamore´, which, along with the Río Madre de Dios, empties into the Río Madeira. However, the elevation at Espirito Santo (approximately 1500 meters) is high compared with that at Tambopata. For the time being, I accept this Bolivian specimen as being an example of P.broweri until more material becomes available and additional dissections are done.</p> <p>DISCUSSION: This is the second species in Phintia. The other taxon, P. podarce, being more broadly distributed, is also more common in collections. Phintia broweri is remarkably elusive. I have seen only six specimens —four at the AMNH (including the type), one at the FNHM, and one at the BMNH. During a field trip to Tambopata Reserve in 1996, intensive day-collecting by five Lepidopterists, including myself, during the course of a week, produced only two specimens of P. broweri (both captured by A. Brower).</p> <p>HOLOTYPE: Male (pl. 31). PERU: Madre de Dios: 12 ° 51 9 S, 69 ° 18 9 W, 200 m, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-69.302505&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-12.8525" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -69.302505/lat -12.8525)">Tambopata Reserve</a>, day coll., 11 Dec 1996, leg. A. V.Z.</p> <p>Brower (genitalia slide no. JSM- 1745). The type is deposited at the AMNH.</p> <p>PARATYPES: PERU: Madre de Dios: 1³, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-69.302505&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-12.8525" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -69.302505/lat -12.8525)">Tambopata Reserve</a>, 12 ° 51 9 S, 69 ° 18 9 W, 200 m, 11 Dec 1996, leg. A. V. Z. Brower, day coll. (AMNH; genitalia slide no. JSM-848, wing slide no. JSM-1663); 1³, Tambopata Reserve, 30 air km SW Pto. Maldonado, 290 m, 26–30 Nov 1979, leg. J.B. Heppner, subtropical moist forest (FNHM); 1♀, Tambopata Reserve, 200 m, Dec 1994, leg. S. Fratello, day coll. (AMNH; genitalia slide no. JSM-849); 1♀, Tambopata Reserve, 30 km SW Pto. Maldonado, 300 m, 16–22 Oct 1983, leg. C. V. Covell Jr. (AMNH).</p> <p>OTHER SPECIMENS EXAMINED: BOLIVIA: Cochabamba: 1♀, Yunga del Espiritu Santo, 1888–89, leg. P. Germain (BMNH).</p> <p>DISSECTED: 2³³, 1♀.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF87E0FFC49E32BE8D1105FC594E0F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Miller, James S	Miller, James S (2009): Generic Revision Of The Dioptinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea: Notodontidae) Part 2: Josiini. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2009 (321): 675-1022, DOI: 10.1206/321.1-1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1206/321.1-1
03FF87E0FFC69E35BEB41143FDCE484C.text	03FF87E0FFC69E35BEB41143FDCE484C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phintia podarce Walker HW 1854	<div><p>Phintia podarce Walker, revised status Figures 329F, 329G, 330; plate 31 [EX]</p> <p>Phintia podarce Walker, 1854: 306.</p> <p>TYPE LOCALITY: Brazil, Pará.</p> <p>TYPE: Syntype ♀ (BMNH).</p> <p>Phintia cercostis Walker, 1854: 307. New synonymy. TYPE LOCALITY: Brazil, Pará. TYPE: Syntype ♀, Bates Collection</p> <p>(BMNH).</p> <p>DISCUSSION: This species is here taken from Josia, where it had most recently been placed (Bryk, 1930), and reassigned to Phintia following its original author (Walker, 1854). Specimens of P. podarce are widely distributed across the world’s collections, but the moth rarely occurs in larges series. The holdings of the BMNH (23 specimens) and ZMH (13 specimens) are by far the largest. Males are much less common than females. The bulk of P. podarce material was collected in Brazil.</p> <p>My examination of Walker’s P. cercostis and P. podarce types suggests that these are conspecific. Not only do they show identical wing patterns, but also both possess exactly the same (sparse) label data—‘‘ Pará ’’. In placing one of the names in synonymy, I have chosen podarce to take precedence over cercostis on the basis of page priority. At first it seems remarkable that Walker described these as distinct species, rather than treating them as a single entity. However, two factors were at work: First, this attests to the remarkable speed at which he was naming species. Second, since Walker was paid piecework for each genus and species described, there was little incentive to proceed with care. Within the Dioptinae, there are numerous species that he described more than once.</p> <p>An AMNH female from Mexico exhibits genitalia differing from those of other Phintia species. This specimen not only represents a third species, but is also the first record of the genus for Central America. Its description will await the discovery of Central American males. Label data are as follows: Mexico, Veracruz, Presídio, Aug 1939, leg. C.C. Hoffmann, AMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-1510).</p> <p>DISTRIBUTION: Brazil (BMNH, CAS, CUIC, CMNH, OUMNH, USNM, ZMC, ZMH); Peru (AMNH, CUIC, ZMH); French Guiana (AMNH, BMNH).</p> <p>DISSECTED: ³, Brazil, Pará, Benevides, Oct 1918, leg. S.M. Klages, CMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-313); ³, Peru, Madre de Dios, 12 ° 51 9 S, 69 ° 18 9 W, 200 m, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-69.302505&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-12.8525" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -69.302505/lat -12.8525)">Tambopata Reserve</a>, day coll., 6 Dec 1996, leg. A. V. Z. Brower, AMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-1746); ³, Peru, Achinamiza, 30 Aug 1927, AMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-1466); ♀, Brazil, Santarém, May 1919, leg. S.M. Klages, CMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-314); ♀, Peru, Achinamiza, 24 Aug 1929, ‘‘F6001’’, H. Bassler Collection, AMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-1511).</p> <p>NOTASCEA MILLER, new genus</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF87E0FFC69E35BEB41143FDCE484C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Miller, James S	Miller, James S (2009): Generic Revision Of The Dioptinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea: Notodontidae) Part 2: Josiini. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2009 (321): 675-1022, DOI: 10.1206/321.1-1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1206/321.1-1
03FF87E0FFCE9E3CBEAA11E3FE9D4CA4.text	03FF87E0FFCE9E3CBEAA11E3FE9D4CA4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Notascea brevispinula Miller 2009	<div><p>Notascea brevispinula, new species Figures 304, 333; plate 32</p> <p>DIAGNOSIS: This, the largest species of Notascea (³ FW length 5 16.0 mm), differs from other members of the genus in showing vibrant orange color in the FW, and in having a blacker FW and HW ground color (pl. 32). The FW veins in N. obliquaria are more extensively lined with black (pl. 31), whereas the forewings of N. nudata and N. loxa exhibit fewer black veins (pl. 31). A subtle feature of the FW sets N. brevispinula apart; the veins in the outer portion are lined with charcoal-gray scales, contrasting against the black ground color. The male genitalia of N. brevispinula are unique in that the set of cornuti on the dorsum of the vesica (fig. 333C), near its base, are short and delicate. In other Notascea species these are more robust.</p> <p>DESCRIPTION: Male. Forewing length 5 16.0 mm. Head: Labial palpus moderately long, porrect, Lp3 drooping slightly downward; Lp1 covered with light gray scales, a loose fringe of longer scales below; Lp2 longer than Lp1, more tightly scaled, covered with light gray to gray-brown scales; Lp3 short, bullet shaped, light gray-brown; front gray-brown, somewhat darker toward middle, covered with appressed, ventromesally pointing scales; occiput light gray; eye large, bulging outward; vertex covered with anteriorly directed, light gray to gray scales, frosty gray between antennae; vertex scales forming a slight, longitudinal groove between antennal bases; scape and dorsum of antennal shaft covered with glossy, dark brownishgray scales.</p> <p>Thorax: Legs covered with glossy, gray to dark gray-brown scales; tibial spurs light gray; pleuron covered with elongate light gray to dark gray scales; patagium dark gray; tegula dark gray to gray-brown, fringed with long, hairlike dark gray scales; dorsum uniformly dark gray.</p> <p>Forewing: (Dorsal) Basal two-thirds forming a large, orange-yellow triangle (pl. 32); costal region, outer third, and anal margin blackish gray; radial sector, including fork of R 1, and cubitus widely lined with black in orange triangle; a few scattered black scales lining basal extension of M 2 within DC; a small number of black scales scattered along anal fold; all black lines arising from base, but falling well short of distal margin of orange area; fovea, between black-lined fork of R 1 and base of Rs 1 –Rs 4, an elongate oval, sparsely clothed with short, light orange scales, its surface somewhat shiny; associated fold between bases of M 1 and M 2 scaleless; outer margin of orange triangle crossing at a gentle oblique angle, its edge slightly irregular; orange area extending only to fork of M 3 +CuA 1; veins in dark outer third lined with lighter gray scales. (Ventral) Similar to dorsal surface except colors less intense; triangle almost uniformly orange-yellow, without black veins except near base of cubitus; fovea sparsely covered with small, ovoid, light yellow scales; anal margin glossy light gray.</p> <p>Hind wing: (Dorsal) Ground color uniformly dark, blackish gray (pl. 32); anterior margin lighter gray. (Ventral) Slightly lighter gray than dorsal surface, especially near anal margin.</p> <p>Abdomen: Uniformly dark, brownish gray.</p> <p>Terminalia (fig. 333): Tg8 slightly narrow- er distally, posterior margin with a wide, Ushaped mesal excavation, anterior margin broadly concave; anterior apodeme on St8 wide, relatively short, its apex truncate; posterior excavation on St8 wide; costa of valva long and narrow, straight, distal portion gently expanded, forming an acute point at apex; rugose area at dorsum of BO weakly defined; aedeagus wide, rounded at base, forming an acute distal process, bent slightly downward; vesica equal in width to aedeagus, dorsal group of cornuti extremely short, distal group of spinelike cornuti numerous (n 5 24), relatively short and robust; vesica with approximately 10 caltrop cornuti below apex.</p> <p>Female. Unknown.</p> <p>ETYMOLOGY: The species name combines the Latin words for ‘‘short’’ (brevis) and ‘‘little spine’’ (spinula), in reference to the group of short dorsal cornuti on the male vesica (fig. 333C), a characteristic of this taxon. Other Notascea species have a set of long, robust cornuti in that location.</p> <p>DISTRIBUTION: The only known example of N. brevispinula is from Petrópolis in eastern Brazil, on the outskirts of Rio de Janeiro (fig. 304). Extensive sampling in the forests along the Brazilian coast will be crucial for delimiting the range of this species.</p> <p>DISCUSSION: Unfortunately, a search of the world’s collections produced only a single male specimen of N. brevispinula. Two females are potential candidates: The first (AMNH) is from Tijuca on the coast of Brazil, slightly south of Rio. A second (USNM) matches the wing pattern of the type male with precision. That specimen (pl. 32), from the William Schaus Collection, bears no locality data. After carefully studying characters such as scale arrangements on the head and thorax, I decided that neither of these females conclusively matches the male brevispinula type. Their label data are summarized below (Other Specimens Examined). Description of females must therefore await discovery of additional material.</p> <p>HOLOTYPE: Male (pl. 32). BRAZIL: Rio de Janeiro: Petropolis, 650 m, 10–20 Oct 1985, leg. V. O. Becker (genitalia slide no. JSM-481). The type specimen is deposited in the Vitor Becker Collection, Serra Bonita, Brazil.</p> <p>PARATYPES: None.</p> <p>OTHER SPECIMENS EXAMINED: BRAZIL: Rio de Janeiro: 1♀, Tijuca, no. 7760, Collection Hy. Edwards (AMNH; genitalia slide no. JSM-1517); 1♀, [no data], Wm. Schaus Collection (USNM; genitalia slide no. JSM-1518).</p> <p>DISSECTED: Holotype ³ (genitalia slide no. JSM-481).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF87E0FFCE9E3CBEAA11E3FE9D4CA4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Miller, James S	Miller, James S (2009): Generic Revision Of The Dioptinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea: Notodontidae) Part 2: Josiini. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2009 (321): 675-1022, DOI: 10.1206/321.1-1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1206/321.1-1
03FF87E0FFC89E3FBC1613A6FDA54C35.text	03FF87E0FFC89E3FBC1613A6FDA54C35.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Notascea nudata (Hering 1925)	<div><p>Notascea nudata (Hering), new combination Plate 31</p> <p>Scea nudata Hering, 1925: 529.</p> <p>TYPE LOCALITY: Brazil.</p> <p>TYPE: Lectotype ³/ Paralectotype ♀, leg. Sello (ZMH).</p> <p>DISCUSSION: Though described in Scea (Hering, 1925) because of its wing pattern, this species belongs in Notascea. Notascea nudata is known exclusively from the male and female syntypes (ZMH). The male is here designated as the lectotype, while the female becomes a paralectotype.</p> <p>This species can quickly be distinguished from other Notascea species because it shows a single black line within the orange basal FW triangle (pl. 31), running along the cubitus from the base to approximately one third of the way out. Another useful diagnostic trait involves the frontal scales. In N. nudata, the front is light brown in the center and white along the lateral margins, whereas in other Notascea species the front is uniformly gray-brown to dark gray, without white scales.</p> <p>A beautiful series in the Vitor Becker Collection (4³³, 1♀) represents an undescribed Notascea species with a wing pattern similar to that of N. nudata. In these, two veins—the base of the radius and the base of the cubitus—are lined with black. This undescribed taxon appears to be the smallest member of the genus (FW length 5 12.5–14.5 mm). Its slide data are as follows: ³, Brazil, BA, Camacã, 600 m, 15 Nov 1995, leg. V.O. Becker, VOB (genitalia slide no. JSM-910); ♀, Brazil, Espírito Santo, Linhares, 40 m, 5–9 Apr 1992, leg. V.O. Becker, VOB (genitalia slide no. JSM-911).</p> <p>DISTRIBUTION: Brazil (VOB, ZMH).</p> <p>DISSECTED: ³ type, ‘‘7834’’, (JSM-1767); ♀ type [no data] (JSM-1768).</p> <p>Notascea obliquaria (Warren), new combination Figures 331A–C, 331E, 332C–F, 334; plate 32 [EX]</p> <p>Scea obliquaria Warren, 1906: 315.</p> <p>TYPE LOCALITY: Brazil, Paraná, Castro. TYPE: Holotype ³ (USNM type no. 9169).</p> <p>DISCUSSION: This species, described in Scea (Warren, 1906), has resided there ever since (Prout, 1918; Hering, 1925; Bryk, 1930). I unwittingly chose it as an exemplar for cladistic analysis, but the result was surprising. Rather than grouping with other Scea species as would be expected, obliquaria instead fell out as a separate clade, far removed from its so-called relatives (fig. 283). Eventually, I concluded that a new genus— Notascea —should be created to accommodate N. obliquaria and three additional josiines, all extremely obscure.</p> <p>Within Notascea, N. obliquaria is distinguished by the extensive amounts of black lining the veins within the orange FW area (pl. 32). Its genitalia are typical of the clade (see genus diagnosis), but males also show features unique to the species, such as extremely thin socii (fig. 334A) and a narrow anterior apophysis on St8 (fig. 334B).</p> <p>While most Notascea species are rare, N. obliquaria is fairly well represented in collections. It also reigns as the most widespread taxon in the genus, having been collected in an area broadly bordering the northern limits of the Pampas, at elevations between 100 and 1000 meters.</p> <p>DISTRIBUTION: Brazil (AMNH, BMNH, USNM, VOB); Paraguay (BMNH, USNM); Argentina (AMNH); Bolivia (BMNH, LACM); Peru (BMNH).</p> <p>DISSECTED: Holotype ³ (genitalia slide no. JSM-1514); ³, Paraguay, Sapucay, 16 Aug 1904, leg. W. Foster, BMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-356); ³, Brazil, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-56.019165&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-22.6525" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -56.019165/lat -22.6525)">Planaltina</a>, 1000 m, 26 Aug 1986, leg. V. O. Becker, VOB (genitalia slide no. JSM-480); ³, Paraguay, Depto. Concepción, Ao. Tatatiya-mi, 22 ° 39 9 S, 56 ° 01 9 W, 10–17 Apr 1986, leg. M. Pogue &amp; A. Solis, USNM (genitalia slide no. JSM-1752, wing slide no. JSM-1472); ♀, Brazil, Sta. Catharina, leg. Fritz Hoffmann, AMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-1751); ♀, Bolivia, Prov. Sara, Dept. S. Cruz de la Sierra, Apr–May 1904, leg. J. Steinbach, BMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-357).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF87E0FFC89E3FBC1613A6FDA54C35	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Miller, James S	Miller, James S (2009): Generic Revision Of The Dioptinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea: Notodontidae) Part 2: Josiini. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2009 (321): 675-1022, DOI: 10.1206/321.1-1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1206/321.1-1
03FF87E0FFCB9E3EBC991334FBC14E47.text	03FF87E0FFCB9E3EBC991334FBC14E47.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Notascea loxa Miller 2009	<div><p>Notascea loxa, new species Figures 304, 331D, 335; plate 31</p> <p>DIAGNOSIS: Notascea loxa, intermediate in size between the largest (N. brevispinula) and smallest (N. nudata) members of the genus, can be recognized by the size and shape of its orange FW area (pl. 31). In other described Notascea species, the distal margin of the orange region barely extends beyond the fork of M 3 +CuA 1. In N. loxa on the other hand, the orange extends well beyond this fork to near the wing’s outer margin. The orange triangle is thus longer and exhibits a more oblique angle at its distal margin, giving the species its name. Notascea loxa shows a minimal patterning of black veins within the orange triangle; only the cubitus and radius, framing the DC, are outlined. It thus resembles N. nudata (pl. 31), which shows the most reduced black FW vein pattern of any Notascea species. The difference between N. loxa and N. nudata is that, in the former, black scales line the fork where R 1 leaves the DC. In N. nudata, that fork is not marked.</p> <p>The genital morphology of N. loxa conforms closely to that of other Notascea species. A unique feature can be found in females, which exhibit an unusually long DB (fig. 335E). In males, the pleats of the Barth organ (fig. 335A) are more heavily rugose than elsewhere in the genus.</p> <p>DESCRIPTION: Male. Forewing length 5 14.0–14.5 mm. Head (fig. 331D): Labial palpus relatively long, porrect, curving gently upward, all segments uniformly covered with light gray-brown scales; Lp1 with a loose ventral fringe of longer scales; Lp2 longer than Lp1, more tightly scaled; Lp3 short, narrowed distally; front light brown to light gray-brown, closely covered with short, ventromesally pointing scales; occiput light gray to light brown; eye large, bulging outward, gena extremely thin; vertex covered with anteriorly directed, light gray-brown to dark gray scales; scape and dorsum of antennal shaft covered with glossy, brownish-gray scales.</p> <p>Thorax: Legs covered with glossy, light gray to light gray-brown scales; pleuron covered with elongate light gray to gray-blue scales; patagium gray-brown to steely gray; tegula gray-brown to steely gray, fringed with long, hairlike slate-gray scales; dorsum gray-brown to steely gray.</p> <p>Forewing: (Dorsal) Basal three-quarters forming a large, orange-yellow triangle (pl. 31); costa dark gray, area behind costa blackish gray; outer fourth and anal margin blackish gray; orange-yellow area with radial sector (including fork of R 1) and cubitus black; black lines arising from base, but falling well short of distal margin of orange area; fovea, between black-lined fork of R 1 and base of Rs 1 –Rs 4, an elongate oval, sparsely clothed with short, light orange scales, its surface somewhat shiny; associated fold between bases of M 1 and M 2 scaleless; outer margin of orange-yellow triangle crossing at a steep oblique angle, its edge slightly irregular; orange area extending well beyond fork of M 3 +CuA 1; veins in dark outer fourth concolorous with ground color. (Ventral) Similar to dorsal surface except colors less intense; triangle uniformly orange-yellow, without contrasting veins, a few scattered brown scales near base of cubitus; fovea sparsely covered with small light yellow scales; anal margin glossy light gray.</p> <p>Hind wing: (Dorsal) Ground color uniformly dark blackish gray to blackish brown (pl. 31); anterior margin glossy gray. (Ventral) Slightly lighter gray than dorsal surface, especially near anal margin.</p> <p>Abdomen: Dorsum slate gray with a steely blue iridescence; venter light silvery gray with a steely blue iridescence.</p> <p>Terminalia (fig. 335A–D): Tg8 slightly narrower distally, posterior margin with a wide, U-shaped mesal excavation, anterior margin broadly convex; St8 with a wide, strongly tapered anterior apodeme, its apex blunt; posterior excavation of St8 shallow, Ushaped; socii relatively wide; costa of valva short and wide, apex broadly expanded, forming a short distal process; rugose area at dorsum of BO strongly defined, ridges prominent; aedeagus wide at base, rounded, tapered distally to form a small apical process; vesica equal in width to aedeagus, dorsal group of cornuti long and stout, distal group of spinelike cornuti sparse (n 5 9–10), long and thin; vesica with a group of 7–10 small caltrop cornuti below apex.</p> <p>Female. Forewing length 5 15.0–16.0 mm. Head and body characters similar to male except: labial palpus thinner; antenna ciliate, wide beyond base then gradually tapered; wings longer and broader than male, pattern otherwise similar; FW fovea absent; abdomen shorter and wider.</p> <p>Terminalia (fig. 335E): AA long and thin, straight; PP thin and straight; dorsal lobe of PA well defined; DB elongate, membranous; sclerotized area at base of CB twisted, ventral section densely spinose; CB fairly wide, roughly ovoid, bent downward beyond signum; internal spines of signum elongate, straight, external knob of signum small but prominent; base of DS curved posteriorly.</p> <p>ETYMOLOGY: This species name is taken from the Greek word loxos, meaning ‘‘slanting’’ or ‘‘crosswise’’. It refers to the unusually steep angle at the distal margin of the orange FW area, an important diagnostic feature for N. loxa.</p> <p>DISTRIBUTION: Notascea loxa has been collected at two Peruvian localities (fig. 304), both in Cuzco Province. According to Gerardo Lamas (personal commun.), Cajón (13 ° 04 9 S, 71 ° 33 9 W), a hacienda frequented by the famous collector Otto Garlepp in the late 1800s, is located at 1330 meters near the town of Pilcopata in the Cosñipata Valley. The second locale, Rosalina—the type locality for N. loxa —was visited in 1996 by a team of collectors from the AMNH and MUSM. It is roughly 120 km northwest of Cajón along the eastern slope of the Andes. Additional collecting is needed to further refine the distributional limits of N. loxa.</p> <p>DISCUSSION: This, the westernmost representative of Notascea, seems to occur at slightly higher elevations (750–1330 m) than other members of the genus. However, our knowledge of N. loxa is based on only four specimens worldwide, so much more remains to be learned. The two known pairs—a male and female from Cajón (USNM) and a male and female from Rosalina (AMNH) —were collected over 100 years apart.</p> <p>The USNM paratypes of N. loxa bear labels, written by Warren in October 1907, identifying them as ‘‘ Scea figulina Butler’’ (1877a). That species is currently placed in Scearctia Hering, a genus of Pericopinae (Arctiidae). Warren’s knowledge of neotropical Lepidoptera was vast, so his misidentification only provides further testament to the remarkable mimicry that occurs between these Dioptinae and some members of the Arctiidae.</p> <p>HOLOTYPE: Male (pl. 31). PERU: Cuzco: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-72.61917&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-12.669167" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -72.61917/lat -12.669167)">Rosalina</a>, 750 m, 12 ° 40 9 S, 72 ° 37 9 W, 24 Feb 1996, coffee and 2nd growth, leg. Brower / Lamas / Sime / Snyder (genitalia slide no. JSM-1749). The type is deposited at the AMNH.</p> <p>PARATYPES: PERU: Cuzco: 1♀, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-72.61917&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-12.669167" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -72.61917/lat -12.669167)">Rosalina</a>, 750 m, 12 ° 40 9 S, 72 ° 37 9 W, 24 Feb 1996, coffee and 2nd growth, leg. Brower / Lamas / Sime / Snyder (AMNH; genitalia slide no. JSM-1750); 1³, 1♀, Cajón (USNM; genitalia slide Nos. JSM-912, 913).</p> <p>OTHER SPECIMENS EXAMINED: None.</p> <p>DISSECTED: 2³³, 2♀♀.</p> <p>JOSIA HÜBNER, [1819] 1816</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF87E0FFCB9E3EBC991334FBC14E47	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Miller, James S	Miller, James S (2009): Generic Revision Of The Dioptinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea: Notodontidae) Part 2: Josiini. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2009 (321): 675-1022, DOI: 10.1206/321.1-1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1206/321.1-1
03FF87E0FF389ECCBC9811C2FEE64BCC.text	03FF87E0FF389ECCBC9811C2FEE64BCC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Josia infausta Hering Plate 1925	<div><p>Josia infausta Hering Plate 32</p> <p>Josia infausta Hering, 1925: 527, fig. 71b.</p> <p>TYPE LOCALITY: Colombia, Río San Juan. TYPE: Holotype ♀, ‘‘Tr.’’ (ZMH).</p> <p>DISCUSSION: Based on superficial study of the J. infausta type, this species belongs in Josia. According to my observations, the FW shape and color of J. infausta suggest an affinity with J. mononeura and J. insincera. A USNM female from Panama (pl. 32) matches the type of infausta closely. The type locality for J. infausta, Río San Juan, is in the state of Chocó in northwestern Colombia. This habitat is contiguous with lowland Panama, so a Panamanian specimen could conceivably be conspecific. Assuming the USNM female is correctly identified as J. infausta, dissection of that specimen (JSM-546) shows a taxon distinct from J. insincera, but extremely close in genital morphology.</p> <p>DISTRIBUTION: Colombia (ZMH); Panama (USNM).</p> <p>DISSECTED: ♀, Panama, Trinidad River, Jun 1912, leg. August Busck, USNM (genitalia slide no. JSM-546).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF87E0FF389ECCBC9811C2FEE64BCC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Miller, James S	Miller, James S (2009): Generic Revision Of The Dioptinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea: Notodontidae) Part 2: Josiini. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2009 (321): 675-1022, DOI: 10.1206/321.1-1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1206/321.1-1
03FF87E0FF389ECCBF5812A8FCDB4866.text	03FF87E0FF389ECCBF5812A8FCDB4866.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Josia insincera Prout 1918	<div><p>Josia insincera Prout Figure 337; plates 32, 39M [EX]</p> <p>Josia insincera Prout, 1918: 423.</p> <p>TYPE LOCALITY: Venezuela, Cucutá. TYPE: Holotype ³ (BMNH).</p> <p>DISCUSSION: Three species form a subclade within the Ligula Group: Josia insincera, J. mononeura, and J. similis. All exhibit an olive-brown FW ground color, contrasting with a blackish-brown HW. The longitudinal stripes and HW anal margin are orange-yellow. Josia insincera is the smallest member of this group. The moth—relatively common in disturbed habitats of Venezuela where its host plant, Passiflora biflora, grows—has been reared on numerous occasions by L.D. Otero (Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida). Josia insincera has less frequently been collected in Colombia, in the northeastern portion of the country (Barranquilla) adjoining Venezuela. The reticulate color pattern of J. insincera caterpillars (pl. 39M) is typical for Josia. Adults and larvae were discussed and figured in Miller (1996).</p> <p>DISTRIBUTION: Venezuela (AMNH, BMNH, CAS, IZA, LACM, MNHN, USNM, ZMH); Colombia (BMNH, MNHN, ZMH).</p> <p>DISSECTED: ³, Venezuela, Mérida Prov., 60 km NW Bocono along Bocono-Pampan Rd., 1900 ft, 31 Mar 1992, leg. J.S. Miller, AMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-659); ³ Paratype, Venezuela, Cucuta, BMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-298); ♀, Venezuela, Mérida Prov., Puente Victoria, 540 m, 1 May 1993, leg. L.D. Otero, AMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-660); ♀, Venezuela, Ciudad Bolivar, leg. S. Klages, BMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-299).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF87E0FF389ECCBF5812A8FCDB4866	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Miller, James S	Miller, James S (2009): Generic Revision Of The Dioptinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea: Notodontidae) Part 2: Josiini. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2009 (321): 675-1022, DOI: 10.1206/321.1-1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1206/321.1-1
03FF87E0FF389ECFBF6717E7FE414EBB.text	03FF87E0FF389ECFBF6717E7FE414EBB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Josia interrupta Warren Plate 1901	<div><p>Josia interrupta Warren Plate 32</p> <p>Josia interrupta Warren, 1901: 441.</p> <p>TYPE LOCALITY: Colombia, Cali.</p> <p>TYPE: Syntype ³, leg. W. Rosenberg, Sep– Dec 1894 (BMNH).</p> <p>DISCUSSION: Josia interrupta can be distinguished from most other Josia species by its narrow longitudinal FW and HW stripes (pl. 32). The one in the FW is slightly constricted beyond its midpoint, terminating short of the outer margin. The FW itself is somewhat quadrate below the apex, unlike species such as J. fustula (pl. 32) in which the FW is more elongate. Verified examples of J. interrupta are relatively rare in collections. As far as I can determine, with the exception of a single specimen collected by Fassl in Panama, the moth is known exclusively from Colombia.</p> <p>An undescribed western Ecuadorian species exists (AMNH, CMNH), exhibiting genitalia (JSM-648, 649) that differ slightly from those of J. interrupta. The moth from Ecuador also differs in showing wider wing stripes. It was reared on an unidentified Passiflora by S. Weller and N. Jacobson (1984).</p> <p>DISTRIBUTION: Colombia (BMNH, CUIC, USNM); Panama (BMNH).</p> <p>DISSECTED: ³, Colombia, Ibague´, Dognin Collection, USNM (genitalia slide no. JSM-558); ♀, Colombia, Caldas, Río Canca, 1000 m, 24 May 1908, leg. Fassl, USNM (genitalia slide no. JSM-559).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF87E0FF389ECFBF6717E7FE414EBB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Miller, James S	Miller, James S (2009): Generic Revision Of The Dioptinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea: Notodontidae) Part 2: Josiini. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2009 (321): 675-1022, DOI: 10.1206/321.1-1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1206/321.1-1
03FF87E0FF3B9ECFBD7911B6FC2E4CC6.text	03FF87E0FF3B9ECFBD7911B6FC2E4CC6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Josia lativitta Walker 1869	<div><p>Josia lativitta Walker</p> <p>Josia lativitta Walker, 1869: 6–7.</p> <p>TYPE LOCALITY: Not known.</p> <p>TYPE: Not seen (BMNH?).</p> <p>DISCUSSION: I was not able to establish the identity of J. lativitta. The location of the type remains a mystery. Intense searches during numerous visits to the BMNH were fruitless, and it is not at the OUMNH, where several Walker types are housed. Walker’s (1869) description suggests that this moth belongs in Josia: the head, palpus, and abdomen are white beneath; the abdomen bears ochreous lateral stripes, and the wing stripes are wide, ‘‘luteous white’’. According to Prout (1918: 423) ‘‘Walker’s type has the band of the forewing bleached white, but evidently belongs to the Amazonian species which resembles oribia except in the narrower orange areas’’. Hering gave no definitive characters for the species. His illustration of lativitta (Hering, 1925: fig. 71b) shows a moth similar to oribia, but with narrower longitudinal FW bands, thus matching Prout’s diagnosis. On the other hand, the specimen in Hering’s figure is indistinguishable from many known examples of J. ligula. The latter is Amazonian (see below), which vaguely plays into this discussion. To summarize: The identity of J. lativitta is in question, but I have placed it in the Ligula Group based on the scant evidence at hand. It will be essential to locate and study the type.</p> <p>DISTRIBUTION: Not known.</p> <p>DISSECTED: None.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF87E0FF3B9ECFBD7911B6FC2E4CC6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Miller, James S	Miller, James S (2009): Generic Revision Of The Dioptinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea: Notodontidae) Part 2: Josiini. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2009 (321): 675-1022, DOI: 10.1206/321.1-1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1206/321.1-1
03FF87E0FF3B9ECEBF391385FE294B16.text	03FF87E0FF3B9ECEBF391385FE294B16.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Josia ligula (Hubner)	<div><p>Josia ligula (Hübner) Figures 336C–E, 336H, 338; plate 32 [EX]</p> <p>Hipocrita Tineiformis ligula Hübner, 1806: pl. 180, figs. 1–4.</p> <p>TYPE LOCALITY: Suriname.</p> <p>TYPE: Not seen.</p> <p>Josia tenuivitta Butler, 1878: 61. New synonymy. TYPE LOCALITY: Brazil, Pará. TYPE: Syntype ³, ‘‘77.93’’, Serpa, leg.</p> <p>Bates, 13 Feb 1875 (BMNH).</p> <p>Bombyx fulvia Cramer, 1779: 101, pl. 251, fig. F. TYPE LOCALITY: Suriname.</p> <p>TYPE: Syntype ³ (BMNH).</p> <p>DISCUSSION: Establishing the identity of Josia ligula —the type species of the genus— has been problematic. There is no text to accompany Hübner’s color illustration, so the figure alone must serve in lieu of a species description. It is usually assumed for Hübner types that they are lost or have been destroyed. Specimens most closely matching the figures of ligula in Hübner come from Suriname and French Guiana. After considerable effort I have identified material that is, in all probability, Josia ligula. The most reliable way to recognize this species is by the following set of characteristics: front white; FW length 5 12.0–16.0 mm; longitudinal FW and HW stripes moderately wide (wider in females), falling slightly short of outer margin; FW costa dark with a few scattered buff-colored scales; stripes orange, rather than yellow or yellow-orange.</p> <p>My research suggests that Josia ligula is widely distributed across the Amazon Basin. Its range extends from the Guiana Shield and Venezuela, south into Brazil at least as far as Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais (VOB), and west to Rondônia (AMNH). This is also one of the few dioptine species recorded from Trinidad. The western boundaries of the moth’s distribution are open to question. Josia ligula is difficult to separate from J. oribia, endemic to the eastern Andes of Peru and Bolivia.</p> <p>Josia tenuivitta Butler had heretofore been regarded as a distinct species. I studied the BMNH type of J. tenuivitta in detail. Furthermore, a male from the LACM, exactly matching the tenuivitta type, was dissected (JSM-1376). Study of body characters and wing pattern suggest that tenuivitta is a junior synonym of Josia ligula, and I here formalize that proposal.</p> <p>According to Martin Honey (BMNH; personal commun.), Bombyx fulvia Cramer (1779) is not a valid species. It is a subsequent misidentification of Phalaena Noctua fulvia Linnaeus, 1758.</p> <p>DISTRIBUTION: Suriname (BMNH, CUIC, NMW, ZMH); French Guiana (AMNH, BMNH, CAS, CUIC, MNHN, OUMNH, USNM, ZMH); Venezuela (CUIC); Trinidad (LACM, BMNH); Brazil (AMNH, BMNH, CAS, CMNH, LACM, MNHN, MPM, NMW, OUMNH, USNM, VOB, ZMC, ZMH).</p> <p>DISSECTED: ³, French Guiana, Maroni River, 60 m, USNM (genitalia slide no. JSM-545); ³, French Guiana, Cayenne, 1875, leg. H. Deyrolle, MNHN (genitalia slide no. JSM-547); ³, Brazil, Rondônia, 62 km S of Ariquemes, Rd. #C- 20, 7 km E of B- 65, 165 m, primary forest, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-62.802498&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-10.535833" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -62.802498/lat -10.535833)">Fazenda Rancho Grande</a>, 10 ° 32 9 S, 62 ° 48 9 W, 15 Apr 1992, leg. George E. Martinez, AMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-676); ³, Brazil, 24 km E Formoso, Go., 16 May 1956, leg. F.S. Truxal, LACM (genitalia slide no. JSM-1376); ³, Brazil, Rondônia, Fazenda Rancho Grande, 200 m, 19 Jun 1993, leg. A. Sourakov, AMNH (wing slide no. JSM-1664); ♀, French Guiana, MNHN (genitalia slide no. JSM-548); ♀, Brazil, Rondônia, Fazenda Rancho Grande, 200 m, 9 Jun 1993, leg. A. Sourakov, AMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-548).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF87E0FF3B9ECEBF391385FE294B16	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Miller, James S	Miller, James S (2009): Generic Revision Of The Dioptinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea: Notodontidae) Part 2: Josiini. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2009 (321): 675-1022, DOI: 10.1206/321.1-1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1206/321.1-1
03FF87E0FF3A9ECEBCB91455FB32486F.text	03FF87E0FF3A9ECEBCB91455FB32486F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Josia mononeura (Hubner) Hubner 1806	<div><p>Josia mononeura (Hübner) Figure 336F; plate 32</p> <p>Hypocrita Tineiformis mononeura Hübner, 1806: pl. 182, figs. 1–4.</p> <p>TYPE LOCALITY: Unknown.</p> <p>TYPE: Syntype ³/ ♀ (not seen).</p> <p>Josia mitis Walker, 1856: 1645.</p> <p>TYPE LOCALITY: Brazil, Rio Grande.</p> <p>TYPE: Holotype ♀, ex Saunders Collection (OUMNH).</p> <p>DISCUSSION: Josia mononeura is larger than its close relatives, J. insincera and J. similis, and has a more southerly distribution. Josia mononeura is common. For example, there is a series of nearly 50 specimens in the AMNH holdings, and a comparable series at the USNM. Bienzanko collected all of these at Pelotas, Brazil, in the mid-1950s. His specimens appear at the MCZ as well.</p> <p>Although the Hübner type of J. mononeura will probably never be found and no type locality is known, the identity of this species is quite certain. The male and female moths figured in Hübner (1806) show a gray FW as well as a gray abdominal venter, the latter being a diagnostic feature distinguishing J. mononeura from J. similis and J. insincera.</p> <p>My dissection of Walker’s type of Josia mitis (OUMNH) confirms that his name is conspecific with J. mononeura. That synonymy is therefore retained following Bryk (1930) and others.</p> <p>DISTRIBUTION: Brazil (AMNH, BMNH, CUIC, MCZ, MNHN, MPM, NMW, OUMNH, USNM, VOB, ZMC, ZMH); Paraguay (AMNH, USNM); Uruguay (ZMH); Argentina (BMNH, FML, MNHN, USNM).</p> <p>DISSECTED: ³, Brazil, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, 21 Mar 1952, leg. C. Biezanko, AMNH (genitalia and appendage slide no. JSM-288; wing slide no. JSM-175); ♀ type of mitis Walker, Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul, OUMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-1738); ♀, Brazil, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, 21 Mar 1952, leg. C. Biezanko, AMNH (genitalia and appendage slide no. JSM-289).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF87E0FF3A9ECEBCB91455FB32486F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Miller, James S	Miller, James S (2009): Generic Revision Of The Dioptinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea: Notodontidae) Part 2: Josiini. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2009 (321): 675-1022, DOI: 10.1206/321.1-1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1206/321.1-1
03FF87E0FF3A9ED1BF4617DDFF214966.text	03FF87E0FF3A9ED1BF4617DDFF214966.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Josia oribia Druce 1885	<div><p>Josia oribia Druce Figure 339A–E; plate 32</p> <p>Josia oribia Druce, 1885b: 528.</p> <p>TYPE LOCALITY: ‘‘E. Peru’’.</p> <p>TYPE: Syntype ³, leg. Whitely (BMNH)</p> <p>Josia schnusei Strand, 1920: 134.</p> <p>TYPE LOCALITY: Bolivia, Sarampioni to Mapiri</p> <p>TYPE: Holotype ♀ (not seen), leg. W. Schnuse, ‘‘I.–IV.’’</p> <p>DISCUSSION: Josia oribia is distinguished by the wide, distally rounded longitudinal stripes of the FW and HW. The FW costa is dark with a few buff-colored scales, and the head is creamy white as in J. ligula. Numerous similarities of the genitalia suggest that Josia oribia and J. ligula are close relatives (compare figs. 338, 339A–E). In addition, they are roughly the same size (FW length 5 12.0–16.0 mm). Other than the width of their wing stripes, the most reliable way to separate them is by differences in the shape of the sclerites at the base of the female CB. Even then, it is best to have dissections of both species on hand for comparison. The remarkable mimicry between Josia oribia and Erbessa mimica (pl. 4) is discussed in reference to the latter.</p> <p>The BMNH male dissected (JSM-325) was identified by Martin Hering as ‘‘ schnusei ’’, supposedly a form of oribia. I was not able to locate the schnusei type, but follow previous authors in retaining it as a synonym of oribia.</p> <p>DISTRIBUTION: Peru (AMNH, BMNH, CUIC, FNHM, MUSM, OUMNH, ZMH); Bolivia (BMNH, USNM, ZMH).</p> <p>DISSECTED: ³, Peru, Marcapata, BMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-325); ♀, Peru, Río Colorado, 2500 ft, Aug 1903, leg. Watkins &amp; Tomlinson, BMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-326).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF87E0FF3A9ED1BF4617DDFF214966	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Miller, James S	Miller, James S (2009): Generic Revision Of The Dioptinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea: Notodontidae) Part 2: Josiini. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2009 (321): 675-1022, DOI: 10.1206/321.1-1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1206/321.1-1
03FF87E0FF259ED1BD6416E5FC1F4B0A.text	03FF87E0FF259ED1BD6416E5FC1F4B0A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Josia similis Hering Plate 1925	<div><p>Josia similis Hering Plate 32</p> <p>Josia similis Hering, 1925: 527.</p> <p>TYPE LOCALITY: Brazil, Pará.</p> <p>TYPE: Syntype ³/ ♀ (ZMH).</p> <p>DISCUSSION: Hering (1925: 527) described J. similis as: ‘‘colored the same [as mononeura], but the abdomen beneath is white, [and the moth is] somewhat smaller’’. My studies confirm his highly effective diagnosis. The abdominal venter in M. mononeura is uniformly gray, whereas in both J. similis and J. insincera it is white. Josia similis has a FW length (14.0–15.5 mm) intermediate between that of J. mononeura (17.0–20.0 mm) and J. insincera (13.0–16.0 mm). The front in J. similis and J. insincera is white, whereas that of J. mononeura is gray-brown in its center. Male genital morphology suggests that, of the three, J. similis and J. mononeura are more closely related that either is to J. insincera.</p> <p>Josia similis is known exclusively from northeastern Brazil, near the mouth of the Amazon River, in the states of Pará and Ceará. Josia insincera occurs in Venezuela and Colombia, whereas J. mononeura is endemic to southeastern Brazil, Uruguay, Paraguay, and Argentina. I have seen only four specimens of J. similis —the male and female syntypes at the ZMH, one male paratype at the BMNH, and a male from the MPM (JSM-1705).</p> <p>DISTRIBUTION: Brazil (BMNH, MPM, ZMH).</p> <p>DISSECTED: ³, Brazil, Ceará, Joareiro, near Fortaleza, 19 May 1933, leg. R. von Ihering, MPM (genitalia slide no. JSM-1705).</p> <p>2. LIGATA GROUP</p> <p>The Ligata Group exhibits several ironclad diagnostic traits. One of the quickest ways to recognize its members is by examining the FW costa. In all Ligata Group species, the FW costa is orange-yellow in the basal half. The wing venation for this group is also unique within Josia, because FW vein M 1 always arises from the radial sector (fig. 336G). In other Josia species groups, M 1 arises at the base of the radial sector at the anterolateral angle of the DC (figs. 336F, H). A more subtle, but useful, Ligata Group character is the orientation of Lp 3, which droops slightly in all species.</p> <p>The group’s genitalia are similarly recognizable, characterized by the following features: costa simple; a long, thin, hooklike process at valva apex; vesica of aedeagus elongate, with short spinelike cornuti along dorsal and ventral surfaces; male Tg8 equal to St 8 in width, lateral margins convex; DB elongate, curved, internally spinose; signum an elongate oval.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF87E0FF259ED1BD6416E5FC1F4B0A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Miller, James S	Miller, James S (2009): Generic Revision Of The Dioptinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea: Notodontidae) Part 2: Josiini. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2009 (321): 675-1022, DOI: 10.1206/321.1-1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1206/321.1-1
03FF87E0FF259ED0BEAF143AFDF449FE.text	03FF87E0FF259ED0BEAF143AFDF449FE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Josia ligata Walker Plate 1864	<div><p>KEY TO LIGATA GROUP SPECIES</p> <p>1. Forewing vein M 1 long stalked with base of Rs 1 –Rs 4........................ 3</p> <p>– FW vein M 1 and Rs 1 –Rs 4 stalked for an extremely short distance............. 2</p> <p>2. Procoxae orange-yellow; female FW length 5 17.0–18.5 mm (northern Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador)............ ligata Walker</p> <p>– Procoxae dirty brownish gray, with a few creamy scales; female FW length 5 24.5 mm (southern Venezuela)..... neblina, sp. nov.</p> <p>3. Forewing vein M 1 arising from radial sector basal to Rs 1; Rs 2 –Rs 4 in the arrangement [2+3]+4......................... 4</p> <p>– FW vein M 1 arising from radial sector distal to Rs 1; Rs 2 –Rs 4 in the arrangement 2+[3+4] (Panama N to Mexico)..... frigida Druce</p> <p>4. Male valva with a thin, greatly elongate, hook-shaped process at apex......... 6</p> <p>– Valva with a short process at apex..... 5</p> <p>5. Forewing and HW stripes narrow, orange to orange-yellow; cornuti in a wide band along dorsum of vesica, a small distal group below; female DB with two bends between ostium and CB; FW length 5 22.5–24.5 mm (Panama N to southern Mexico)... gigantea (Druce)</p> <p>– FW and HW stripes wide, light orange to lemon yellow; cornuti arranged in a spiral around vesica; female DB with four bends between ostium and CB; FW length 5 18.5– 22.0 mm (Nicaragua and Honduras N to Mexico).............. fusigera Walker</p> <p>6. Ground color steely blackish gray; vesica with a gently spiraling band of short cornuti along dorsum, and a small patch of delicate cornuti near base; FW length 5 14.5– 16.0 mm (Colombia S to Peru).............................. fustula Warren</p> <p>– Ground color dark chocolate brown; cornuti in two groups, an elongate group of short, ventral spines near base, and a distal one comprising 3–6 robust cornuti on dorsum; FW length 5 16.0–19.0 mm (Venezuela, Colombia)............ radians Warren</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF87E0FF259ED0BEAF143AFDF449FE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Miller, James S	Miller, James S (2009): Generic Revision Of The Dioptinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea: Notodontidae) Part 2: Josiini. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2009 (321): 675-1022, DOI: 10.1206/321.1-1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1206/321.1-1
03FF87E0FF249ED3BC8417F5FF214935.text	03FF87E0FF249ED3BC8417F5FF214935.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Josia frigida (Walker) Druce 1864	<div><p>Josia frigida Druce Figures 336G, 340; plate 32</p> <p>Josia frigida Druce, 1885a: 149.</p> <p>TYPE LOCALITY: Nicaragua, Las Mercedes, 300 ft.</p> <p>TYPE: Syntype ³, leg. Champion (BMNH).</p> <p>Josia fulvia Druce, 1885a: 148. New combination, revised synonymy; formerly a synonym of radians Warren.</p> <p>TYPE LOCALITY: Honduras, Río Sarstoon. TYPE: Syntype ♀ (BMNH).</p> <p>DISCUSSION: The extensive distribution of J. frigida — Mexico south to Ecuador —cited by previous authors (Prout, 1918; Hering, 1925; Bryk, 1930) is based on misidentified material. Josia frigida is frequently confused with J. radians (pl. 32) from Venezuela and Colombia, as well as with J. fustula (pl. 32) from Ecuador. My studies show that J. frigida is restricted to Central America, occurring from Panama north to Jalapa, Mexico. Two wing-venation characters separate J. frigida from other Josia species: first, FW vein M 1 arises from the radial sector distal to Rs 1 (fig. 336G); and second, veins Rs 2 –Rs 4 occur in the arrangement 2+[3+4] rather than [2+3]+4 as in all others (fig. 336F, H). Even when extraneous Josia material is excluded, J. frigida remains extremely common in museum collections.</p> <p>The name fulvia Druce, previously regard- ed as a synonym of radians (Bryk, 1930), is instead here made a synonym of frigida. Druce’s female type of fulvia (BMNH) exhibits all the features unique to frigida, and is Central American. Josia radians is endemic to Colombia and Venezuela.</p> <p>Josia frigida shows extensive wing-pattern variation, a fact that has undoubtedly contributed to the confusion surrounding its identity. In the majority of males, the FW ground color is dark gray-black to black, the HW ground color is somewhat darker than that of the FW, and the stripes in both wings are narrow. Females differ in possessing wider stripes. However, the width of the FW stripe is highly variable in both sexes.</p> <p>Material purportedly of J. frigida, but captured on opposite sides of the Sierra Madre Occidental in Mexico —for example from Colima in the west vs. Veracruz in the east—shows slight differences in male genital structure. However, I have retained all under a single name, pending a species level revision.</p> <p>Josia frigida has been reared in Panama and Costa Rica on Passiflora costaricensis (table 6). In Costa Rica, a second Passiflora, P. quinquangularis, has been recorded as well.</p> <p>DISTRIBUTION: Mexico (AMNH, ARTC, BMNH, CMNH, EMEC, FNHM, LACM, MNHN, NMW, PMNH, UCB, ZMC, ZMH);</p> <p>Guatemala (BMNH, CMNH, LACM, UCB); Belize (LACM); Honduras (CMNH, FNHM, LACM, OUMNH, PMNH); Nicaragua (BMNH, CAS, LACM, OUMNH); Costa Rica (AMNH, CAS, CMNH, INBio, LACM, NMW, USNM, ZMC); Panama (AMNH, CMNH, FNHM, LACM, NMW, UCB).</p> <p>DISSECTED: ³, Mexico, Veracruz, 25 Apr 1906, W.L. Tower Colln., AMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-137); ³, Mexico, Jalapa, AMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-613); ³, Mexico, Colima, Colima, leg. C.C. Hoffmann, AMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-616); ³, Costa Rica, Puntarenas, Osa Peninsula, 6.5 km SW Rincon, 200 ft, 25 Mar 1991, leg. J.S. Miller, AMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-604); ♀, Mexico, Veracruz, Presidio, Jun 1939, leg. C.C. Hoffmann, AMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-138, wing slide no. JSM-173); ♀, Mexico, Jalapa, AMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-612); ♀, Mexico, Colima, Colima, leg. C.C. Hoffmann, AMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-622); ♀, Costa Rica, Puntarenas, Osa Peninsula, 6.5 km SW Rincon, 200 ft, 25 Mar 1991, leg. J.S. Miller, AMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-605); ♀, Panama, Panama, El Valle de Antón, 1 Apr 1945, leg. C.D. Michener, AMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-614).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF87E0FF249ED3BC8417F5FF214935	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Miller, James S	Miller, James S (2009): Generic Revision Of The Dioptinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea: Notodontidae) Part 2: Josiini. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2009 (321): 675-1022, DOI: 10.1206/321.1-1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1206/321.1-1
03FF87E0FF279ED3BD781634FBE34995.text	03FF87E0FF279ED3BD781634FBE34995.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Josia fusigera Walker Plate 1864	<div><p>Josia fusigera Walker Plate 32</p> <p>Josia fusigera Walker, 1864: 133.</p> <p>TYPE LOCALITY: (Sine patria).</p> <p>TYPE: Syntype ♀, ex Norris Collection (BMNH).</p> <p>Josia fusifera Druce, 1885a: 149.</p> <p>TYPE LOCALITY: Nicaragua, Chontales. TYPE: Syntype ♀, leg. T. Belt (BMNH).</p> <p>Josia flexuosa Hering, 1925: 528, fig. 71e. New synonymy.</p> <p>TYPE LOCALITY: ‘‘Mexico’’.</p> <p>TYPE: Syntype ³/ ♀, leg. Deppe (ZMH).</p> <p>Josia diminuata Hering, 1925: 528, fig. 71e. New synonymy.</p> <p>TYPE LOCALITY: ‘‘Honduras’’.</p> <p>TYPE: Holotype ♀, leg. ‘‘Wittk.’’ (ZMH).</p> <p>DISCUSSION: Josia fusigera can be recognized by it relatively large size (FW length 5 18.5–22.0 mm), and by having broad, light yellow-orange FW and HW stripes. The stripes in both wings are truncate at their apices. Although the species occurs from Nicaragua north to Mexico, the majority of material in collections is from the latter country.</p> <p>After performing a series of dissections to compare genitalia morphology across a range of specimens, I here propose flexuosa Hering, along with its so-called subspecies diminuata Hering, as synonyms of fusigera. In all these, male and female genitalia are identical. My studies also confirm that the name fusifera Druce should be retained as a synonym of fusigera, following Bryk (1930).</p> <p>DISTRIBUTION: Mexico (AMNH, ARTC, BMNH, CMNH, LACM, MNHN, USNM, ZMH); Guatemala (BMNH, CMNH, USNM); Honduras (BMNH, CMNH, USNM, ZMH); Nicaragua (BMNH, OUMNH).</p> <p>DISSECTED: ³, Mexico, Coatepec, leg. J. Brooks, BMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-341); ³, Mexico, Veracruz, Henry Edwards Collection, AMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-286); ³, Mexico, Veracruz, AMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-290); ♀, Mexico, Veracruz, Orizaba, Jun 1913, leg. C.C. Hoffmann, AMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-287, wing slide no. JSM-174); ♀, Mexico, Veracruz, AMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-291); ♀, Honduras, R. Sarstoon, leg. Blancaneau, BMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-342).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF87E0FF279ED3BD781634FBE34995	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Miller, James S	Miller, James S (2009): Generic Revision Of The Dioptinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea: Notodontidae) Part 2: Josiini. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2009 (321): 675-1022, DOI: 10.1206/321.1-1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1206/321.1-1
03FF87E0FF279ED2BF3B16D7FE8A4EE1.text	03FF87E0FF279ED2BF3B16D7FE8A4EE1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Josia fustula Warren 1901	<div><p>Josia fustula Warren Figure 336A, 336B; plate 32</p> <p>Josia fustula Warren, 1901: 441.</p> <p>TYPE LOCALITY: Ecuador, Chimbo, 1000 ft.</p> <p>TYPE: Holotype ♀, leg. Rosenberg, Aug 1897 (BMNH).</p> <p>DISCUSSION: Josia fustula is similar in size and wing pattern to Josia frigida, from Central America. However, the FW ground color of J. fustula is dark gray-black and the HW ground color is blackish brown, whereas in J. frigida both wings are black. The male genitalia of the two species are similar, but differ in that the hook at the valva apex is larger in J. fustula. Furthermore, the aedeagus is thinner and straighter. The arrangement of FW radials provides a clear-cut means for separating the two species (see Discussion of frigida, above).</p> <p>Josia fustula can be observed in large numbers, flying during the day at Tinalandia, Ecuador. There, I discovered the larvae feeding on Passiflora rubra (March 2006). Although their identity has not been verified by genital dissection, specimens collected in Peru and Colombia (AMNH, MUSM) are here provisionally regarded as being examples of J. fustula.</p> <p>DISTRIBUTION: Ecuador (AMNH, BMNH, CMNH, LACM, USNM); Colombia (AMNH); Peru (AMNH, MUSM).</p> <p>DISSECTED: Holotype ♀ (genitalia slide no. JSM-644); ³, Ecuador, Pichincha, Tinalandia, 17 km E Sto. Domingo de Los Colorados, 700 m, 16 Mar 2006, day, leg. J.S. Miller &amp; A. Guasti, reared ex Passiflora rubra, AMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-1655); ³, Ecuador, Dos Puentes, 1700 ft, Jan 1929, leg. W.J. Coxey, CMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-647); ♀, Ecuador, Pichincha, Tinalandia, 17 km E Sto. Domingo de Los Colorados, 700 m, 16 Mar 2006, day, leg. J.S. Miller &amp; A. Guasti, AMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-1658).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF87E0FF279ED2BF3B16D7FE8A4EE1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Miller, James S	Miller, James S (2009): Generic Revision Of The Dioptinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea: Notodontidae) Part 2: Josiini. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2009 (321): 675-1022, DOI: 10.1206/321.1-1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1206/321.1-1
03FF87E0FF269ED2BC901668FB9A4BCD.text	03FF87E0FF269ED2BC901668FB9A4BCD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Josia gigantea (Druce)	<div><p>Josia gigantea (Druce) Plates 32, 39O [EX]</p> <p>Josiomorpha gigantea Druce, 1885a: 150.</p> <p>TYPE LOCALITY: Costa Rica, Irazu, 600– 700 ft.</p> <p>TYPE: Syntype ³, leg. H. Rogers (BMNH).</p> <p>DISCUSSION: This taxon, originally described by Druce (1885a) in the arctiid genus Josiomorpha, is represented in most museum collections, but never in great numbers. As the name implies, it is the largest Josia species. However, its size is now challenged by the newly described J. neblina (pl. 33; see below). In the field, J. gigantea occurs in disturbed habitats along road embankments and stream banks. Whereas adults, always elusive, are rarely encountered, the larvae (pl. 39O) can be common. My own collecting experience with J. gigantea is instructive regarding the patchy, yet seemingly stable nature of many josiine populations. In all cases the moths are inextricably tied to their Passiflora hosts.</p> <p>One day in March 1991, while collecting in Costa Rica, I happened upon a female of J. gigantea flying near the banks of the Río Poasito, a small stream that flows from the summit of Volcán Poas. Even at that early date, I had learned that when an adult is found, host plants and larvae must be nearby. My search quickly revealed a large patch of Passiflora sexflora, its leaves covered with J. gigantea larvae in all instars. During a more recent collecting trip (January 2007), I revisited precisely the same locality. A small house was under construction, but 16 years later the site otherwise looked the same. Again, but with the added help of Jorge Corrales, dozens of J. gigantea larvae were discovered, this time on two Passiflora species — P. sexflora and P. apetala (table 6). Both plant species were growing intermixed along the stream bank. Adults of J. gigantea were not observed.</p> <p>This anecdote illustrates an important aspect of dioptine biology: throughout the subfamily, few species exist whose adults would be characterized as common in the field. On the other hand, when the location of a moth’s host plant becomes known, larvae can predictably be found in large numbers.</p> <p>A specimen in the Alonso and Rafael Turrent Collection (Mexico City), collected in Chiapas, represents the northernmost record for J. gigantea. The sister species of J. gigantea is J. neblina, sp. nov., from Cerro Neblina in southern Venezuela (fig. 304). These two taxa are roughly the same size and exhibit similar body coloring, but differ in genitalia morphology. The two species show surprisingly disjunct distributions.</p> <p>DISTRIBUTION: Colombia (BMNH, OUMNH); Panama (AMNH, BMNH, FNHM, USNM, ZMC, ZMH); Costa Rica (AMNH, BMNH, CMNH, INBio, EME, LACM, USNM, ZMH); El Salvador (PMNH); Guatemala (AMNH, CMNH, LACM, MNHN, USNM); Mexico (ARTC).</p> <p>DISSECTED: ³, Panama, Chiriquí, Wm. Schaus Collection, USNM (genitalia slide no. JSM-1373); ♀, Guatemala, Volcán Sta. Maria, Schaus &amp; Barnes coll., USNM (genitalia slide no. JSM-1374).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF87E0FF269ED2BC901668FB9A4BCD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Miller, James S	Miller, James S (2009): Generic Revision Of The Dioptinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea: Notodontidae) Part 2: Josiini. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2009 (321): 675-1022, DOI: 10.1206/321.1-1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1206/321.1-1
03FF87E0FF219ED5BD6512A8FC464C6D.text	03FF87E0FF219ED5BD6512A8FC464C6D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Josia ligata Walker Plate 1864	<div><p>Josia ligata Walker Plate 32</p> <p>Josia ligata Walker, 1864: 131–132.</p> <p>TYPE LOCALITY: Colombia, Bogotá, ‘‘New Grenada’’.</p> <p>TYPE: Syntype ³, ex Stevens Collection (BMNH).</p> <p>DISCUSSION: The identity of this species is problematic. I dissected five CMNH specimens (3³³, 2♀♀) from Choachi, Colombia, that match the wing pattern of the J. ligata syntype, from Bogotá, perfectly. The genitalia of these are indistinguishable from Ecuadorian material whose wing pattern shows slightly narrower longitudinal FW and HW stripes. We can thus conclude that J. ligata occurs in Ecuador as well. The identity of Venezuelan material is at issue. Josia radians, whose type locality, Onaca, is in the northeastern portion of Colombia, is reported to occur east into Venezuela (Miller and Otero, 1994). However, the male and female genitalia of J. radians are impossible to distinguish from those of J. ligata, and their wing patterns seem to intergrade. Revisionary study will perhaps reveal that J. radians and J. ligata constitute a single species, distribut- ed from western Venezuela east to Colombia and south at least as far as Ecuador. Josia ligata Walker would be the senior name.</p> <p>Rex Friesen (USDA) collected larvae of Josia ligata in Ecuador (1992) on Passiflora mollissima (table 6).</p> <p>DISTRIBUTION: Colombia(AMNH, BMNH, CAS, CMNH, CUIC, MNHN, NMW, OUMNH, USNM, ZMH); Ecuador (AMNH, BMNH, USNM); Venezuela (AMNH, BMNH, OUMNH, USNM, ZMH).</p> <p>DISSECTED: Syntype ³ (genitalia slide no. JSM-633); ³, Colombia, Choachi, Nov 1914, CMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-608); ³, Colombia, Choachi, Dec 1914, CMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-608); ³, Colombia, Choachi, Nov 1914, CMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-619); ³, Ecuador, Napo, Baeza near Río Quijos, 6200 ft, 31 Oct 1988, blk. lt., leg. J.S. Miller, AMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-611); ³, Ecuador, Carchi, Hwy btwn. Mira-El Angel, 8300 ft, 8 Jun 1992, leg. R. D. Friesen, AMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-617); ♀, Colombia, Choachi, Nov 1914, CMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-609); ♀, Colombia, Choachi, May 1915, CMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-608); ♀, Ecuador, Carchi, Hwy btwn. Mira-El Angel, 8300 ft, 8 Jun 1992, leg. R. D. Friesen, AMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-618).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF87E0FF219ED5BD6512A8FC464C6D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Miller, James S	Miller, James S (2009): Generic Revision Of The Dioptinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea: Notodontidae) Part 2: Josiini. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2009 (321): 675-1022, DOI: 10.1206/321.1-1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1206/321.1-1
03FF87E0FF219ED7BF5E13DCFE3D4814.text	03FF87E0FF219ED7BF5E13DCFE3D4814.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Josia neblina	<div><p>Josia neblina, new species Figures 304, 339F; plate 33</p> <p>DIAGNOSIS: Josia neblina could potentially be confused with Josia gigantea (Druce). The two species are large— J. neblina has a FW length of 24.5 mm, at the upper range for J. gigantea (♀ FW length 5 22.5–24.5 mm)— and show similar wing coloration. However, a definitive body character can be used to separate them. The procoxa of J. neblina is dirty brownish gray on its anterior surface, with a few scattered white scales. In J. gigantea, on the other hand, the procoxa is bright orange-yellow. This trait in fact distinguishes J. neblina from all other members of the Ligata Group, which exhibit either orange-yellow or creamy white procoxae.</p> <p>DESCRIPTION: Male. Unknown.</p> <p>Female (pl. 33). Forewing length 5 24.5 mm. Head: Labial palpus porrect, extending anteriorly, Lp3 drooping slightly downward; Lp1 short, curving slightly upward, covered with a mixture of brown, orange-yellow and cream-colored scales, a loose, ridgelike fringe of long scales along ventral surface; Lp2 almost twice as long as Lp1, closely covered with dark brown scales, a few light orange scales near base below; Lp3 conical, prominent, dark brown; front completely covered with semierect, orange-yellow scales, swooping downward from antennal bases, then oriented horizontally, converging to form a short ridge of scales along midline; upper three-quarters of occiput with a band of erect, dark brown scales behind eye, a narrow band of orange scales posterior to that, lower fourth orange-yellow; eye moderately large, surrounded by a narrow scaleless band on anterior, dorsal and posterior margins, gena broadly scaleless; vertex covered with dark brown, semierect scales having a slight bluish iridescence, a pair of orange bands behind each antennal base; antenna ciliate, widened in basal two-thirds, narrowing in distal third; scape glossy dark brown; dorsum of antennal shaft covered with appressed, glossy dark brown scales.</p> <p>Thorax: Procoxa dirty brownish gray on anterior surface, with a few scattered white scales; legs glossy chocolate brown, with a scattering of cream-colored scales along inner surfaces; dorsal half of pleuron covered with hairlike, orange-yellow scales, ventral half covered with shorter dark brown scales, these showing a strong blue iridescence; patagium covered with long, erect, glossy chocolate brown scales, these with a blue iridescence, wide, orange bands behind each eye; ventral third of tegula chocolate brown with blue iridescence, dorsal two-thirds covered with semierect orange-yellow scales, margins fringed with long, hairlike scales; dorsum chocolate brown to dark brown, with a bluish cast, creamy orange lateral bands in anterior third; tympanum extremely large and deep, kettledrum shaped; tympanal membrane large, ovoid, almost completely enclosed, oriented horizontally.</p> <p>Forewing: (Dorsal) Ground color glossy blackish brown to dark gray-brown, with a faint purplish luster (pl. 33); a narrow, gently curving orange stripe from base to near outer margin; stripe straddling cubitus, fork of M 3 +CuA 1, and basal portion of M 3, with a tiny indentation on anterior margin where it crosses LDC; costa thinly lined with orange in basal third; venation typical of Josia, except M 1 and base of Rs 1 –Rs 4 fused for a short distance at dorsolateral angle of DC. (Ventral) Similar to dorsal surface, except ground color slightly lighter brown; stripe wider than on dorsal surface, indentation at LDC much more pronounced.</p> <p>Hind wing: (Dorsal) Ground color glossy dark gray-brown (pl. 33), lighter gray-brown along anterior margin; a wide, orange-yellow stripe from base to immediately short of outer margin, slightly narrowed distally; stripe straddling cubitus and M 3, deeply indented as it crosses LDC; a diffuse brush of hairlike, dark brown scales near base; anal margin fringed with hairlike, orange-yellow to light orange-yellow scales. (Ventral) Similar to dorsal surface, except ground color slightly lighter brown; posterior margin of stripe indented where it crosses CuA 2 and CuA 1.</p> <p>Abdomen: Dark chocolate brown with a bluish iridescence; a wide orange stripe along pleuron; venter with a narrow, creamy white stripe along midline.</p> <p>Terminalia (fig. 339F): Tg7 large, twice as long as Tg6, much wider; anterior margin of Tg7 simple, posterior margin with a wide, deep, U-shaped mesal excavation; St7 longer than Tg7 but narrower, equal in width to St6; anterior margin of St7 with a small U-shaped mesal excavation, lateral margins slightly concave, posterior margin with a wide, deep, U-shaped mesal excavation; Tg8 completely membranous, apparently absent; AA relatively short, almost straight; PVP large, long and wide, its surface with a few transverse striae; PVP bearing a membranous sagittal seam, each half of plate roughly transverse along posterior margin; ostium wide, dorsoventrally compressed; DB long and narrow, longer than CB; DB roughly S-shaped, surface coriaceous, with a short longitudinal band of internal spines at base near ostium; CB membranous, an elongate oval, surface with long, evenly spaced rugae; signum comprising two elongate ovoid sclerites, divided by a membranous seam along midline; DS attached at junction of CB and DB; PA relatively small, membranous, posterior margin slightly excavated in dorsal third; PP long, thin, sinuate.</p> <p>ETYMOLOGY: This species name is derived from the type locality, Cerro Neblina in Venezuela, the only place the moth has so far been collected.</p> <p>DISTRIBUTION: Josia neblina was collected in cloud-forest habitat at 1800 meters on the slopes of Cerro Neblina, a tepui located in southernmost Venezuela, on its border with Brazil (fig. 304). This area was studied during the course of several joint expeditions with Venezuelan and U.S. research teams. Famous for its tabletop mountain and home to a unique flora and fauna, Cerro Neblina sits near the headwaters of the Orinoco, which drains into the Caribbean, as well as the Río Negro, which joins the Amazon at Manaus.</p> <p>DISCUSSION: In this paper I have generally avoided describing new species known from an individual specimen. However, Josia neblina, for which only a single female has been collected, is described here to showcase the remarkable fauna of Cerro Neblina. Josia neblina appears to be the sister species to Josia gigantea, a cloud-forest endemic from Central America. In addition to traits listed in the keys and diagnosis (above), an easy way to distinguish the two is by the shape of the posterior margin of the PVP: this margin is broadly bilobed in J. gigantea, but is essentially transverse in J. neblina. Additional genital differences abound.</p> <p>Tim McCabe, lepidopterist at the New York State Museum (Albany) and an intrepid collector, participated in the Neblina Expeditions to southern Venezuela, where the holotype of Josia neblina was captured. In his brief note to me characterizing the flora where J. neblina lives, was the following quote (September 2006): ‘‘ Cladonia rangiferina (reindeer moss) was an abundant close ground cover. The boggy areas also had two abundant heaths, Ledothamnus parviflorus and Leitgebia guianensis. A later group of scientists ate the ‘blueberries’ from these ‘heaths’ and became unconscious after a few minutes, but recovered with no ill effects’’. Say no more. Tim estimated that over 50 orchid species were in bloom at this site.</p> <p>HOLOTYPE: Female (pl. 33). VENEZUELA: Amazonas: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-65.96917&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.8525" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -65.96917/lat 0.8525)">Cerro</a> de la Neblina, Camp VII, 1800 m, 0 ° 51 9 N, 65 ° 58 9 W, 30 Jan–10 Feb 1985, Malaise trap in cloud forest ravine near stream, leg. P.M. &amp; P.J. Spangler &amp; R. A. Faitoute (genitalia slide no. JSM-498). The type is deposited at the USNM.</p> <p>PARATYPES: None.</p> <p>OTHER SPECIMENS EXAMINED: None.</p> <p>DISSECTED: Holotype.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF87E0FF219ED7BF5E13DCFE3D4814	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Miller, James S	Miller, James S (2009): Generic Revision Of The Dioptinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea: Notodontidae) Part 2: Josiini. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2009 (321): 675-1022, DOI: 10.1206/321.1-1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1206/321.1-1
03FF87E0FF239ED6BD7A1757FBD94C14.text	03FF87E0FF239ED6BD7A1757FBD94C14.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Josia radians Warren Plate 1905	<div><p>Josia radians Warren Plate 32</p> <p>Josia radians Warren, 1905: 44.</p> <p>TYPE LOCALITY: Colombia, Onaca, Sta. Martha, 2200 ft.</p> <p>TYPE: Holotype ³, leg. Engelke, wet season, Sep–Oct 1901 (BMNH).</p> <p>DISCUSSION: Material precisely matching the wing pattern of the J. radians holotype occurs in Mérida, western Venezuela. The type locality for J. radians, Onaca in far eastern Colombia, is in relatively close proximity. I suggest that these Venezuelan specimens represent radians. The problem, alluded to in the discussion of J. ligata (above), is that the genitalia of this material are indistiguishable from J. ligata genitalia. The latter is recorded from Colombia and Ecuador. These two taxa probably represent a single species. Forbes (1931) noted that wing-pattern features in Josia, such as the shape and width of the longitudinal bands, seem to vary considerably. As an alternative, he instead relied heavily on color characters from the head, thorax, and abdomen in his species key. Forbes’ observations seem to hold true throughout Josia. Ultimately, there are probably fewer species than currently recognized.</p> <p>The natural history and life stages of J. radians were described by Miller and Otero (1994). It has been reared on four different Passiflora species (table 6), three belonging in Subgenus Decaloba, and the fourth in Subgenus Granadillastrum. Caterpillars can be found on Passiflora growing in highly disturbed areas, such at forest edges and roadsides.</p> <p>DISTRIBUTION: Colombia (AMNH, BMNH, NMW, OUMNH, USNM); Venezuela (AMNH, BMNH, LACM, NMW, ZMH).</p> <p>DISSECTED: Holotype ³ (genitalia slide no. JSM-634); ³, Venezuela, Mérida, Carr. vía La Mesa, 1.8 km de cruce en Carr. vía Jají, 1600 m, 18 Jun 1992, leg. L.D. Otero, AMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-606); ³, Venezuela, Rancho Grande nr. Maracay, AMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-615); ³, Venezuela, Mérida, Carr. Estanquez-Las Coloradas, 1130 m, 24 Jul 1992, leg. L.D. Otero, AMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-621); ♀, Venezuela, Mérida, Paseo Los Piños, 1500 m, 24 Jul 1992, leg. L.D. Otero, AMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-607).</p> <p>3. AURIFUSA GROUP</p> <p>The close-knit Aurifusa Group contains four species (pl. 33): two of these, aurifusa Walker and turgida Warren, are endemic to Venezuela; a third, J. subcuneifera Dognin, is known from southern Ecuador south to Peru; and the fourth, J. auriflua Walker, is widely distributed along the eastern Andes, from Colombia south to Bolivia. In all members of the Aurifusa Group, the HW margin is broadly orange, infused with blackish-brown scales. Life histories and morphology for the Venezuelan taxa were treated by Miller and Otero (1994) and Miller (1996).</p> <p>Morphology of the genitalia, relatively uniform in the group, can be characterized by the following: costa of valva simple, wider distally; valva apex sclerotized along its upper margin, slightly cup shaped; base of vesica with a series of short spines dorsally, a single, long, spinelike cornutus distally; male Tg8 slightly narrower than St8, lateral margins slightly concave; female DB elongate, with internal denticles near base; signum tiny, ovoid.</p> <p>KEY TO AURIFUSA GROUP SPECIES Plate 33</p> <p>1. Outer margin of HW either completely orange between tornus and M 2, or with a diffuse black indentation along anal fold; costa slightly expanded at valva apex (figs. 341A, 343A); distal cornutus of vesica moderately large, thin (fig. 341E, 343C); female DB narrow (figs. 341D, 343E)... 2</p> <p>– Outer margin of HW with an even, narrow black band between tornus and M 2; costa greatly expanded near valva apex (fig. 342A); distal cornutus of vesica large (fig. 342E); DB wide (fig. 342D) (southern Ecuador S to Peru)............. subcuneifera Dognin</p> <p>2. Posterior half of HW black along outer margin from tornus to CuA 1; FW and HW stripes orange; aedeagus bent slightly upward, almost straight near apex; DB short..... 3</p> <p>– Posterior half of HW entirely orange except for scattered, blackish, hairlike scales near anal margin; FW and HW stripes yellow-orange; aedeagus curving strongly upward near apex (fig. 341E); DB relatively long (fig. 341D) (Colombia S to Bolivia).......................... auriflua Walker</p> <p>3. Forewing stripe extremely wide, its anterior margin extending beyond DC; black area near HW apex extending inward only to distal margin of DC; HW with a small, diffuse blackish indentation along anal fold; dorsum of mesoscutum bearing an orange spot................. turgida Warren</p> <p>– FW stripe moderately wide, its anterior margin barely extending beyond DC; black area near HW apex extending inward to wing base; HW with a long blackish indentation along anal fold; mesoscutum completely black................ aurifusa Walker</p> <p>SPECIES INCLUDED AND MATERIAL EXAMINED</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF87E0FF239ED6BD7A1757FBD94C14	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Miller, James S	Miller, James S (2009): Generic Revision Of The Dioptinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea: Notodontidae) Part 2: Josiini. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2009 (321): 675-1022, DOI: 10.1206/321.1-1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1206/321.1-1
03FF87E0FF229ED9BF541351FEBF4F5C.text	03FF87E0FF229ED9BF541351FEBF4F5C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Josia auriflua Walker 1864	<div><p>Josia auriflua Walker Figure 341; plate 33</p> <p>Josia auriflua Walker, 1864: 132.</p> <p>TYPE LOCALITY: Colombia, ‘‘Bogotá’’.</p> <p>TYPE: Syntype ♀, ex Stevens Collection (BMNH).</p> <p>Josia flavipars Prout, 1918: 422–423.</p> <p>TYPE LOCALITY: Bolivia, Prov. del Sara, Dept. Santa Cruz de la Sierra.</p> <p>TYPE: Holotype ³, leg. J. Steinbach (BMNH).</p> <p>Josia inaequiflexa Dognin, 1918: 4.</p> <p>TYPE LOCALITY: Ecuador, Pramba, 4050 m.</p> <p>TYPE: Syntype ³ (USNM type no. 30942).</p> <p>Josia scalata Dognin, 1911b: 4.</p> <p>TYPE LOCALITY: Peru, Chanchamayo.</p> <p>TYPE: Holotype ♀ (USNM type no. 30943).</p> <p>DISCUSSION: Not having dissected the auriflua female syntype, from Bogotá, nor having studied other specimens from Colombia, it is difficult to stabilize this name. Josia material exhibiting a wide, yellow-orange FW stripe and a HW divided into a blackish-brown anterior half and a yellow-orange posterior half, represents a difficult species complex. The genitalia of J. auriflua are almost indistinguishable from those of J. aurifusa, indigenous to Venezuela. I have not dissected the types of flavipars Prout, inaequiflexa Dognin, or scalata Dognin, listed above as synonyms of J. auriflua, to confirm whether they are conspecific. For now, I defer to Bryk (1930), retaining them as synonyms.</p> <p>It seems unlikely that the type of inaequiflexa was collected at an elevation of 4050 meters, as is clearly stated on the label. In all probability the moth was collected at 4050 feet. A French Guiana male (J. Cerda Collection), superficially indistinguishable from J. auriflua, broadens the distribution of this moth considerably.</p> <p>DISTRIBUTION: Colombia (AMNH, BMNH, CAS, CUIC, MNHN, OUMNH, USNM, VOB, ZMH); Ecuador (AMNH, CMNH,</p> <p>CUIC, FNHM, LACM, MNHN, OUMNH, USNM); Peru (AMNH, CUIC, FML, MUSM, USNM, ZMH); Bolivia (BMNH, CAS, CMNH, CUIC, USNM, ZMH); Brazil (NMW); French Guiana (JCC).</p> <p>DISSECTED: ³, Ecuador, Bolivar, Balzapamba, Nov 1893 – Feb 1894, leg. M. de Mathan, BMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-339); ♀, Peru, El Campamiento, Col. Perene, 10 Jun 1920, CU Expedition Lot 607, Sub 80, CUIC (genitalia slide no. JSM-293); ♀, Ecuador, Paramba, BMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-340).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF87E0FF229ED9BF541351FEBF4F5C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Miller, James S	Miller, James S (2009): Generic Revision Of The Dioptinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea: Notodontidae) Part 2: Josiini. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2009 (321): 675-1022, DOI: 10.1206/321.1-1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1206/321.1-1
03FF87E0FF2D9ED9BD781009FBE348F7.text	03FF87E0FF2D9ED9BD781009FBE348F7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Josia aurifusa Walker Plate 1854	<div><p>Josia aurifusa Walker Plate 33</p> <p>Josia aurifusa Walker, 1854: 293.</p> <p>TYPE LOCALITY: ‘‘Venezuela’’.</p> <p>TYPE: Syntype ³ (BMNH).</p> <p>Josia conifera Warren, 1905: 315.</p> <p>TYPE LOCALITY: Venezuela, Valencia. TYPE: Holotype ³ (BMNH).</p> <p>Josia glycera Druce, 1885b: 527.</p> <p>TYPE LOCALITY: Colombia, Manaure (Simons).</p> <p>TYPE: Holotype ³ (BMNH).</p> <p>DISCUSSION: Previous authors have treat- ed J. aurifusa as a single species showing considerable wing-pattern variation. This variation is encompassed by the three forms listed in Bryk (1930), each with slightly different amounts of orange and black in the HW. One of those forms, turgida Warren, was raised to full species status by Miller and Otero (1994). The status of the remaining two— conifera Warren and glycera Druce — remains unresolved.</p> <p>According to the simplified species concept employed in this paper, J. aurifusa exhibits a large amount of black in the HW, extending along the anterior margin from the apex to the wing base. Josia turgida, on the other hand, shows a mostly orange HW, with the black area near the apex terminating well before the wing base. However, difficulties in identifying material of intermediate wing pattern suggest that the original authors were perhaps correct; a single variable species may be involved. Genitalia provide little help, presenting a range of subtle variation. The type localities for J. aurifusa and J. turgida are both in Venezuela.</p> <p>My knowledge of this taxon from Colombia is based solely on the type of J. glycera, supposedly a synonym of J. aurifusa. I have not studied the glycera type, and cannot vouch for its status. Of the hundreds of J. aurifusa specimens seen, all the others are from Venezuela.</p> <p>Like J. turgida, J. aurifusa has been reared on two closely related species of Passiflora — P. capsularis and P. rubra (table 6).</p> <p>DISTRIBUTION: Venezuela (AMNH, BMNH, CMNH, CUIC, FNHM, IZA, LACM, OUMNM, USNM); Colombia (BMNH, OUMNH).</p> <p>DISSECTED: ³, Venezuela, Mérida, Puente La Victoria, 540 m, 24 Jan 1993, leg. L.D. Otero, reared ex Passiflora capsularis, AMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-655); ³, Venezuela, Aragua, Rancho Grande near Maracay, 30 Jul 1948, AMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-598); ³, Venezuela, Distr. Federal, Puerto la Cruz, leg. E. Holt, CMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-337); ³, Venezuela, Las Quiguas, San Esteban Valley, leg. S.M. Klages, USNM (genitalia slide no. JSM-1369); ³, Venezuela, Tachira, Chorro del Indio, 1800 m, 18 Aug 1982, leg. A. Chacon &amp; R. Granea, IZA (genitalia slide no. JSM-603); ♀, Venezuela, Mérida, Puente La Victoria, 540 m, 24 Jan 1993, leg. L.D. Otero, reared ex Passiflora capsularis, AMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-656); ♀, Venezuela, Aragua, PNH Pittier, Rancho Grande, 1100 m, 22 Mar 1992, leg. L.J. Toma, reared ex Passiflora rubra, AMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-600); ♀, Venezuela, Aragua, Rancho Grande near Maracay, 30 Jul 1948, AMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-599); ♀, Venezuela, Las Quiguas, San Esteban Valley, leg. S.M. Klages, USNM (genitalia slide no. JSM-1370); ♀, [no data], BMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-338).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF87E0FF2D9ED9BD781009FBE348F7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Miller, James S	Miller, James S (2009): Generic Revision Of The Dioptinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea: Notodontidae) Part 2: Josiini. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2009 (321): 675-1022, DOI: 10.1206/321.1-1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1206/321.1-1
03FF87E0FF2D9ED8BF5B1475FD804967.text	03FF87E0FF2D9ED8BF5B1475FD804967.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Josia subcuneifera Dognin 1902	<div><p>Josia subcuneifera Dognin Figure 342; plate 33</p> <p>Josia subcuneifera Dognin, 1902: 342.</p> <p>TYPE LOCALITY: Ecuador, ‘‘Environs de Loja’’.</p> <p>TYPE: Syntype ³, leg. 1889, ex Dognin Collection (USNM type no. 30944).</p> <p>DISCUSSION: Historically, there has been confusion regarding the status of J. subcuneifera (Prout, 1918; Bryk, 1930). It was Hering’s (1925) opinion that J. subcuneifera, whose type is from southern Ecuador, might be a race or form of either J. aurifusa or J. turgida, both from Venezuela. My dissections show that J. subcuneifera is a species distinct from these. Its genitalia show basic similarities with those of other Aurifusa Group members (figs. 341, 343), but exhibit a unique shape of the valval costa (fig. 342A), as well as an exceptionally wide ductus bursae (fig. 342D).</p> <p>Josia subcuneifera is known to me from three specimens —the male and female USNM syntypes, as well as a male at the CUIC. All three examples were dissected. In addition to features of the genitalia, J. subcuneifera can be distinguished from other Aurifusa Group species by the narrow blackish band, bending around the HW outer margin, and by its slightly larger size.</p> <p>DISTRIBUTION: Ecuador (USNM); Peru (CUIC).</p> <p>DISSECTED: Syntype ³ (genitalia slide no. JSM-1375); ³, Peru, El Campamiento, Col. Perene, 23 Jun 1920, CU Expedition Lot 607, Sub 110, CUIC (genitalia slide no. JSM-292; whole body dissection); ♀ Syntype, Ecuador, Environs de Loja, 1893, Dognin Collection, USNM (genitalia slide no. JSM-1712).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF87E0FF2D9ED8BF5B1475FD804967	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Miller, James S	Miller, James S (2009): Generic Revision Of The Dioptinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea: Notodontidae) Part 2: Josiini. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2009 (321): 675-1022, DOI: 10.1206/321.1-1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1206/321.1-1
03FF87E0FF2C9EDBBC9916E5FDBE4E35.text	03FF87E0FF2C9EDBBC9916E5FDBE4E35.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Josia turgida Warren 1905	<div><p>Josia turgida Warren Figure 343; plate 33</p> <p>Josia turgida Warren, 1905: 314.</p> <p>TYPE LOCALITY: Venezuela, Valencia. TYPE: Syntype ³ (BMNH).</p> <p>DISCUSSION: Josia turgida, at one time considered a form of J. aurifusa (Warren, 1905), was elevated to species status by Miller and Otero (1994), who found differences in female genitalia and larval coloring between the two. In retrospect, those differences seem so subtle that perhaps a single species (J. aurifusa) should again be recognized. The Aurifusa Group presents a strong candidate for DNA analyses, which might help in elucidating species boundaries throughout the clade.</p> <p>Larvae of J. turgida were reared in Venezuela on the same two hosts utilized by J. aurifusa — Passiflora capsularis and P. rubra (table 6). A single specimen at the NMW, formerly in the Möschler Collection, was captured in Colombia in 1876.</p> <p>DISTRIBUTION: Venezuela (AMNH, BMNH, IZA, OUMNH, USNM); Colombia (NMW).</p> <p>DISSECTED: Syntype ³ (genitalia slide no. JSM-645); ³, Venezuela, Barinas, Carr. vía Altamira, 650 m, 28 Jun 1992, leg. L.D. Otero, reared ex Passiflora capsularis, AMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-596); ³, Venezuela, Aragua, Rancho Grande near Maracay, 9 Sep 1946, AMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-601); ³, Venezuela, Puerto-Cabello, San Estevan, 6–7 1877, leg. Hahnel de Sagan, BMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-335); ♀, Venezuela, Barinas, Carr. vía Altamira, 650 m, 28 Jun 1992, leg. L.D. Otero, reared ex Passiflora capsularis, AMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-597); ♀, Venezuela, Guacamaya, IZA (genitalia slide no. JSM-602); ♀, Venezuela, San Esteban, Jun 1909, leg. S.M. Klages, BMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-336).</p> <p>4. MEGAERA GROUP</p> <p>The Megaera Group contains two described species, one from Central America and one from South America (pl. 33), but additional undescribed taxa exist. In addition to showing an unusual wing pattern, this group is united by the following traits from genitalia (figs. 344, 345): costa of valva simple, forming a blunt process at apex; vesica long and wide, bearing extremely large, spinelike cornuti; male Tg8 approximately equal in width to St8, gradually tapered distally; DB moderately long, with a band of coarse internal spines; a large, concave, transverse sclerite near middle of CB; signum relatively small, almost round.</p> <p>KEY TO MEGAERA GROUP SPECIES Plate 33</p> <p>1. Longitudinal FW stripe short, barely bent toward anal margin; vertex dark gray in central portion with narrow, orange-yellow lateral margins; male Lp3 elongate, over one-half as long as Lp2; costa of valva becoming gradually wider toward apex (fig. 345A);</p> <p>vesica with a small patch of dentate cornuti at base, two robust, curved, spinelike cornuti distally (fig. 345C); DB elongate (fig. 345E); CB with a long, narrow spinose sclerite at base; FW length 5 12.0–13.5 mm (French Guiana and Venezuela S to Brazil and Bolivia)........... megaera (Fabricius)</p> <p>– Longitudinal FW stripe elongate, bent strongly toward anal margin; vertex orange-yellow, with a small patch of dark gray scales anteriorly; male Lp3 short, one-third as long as Lp2; costa the same width for its entire length (fig. 344A); vesica with short, spinelike cornuti at base, a set of large straight, spinelike cornuti distally (fig. 344D); DB short (fig. 344C); CB with a short, folded spinose sclerite at base; FW length 5 13.0– 15.5 mm (Honduras N to southern Mexico)................... integra Walker</p> <p>SPECIES INCLUDED AND MATERIAL EXAMINED</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF87E0FF2C9EDBBC9916E5FDBE4E35	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Miller, James S	Miller, James S (2009): Generic Revision Of The Dioptinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea: Notodontidae) Part 2: Josiini. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2009 (321): 675-1022, DOI: 10.1206/321.1-1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1206/321.1-1
03FF87E0FF2F9EDBBCC91134FBE348A9.text	03FF87E0FF2F9EDBBCC91134FBE348A9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Josia integra Walker	<div><p>Josia integra Walker, revised status Figure 344; plate 33</p> <p>Josia integra Walker, 1854: 301.</p> <p>TYPE LOCALITY: ‘‘Honduras’’.</p> <p>TYPE: Syntype ♀ (BMNH).</p> <p>Josia decorata Druce, 1885a: 149, pl. 14, fig. 5. Revised synonymy. TYPE LOCALITY: Guatemala, San Geronimo. TYPE: Syntype ³, leg. Champion (BMNH).</p> <p>DISCUSSION: Specimens from Central and South America, usually identified in collections as a single species— J. megaera —instead comprise two taxa. The name integra Walker, formerly regarded as a synonym of megaera (Prout, 1918; Hering, 1925; Bryk, 1930), is here treated as a valid species applied to Central American material. Genitalia in these taxa are dramatically different, providing numerous means for separation. Wing-pattern characters are somewhat difficult; the orange-yellow FW and HW markings show considerable intraspecific variation regarding their size and shape. Josia integra generally exhibits larger amounts of orange-yellow scaling on the head, patagium, and tegula. The labial palpus offers two characters useful for separation: (1) Lp3 is short and bullet shaped in J. integra males, but is greatly elongate in J. megaera (fig. 336J). Unfortunately, this feature does not apply to females. (2) The ventral half of Lp2 is orange in J. integra, whereas Lp 2 in J. megaera is mostly gray-brown, with a small light yellow area at its base.</p> <p>Their genitalia differ vastly. Here, the most obvious way to distinguish J. integra and J. megaera males is by their cornuti. The vesica of J. integra is covered with numberous cornuti, varying in shape and size (fig. 344D). In J. megaera, on the other hand, only two large clawlike cornuti appear near the apex of the vesica (fig. 345C). Females differ in the basal sclerites of the CB (figs. 344C, 345E), as well as in length of the DB—long in J. megaera, but short in J. integra.</p> <p>Josia integra occurs from Honduras north to southern Mexico. Knowledge of the taxon from Mexico is based on: a Yucatán female (BMNH); two examples from Chiapas (AMNH); and a small series in the Alonso and Rafael Turrent Collection. Dissections of type material (JSM-1398, 1400) confirm that decorata Druce, formerly associated with J. megaera (Bryk, 1930), is in fact a synonym of integra Walker.</p> <p>DISTRIBUTION: Honduras (BMNH); Guatemala (BMNH, PTC); Belize (AMNH, VOB); Mexico (AMNH, ARTC, BMNH, LACM).</p> <p>DISSECTED: Syntype ♀ (genitalia slide no. JSM-1400); ³ syntype of decorata Druce, BMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-1398); ³, Belize, Orange Walker Distr., Hill Bank Field Station, 20 Mar 1998, leg. V. Giles, AMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-1706); ³, Honduras, La Cambre, 900–1000 m, 31 Mar 1922, leg. J. Lienhart, BMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-305); ♀, Honduras, La Cambre, 900–1000 m, 31 Mar 1922, leg. J. Lienhart, BMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-1399); ♀, Honduras, La Cambre, 14 Feb 1922, leg. J. Lienhart, BMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-306).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF87E0FF2F9EDBBCC91134FBE348A9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Miller, James S	Miller, James S (2009): Generic Revision Of The Dioptinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea: Notodontidae) Part 2: Josiini. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2009 (321): 675-1022, DOI: 10.1206/321.1-1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1206/321.1-1
03FF87E0FF2F9EDDBF5E17A0FB154C0E.text	03FF87E0FF2F9EDDBF5E17A0FB154C0E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Josia megaera (Fabricius) Fabricius 1787	<div><p>Josia megaera (Fabricius) Figure 336I, 336J, 345; plates 33, 39L [EX]</p> <p>Bombyx megaera Fabricius, 1787: 109.</p> <p>TYPE LOCALITY: ‘‘Habitat in America boreali, Dr. Grandidier’’.</p> <p>TYPE: Not seen.</p> <p>Josiodes fasciata Rothschild, 1912: 229. TYPE LOCALITY: Venezuela, San Esteban.</p> <p>TYPE: Holotype ♀, leg. S.M. Klages, Jun</p> <p>1909 (BMNH).</p> <p>Josia fruhstorferi Prout, 1918: 422.</p> <p>TYPE LOCALITY: Brazil, Bahia, Brasilia.</p> <p>TYPE: Syntype ³/ ♀, leg. Fruhstorfer (BMNH).</p> <p>Josia putata Hering, 1925: 526.</p> <p>TYPE LOCALITY: Brazil, Pará (³); Brazil, Obidos (♀).</p> <p>TYPE: Syntype ³/ ♀ (ZMH).</p> <p>DISCUSSION: The name Josia megaera (Fabricius) has been in use for over 200 years. The disposition of the type is not known, but according to my interpretation, the species occurs from northern South America south into Brazil. Material from northern Central America is properly identified as J. integra (see above). A male and a female at the Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna, bear labels indicating that they came from the Staudinger Collection, and were captured in Chiriquí, Panama (August 1886). Dissection of these (JSM-1810, 1811) confirms their identity as J. megaera. If the labels are accurate, these specimens represent the first known records of J. megaera for Central America.</p> <p>I did not dissect the types of fasciata Rothschild, fruhstorferi Prout, or putata Hering to determine whether any of those are species distinct from J. megaera. For the time being I leave them as synonyms following Bryk (1930). A male and female from Bolivia show genitalia morphology (JSM-1707, 1708) indicating that they are distinct. Judging from the type localities of existing species-group names (Venezuela and Brazil), this Bolivian material will need a new name. There is a strong possibility that the Megaera Group, once fully revised, will contain five species or more.</p> <p>Previous analyses (Miller, 1996; Miller, Brower and DeSalle, 1997) have suggested that Josia megaera, and thus the Megaera Group, are the plesiomorphic sister group to the rest of the Josiini. Larvae of J. megaera (pl. 39L) differ from other Josia caterpillars (pl. 39M–O) in exhibiting an orange-brown head, rather than a black and white one (see also Miller, 1996). Its host plant, Turnera odorata (pl. 41D) is also unusual. Other Josia ’s feed on Passiflora (table 6). Those earlier results conflict with the current hypothesis (fig. 283) based on a more diverse sample of Josiini, but using adult anatomy alone.</p> <p>DISTRIBUTION: Brazil (AMNH, BMNH, CMNH, CUIC, OUMNH, USNM, ZMH); French Guiana (AMNH, CMNH, MNHN, OUMNH, USNM, ZMH); Guyana (BMNH); Venezuela (AMNH, BMNH, CAS, CMNH, IZA, LACM, MUSM, NMW, OUMNH, USNM, ZMH); Panama (NMW); Bolivia (BMNH, MCZ, USNM).</p> <p>DISSECTED: ³, French Guiana, Pk 57.5 on road to Coralie, 26 Apr 1994, leg. J.S. Miller, C. Snyder &amp; L.D. Otero, reared from larva on Turnera odorata, AMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-706); ³, Venezuela, San Esteban Valley, Las Quiguas, Nov – Mar 1910, CMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-704); ³, Venezuela, San Esteban Valley, Las Quiguas, USNM (genitalia slide no. JSM-712); ³, Bolivia, Santiago de Chiquitos, Aug 1904, leg. J. Steinbach, BMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-1707); ³, Panama, Chiriquí, Aug 1886, Coll. Staudinger, NMW (genitalia slide no. JSM-1810); ♀, French Guiana, Pk 57.5 on road to Coralie, 26 Apr 1994, leg. J.S. Miller, C. Snyder &amp; L.D. Otero, reared from larva on Turnera odorata, AMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-707); ♀, Guyana, Kutari Sources, Jan–Feb 1936, leg. G.A. Hudson, BMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-1401); ♀, Bolivia, Santiago de Chiquitos, Aug 1904, leg. J. Steinbach, BMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-1708); ♀, Panama, Chiriquí, Aug 1886, Coll. Staudinger, NMW (genitalia slide no. JSM-1811).</p> <p>The following have been removed from Josia:</p> <p>abrupta Hübner to Ephialtias Hübner</p> <p>(Abrupta Group)</p> <p>ampliflava Warren to Lyces Walker (Patula</p> <p>Group; as a synonym of striata Druce)</p> <p>andosa Druce to Lyces Walker (Patula</p> <p>Group)</p> <p>angulosa Walker to Lyces Walker (Angulosa</p> <p>Group)</p> <p>annulata Dognin to Lyces Walker (Aurimutua</p> <p>Group)</p> <p>aperta Warren to Lyces Walker (Patula</p> <p>Group; as a synonym of fornax Druce)</p> <p>ariaca Druce to Lyces Walker (Patula Group)</p> <p>aurimutua Walker to Lyces Walker (Patula</p> <p>Group)</p> <p>banana Warren to Lyces Walker (Angulosa</p> <p>Group) brevifascia Prout to Phryganidia (as a synonym of naxa Druce) bryce Walker to Ephialtias Hübner (Bryce</p> <p>Group) cercostis Walker to Phintia (as a synonym of podarce Walker) coatepeca Schaus to Lyces Walker (Angulosa</p> <p>Group; as a synonym of ariaca Druce) contricta Warren to Lyces Walker (Angulosa</p> <p>Group) consueta Walker to Ephialtias Hübner</p> <p>(Abrupta Group) cruciata Butler to Lyces Walker (Patula</p> <p>Group) discipuncta Hering to Lyces Walker (Patula</p> <p>Group; as a synonym of striata Druce) dorsivitta Walker to Ephialtias Hübner (as a synonym of abrupta Hübner) draconis to Ephialtias Hübner (Bryce Group) ena Boisduval to Lyces Walker (Angulosa</p> <p>Group) enoides Boisduval to Lyces (Angulosa Group) esoterica Prout to Proutiella, new genus eterusialis Walker to Lyces Walker (Eterusialis Group) infans Walker to Proutiella, new genus flavissima Walker to Lyces Walker (Eterusialis Group) fluonia Druce to Lyces Walker (Aurimutua</p> <p>Group) fornax Druce to Lyces Walker (Patula Group) gopala Dognin to Lyces Walker (Patula</p> <p>Group) gephyra Hering to Lyces Walker (Patula</p> <p>Group; as a synonym of consepta Dognin) ignorata Hering to Proutiella, new genus ilaire Druce to Proutiella, new genus jordani Hering to Proutiella, new genus latifascia Prout to Proutiella, new genus latistriga Hering to Lyces Walker (Patula</p> <p>Group) longistria Warren to Lyces Walker (Patula</p> <p>Group) morena Warren to Lyces Walker (Angulosa</p> <p>Group; as a synonym of angulosa Walker) patula Walker to Lyces Walker (Patula</p> <p>Group) podarce Walker to Phintia Walker repetita Warren to Proutiella, new genus rosea Hering to Ephialtias Hübner (as a synonym of bryce Walker) simplex Walker to Proutiella, new genus striata Druce to Lyces Walker (Patula Group) tamara Hering to Lyces Walker (Patula</p> <p>Group) tegyra Druce to Proutiella, new genus tessmani Hering to Proutiella, new genus (as a synonym of tegyra Druce)</p> <p>vittula Hübner to Proutiella, new genus</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF87E0FF2F9EDDBF5E17A0FB154C0E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Miller, James S	Miller, James S (2009): Generic Revision Of The Dioptinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea: Notodontidae) Part 2: Josiini. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2009 (321): 675-1022, DOI: 10.1206/321.1-1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1206/321.1-1
03FF87E0FF299EE6BF471341FDB84EBD.text	03FF87E0FF299EE6BF471341FDB84EBD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Scea Walker 1854	<div><p>SCEA WALKER, 1854</p> <p>Figures 304, 346–353; plates 33–35, 39Q</p> <p>Scea Walker, 1854: 293. Type species: Josia auriflamma Geyer, [1827] (in Hübner, 1806 – 1838) 2: pl. 186 (by monotypy).</p> <p>Thirmida Walker, 1854: 466. Type species: Thirmida dimidiata Walker, 1854 (by monotypy). New synonymy.</p> <p>Cyanotricha Prout, 1918: 426. Type species: Sangala necyria Felder and Rogenhofer, 1875 (by original designation). New synonymy.</p> <p>DIAGNOSIS: Scea contains beautiful moths (pls. 33–35). Details of their morphology, such as eye size and head-scaling arrangements, vary across species, but wings in the genus exhibit a general theme. Usually, the FW shows a large, orange-yellow area in the basal two-thirds, the outer third being dark gray to bluish gray. In some taxa, the orange is restricted to the basal fourth. Within the orange-yellow region, the FW veins are lined with black to varying degrees, although this area is uniformly orange in a few species (e.g., S. erasa and S. bryki; pl. 35). The HW is usually uniformly dark gray to bluish gray, or less frequently, shows orange areas at its base. Many species exhibit blue iridescence on the wings and body. Some, such as Scea necyria and S. bellona (pl. 35), are almost completely covered with iridescent, royal-blue to violet scales. Genitalia in Scea are relatively uniform (figs. 347–353), but provide numerous synapomorphies supporting monophyly of the genus.</p> <p>This characterization notwithstanding, caution must be exercised in assigning a particular dioptine species to Scea; extremely similar wing patterns occur in another, smaller josiine genus— Notascea, gen. nov. For example, compare the wings of Scea auriflamma (pl. 34) and Notascea obliquaria (pl. 31). Superficially at least, they are indistinguishable. The two species, sympatric throughout their ranges, are invariably confused in collections. Members of the two genera can be separated by the following traits: Males of Notascea posses a small fovea, located at the anterolateral angle of the FW DC (figs. 331E). The scales within this fovea are short and rounded (fig. 332C– F). The FW of Scea, on the other hand, is unmodified (figs. 332A, 332B, 346H). In females, the antennal shaft of Scea is narrow with parallel sides, whereas in Notascea the antennal shaft is wider near the middle, and tapered toward the apex. Differences in genitalia (e.g., compare figs. 335, 347) pro- Hering, exhibit wing patterns remarkably vide indisputable characters for separating similar to those of Scea (see also Watson the two genera. and Goodger, 1986; pl. 3, figs. 49, 50). In</p> <p>Several arctiid genera in the Pericopinae, another arctiid subfamily—the Lithosiinae— such as Episcea Warren (pl. 34) and Scearctia members of Euryptidia, such as E. basivitta (pl. 35), could be confused with certain Scea species. However, Arctiids can be separated from Dioptinae by a host of morphological characters, such as their quadrifid FW venation (see Kitching and Rawlins, 1999; Fibiger and Lafontaine, 2005). In addition, the metathorax in arctiids bears a tymbal organ, or striated band (Forbes and Franclemont, 1957), and the first abdominal segment is characterized by a large countertympanal hood (Richards, 1932), not present in notodontids (Miller, 1991).</p> <p>REDESCRIPTION: Male. FW length 5 14.0–25.0 mm. Head (fig. 346A–G): Labial palpus relatively long, thin, curving upward to middle of front, in some species porrect; palpus either closely scaled (S. auriflamma), or loosely scaled, with a long ventral fringe of hairlike scales on Lp1 and Lp2 (S. necyria, S. discinota); Lp1 moderately long, curved upward; Lp2 roughly equal in length to Lp1, sometimes much shorter; Lp3 usually elongate, sometimes with an acute apical tuft (e.g., S. discinota), rarely short (S. necyria); scales of front pointing ventromedially, rarely (S. auriflamma) pointing horizontally; frontal scales in some species elongate, forming a loose tuft between antennal bases; eye size variable, ranging from large, rounded and bulging outward (S. auriflamma), to relatively small (S. dimidiata) with a wide postgena and a wide scaleless gena; vertex with elongate, forward-pointing scales; antenna bipectinate, rami long, terminal 8–12 annulations simple.</p> <p>Thorax: Pleuron often covered with elongate, hairlike scales; epiphysis long and narrow, extending to apex of tibia or beyond; tegula two-thirds as long as mesoscutum, distal portion narrow, with a strong transverse sulcus below, ventral process acute; metathoracic tympanum kettledrum shaped, region below and behind tympanal opening scaleless; tympanal membrane large, enclosed, oriented horizontally.</p> <p>Forewing (figs. 332A, 332B, 346H; pls. 33– 35): Broad, outer margin rounded; vein Rs 1 arising from radial sector below veins Rs 2 – Rs 4; Rs 2 –Rs 4 in the pattern [2+3]+4; M 1 arising from DC approximate to (or touching) base of radial sector, M 1 sometimes stalked for a short distance with base of radial sector; DC much longer than one-half FW length; veins M 3 and CuA 1 long stalked; ground color dark gray, gray with blue iridescence, or brilliant iridescent blue; basal portion of wing invariably with some form of orange, yellow-orange or reddish orange pattern; pattern either small and restricted to basal fourth (e.g., S. necyria), or occupying majority of wing surface, extending from base to at least two-thirds out.</p> <p>Hind wing (fig. 346H; pls. 33–35): Broad, rounded, sometimes slightly elongate; M 3 and CuA 1 long stalked; pattern most frequently uniformly dark gray, iridescent blue gray, or iridescent blue, occasionally with orange or orange-yellow markings.</p> <p>Abdomen: Moderately long to extremely long; apex acute; color usually steely gray with blue iridescence, occasionally (S. necyria) deep iridescent purplish blue.</p> <p>Terminalia (figs. 347A–C, E; 348A–D; 349A, B, D, E; 350A–D; 351A–D; 352A–D; 353A–C, E): Tg8 gradually narrowing posteriorly, anterior margin concave at midline, with short, wide lateral apodemes, posterior margin with a U-shaped mesal excavation; St8 larger and wider than Tg8, anterior margin with a wide, broad mesal apodeme, posterior margin with a U-shaped or horseshoe-shaped mesal apodeme, variable in size; socii/uncus complex narrowly attached to tegumen; uncus long and thin, slightly wider near apex, curving gradually downward; socii extremely thin, shorter than uncus; tegumen moderately wide, slightly shorter than vinculum, inner margins approximate in upper two-thirds; vinculum taller and wider than tegumen; saccus wide, extended upward a short distance, barely covering valva bases; valva large, mostly membranous; BO large, occupying two-thirds of valva or more; region between BO and apex membranous, with transverse striations bearing fine, hairlike androconia; costa sclerotized, narrow, parallel-sided, usually expanded near apex, sometimes forming a blunt distal process (e.g., S. auriflamma); aedeagus wide, bulbous, base rounded; apex of aedeagus gradually narrowing to form an acute ventral point; vesica longer than aedeagus, ranging from bulbous (e.g., S. auriflamma) to extremely long, sometimes (e.g., S. dimidiata) over four times as long as aedeagus; spinelike cornuti located in distal portion of vesica, invariably with one or two cornuti much larger than others, sometimes (e.g., S. servula) with a single large, spinelike cornutus only.</p> <p>Female. FW length 5 14.0–27.5 mm. Head: Similar to male; antenna ciliate, shaft narrow, slightly tapered toward apex.</p> <p>Thorax: Similar to male.</p> <p>Forewing (pls. 33–35): Somewhat broader than male, outer margin more rounded; pattern similar to male, colors somewhat less intense.</p> <p>Hind wing (pls. 33–35): Broader than male; frenulum comprising two bristles; pattern similar to male, colors somewhat less intense.</p> <p>Abdomen: Shorter and wider than male.</p> <p>Terminalia (347D, 348E, 349C, 350E, 351E, 352E, 353D): Tg7 large, broad, slightly narrower posteriorly, posterior margin with a deep, U-shaped excavation; St7 similar in size and shape to Tg7, but posterior margin simple, without a mesal excavation; Tg8 completely membranous; AA moderately long to short, often extremely thin; A8 pleuron membranous, with thin, straplike sclerites along anterior margin; PP long, extremely thin, sometimes bent slightly downward; PA moderately large, a small lobe present near dorsal margin; region of PVP membranous; area below ostium forming a wide, sclerotized plate, its margins wrapping upward; DB moderately long and wide to extremely long and thin, membranous; CB broadly ovate, large; basal two-thirds of CB with a heavily sclerotized region, its surface deeply rugose; CB sometimes spinose (S. auriflamma) or finely spiculate (S. angustimargo) at base; signum small, roughly ovoid, with a set of internal spines, these variable in size, sometimes long and robust (S. superba, S. auriflamma), rarely short (S. gigantea).</p> <p>DISTRIBUTION: The majority of Scea species are endemic to high Andean cloud forests, usually at elevations above 2000 meters. Some, such as S. bellona from Peru, have been recorded as high as 4000 meters. Exceptions to this rule include S. auriflamma, found in low- to midelevation forests of southeastern South America, and S. torrida, endemic to dry forest habitat in southwestern Ecuador (fig. 304) at 1900 meters. In Andean South America, Scea species inhabit the Pacific as well as the eastern slopes. The genus is absent from Central America, and none occur in the Amazon Basin.</p> <p>BIOLOGY: The immature stages of four Scea species have been discovered (table 6). Scea caterpillars are unique among Josiini in showing a dense covering of secondary setae over the body (pl. 39Q; Miller and Otero, 1994; Miller, 1996). As is typical for josiines, the head capsule is smooth and glassy (see fig. 358A, B), but in Scea the head is often completely black, without the black-andwhite patterns found elsewhere in the tribe. Adult morphology in S. auriflamma, S. angustimargo, and S. torrida varies somewhat from other Scea species. It will be important to determine whether their immature morphology differs as well.</p> <p>Unlike Lyces and Josia, whose members seem to favor particular Passiflora subgenera, the host-plant list for Scea does not show an obvious taxonomic pattern (table 6). Scea larvae have been recorded from three different Passiflora subgenera. Their hosts include glabrous species, such as P. mollissima and P. manicata, as well as pubescent ones, such as P. bauhinifolia. As host-plant associations are gathered for additional Scea species, generalizations regarding Passiflora preferences will perhaps become apparent.</p> <p>DISCUSSION: The cladistic analyses undertaken here demonstrate that what had previously been considered three genera— Scea Walker, Thirmida Walker, and Cyanotricha Prout —should instead be subsumed within a single genus. Scea of previous authors is paraphyletic with respect to both Thirmida and Cyanotricha, so the latter are proposed as new synonyms.</p> <p>Scea, arising in a derived phylogenetic position within the Josiini (figs. 7, 283), is undoubtedly monophyletic. Its members exhibit traits unique for the Josiini. For example, the large, intricately folded, sclerotized area at the base of the female CB (e.g., figs. 347D, 351E) does not occur elsewhere in the Dioptinae, but is found throughout Scea. The female signum also has a unique shape (e.g., figs. 347D, 350E). In the majority of species, the male vesica is extremely long (e.g., figs. 347E, 351D). Other potential synapomorphies include the presence of larval secondary setae (pl. 39Q), noted above. Two species with Scea -like wing patterns— vulturata and solaris (pl. 30)— which had formerly been placed here, show none of the morphological characteristics of Scea, and have been transferred to Lyces.</p> <p>Nonhomologous wing-pattern similarities often misled early dioptine taxonomists (Hering, 1925; Seitz, 1925). The wings of Scea provide a particularly poignant example. Not only can Scea mimics be found in other Lepidopteran families, such as the Arctiidae (pls. 34, 35) and Geometridae, but mimics occur within the Dioptinae as well. For example, my cladistic analyses reveal that two species formerly placed in Scea — nudata Hering and obliquaria Warren —instead belong in their own genus, Notascea (pls. 31, 32). The cladogram (fig. 283) is equivocal with regard to two equally plausible hypotheses: One suggests that the similar-appearing wings of Scea and Notascea evolved through convergence, perhaps as a result of Müllerian mimicry. An equally parsimonious explanation is that the terminal clade of the Josiini (Clade 24; fig. 7), Notascea + Josia + Scea, had a common ancestor with a Scea -like wing pattern, and this was subsequently modified in Josia, whose members evolved wings with longitudinal stripes (pls. 32, 33).</p> <p>The genus name Scea is attributed to Walker (1854), who described it for a single species— auriflamma Hübner. As is typical of Walker’s generic descriptions, he left us little to go on. However, a single trait of the labial palpus, ‘‘second joint much longer than the first’’, is a synapomorphy for the genus (appendix 4). Subsequent authors added taxa to Scea if their wing patterns resembled those of S. auriflamma. Bryk (1930) listed 12 species, and Hering (1943) described another. I have transferred four of those to either Lyces or Notascea. Concordantly, Thirmida Walker contained five species and Cyanotricha Prout contained two (Bryk, 1930). By placing those genera in synonymy with Scea, and by describing a new species, torrida, the number of included taxa is now 19, making this genus roughly equal in size to Josia (appendix 2).</p> <p>Although Walker described both Scea and Thirmida in the same publication (1854), I have chosen Scea as the valid generic name because it has been more commonly used. Scea also has page priority over Thirmida (p. 293 vs. p. 466). Initially (Walker, 1854), Thirmida included a single species, dimidiata Walker. Most recently (Bryk, 1930), it contained five: dimidiata Walker, grandis Druce, circumscripta Hering, superba Druce, and venusta Dognin. ‘‘ Thirmida ’’ venusta is here placed incertae sedis in the tribe Dioptini. The remaining four taxa are referred to Scea as new combinations.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF87E0FF299EE6BF471341FDB84EBD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Miller, James S	Miller, James S (2009): Generic Revision Of The Dioptinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea: Notodontidae) Part 2: Josiini. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2009 (321): 675-1022, DOI: 10.1206/321.1-1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1206/321.1-1
03FF87E0FF129EE9BCB711A1FD164F01.text	03FF87E0FF129EE9BCB711A1FD164F01.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Scea undefined-1	<div><p>KEY TO SCEA SPECIES</p> <p>1. Hind wing uniformly charcoal gray to iridescent blue, without orange markings (pls. 34, 35)............................ 7</p> <p>– HW with orange markings from base, in central area or along anterior margin (pl. 33)......................... 2</p> <p>2. Hind wing with a thin, longitudinal stripe along anterior margin from base to beyond DC, stripe larger and more conspicuous on ventral surface (pl. 33); HW central area gray; Lp3 short, conical; eye large, gena absent; wings short to moderately long (FW length 5 14.0–18.0 mm)............. 3</p> <p>– HW central area orange from base, either in basal third or in most of wing; HW anterior margin without a long thin orange stripe; Lp3 greatly elongate (fig. 346A), longer than one-half length of Lp2; eye small (fig. 346A–C, G), gena relatively wide; wings long (FW length 5 21.5–24.5 mm)............. 4</p> <p>3. Ochreous orange FW triangle extending from base to well beyond fork of M 3 +CuA 1 (pl. 33), outer margin of orange area strongly convex; vesica with an enlarged spinelike cornutus at apex of ventral appendix (fig. 347E); female DB strongly coiled (fig. 347D); FW length 5 14.0–16.5 mm (Peru and</p> <p>–</p> <p>4.</p> <p>–</p> <p>5.</p> <p>–</p> <p>6.</p> <p>–</p> <p>7.</p> <p>–</p> <p>8. Bolivia E to Paraguay and Brazil)........................ angustimargo Warren Ochreous orange FW triangle terminating at fork of M 3 +CuA 1 (pl. 33), outer margin of orange area barely convex; vesica with an enlarged, but delicate spine at apex of ventral appendix (fig. 353E); DB gently coiled (fig. 353D); FW length 5 17.0–18.0 mm (S Ecuador)............. torrida, sp. nov. Orange area of HW confined to basal two-thirds or less; FW ochreous orange in basal half or slightly more, distal half blue-gray..... 5 HW almost completely orange from base to outer margin (pl. 33), fringe iridescent blue gray; FW ochreous orange in basal two-thirds, apical third iridescent steely gray, veins lined with dark gray-brown scales; FW length 5 22.0 mm (Colombia)......................... circumscripta (Hering) Orange are of HW large (pl. 33), extending beyond fork of M 3 +CuA 1 to outer margin in posterior half, extending beyond DC in anterior half; orange area of FW relatively large, extending from base to near apex of DC, or beyond; DB much longer than CB (fig. 351E)...................... 6 Orange area of HW small, confined to basal third (pl. 33), not extending beyond base of CuA 2; orange area of FW small, extending halfway out on DC; DB shorter than length of CB (Colombia)....... grandis (Druce) Orange area of FW extending from base to well beyond distal margin of DC; upper discocellular of FW marked with black scales, forming a tiny, isolated spot (pl. 33); orange of FW extending well beyond base of CuA 2; distal portion of FW light steely gray (Colombia).......... dimidiata (Walker) Orange area of FW extending from base to immediately short of DC distal margin; no tiny spot at UDC, this area purplish black; orange of FW barely crossing base of CuA 2 (pl. 33); distal portion of FW iridescent blue gray (W Venezuela).... discinota (Warren) Basal half, or more, of FW orange-yellow (pls. 34, 35), veins in orange area usually lined with black to varying degrees..... 9 Forewing almost entirely iridescent blue (pl. 35), with tiny orange basal dashes, occasionally an additional orange dash near apex........................... 8 Forewing with a single, small, orange basal dash in anterior half of wing (pl. 35), dash straddling radius, never with an additional dash behind anal fold; FW never with a distal orange dash; socii extremely narrow; crenulate sclerotized band of CB oriented longitudinally; FW length 5 15.0–19.0 mm (E Peru</p> <p>N to Colombia)........................... necyria (Felder and Rogenhofer)</p> <p>– FW with a large orange basal dash straddling radius, and an additional basal dash behind anal fold (pl. 35); FW with a distal orange dash between stem of Rs 1 –Rs 3 and base of Rs 4; socii relatively wide (fig. 349A); crenulate sclerotized band of CB oriented vertically (fig. 349C); FW length 5 20.0–24.5 mm (E Peru)................ bellona (Druce)</p> <p>9. Hind wing uniformly blackish gray to iridescent blue-black................... 10</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF87E0FF129EE9BCB711A1FD164F01	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Miller, James S	Miller, James S (2009): Generic Revision Of The Dioptinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea: Notodontidae) Part 2: Josiini. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2009 (321): 675-1022, DOI: 10.1206/321.1-1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1206/321.1-1
03FF87E0FF1C9EE8BCB713FAFC6D4C73.text	03FF87E0FF1C9EE8BCB713FAFC6D4C73.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Scea angustimargo Warren	<div><p>Scea angustimargo Warren Figures 332A, 332B, 347; plate 33 [EX]</p> <p>Scea angustimargo Warren, 1905: 315.</p> <p>TYPE LOCALITY: Paraguay, Estanzia Cooper.</p> <p>TYPE: Holotype ³, leg. Th. Inslay (BMNH).</p> <p>DISCUSSION: Scea angustimargo can best be recognized by the large orange area of the FW, extending almost to the outer margin, and by the presence of a long stripe of orange along the HW anterior margin. This HW stripe, located between veins Sc and Rs, is larger and more prominent on the wing’s ventral surface (see pl. 33). The only other Scea species with such a HW stripe is S. torrida, sp. nov. (pl. 33), from southwestern Ecuador, the apparent sister taxon to S. angustimargo. In both species the vesica of the aedeagus is extremely long (figs. 347E, 353E), and is forked distally, with the ventral arm of the fork bearing thin cornuti as well as a single, more robust, cornutus at its apex. Means for separating these two are provided in the Scea species key, as well as in the diagnosis for S. torrida (below).</p> <p>Unlike most Scea species, which are Andean endemics, S. angustimargo is found in southeastern South America. The species is represented in many of the world’s collections, but never by more than one or two specimens. Genitalia dissections comparing Bolivian moths (JSM-354, 355), with S. angustimargo collected in Paraguay near the type locality, suggest that material from Bolivia is not conspecific, but instead represents an undescribed species.</p> <p>DISTRIBUTION: Paraguay (BMNH,USNM); Bolivia (BMNH, CMNH, FML, ZMH); Brazil (BMNH, CUIC); Peru (AMNH).</p> <p>DISSECTED: ³, Paraguay, Depto. Concepción, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-56.019165&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-22.6525" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -56.019165/lat -22.6525)">Ao. Tatatiya-mi</a>, 22 ° 39 9 S, 56 ° 01 9 W, 10– 17 Apr 1986, leg. M. Pogue &amp; A. Solis, USNM (genitalia slide no. JSM-1716); ³, Bolivia, S. Julian, Chiquitos, May, 400 m, leg. J. Steinbach, BMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-354); ♀, Paraguay, Dognin Collection, USNM (genitalia slide no. JSM-1717); ♀, Bolivia, Cochabamba, Yunga del Espiritu Santo, 1888–89, leg. P. Germain, BMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-355).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF87E0FF1C9EE8BCB713FAFC6D4C73	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Miller, James S	Miller, James S (2009): Generic Revision Of The Dioptinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea: Notodontidae) Part 2: Josiini. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2009 (321): 675-1022, DOI: 10.1206/321.1-1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1206/321.1-1
03FF87E0FF1C9EEBBF6013F9FE384967.text	03FF87E0FF1C9EEBBF6013F9FE384967.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Scea auriflamma (Geyer)	<div><p>Scea auriflamma (Geyer) Figures 346D–F, 346H, 348; plate 34 [EX]</p> <p>Josia auriflamma Geyer (in Hübner, 1806 –1838) 2: pl. 399 [186], figs. 1–4.</p> <p>TYPE LOCALITY: [Brazil].</p> <p>TYPE: Not seen.</p> <p>Callimorpha nervosa Perty, 1833: 161, pl. 32, fig. 7. TYPE LOCALITY: Brazil, ‘‘Provincia St.</p> <p>Pauli’’ [5 São Paulo?]. TYPE: Not seen.</p> <p>DISCUSSION: Scea auriflamma, or at least material identified as such, is common in major collections. However, establishing this moth’s identity required intense study. Since the type is apparently lost, my identifications are based on examination of the figures in Hübner (1806 –1838). Furthermore, no type locality is known since there is no accompanying text. Most authors (e.g., Walker, 1854; Bryk, 1930) list Brazil as the type’s country of origin. Scea auriflamma as depicted in Hübner’s plate (pl. 399 [186], figs. 1–4) shows a distinctive set of black-lined veins within the orange basal area of the FW. The specimen figured by Hering (1925: fig. 71g) as Scea auriflamma compares favorably with the one in Hübner. Having carefully selected specimens matching both illustrations, I am now relatively confident regarding the identity of S. auriflamma (pl. 34).</p> <p>My studies suggest that S. auriflamma occurs in the southern half of South America, from Salta, Argentina, east at least as far as Belo Horizonte, Brazil (Minas Gerais). The male and female genitalia of taxa from these widely separated localities are indistinguishable. The northernmost specimen I have seen is an AMNH male from Quillabamba, Peru (Cuzco Province). Scea auriflamma most commonly occurs in mesic forests at elevations between 500 and 1600 meters. Its host plant is unknown.</p> <p>The species most similar in wing pattern to S. auriflamma is S. steinbachi (pl. 34). The latter exhibits the same pattern of dark veins in the FW, but the moth is slightly larger, and the apical third of the FW is lighter gray, with a black highlight immediately beyond the orange area. The genitalia of the two species (figs. 348, 352) are extremely different. Scea steinbachi is known exclusively from Argentina.</p> <p>DISTRIBUTION: Brazil (AMNH, BMNH, CAS, CMNH, CUIC, LACM, MCZ, MNHN, MPM, OUMNH, USNM, ZMH); Bolivia (ZMH); Paraguay (AMNH, BMNH, MNHN, USNM, ZMC, ZMH); Argentina (AMNH, BMNH, FML, MNHN, ZMC); Peru (AMNH, USNM).</p> <p>DISSECTED: ³, Argentina, Salta, Dept. La Caldera, La Caldera – Jujuy Prov. border, Rt. 9, km 20, km post 1642, ‘‘ La Cargadera’ ’, 1450 m, 12 Feb 1991, mesic forest, leg. K. Johnson et al., AMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-1513), ³, Brazil, Santa Catharina, Nova Bremen, 11 May 1936, leg. Fritz Hoffmann, CUIC (genitalia slide no. JSM-152, wing slide no. JSM-181); ³, Brazil, Santa Catharina, Rio Vermelho, Oct 1947, AMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-443); ♀, Brazil, Minas Gerais, Viçosa, 31 May 1931, leg. E.J. Hambleton, CUIC (genitalia slide no. JSM-153); ♀, Argentina, Jujuy, Ledesma, 5.5–7.5 km W of Rt. 34, near entrance Parque Nacional Callilegua, 1600 m, 14 Feb 1991, leg. K. Johnson et al., AMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-444).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF87E0FF1C9EEBBF6013F9FE384967	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Miller, James S	Miller, James S (2009): Generic Revision Of The Dioptinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea: Notodontidae) Part 2: Josiini. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2009 (321): 675-1022, DOI: 10.1206/321.1-1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1206/321.1-1
03FF87E0FF1F9EEBBCD516EAFB8F4FC8.text	03FF87E0FF1F9EEBBCD516EAFB8F4FC8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Scea bellona (Druce 1906)  1906	<div><p>Scea bellona (Druce), new combination Figure 349; plate 35</p> <p>Tuina bellona Druce, 1906: 87.</p> <p>TYPE LOCALITY: Peru, Oroya Railway to Chichla, 12,200 ft.</p> <p>TYPE: Syntype ♀, ‘‘84.72’’ (BMNH).</p> <p>DISCUSSION: Scea bellona and its apparent sister species, S. necyria (pl. 35), had previously been regarded as the only members of Cyanotricha (Prout, 1918; Hering, 1925; Bryk, 1930), a genus here placed in synonymy with Scea. With this synonymy, Scea bellona (Druce) becomes a new combination.</p> <p>Scea bellona is considerably larger than S. necyria. It also differs in showing an additional orange basal dash at the FW base, a second, small orange dash beyond the fork of M 1 and Rs 1 –Rs 4, and in some bellona examples, a small orange spot beyond the fork of M 3 +CuA 1. Scea bellona, endemic to the Andes of Peru, has a more limited distribution than S. necyria, which occurs from Colombia south to Peru. Furthermore, the species has been recorded at even higher altitudes: a series of two males and two females was collected by O. Karsholt (ZMC) at Pueblo Quichas, Dept. Lima, at an altitude of 4000 meters (February 1987). Most specimens of bellona have been collected between 2500 and 3000 meters.</p> <p>DISTRIBUTION: Peru (BMNH, CUIC, FML, LACM, MNHN, MPM, VOB, ZMC, ZMH).</p> <p>DISSECTED: ³, Peru, San Mateo, BMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-319); ♀, Peru, Lima- Chanchamayo, leg. A.M. Moss, BMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-320).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF87E0FF1F9EEBBCD516EAFB8F4FC8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Miller, James S	Miller, James S (2009): Generic Revision Of The Dioptinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea: Notodontidae) Part 2: Josiini. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2009 (321): 675-1022, DOI: 10.1206/321.1-1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1206/321.1-1
03FF87E0FF1F9EEABF2A1083FDF44DF9.text	03FF87E0FF1F9EEABF2A1083FDF44DF9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Scea bryki Hering Plate 1943	<div><p>Scea bryki Hering Plate 35</p> <p>Scea bryki Hering, 1943: 5.</p> <p>TYPE LOCALITY: Peru, Vilcanota (Pr. Cuzco), 3000 m.</p> <p>TYPE: Holotype ♀, leg. O. Garlepp, 1898 (ZMH).</p> <p>DISCUSSION: Scea bryki is known from two specimens —the female holotype (pl. 35) and a female in the MUSM collection (Lima, Peru). Although the wing pattern of S. bryki resembles that of S. erasa (pl. 35) in lacking black veins in the orange FW area, the moth is significantly smaller (see species key). Its female genitalia are also fundamentally different from those of S. erasa, indicating that the two may not be particularly close relatives within Scea. The CB of S. bryki is simple and unornamented, bearing an ovoid signum with long internal spines. The CB of S. erasa, on the other hand, exhibits a spectacular series of sclerotized folds at its base, a modified version of the ones found in Scea cleonica (fig. 350E) and others.</p> <p>This is the last dioptine species Hering described; its description was published nearly 20 years after his contribution to Seitz (Hering, 1925). It will be important to obtain additional material of S. bryki, especially males, for future study.</p> <p>DISTRIBUTION: Peru (MUSM, ZMH).</p> <p>DISSECTED: Holotype ♀ (genitalia slide no. JSM-1766).</p> <p>Scea circumscripta (Hering), new combination</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF87E0FF1F9EEABF2A1083FDF44DF9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Miller, James S	Miller, James S (2009): Generic Revision Of The Dioptinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea: Notodontidae) Part 2: Josiini. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2009 (321): 675-1022, DOI: 10.1206/321.1-1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1206/321.1-1
03FF87E0FF1E9EEABC9E16F2FB9A4FAD.text	03FF87E0FF1E9EEABC9E16F2FB9A4FAD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Scea cleonica Druce 1885	<div><p>Scea cleonica Druce Figure 350; plate 34</p> <p>Scea cleonica Druce, 1885b: 525, pl. 32, fig. 13. TYPE LOCALITY: Ecuador, Chiguinda. TYPE: Syntype ³, leg. C. Buckley</p> <p>(BMNH).</p> <p>DISCUSSION: Scea cleonica is endemic to southern Ecuador. Almost all museum specimens were collected in the vicinity of Loja, with a few (SMNS, USNM) from nearby Zamora (see fig. 5). The moth occurs at relatively high altitudes; two individuals (JSM-1722, 1723) were collected at La Palma, at an elevation of 2850 meters. The type locality for S. cleonica, Chiguinda, is in Morona-Santiago province on the Amazonian side of the Andes. I argue in the discussion of S. curvilimes (below), whose wings are extremely similar to S. cleonica, that the two are sister species, occurring in cloud forests on opposite sides of the Andes.</p> <p>An AMNH female from Santa Catarina, Brazil (leg. Anton Maller, December 1944) is lighter gray in the FW distal third, and probably represents a species distinct from either S. cleonica or S. curvilimes. It was not dissected.</p> <p>DISTRIBUTION: Ecuador (AMNH, BMNH, MNHN, OUMNH, USNM, ZMH).</p> <p>DISSECTED: ³, Ecuador, Loja, La Palma, 2850 m, 8 Aug 1993, leg. C. Young, E. Tapia &amp; G. Onore, AMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-1722); ♀, Ecuador, Loja, La Palma, 2850 m, 10 Aug 1993, leg. E. Tapia, AMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-1723).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF87E0FF1E9EEABC9E16F2FB9A4FAD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Miller, James S	Miller, James S (2009): Generic Revision Of The Dioptinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea: Notodontidae) Part 2: Josiini. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2009 (321): 675-1022, DOI: 10.1206/321.1-1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1206/321.1-1
03FF87E0FF1E9EEDBF54109CFDF64FED.text	03FF87E0FF1E9EEDBF54109CFDF64FED.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Scea curvilimes Prout Plate 1918	<div><p>Scea curvilimes Prout Plate 34</p> <p>Scea curvilimes Prout, 1918: 425.</p> <p>TYPE LOCALITY: Peru (N), W Slopes of Andes, 4000 ft.</p> <p>TYPE: Holotype ³, leg. Pratt, Jun 1912 (BMNH).</p> <p>DISCUSSION: Scea curvilimes is known from the male holotype and a female paratype, both at the BMNH. Neither was dissected. A precise locality for the male was not given, but the label specifies the western slope in northern Peru. The female is from Ayabaca, in extreme northern Peru near the Ecuadorian border. Ayabaca is only 60 km southwest of Loja, near the habitat of S. cleonica.</p> <p>A conundrum presents itself. Wing patterns in the types of S. curvilimes and S. cleonica are indistinguishable (pl. 34), and the moths are similar in size. Prout (1918) noted a subtle difference between them—the orange FW area of S. curvilimes is more heavily dusted with gray-brown scales. Whereas S. curvilimes is from the Pacific slope, S. cleonica is from the Amazonian side (Chiguinda, Ecuador). To further complicate the issue, I dissected specimens from Chimbo (JSM-358, 359), on the western versant in southern Ecuador, that I initially thought were S. cleonica. However, these show genitalia distinct from S. cleonica (fig. 350).</p> <p>I thus propose the following hypothesis: two extremely similar Scea species exist— S. cleonica from southeastern Ecuador, and S. curvilimes, occurring from northwestern Peru north to southwestern Ecuador. Material from Chimbo is here assigned to S. curvilimes. The question remains: To which species should the Ayabaca female be assigned? Based on the argument above, and the resulting geographical distributions, it seems likely that this specimen should be referred to S. cleonica. Thus, the syntypes of S. curvilimes potentially comprise two different species. Ultimately, dissections of all relevant types will be required to resolve this problem.</p> <p>DISTRIBUTION: Peru (BMNH); Ecuador (BMNH).</p> <p>DISSECTED: ³, Ecuador, Chimbo, 1891, leg. M. de Mathan, BMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-358); ♀, Ecuador, Intag, leg. Buckley, BMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-359).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF87E0FF1E9EEDBF54109CFDF64FED	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Miller, James S	Miller, James S (2009): Generic Revision Of The Dioptinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea: Notodontidae) Part 2: Josiini. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2009 (321): 675-1022, DOI: 10.1206/321.1-1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1206/321.1-1
03FF87E0FF199EEDBCE2115CFE7D4B4F.text	03FF87E0FF199EEDBCE2115CFE7D4B4F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Scea dimidiata (Walker 1854)	<div><p>Scea dimidiata (Walker), new combination Figures 346A–C, 351; plate 33 [EX]</p> <p>Thirmida dimidiata Walker, 1854: 466.</p> <p>TYPE LOCALITY: Colombia, Santa Fé de Bogotá.</p> <p>TYPE: Syntype ³ (BMNH).</p> <p>DISCUSSION: Wing-pattern similarities suggest that S. dimidiata from central Colombia, and S. discinota (pl. 33) from western Venezuela, are sister species. Their FW and HW patterns, and most other morphological features, are the same. Means for separating S. dimidiata from S. discinota are provided in the Scea species key, as well as in the discussion for S. discinota (below).</p> <p>DISTRIBUTION: Colombia (AMNH, BMNH, CMNH, CUIC, MCZ, MNHN, NMW, OUMNH, USNM, ZMH).</p> <p>DISSECTED: ³, Colombia, Cundinamarca, Subachoque, 2750 m, 28 Jan 1948, AMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-629); ³, Colombia, Parish no. 31, 18 May 1915, CMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-124); ³, Colombia, USNM (genitalia slide no. JSM-1349); ♀, Colombia, Parish no. 31, 18 May 1915, CMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-635); ♀, Colombia, USNM (genitalia slide no. JSM-1350).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF87E0FF199EEDBCE2115CFE7D4B4F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Miller, James S	Miller, James S (2009): Generic Revision Of The Dioptinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea: Notodontidae) Part 2: Josiini. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2009 (321): 675-1022, DOI: 10.1206/321.1-1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1206/321.1-1
03FF87E0FF199EEDBCE314FDFC3A4886.text	03FF87E0FF199EEDBCE314FDFC3A4886.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Scea discinota (Miller and Otero 1900) Warren 1900	<div><p>Scea discinota (Warren), new combination Figure 346G; plates 33, 39Q</p> <p>Thirmida discinota Warren, 1900: 129.</p> <p>TYPE LOCALITY: Venezuela, Mérida, Pedregosa, 3000 m.</p> <p>TYPE: Holotype ♀, leg. Bricenno, Oct 1897 (BMNH).</p> <p>DISCUSSION: This striking taxon, formerly in Thirmida, is similar in appearance to S. dimidiata Walker; Prout (1918), Hering (1925) and Bryk (1930) regarded discinota to be a subspecies of dimidiata. A subtle wing-pattern difference separates the two (pl. 33): in S. discinota, the orange basal area of the FW does not extend as far out as it does in S. dimidiata. Slight differences in male and female genital morphology can also be used to distinguish them. Thirmida discinota has been collected exclusively in the Venezuelan Andes, at locations near the city of Mérida. The caterpillars (pl. 39Q) feed on Passiflora bauhinifolia (Miller and Otero, 1994; table 6).</p> <p>Members of Scea are broadly involved in mimetic associations. Scea discinota and Thirmidarctia thermidoides (Talbot) are remarkable mimics. The latter, a member of the Arctiidae whose type locality is also Mérida, exhibits a body size and wing pattern making it nearly indistinguishable from S. discinota (see Watson and Goodger, 1986; pl. 4, fig. 72).</p> <p>DISTRIBUTION: Venezuela (AMNH, BMNH, USNM, ZMH).</p> <p>DISSECTED: ³, Venezuela, Mérida, La Caña, Carr. El Valle-La Culata, 2420 m, 31 Oct 1992, leg. L.D. Otero, AMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-650); ³, Venezuela, Mérida, ZMH (genitalia slide no. JSM-631); ³, Venezuela, USNM (genitalia slide no. JSM-630); ♀, Venezuela, Mérida, La Caña, Carr. El Valle – La Culata, 2420 m, 31 Oct 1992, leg. L.D. Otero, AMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-651); ♀, Venezuela, Mérida, ZMH (genitalia slide no. JSM-632).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF87E0FF199EEDBCE314FDFC3A4886	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Miller, James S	Miller, James S (2009): Generic Revision Of The Dioptinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea: Notodontidae) Part 2: Josiini. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2009 (321): 675-1022, DOI: 10.1206/321.1-1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1206/321.1-1
03FF87E0FF199EECBF1117C4FB9A4F94.text	03FF87E0FF199EECBF1117C4FB9A4F94.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Scea erasa Prout Plate 1918	<div><p>Scea erasa Prout Plate 35</p> <p>Scea erasa Prout, 1918: 425.</p> <p>TYPE LOCALITY: Peru (E), Pozuzo, 5000– 6000 ft.</p> <p>TYPE: Syntype ♀, leg. ‘‘Native Collector’’ (BMNH).</p> <p>DISCUSSION: Scea erasa and S. bryki are the only two described Scea species in which the large FW triangle is completely orange, without black-lined veins (pl. 35). Scea erasa (FW length 5 20.0–21.0 mm) is larger than S. bryki (FW length 5 17.5 mm), but no other pattern characters separate the two. Based on the scant label data available, S. erasa occurs exclusively on the eastern slope of the Peruvian Andes, from Junín north to San Martín. Scea bryki, known solely from the ZMH type, is from Vilcanota, further south. Comparison of genital morphology suggests that S. erasa is a close relative of S. cleonica (pl. 34; fig. 350), from southern Ecuador, but that it is not particularly close to S. bryki.</p> <p>Other than a single male at the MUSM in Lima (JSM-1720), S. erasa is known exclusively from females—11 at the BMNH (including the type) and three at the ZMH. However, the identity of each of these female specimens needs to be checked. For example, Prout (1918: 425) noted that the BMNH holdings include material he identified as S. erasa, collected by Anton Fassl at Cañon de Tolima (2500 m) in Colombia. My experience with other dioptine taxa suggests that the specimens from Tolima will ultimately prove to be a species distinct from Peruvian S. erasa.</p> <p>Prout (1918: 425) noted that Scea erasa is a ‘‘beautiful mimic of Darna trigonata Warren [Arctiidae: Pericopinae], which occurs with it at Pozuzo and Cushi’’. He further pointed out that Druce misidentified the specimen that later became the S. erasa type, labeling it ‘‘ Darna trigonata Warr., compared with type’’. This misidentification can perhaps be attributed to the remarkable mimicry that occurs between josiines and the Arctiidae. Alternatively, it could have been due to what Prout (1920: 508) called ‘‘Druce’s deplorable ignorance of systematic entomology’’.</p> <p>A spectacular undescribed species (pl. 34), superficially similar to S. erasa, has been captured at Machu Picchu, Peru. Its wings (FW length 5 23.0–24.0 mm) are significantly larger than those of S. erasa, and it shows a slightly less extensive and differently shaped, orange FW triangle. The FW radius and cubitus are dusted with blackish scales from the wing base. The genitalia of the two taxa differ dramatically. Slide data for the undescribed taxon are as follows: ³, Peru,</p> <p>Cuzco, Machu Picchu, Inca Trail, 2500 – 2800 m, 15 Aug 1970, leg. G. A. Gorelick, LACM (genitalia slide no. JSM-1621); ♀, Peru, Cuzco, Machu Picchu, 9500 ft, 6 Mar 1947, leg. J.C. Pallister, AMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-1622).</p> <p>DISTRIBUTION: Peru (BMNH, CUIC, MUSM, ZMH); Colombia (BMNH).</p> <p>DISSECTED: ³, Peru, Junín, 1 km S Mina Pichita, 1105 /7525, 2100 m, 21 Aug 2003, leg. J.J. Ramírez, MUSM (genitalia slide no. JSM-1720); ♀, Peru, Tambo Eneñas to Dos de Mayo, Cam. del Pichis, 5 Jul 1920, Cornell Univ. Expedition, Lot 607, sub 126, CUIC (genitalia slide no. JSM-1721).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF87E0FF199EECBF1117C4FB9A4F94	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Miller, James S	Miller, James S (2009): Generic Revision Of The Dioptinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea: Notodontidae) Part 2: Josiini. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2009 (321): 675-1022, DOI: 10.1206/321.1-1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1206/321.1-1
03FF87E0FF189EEFBF5110D6FE7F4FB3.text	03FF87E0FF189EEFBF5110D6FE7F4FB3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Scea gigantea (Druce) Plate 1885	<div><p>Scea gigantea (Druce) Plate 34</p> <p>Thirmida gigantea Druce, 1896: 42.</p> <p>TYPE LOCALITY: ‘‘Bolivia’’.</p> <p>TYPE: Syntype ♀, leg. G. Garlepp (BMNH).</p> <p>Scea caesiopicta Warren, 1900: 128.</p> <p>TYPE LOCALITY: Bolivia, Río Songo to Río Suapi, 1100 m.</p> <p>TYPE: Holotype ♀, leg. Garlepp, Mar – Jun (BMNH).</p> <p>DISCUSSION: Whereas Druce (1896) described this species in Thirmida, Prout (1918), presaging the classification proposed here, moved it to Scea. Early authors were rightfully confused regarding the boundaries of the two so-called genera. Here they are treated as one. Scea gigantea is known mostly from females (9 BMNH, 4 ZMH, 3 USNM). I have seen three males (AMNH, MNHN, and ZMH). Scea gigantea, the only Scea species exhibiting a gray HW area with black veins running within it (pl. 34), is endemic to Bolivia and southeastern Peru.</p> <p>Superficial study of BMNH types supports the hypothesis that S. caesiopicta Warren is a synonym of gigantea, the hypothesis proposed by Prout (1918) and accepted by Hering (1925) and Bryk (1930). Wing patterns in the two are identical, and both types are from Bolivia. On the other hand, Prout (1918) described subcyanea, from Carabaya in southeastern Peru near Cuzco, as a subspecies of gigantea. Instead, my studies shows that S. subcyanea Prout is distinct and should be elevated to species status (see below). In S. subcyanea, there is an infusion of purple at the outer margin of the orange FW area (pl. 34) not present in S. gigantea, and the HW is much darker, almost purplish, rather than showing a light gray central area. The female genitalia of S. subcyanea (JSM-1620) are markedly different from those of any other Scea species, including S. gigantea.</p> <p>DISTRIBUTION: Bolivia (AMNH, BMNH, USNM, ZMH); Peru (BMNH, MNHN).</p> <p>DISSECTED: ³, Bolivia, Yungas de Palmas, 2000 m, 5 Mar 1949, Colln. Grace H. &amp; John L. Sperry, AMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-1481); ♀, Bolivia, Locotal, leg. Garlepp, Wm. Schaus Collection, USNM (genitalia slide no. JSM-1482).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF87E0FF189EEFBF5110D6FE7F4FB3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Miller, James S	Miller, James S (2009): Generic Revision Of The Dioptinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea: Notodontidae) Part 2: Josiini. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2009 (321): 675-1022, DOI: 10.1206/321.1-1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1206/321.1-1
03FF87E0FF1B9EEFBCD410B9FC9D4FB1.text	03FF87E0FF1B9EEFBCD410B9FC9D4FB1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Scea grandis (Druce 1900)	<div><p>Scea grandis (Druce), new combination Plate 33</p> <p>Brachyglene grandis Druce, 1900: 510.</p> <p>TYPE LOCALITY: Colombia, Sierra del Libane, 6000 ft.</p> <p>TYPE: Syntype ♀, leg. H.H. Smith (BMNH).</p> <p>DISCUSSION: Scea grandis resembles both S. discinota and S. dimidiata in size and wing pattern (pl. 33), and genital morphology supports a close relationship between them. The genitalia of S. circumscripta (pl. 33) also suggest membership in this group, which seems to form a subclade of Scea. Scea grandis is distinctive in exhibiting less orange at the base of the FW and HW than the other three.</p> <p>This species is known from few specimens: four females (including the type) and a male at the BMNH; one male and two females at the ZMH; and a single male in the CMNH collection. The specimens of T. grandis dissected for this study were collected in the Santa Marta mountain range of northeastern Colombia, near the border with Venezuela, a fascinating region rich in endemic species, but an area that is currently too dangerous for travel. That locality is also near Mérida, Venezuela, the home of S. discinota (Miller and Otero, 1994).</p> <p>The vesica of T. grandis is extremely long, with a set of robust, spinelike cornuti at its apex. The membrane of the vesica is packed tightly into the aedeagus at rest. The female dissection of S. grandis (JSM-1445) reveals that the large distal spikelike cornuti of the male (e.g., see fig. 351D) can sometimes break off and become lodged in the CB membrane during copulation.</p> <p>DISTRIBUTION: Colombia (BMNH, CMNH, ZMH).</p> <p>DISSECTED: ³, Colombia, Magdalena, Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, 2300 m, 17 Jul 1974, Hotel Solito, leg. C. Gibson, at Tilley Lamp, B.M. 1976-712., BMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-1444); ♀, Colombia, Magdalena, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-74.0025&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=10.902499" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -74.0025/lat 10.902499)">Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta</a>, 10 ° 54 9 N 74 ° 00 9 W, 2300 m, 3 Jul–2 Sep 1973, Oxford Expedn to Colombia, B.M. 1973-500., BMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-1445).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF87E0FF1B9EEFBCD410B9FC9D4FB1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Miller, James S	Miller, James S (2009): Generic Revision Of The Dioptinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea: Notodontidae) Part 2: Josiini. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2009 (321): 675-1022, DOI: 10.1206/321.1-1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1206/321.1-1
03FF87E0FF1B9EEFBE9110B8FBBD4FE4.text	03FF87E0FF1B9EEFBE9110B8FBBD4FE4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Scea necyria (Felder and Rogenhofer 1875)	<div><p>Scea necyria (Felder and Rogenhofer),</p> <p>new combination</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF87E0FF1B9EEFBE9110B8FBBD4FE4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Miller, James S	Miller, James S (2009): Generic Revision Of The Dioptinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea: Notodontidae) Part 2: Josiini. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2009 (321): 675-1022, DOI: 10.1206/321.1-1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1206/321.1-1
03FF87E0FF1A9EEEBCAF1458FBC0490F.text	03FF87E0FF1A9EEEBCAF1458FBC0490F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Scea semifulva Warren Plate 1904	<div><p>Scea semifulva Warren Plate 34</p> <p>Scea semifulva Warren, 1904: 19.</p> <p>TYPE LOCALITY: Ecuador, Guaranda.</p> <p>TYPE: Syntype ♀, leg. Haensch, May 1899 (BMNH).</p> <p>DISCUSSION: Scea semifulva, from southwestern Ecuador, occurs in sympatry with S. curvilimes (pl. 34). A third species from southern Ecuador, S. cleonica (pl. 34), occurs on the eastern versant. Scea semifulva differs from both in that it is slightly smaller (FW length 5 16.0–17.5 mm, as compared with 17.0–20.0 mm), and its orange FW triangle is smaller, its outer margin falling short of the discocellular veins.</p> <p>Scea semifulva is well represented in museum collections, but the number of specimens in each is small. The moth was reared by T. Ghia (Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito) in 1995 on Passiflora manicata (table 6).</p> <p>DISTRIBUTION: Ecuador (AMNH, BMNH, CMNH, CUIC, MNHN, PUCE, USNM, ZMH).</p> <p>DISSECTED: ³, Ecuador, Bolívar, Chimbo, 2500 m, 18 Nov 1995, leg. T. Ghia, PUCE (genitalia slide no. JSM-821); ³, Ecuador, Bolívar, Chimbo, 2500 m, 18 Nov 1995, leg. T. Ghia, PUCE (genitalia slide no. JSM-1719); ♀, Ecuador, Bolívar, Chimbo, 2500 m, 18 Nov 1995, leg. T. Ghia, PUCE (genitalia slide no. JSM-822); ♀, Ecuador, Bolívar, Chimbo, 2500 m, 18 Nov 1995, leg. T. Ghia, PUCE (genitalia slide no. JSM-1724).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF87E0FF1A9EEEBCAF1458FBC0490F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Miller, James S	Miller, James S (2009): Generic Revision Of The Dioptinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea: Notodontidae) Part 2: Josiini. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2009 (321): 675-1022, DOI: 10.1206/321.1-1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1206/321.1-1
03FF87E0FF1A9EF1BF5A163DFEBF4CE1.text	03FF87E0FF1A9EF1BF5A163DFEBF4CE1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Scea servula Warren Plate 1901	<div><p>Scea servula Warren Plate 35</p> <p>Scea servula Warren, 1901: 443.</p> <p>TYPE LOCALITY: Colombia, Río Dagua. TYPE: Syntype ♀ (BMNH).</p> <p>DISCUSSION: Scea servula (pl. 35) bears wing-pattern resemblance to S. superba (pl. 34). In both species, the only black veins within the orange FW triangle are the cubitus and radius, framing the DC. The moths are also similar in size. However, genital morphology does not indicate a particularly close relationship within Scea. Furthermore, the two species occur on opposite sides of the Andes. The majority of S. servula specimens were collected on the western slope of the Colombian Andes, but a single female in the F. Piñas Collection was captured at Pululahua (2900 m) in northwestern Ecuador.</p> <p>Prout’s (1918) name steinbachi, from Tucumán, Argentina, which he described as a subspecies of S. servula, is here raised to species status (see below). This result is not surprising considering the distance separating their type localities.</p> <p>DISTRIBUTION: Colombia (AMNH, BMNH, USNM); Ecuador (FPC).</p> <p>DISSECTED: ³, Colombia, leg. Fassl, USNM (genitalia slide no. JSM-560); ♀, Colombia, leg. Fassl, USNM (genitalia slide no. JMS-561).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF87E0FF1A9EF1BF5A163DFEBF4CE1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Miller, James S	Miller, James S (2009): Generic Revision Of The Dioptinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea: Notodontidae) Part 2: Josiini. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2009 (321): 675-1022, DOI: 10.1206/321.1-1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1206/321.1-1
03FF87E0FF059EF1BCC51069FEFC4BCC.text	03FF87E0FF059EF1BCC51069FEFC4BCC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Scea steinbachi Prout 1918	<div><p>Scea steinbachi Prout, revised status Figure 352; plate 34</p> <p>Scea steinbachi Prout, 1918: 425.</p> <p>TYPE LOCALITY: Argentina, Tucumán. TYPE: Syntype ³/ ♀ (BMNH).</p> <p>DISCUSSION: Prout described steinbachi as a subspecies of Scea servula, a taxon with which it shares few obvious features. Genitalia dissections demonstrate that the two are not conspecific, and steinbachi is here raised to species status. The taxon with which S. steinbachi could most easily be confused is S. auriflamma (pl. 34). These are sympatric, both occurring in Argentina. Scea servula, on the other hand, is known exclusively from Colombia.</p> <p>Scea steinbachi and S. auriflamma are quite difficult to separate. The most useful distinguishing traits are the following: S. auriflamma is smaller (FW length 5 14.0– 17.0 mm in auriflamma; FW length 5 17.0– 19.0 mm in steinbachi); the FW apical third is uniformly dark gray in auriflamma, whereas in steinbachi the FW apical third is lighter gray and there is a thin, black highlight immediately beyond the orange area, preceding the gray section. Male and female genitalia of the two differ markedly (figs. 348, 352).</p> <p>A USNM specimen, originally from the Schaus Collection, identified there as S. steinbachi and labeled simply ‘‘Peru’’, seems dubious. It probably represents an undescribed species.</p> <p>DISTRIBUTION: Argentina (AMNH, BMNH, FML, USNM).</p> <p>DISSECTED: ³, Argentina, Tucumán, leg. Steinbach, BMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-352); ♀, Argentina, Tucumán, 900–1300 m, Feb 1904, leg. J. Steinbach, BMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-353).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF87E0FF059EF1BCC51069FEFC4BCC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Miller, James S	Miller, James S (2009): Generic Revision Of The Dioptinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea: Notodontidae) Part 2: Josiini. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2009 (321): 675-1022, DOI: 10.1206/321.1-1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1206/321.1-1
03FF87E0FF059EF1BE8112A8FC284865.text	03FF87E0FF059EF1BE8112A8FC284865.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Scea subcyanea Prout 1918	<div><p>Scea subcyanea Prout, revised status Plate 34</p> <p>Scea subcyanea Prout, 1918: 425.</p> <p>TYPE LOCALITY: Peru, Carabaya, Oconeque to Aqualani, 6000–9000 ft.</p> <p>TYPE: Holotype ♀, leg. G. Ockenden, Mar 1905 (BMNH).</p> <p>DISCUSSION: Prout (1918) described subcyanea as a subspecies of S. gigantea (pl. 34), differing from the nominate form in showing the ‘‘apical part of [the] forewing and whole of [the] hind wing strongly glossed with blue’’ (Prout, 1918: 425). My studies indicate that S. subcyanea is distinct from S. gigantea and from all other Scea, and as such warrants full species status. The two taxa are easily separable based on wing pattern: The HW of S. gigantea (Bolivia and SE Peru) is broadly light gray along its anal margin, with the veins dark charcoal gray as they pass through; there is no sign of iridescence. The HW of subcyanea is a uniform, iridescent dark blue-gray, without darker veins.</p> <p>I have seen only two specimens of S. subcyanea —the BMNH holotype and a female at the MUSM (JSM-1620). Scea subcyanea, with a FW length of 28.0 mm, is the largest species in the genus, significantly larger than S. gigantea (FW length 5 25.0– 26.0 mm). It appears to be sympatric with S. erasa. Both co-occur at Machu Picchu, along with a third, large undescribed species (pl. 34).</p> <p>DISTRIBUTION: Peru (BMNH, MUSM).</p> <p>DISSECTED: ♀, Peru, Cuzco, S.H. Machu Picchu, Entre Intipunco y Wiñaywayna, 2700 m, 1310-11/7232, 22 Oct 2001, leg. O. Mielke, diurnal collection, MUSM (genitalia slide no. JSM-1620).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF87E0FF059EF1BE8112A8FC284865	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Miller, James S	Miller, James S (2009): Generic Revision Of The Dioptinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea: Notodontidae) Part 2: Josiini. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2009 (321): 675-1022, DOI: 10.1206/321.1-1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1206/321.1-1
03FF87E0FF059EF0BE9017E4FD85493B.text	03FF87E0FF059EF0BE9017E4FD85493B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Scea superba (Druce 1890)  1890	<div><p>Scea superba (Druce), new combination Plate 34</p> <p>Thirmida superba Druce, 1890: 498, pl. 42, fig. 10. TYPE LOCALITY: Ecuador, Baños.</p> <p>TYPE: Syntype ³ (BMNH).</p> <p>DISCUSSION: This species becomes newly combined in Scea, with synonymy of Thirmida. Scea superba, a beautiful moth, stands apart from other members of the genus in showing a particularly strong, violet purple iridescence in the wings (pl. 34). The abdomen is also striking in its iridescence. Within the orange FW triangle, only the radius and cubitus are lined with black, unlike most other Scea species where additional veins, including the DC midline and anal fold, are lined. Scea superba is known from a relatively restricted area of eastern Ecuador, extending from Baños along the Río Pastaza north as far as Baeza in the Quijos River valley. The species occurs at approximately 2000 meters in elevation.</p> <p>The morphology of S. superba adults and larvae was discussed in Miller (1996). Caterpillars of Scea superba are common on the foliage of Passiflora manicata (pl. 41E; table 6) in the vicinity of Cosanga.</p> <p>DISTRIBUTION: Ecuador (AMNH, BMNH, CMNH, NMW, USNM, ZMH).</p> <p>DISSECTED: ³, Ecuador, Env. de Ambato, leg. R. P. Irenée Blanc, BMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-163; wing slide no. JSM-185); ³, Ecuador, Baños, Junquilla, May 1922, leg. E.W. Rorer, BMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-222); ♀, Ecuador, Baños, 7000 ft, April 1912, leg. M.G. Palmer, BMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-223); ♀, Ecuador, Napo, Río Aliso, leg. J.S. Miller, May 1993, AMNH (genitalia slide no. JSM-663).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF87E0FF059EF0BE9017E4FD85493B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Miller, James S	Miller, James S (2009): Generic Revision Of The Dioptinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea: Notodontidae) Part 2: Josiini. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2009 (321): 675-1022, DOI: 10.1206/321.1-1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1206/321.1-1
03FF87E0FF049E90BCA21636FCF14C4C.text	03FF87E0FF049E90BCA21636FCF14C4C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Scea torrida Miller 2009	<div><p>Scea torrida, new species Figures 304, 353; plate 33 [EX]</p> <p>DIAGNOSIS: Scea torrida and S. angustimargo are the only two Scea species exhibiting an orange longitudinal stripe along the HW anterior margin (pl. 33). They also differ from most other members of the genus in having extremely large, bulging eyes; the majority of Scea species possess relatively small eyes (e.g., fig. 346A–C, G). Scea torrida (FW length 5 17.0–18.0 mm) can be distinguished from S. angustimargo (FW length 5 14.0–16.5 mm) in its larger size and its less extensive orange FW triangle. The outer margin of the triangle in S. angustimargo reaches distally well beyond the DC, passing the fork of M 3 +CuA 1. In S. torrida, the orange triangle barely extends beyond the DC, and terminates at the fork of M 3 +CuA 1. The FW and HW ground color of S. torrida is slate gray, whereas that of S. angustimargo tends toward charcoal gray.</p> <p>Male genitalia in S. torrida and S. angustimargo are extremely similar. Scea torrida differs in that St8 is constricted distally (figs. 347C, 353C), and the enlarged distal cornutus on the ventral appendix of the vesica is smaller and less robust (fig. 347E, 353E). Female genitalia in the two species differ in the configuration of the large, fluted area at the base of the CB (figs. 347D, 353D).</p> <p>DESCRIPTION: Male. Forewing length 5 17.0–18.0 mm. Head: Labial palpus relatively short, curving strongly upward, its apex falling short of middle of front; Lp1 long, curved, with a dense, wedge-shaped ventral fringe; Lp2 shorter than Lp1, closely scaled; Lp3 short, bullet shaped; scales of front gray-brown, pointing dorsomedially, meeting between antennal bases to form a small tuft; clypeus and midline of front scaleless, glossy; occiput narrow, covered with short, semierect gray-brown scales; eye extremely large, bulging below ventral margin of head, gena absent; vertex covered with anteriorly pointing, slate-gray scales; antenna bipectinate, rami long; scape and dorsum of antennal shaft glossy slate gray.</p> <p>Thorax: Legs evenly gray-brown; pleuron with elongate and hairlike slate-gray scales; patagium tightly covered with long, gray-brown scales; tegula gray-brown, covered with hairlike scales, these longest at margins; dorsum gray-brown to slate gray.</p> <p>Forewing: (Dorsal) Ground color slate gray to gray-brown (pl. 33); an ochreous orange triangle in basal third, extending from base to immediately beyond distal margin of DC, terminating at fork of M 3 +CuA 1, its anterior margin touching SC, its posterior margin falling short of 1A+2A; veins within orange triangle, including midline of DC and anal fold, lined with gray-brown to slate-gray scales; orange area between midline of DC and anal fold with a dense covering of slate-gray to gray-brown scales. (Ventral) Ground color slightly darker than on dorsal surface; orange triangle without gray-brown veins.</p> <p>Hind wing: (Dorsal) Uniformly dark slate gray (pl. 33); a faint ochreous orange stripe along anterior margin in basal half, located between Sc and radius, this stripe in some specimens obscure. (Ventral) Ground color gray-brown, slightly lighter in tone than on dorsal surface; ochreous orange stripe along anterior margin wider and much more conspicuous than on dorsal surface.</p> <p>Abdomen: Dorsum and venter evenly slate gray, with a faint blue iridescence.</p> <p>Terminalia (fig. 353A–C, E): Tg8 much narrower than Tg7, shorter than St8; anterior margin of Tg8 broadly concave, lateral margins slightly constricted in distal two-thirds, posterior margin with a deep, Ushaped mesal excavation; St8 approximately equal in width to St7, much longer; anterior margin of St8 forming a wide, short, truncate process, lateral margins gently convex in basal half, then constricted distally, posterior margin with a deep, quadrate mesal excavation; posterolateral angles of St8 forming broad, lobelike processes; socii/uncus complex narrow, delicate; uncus long and thin, apex slightly widened; socii narrow, laterally compressed, shorter than uncus; tegumen shorter than vinculum, much wider, abruptly expanded toward meson above junction with valva; vinculum tall, narrow in dorsal third, much wider ventrally; ventral margin of genitalia transverse, saccus small; valva large, mostly membranous; BO large, occupying two-thirds of valva; costa narrow, lightly sclerotized, sides roughly parallel, slightly narrower at base; costa forming a blunt, angular process at apex; transtillar arms narrow at bases, meeting in manica to form a wide, smooth, concave plate above aedeagus; aedeagus wide and bulbous at base, narrowed to form a pointed ventral process distally; ductus ejaculatorius simplex arising from dorsum of aedeagus near base; vesica extremely long, over four times as long as aedeagus, wider than aedeagus, with a narrow ventral appendix arising in distal third, this appendix bearing approximately 20 small, fine, spinose cornuti and a single enlarged distal cornutus.</p> <p>Female. Forewing length 5 17.0 mm. Body characters similar to male except: labial palpus shorter, porrect, and curving slightly upward to clypeus; antenna ciliate, shaft moderately wide.</p> <p>Terminalia (fig. 353D): Tg7 over twice as long as Tg6, gradually narrowed distally, anterior and posterior margins simple; St7 over twice as long as St6, somewhat narrow- er, anterior margin simple, lateral margins gently convex, posterior margin with a large, U-shaped membranous area at midline; Tg8 completely membranous; AA short, narrow; PP long, extremely thing; PA small, mostly membranous, bearing elongate setae, posterior margins slightly lobate near dorsum; postvaginal area comprising a narrow, transverse band, barely sclerotized; ostium relatively wide, lightly sclerotized, dorsoventrally compressed; DB extremely long, constricted a short distance from ostium, membranous in basal half, bearing a fluted, intestinelike internal sclerite in distal half; intestinelike sclerite of DB divided and extending along both sides of CB to occupy majority of corpus, terminating at distal third; signum located distally, comprising two clusters of long, internal spines; DS arising from venter of CB in basal half.</p> <p>ETYMOLOGY: This name is taken from the Latin word torridus, meaning ‘‘dry’’ or ‘‘parched’’, in reference to the dry forest where this moth lives.</p> <p>DISTRIBUTION: Scea torrida is known from a single locality in southern Ecuador (fig. 304)—along the road between Loja and Catamayo (Loja Province). The site, closer to Catamayo (03 ° 58 9 51 0 S, 79 ° 21 9 20 0 W), is on the western slopes of the Cordillera de Chilla, which drains into the Río Catamayo. The Río Catamayo ultimately becomes the Río Chira, emptying into the Pacific Ocean south of Negritos, Peru. The moth fauna of this fascinating region has barely been explored.</p> <p>A male specimen of S. torrida, in the collection of the Oxford University Natural History Museum, bears two labels—one handwritten, seemingly stating ‘‘N. Gran.’’; and another with a handwritten number ‘‘1008’’. The first of these may refer to Nuevo Granada, once part of Colombia, which then included most of modern Ecuador. It would be reassuring to locate additional examples of S. torrida with more definitive locality information.</p> <p>DISCUSSION: Claude Lamaire and Paul Thiaucourt collected the type series of S. torrida (3³³, 1♀) on a single date in 1983. Its apparent sister species, S. angustimargo, is known mostly from southeastern South America, its type locality in Paraguay. In March 2006, Elicio Tapia, Suzanne Rab Green, and I visited the exact site where the type series of Scea torrida had been collected, along a streambed crossing the road between Loja and Catamayo. This locality is unusually arid, with coverage of short, thorny Acacia trees; other Ecuadorian sites at elevations near 2000 meters are invariably blanketed in moist cloud forest. During our visit to the habitat of S. torrida, we were unpleasantly surprised by a flash flood, and were further saddened by not capturing additional specimens of this rare moth.</p> <p>HOLOTYPE: Male (pl. 33). ECUADOR: Loja: anc. Rte. Loja-Catamayo, km 29, 1900 m, 8 Feb 1983, leg. C. Lamaire &amp; P. Thiaucourt. The type is deposited in the PTC.</p> <p>PARATYPES: ECUADOR: Loja: 233, 1♀, anc. Rte. Loja-Catamayo, km 29, 1900 m, 8 Feb 1983, leg. C. Lamaire &amp; P. Thiaucourt, (PTC; 3 genitalia slide nos. JSM-501, 1718; ♀ genitalia slide no. JSM-502).</p> <p>OTHER SPECIMENS EXAMINED: 13, ‘‘N. Gran.’’, ‘‘1008’’ (OUMNH).</p> <p>DISSECTED: 233, 1♀.</p> <p>The following have been transferred from Scea:</p> <p>nudata Hering to Notascea, new genus obliquaria Warren to Notascea, new genus solaris Schaus to Lyces Walker (Patula</p> <p>Group)</p> <p>vulturata Warren to Lyces Walker (Patula</p> <p>Group)</p> <p>venusta Dognin to incertae sedis</p> <p>DISCUSSION PHYLOGENY</p> <p>The goal of this paper was to produce a revised classification for the Dioptinae, with special focus on defining monophyletic genera. The implied hypothesis of intergeneric relationships (fig. 7) is provisional, and should be revisited at some point in the future, when additional character data become available. My morphological analyses were comprehensive, and it is unlikely that reinterpretation of existing characters will offer dramatic new insights. It seems equally implausible that novel characters involving external adult anatomy will be found, unless they are discovered through SEM study of particular structures. In my view, the best hope for future research lies in adding characters from DNA and immature stage morphology (see below) to the existing data set from adult anatomy.</p> <p>The Josiini has been the subject of previous work (Miller, 1996; Miller, Brower, and DeSalle, 1997), so discrepancies between those results and the ones presented here should be addressed. The two earlier papers utilized taxon samples similar in size to the one used here, but employed more inclusive character information. Miller (1996) looked at relationships among 24 representative species in the Josiini, using 86 characters from adults, larvae and pupae. Miller, Brower, and DeSalle (1997), focusing on 21 of those same species, combined the morphological data from Miller (1996) with DNA sequence data.</p> <p>The cladogram in Miller, Brower, and DeSalle (1997) shares structural details with the one hypothesized in the current study. For example, their results foreshadowed the need to break a polyphyletic ‘‘ Josia ’’ into two groups— Josia and Lyces (fig. 283). However, the hypothesis of generic relationships as implied by that tree shows basic differences from the hypothesis here (fig. 7). Surprisingly, the two cladograms are almost completely reversed from top to bottom. In the earlier papers, J. megaera arises alone at the base of the tree as the sister group to the rest of the Josiini. Furthermore, Josia forms a basal clade immediately above J. megaera, and the other genera follow, with Lyces and Getta in the most derived positions. In contrast, according to the current hypothesis (fig. 283), J. megaera is nested within Josia, and this genus arises, along with Scea, as the most derived element of the Josiini. Getta falls near the bottom of the tree, while Lyces appears halfway up. These differences could be viewed almost as a rooting issue; the most recent cladogram is rooted near Getta, whereas the earlier ones were rooted near Josia.</p> <p>It is difficult to explain these discrepancies. One possibility is that, even though the number of josiine exemplars is roughly the same in both studies, cladogram topology was influenced by the dramatically different species compositions. The exemplar list in Miller (1996) and Miller, Brower, and DeSalle (1997) was determined by availability of alcohol-preserved immature stages. In the current paper, 28 exemplars were chosen to represent adult morphological diversity across the Josiini. Two josiine genera newly described here— Proutiella and Notascea — account for important character variation within the tribe. Representatives of Proutiella and Notascea were not available to Miller (1996) or Miller, Brower, and DeSalle (1997); immature stages for both genera remain unknown. Similarly, specimens of Phintia were unavailable in the earlier analyses, but that genus is a pivotal element in the updated josiine cladogram (fig. 283).</p> <p>An obvious next step toward better resolving the phylogeny of the Dioptinae would involve an expanded analysis, modeled after Miller, Brower, and DeSalle (1997). It should combine characters from adults, immatures, and DNA. Certainly, such a study would include representatives from all 11 of the josiine genera recognized in this paper (appendix 2). Rooting could effectively be achieved through inclusion of a broad species sample from the Dioptini. This plan would yield a cladogram detailing the evolution of the Josiini. As such, it would set the groundwork for precise inquiry into such issues as the history of host-plant use and the evolution of wing pattern within the group.</p> <p>CLASSIFICATION</p> <p>In reclassifying the Dioptinae I have adhered to the generic concepts of previous authors as closely as possible, while remaining true to a strict application of monophyly. For certain genera, dramatic changes in membership were not required. These were already monophyletic for the most part. Invariably, the species in these genera exhibit superficially obvious traits, easy to recognize without the aid of a microscope. In the best of cases, such characteristics also happen to be apomorphic. Thus, taxonomists, even those working before the turn of the 20th century, were able to make well-founded decisions regarding generic placement.</p> <p>Erbessa provides an excellent example. Historically, 78 species-group names have been associated with the genus (Bryk, 1930), and my research produced only four changes to the composition of that list. All involve taxa that properly belong in Erbessa, but had been misplaced in other dioptine genera: clite Walker is brought from Getta; prolifera Walker is moved from Oricia; integra C. and R. Felder is transferred from Phaeochlaena; and longipalpata Dognin is taken from Scotura and placed as a synonym of E. leechi Prout. No species were removed from Erbessa. This relatively modest set of taxonomic changes resulted because a combination of features—greatly elongate labial palpi, ciliate male antennae, and the separation of veins M 3 and CuA 1 in the FW—can be used to diagnose Erbessa species with considerable confidence. None of these require familiarity with morphological detail.</p> <p>Similarly, most Scotura species possess brilliant yellow scaling on the vertex (pls. 1, 2), and the male antennae are ciliate (fig. 11B, C). These traits together confirm genus membership, at least for the majority of taxa. In my classification, only two species names were removed from Scotura —longipalpata to Erbessa and ovisigna Prout to Pseudoricia. The erroneous placement of these taxa attests to the cursory nature of the taxonomic decisions made by previous authors; both species show a host of morphological traits unique to the genera in which they truly belong. The only taxon here added to Scotura, venata Butler, formerly placed in Oricia, is similarly instructive. This is one of the few members of Scotura in which the head is not bright yellow. Other structures of S. venata, such as its tympanum, male FW stridulatory organ and genitalia, leave no doubt regarding proper assignment to Scotura.</p> <p>In contrast, my cladistic analyses demonstrate that some dioptine genera were an utter shambles. In such cases, superficial appearance and wing pattern are poor indicators of relationship. Earlier authors often seem to have thrown up their hands in frustration. However, my research demonstrates that careful morphological study, combined with cladistic analyses, can provide solutions to what initially seem to be intractable taxonomic problems.</p> <p>Perhaps nowhere was such confusion more apparent than in the earlier classification of Tithraustes. Figure 354 shows the resulting positions of the 13 species, formerly placed in Tithraustes (table 3), employed as exemplars in the cladistic analyses. Prior to this paper, there were 42 species in the genus (Bryk, 1930). I here transfer 35 of them elsewhere. One taxon, albilinea Schaus, goes to the Arctiidae. Two species are placed as incertae sedis. The majority—18 species—is spread among the six species groups of the new genus Nebulosa. Chrysoglossa and Dioptis receive six and five species respectively, while the remainder goes to Polypoetes (2 species) or Dolophrosyne (1 species). Tithraustes, now a mere shadow of its former self with only 10 included species, two of which are described as new, is finally monophyletic. This conundrum resulted from the fact that previous authors characterized Tithraustes by plesiomorphic traits.</p> <p>Josia provides another case in point, where major changes from the previous classifications were required. In my arrangement, the genus includes 21 species arrayed in four species groups. Previous authors recognized a much larger Josia. For example, Bryk (1930) listed 67 species. A thorough morphological analysis demonstrates, first of all, the existence of a tight monophyletic group containing Josia ligula Hübner, the type species of the genus. That clade becomes the nowconfined genus Josia. The 47 remaining species are dispersed to five different genera in the Josiini. The main beneficiary is Lyces Walker, reinstated here to receive 27 of the species names from Josia of previous authors. Lyces is further divided into three species groups. The cladogram produced in the current work only serves to strengthen the theory put forth earlier (Miller, 1996; Miller, Brower, and DeSalle, 1997)—longitudinal wing stripes are not homologous in Lyces and Josia, but instead arose by convergence. The other major recipients of former Josia species are Ephialtias (6 species) and the new genus Proutiella (11 species). Finally, Phintia Walker is elevated to generic status to receive two names, while Phryganidia, far removed in the Dioptini, gets one (Josia brevifascia Prout, a new junior synonym of Phryganidia naxa Druce). Wing pattern, essentially the only character system employed by the early taxonomists to construct a Josia classification, obviously fails as an indicator of relationship. On the other hand, a more sophisticated analysis of wing patterns in the Josiini, perhaps refined through developmental study of the pattern elements themselves, might be extremely informative.</p> <p>Stenoplastis C. and R. Felder serves as the final example where a genus required dramatic changes. Previous authors characterized Stenoplastis using a single trait—male antenna lacking pectinations. At last count, the genus contained 22 species (Bryk, 1930). Here, 19 of those are removed, leaving Stenoplastis with only four included species (appendix 2), one of which is newly described. The remainder has been transferred to Polypoetes (12 species), Argentala (3 species), Scoturopsis (2 species), and Momonipta (1 species). Figure 354 shows the phylogenetic placement of the six exemplar species from Stenoplastis of earlier authors. In this paper, ‘‘male antennal pectinations absent’’ shows extreme levels of homoplasy. Pectinations are absent in 10 separate clades within the Dioptini.</p> <p>I feel confident in stating that each of the genera defined in this paper is monophyletic. Membership in a few may require minor changes, but overall, this research has produced a stable generic classification for the Dioptinae. Less confidence should be afford- ed the various species groups proposed here. For these, wherever observable morphological variation could be found, an attempt was made to reflect this by subdividing the genus into species groups. However, many of these groups may fall, or their composition may change as they are subjected to further scrutiny. Nevertheless, the categories provide hypotheses for future testing.</p> <p>Polypoetes, the largest and most complex dioptine genus, is particularly problematic, as are Dioptis, Nebulosa, and Lyces. Since each of these is morphologically diverse, they will probably yield to a species-level approach based on adult structure. Other genera will be more challenging. Erbessa, though remarkable in its wing-pattern variation, is otherwise morphologically homogenous. The genus may ultimately prove tractable only through an analysis based on characters from DNA. Finally, there are genera, such as Xenomigia, where less than 20% of the species are as yet described. These will require an attack on all fronts—through additional collecting, basic descriptive work, morphological study, and DNA analyses. For certain genera, subgroups may be best reflected in the morphology of immature stages.</p> <p>BIODIVERSITY</p> <p>Completion of this paper places the Dioptinae in a rare position. Taxonomically, they become one of the best-documented tropical moth clades. Estimates suggest that 90–95% of butterfly species have been described (Robbins and Opler, 1997). Certain parts of the neotropical fauna, especially in the Hesperiidae and Lycaenidae, still require significant amounts of basic descriptive work. Perhaps the most significant remaining challenge is the nymphalid subfamily Satyrinae, where approximately 25% of the fauna remains undescribed (Lamas et al., 2004). This begs the following questions: How does the situation for Dioptinae compare with that in butterflies? How many dioptine species remain to be discovered and described, and what estimate could we put on the size of the world fauna?</p> <p>Table 7 shows the number of previously described dioptine species, the number newly described in this paper, and the number for which descriptions remain. The third column is particularly interesting. It represents an informed estimate of the number of undescribed species observed among the museum material studied for this paper. Importantly, each of those was verified by genital comparison with described material. If descriptions for all the species in column 3 were to be completed, certain genera, such as Nebulosa, Xenomigia, and Polypoetes, would increase significantly in size. My research thus revealed 173 unnamed species (64 newly described, 109 remaining to be described). Forty-seven species of previous authors were newly synonymized, while 31 were revived from synonymy. The net increase for the Dioptinae thus stands at 157 species. Overall, based on what is currently known the dioptine fauna would total 563 species.</p> <p>These numbers contrast with the findings of Scoble et al. (1995), who documented taxonomic changes in a survey of eight different revisions for neotropical Geometridae. The authors found that levels of synonymy (32%) were higher than the percentage of new species described (21%). Thus, at least for geometrids, revisionary work produced a net decrease in estimates of species richness. Before this paper, 406 species of Dioptinae were recognized (Bryk, 1930) with a total of 567 species-group names. The rate of new synonymy (n 5 47) was 12%, a number similar to that found by Holloway (1994), where 13% of ennomine geometrid species from Borneo were placed in synonymy. However, when species revived from synonymy (n 5 31) are taken into account, the net change in preexisting names for Dioptinae is a decrease of only 3%. When the 173 unnamed species are considered, species richness for the Dioptinae is increased by 44%. Compared to tropical insect groups other than Geometridae, this number is, if anything, low. For example, in a sample of African Hemiptera, Hodkinson and Casson (1991) collected 1690 species, of which 62.5% were undescribed. In certain extremely important, but relatively obscure Lepidoptera groups, a remarkably small percentage of species is known. Recent estimates suggest that only 25% of the species diversity for Gelechioidea has been described (Hodges, 1999). Ultimately that superfamily could total 65,000 species (Bucheli and Wenzel, 2005), a number rivaling the Noctuoidea.</p> <p>The most difficult estimate to provide is the number of Dioptinae that remain completely undiscovered. For conspicuous, thoroughly studied lepidopteran groups, such as butterflies, Saturniidae, and Sphingidae, these numbers would be relatively low. Dioptines, on the other hand, may conform more closely to taxonomically neglected groups, such as micro Hymenoptera and Diptera. Meier and Dikow (2004) used the tropical predatory fly genus Euscelidia (Diptera: Asilidae) to examine what percentage of that fauna remained undiscovered. Their calculations suggested that, after a revision of the group had been completed (Dikow, 2003), 36%–41% of the species were still uncollected. Applying the estimate of Meier and Dikow (2004) to the Dioptinae, we could expect the fauna to ultimately total between</p> <p>TABLE 7 Estimated species diversity for dioptine genera (arranged according to the checklist for the Dioptinae, appendix 2)</p> <p>*</p> <p>The number of previously described species recognized in the current paper; 42 species of previous authors are newly synonymized, while 24 were revived from synonymy.</p> <p>** The number of undescribed species observed in museum collections and private material employed for this study, as verified by genital dissection.</p> <p>750–800 species, roughly double its size before modern revisionary work was undertaken. This number is in line with Dolphin and Quicke (2001), who predicted an increase of 100% to 200% undescribed species for the world Braconidae. At the extreme end of this spectrum are spittlebug flies, the genus Cladochaeta (Diptera: Drosophilidae). After a revision in which 105 new species were described, adding to a preexisting fauna of only 14 taxa, Grimaldi and Nguyen (1999) estimated that 85% of Cladochaeta species remained undescribed.</p> <p>Two factors conspire to make the numbers in column 3 of table 7 low. First, the list of Dioptinae remaining to be described includes only those observed either in the current AMNH holdings, or on loan from one of the 35 collections sampled for this research. When additional collections are studied, more undescribed species will invariably be found. Secondly, focused collecting of Dioptinae in neglected regions of the Neotropics will vastly increase the number of new taxa discovered. For any insect group, museum material is far from a fair biogeographical representation of the world fauna (Gaston et al., 1995; Scoble et al., 1995). For a variety of reasons, such as the availability of supportive infrastructure for local and visiting scientists, countries such as Ecuador and Costa Rica have been inordinately sampled in recent years. This then becomes reflected in the provenance of loan material. Those two countries are overrepresented compared to Colombia, Nicaragua, and Bolivia. Furthermore, the Dioptinae provide a case where comprehensive sampling leads to new species discovery.</p> <p>This is illustrated by examining the Dioptinae of Ecuador in more detail. Before this study, 94 species were known to occur there (Prout, 1918; Hering, 1925; Bryk, 1930). Twenty-four Ecuadorian taxa are newly described here, and of the 115 species in collections remaining to be described (table 7), 43 are from Ecuador. When the newly described and remaining undescribed species are totaled, dioptine diversity for Ecuador goes up by 67 species, a 70% increase from what was known prior to this research. Furthermore, it is false to assume that these numbers have reached their limits. New Ecuadorian species are constantly being discovered. On a recent visit to Ecuador (March 2006), I captured several undescribed Dioptinae that had never appeared in collections.</p> <p>Endemism appears to be quite high for Ecuador (table 8). Overall, however, such estimates for the Dioptinae are crude. For example, based on what is currently known, 44% of the dioptine fauna of Colombia has not been recorded elsewhere (table 8). This obscures the fact that the vast majority of Colombian Dioptinae available for study in the world’s museums was essentially collected between the years 1900 and 1910 by a single individual—Anton Fassl. As amazing as Fassl’s accomplishments are, his samples in no way reflect the actual geographical distribution of most of these species. Many Colombian dioptines are known from a single specimen or from a single series collected at one locality. Unlike the situation that currently obtains for butterflies and some other heavily sampled insect groups, such as tiger beetles (Cassola and Pearson, 2000), many years of widespread collecting throughout the Neotropics will be required before levels of endemism can be understood for the Dioptinae.</p> <p>The 70% increase in dioptine species for Ecuador resulted from moderately comprehensive collecting, followed by thorough alpha taxonomy. Such increases can be expected for other Andean countries, where similar effort has not yet been applied. A total of 133 Dioptinae occur in Peru (table 8), making that country home to approximately 30% of the world fauna. My own field experience in Peru is relatively limited. Two expeditions were undertaken during the course of this research—the first to the Tambopata Reserve in Amazonian Peru, and the second to cloud forests east of Cuzco. In general, collecting was difficult and relatively low numbers of dioptine specimens were captured. Nevertheless, the two trips together produced 20 undescribed species of Dioptinae. Only eight of those are described in the current work. Because of their topographical complexity and the extreme paucity of existing samples, percentage increases for Peru, Bolivia, Colombia, and Venezuela could easily exceed those for Ecuador.</p> <p>Central America shows levels of faunal increase somewhat lower than the Andean countries. Costa Rica provides an estimator. Over a period of 25 years, researchers at the Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad (INBio) have sampled the country’s moth fauna across a wide spectrum of sites, providing relatively thorough coverage of Costa Rica’s geography. In preparation for this paper, I studied all of that institution’s accumulated dioptine holdings, and also examined the extensive Costa Rican material on loan from other collections. The dioptine fauna of Costa Rica currently stands at 54 species (table 8), the highest in Central America, with 22% being endemic. The situation in Costa Rica is analogous to that in Ecuador; the relatively large number of species record- ed there can in part be attributed to disproportionately thorough sampling compared to what has taken place in other Central American countries. Prior to my research, 43 species were known from Costa Rica. Eleven are newly described, while of the 115 dioptines remaining to be described, 10 occur there. My research thus uncovered 21 undescribed Costa Rican Dioptinae, producing a biodiversity increase of 49%.</p> <p>Providing an estimate of undiscovered species for the Amazonian area is particularly difficult. This region, the bulk of which is encompassed by Brazil, also includes the Guyana Shield and southern Venezuela, as well as the eastern portions of Peru, Ecuador, and Colombia. A detailed count of the described Dioptinae endemic to Amazonian South America, as documented by the current work, provides a total of 128 species (table 9). Certain genera, such as Scotura, Erbessa, and Dioptis, are overwhelmingly Amazonian (table 9). Importantly, the alpha level taxonomy of each of these genera is in chaos. It is nearly impossible to estimate how high their species numbers could ultimately go. Dioptis might easily double in size.</p> <p>Sampling for the region is extremely inadequate. In this paper I describe only six new Amazonian species—from Guyana, French Guiana, Brazil, and Peru. The material on which these descriptions are based was collected fairly recently, usually within the past 20 years. However, modern collections of day-flying moths from the Amazon are scarce. The vast majority of specimens in museum collections were collected over 100 years ago. For example, H.W. Bates, during the trips in the 1850s that inspired his famous writings (Bates, 1862), captured much of the Amazonian dioptine material housed in the BMNH. French Guiana is the only Amazonian country for which fairly thorough collections of Dioptinae have been made. My studies of that fauna, based on material at the MNHN in Paris, on the holdings of several important private Lepidoptera collections, and on my own fieldwork, suggest that we have barely scratched the surface in terms of understanding the country’s dioptine biodiversity. Remarkable taxa, such as the French Guiana endemic Phavaraea rectangularis (pl. 28) described by Toulgoët and Navatte (1997), are recent discoveries. Species such as this are often extremely rare. After more than 20 years of intensive collecting by Bernard Hermier and his compatriots, P. rectangularis is known from only three specimens. With this accumulation of albeit anecdotal evidence at hand, it seems impossible to believe that comprehensive sampling of the Amazonian fauna would not produce between 50 and 100 undescribed Dioptinae.</p> <p>In summary, while it is difficult to estimate the number of species that future collecting will yield, this publication provides compelling evidence for the phenomenal levels of unexplored and undocumented biodiversity that exist throughout the Neotropics. Montane habitats will probably yield the greatest number of undescribed species. Willmott et al. (2001) showed that, even in a butterfly group such as Hypanartia (Nymphalidae), long regarded as taxonomically static, many new montane species remain to be discovered. These environments are under extreme threat (e.g., see Aldrich et al., 1997).</p> <p>+</p> <p>TABLE 8 Dioptine species richness Records based on specimen label data from the material examined for this study (see table 2).</p> <p>CHARACTER EVOLUTION</p> <p>Almost every morphological character utilized in this study shows homoplasy within the Dioptinae. Some of this can perhaps be attributed to rudimentary interpretations of what are in fact composite, or nonhomologous, traits. In the future, as our understanding of particular structures becomes better refined, characters can be rescored and a certain amount of homoplasy will thus be eliminated. On the other hand, much of the homoplasy observed in this study applies to structures for which homology assessments seem certain. Homoplasy occurs in traits unique to the Dioptinae, some seemingly fundamental to the group, as well as in characters broadly distributed across the Notodontidae. A few poignant examples will illustrate these phenomena.</p> <p>CALTROP CORNUTI: The male genitalia of Notodontidae possess certain features unusual to the family. For example, while almost all Lepidoptera bear cornuti on the vesica (Kristensen, 2003), star-shaped ones that dehisce during copulation and remain in the female corpus bursae (e.g., figs. 41D, 41F, 44D, 44F, 54C, 55D), are found only in Notodontidae (Forbes, 1948; Miller, 1991) and Sphingidae (Rothschild and Jordan, 1903). The function of these strange structures, termed deciduous caltrop cornuti throughout this paper, is open to speculation. Of the nine notodontid subfamilies currently recognized, caltrop cornuti are found in seven (Kitching and Rawlins, 1999). Howev- er, within each of these seven subfamilies, the trait shows a homoplastic distribution (Holloway, 1983; Miller, 1991). The Dioptinae are no exception.</p> <p>Caltrop cornuti occur widely in the Nystaleinae (Weller, 1992), the sister subfamily to the Dioptinae. In the analyses described here, optimization onto the dioptine cladogram suggests that their presence is plesiomorphic for the subfamily. Within the Dioptinae, caltrop cornuti are found in 123 species (28% of the group) belonging to 10 genera. However, these structures show an unusual phylogenetic distribution. First, caltrop cor-</p> <p>TABLE 9 Number of Dioptinae recorded from the Amazon region, including the Guyana Shield and Upper Amazon Basin nuti occur in basal genera of the Dioptini, such as Clade 1 (fig. 7)—which includes Cleptophasia (1 sp.), Scotura (24 spp.), Eremonidia (1 sp.), Oricia (4 spp.) and Erbessa (60 spp.)—as well as in Xenorma (9 spp.) at the base of Clade 2. This accounts for the vast majority of taxa that possess them. Above the level of Xenorma (Clade 3; fig. 7), these structures were apparently lost. However, they then reappear in isolated, derived positions on the cladogram.</p> <p>For example, caltrop cornuti occur in Brachyglene (fig. 147E) and Chrysoglossa (e.g., fig. 154D, F), two genera that fall close together on the dioptine cladogram (Clade 9; fig. 7). However, the sister groups of these genera do not possess them. Character optimization suggests two independent derivations. Another large lineage in the Dioptini (Clade 6; fig. 7), comprising species with elongate labial palpi and bipectinate antennae, includes Phaeochlaena (7 species), Pikroprion (1 species), Argentala (6 species) and the largest genus in the Dioptinae, Polypoetes (63 species). This clade is characterized by absence of caltrop cornuti. Polypoetes is further subdivided into five species groups. Oddly, within one of those, the Rufipuncta Group, a small subclade of six species occurs in which the vesica bears tiny, deciduous caltrop cornuti (fig. 120E). Perhaps the most surprising reoccurrence is in the Josiini. Here, such cornuti are absent throughout the tribe. However, high up on the josiine cladogram (fig. 7), they occur in a small clade containing four species, here recognized as the new genus Notascea (figs. 334C, 334E, 335C). Thus, while presence of caltrop cornuti is perhaps plesiomorphic for the Dioptinae, they were lost and subsequently regained no fewer than five separate times within the subfamily.</p> <p>LABIAL PALPI: The second example of homoplasy within the Dioptinae involves a trait not found elsewhere in the Notodontidae. Earlier authors on the group largely ignored the striking diversity of labial palpus morphology found in dioptines. In the current study, on the other hand, labial palpus structure provided some of the most useful features for phylogenetic analysis, and the palpi are crucial for genus identification. Morphological variation of the labial palpi is summarized by 11 characters and 39 characters states (Characters 1–11, appendix 1). In their most elaborate development, Lp2 is much longer than the other segments and the palpi arch over the front, often extending posteriorly well beyond the antennal bases (e.g., fig. 35A–E). Such palpi are typically held elbowlike against the front (figs. 31E, 36A). My phylogenetic analyses suggest that elbow-shaped labial palpi have evolved three separate times in the subfamily: once in Oricia (4 spp.) + Erbessa (60 spp.); secondly in a clade containing 77 species in four genera— Phaeochlaena, Pikroprion, Argentala, and Polypoetes; and finally, in the Josiini, where such palpi appear as a synapomorphy for the small genus Phintia (fig. 328A, D).</p> <p>This example shows fundamental differences from the one involving deciduous cornuti. For the cornuti, each of the separate derivations shows essentially identical morphology. In these three occurrences of elongate labial palpi, on the other hand, subtle structural differences can be seen when the palpi of Erbessa, members of the Phaeochlaena -clade, and Phintia are compared. A more finely tuned morphological analysis than the one provided here might, in fact, reveal alternative ways of scoring ‘‘elongate labial palpi’’ to reflect nonhomologous aspects of the three variants—a classic case of reciprocal illumination (sensu Hennig, 1966).</p> <p>SOUND PRODUCTION AND HEARING: As the final example of homoplasy, I again showcase a modification not found elsewhere in the Notodontidae or elsewhere in the Noctuoidea, for that matter. Males of many Dioptinae possess a sound-producing organ, located beyond the distal margin of the FW discal cell. This structure is variously developed within the subfamily (Miller, 1989; Rawlins and Miller, 2008). Often it is highly complex (e.g., figs. 137F, 255F). Morphological variation in the FW stridulatory organ is described in this paper using three characters (Characters 77–79, appendix 1), involving length of the discal cell, the condition of veins M 1 and M 2, and the state of the wing surface surrounding the organ itself.</p> <p>A survey of the Dioptinae shows that the male FW stridulatory organ, in its various forms, occurs in 180 of the described species, approximately 40% of the subfamily. Based on my cladistic analyses, the structure evolved two times—once in Clade 1 (fig. 7), and again in a diverse group comprising 18 genera (Clade 8). Interestingly, within this large clade, my phylogenetic hypothesis suggests that the organ was subsequently lost twice—once in Dioptis and once in a clade comprising Dolophrosyne + Scoturopsis.</p> <p>Loss of the FW stridulatory organ within Dioptis is particularly interesting. In basal elements of the genus, the Chloris and Butes groups, the structure is well developed (fig. 190D). Here, the FW discal cell is short, veins M 1 and M 2 are swollen, and the surface of the fascia is corrugated. During the evolution of Dioptis, the stridulatory organ was lost so that these features are absent in more derived species, the bulk of the genus. The only apparent sign that this structure occurred in their common ancestor is the presence of a short FW discal cell (fig. 190E, F). Because the taxa now in the Chloris and Butes groups posses a stridulatory organ, Prout (1918) and Hering (1925) incorrectly assigned them to Tithraustes rather than Dioptis, thus obscuring a fascinating example of character transformation.</p> <p>Perhaps the most intriguing aspect of this story involves the concordant loss within Dioptis of a structure fundamental to the Noctuoidea—the metathoracic tympanum. A tympanum is present in the Chloris and Butes groups, but the structure becomes progressively smaller in more derived members of Dioptis. In the Vitrifera, Fatima, and Cyma groups, there is a tiny depression where the tympanum would be (figs. 187I, 189B, 189C), but the membrane is absent altogether. These observations suggest that a basic biological change took place during the course of Dioptis evolution, perhaps involving an aspect of interspecific communication. Whereas most members of the Dioptinae possess ears and some means for producing sound, both functions were lost in Dioptis.</p> <p>As a fascinating historical aside, Forbes (1916) regarded the metathoracic hearing organ as the most crucial character for understanding the evolution of the Noctuoidea. Forbes chose a sample of species to build the first phylogeny for group, basing his hypothesis entirely on structure of the tympanum. Dioptis, perhaps an obvious choice to represent what at that time was the family ‘‘Dioptidae’’, turned out to be a misleading one. Forbes examined Dioptis, observed that no tympanum is present, and on that basis placed the Dioptidae at the base of the noctuoid phylogeny. He later recanted (Forbes, 1922), noting that most Dioptidae do in fact possess a tympanum. He went on to urge further study of the group’s phylogenetic position. Richards, a graduate student of Forbes, took up the call, and his amazing efforts (Richards, 1932) greatly refined our understanding of the noctuoid tympanum. Although Richards produced a more elaborate phylogeny for the Noctuoidea, he was unable to make progress on the position of the Dioptidae.</p> <p>Though my research highlights often startling examples of homoplasy in the Dioptinae, such results in no way detract from the utility of morphology in phylogenetic reconstruction. Instead, morphological characters have offered a window into dioptine evolution, showcasing the group’s remarkable capacity for adaptation.</p> <p>WING PATTERN</p> <p>For a group of its size, the Dioptinae presents one of the most diverse wing-pattern arrays to be found in the Lepidoptera (Seitz, 1925; Hering, 1925). This amazing complexity bedeviled early workers. As a result, 19thcentury taxonomists described dioptines in a wide range of moth families, even including the Psychidae and Pyralidae. Most commonly they were assigned either to the Arctiidae (Pericopinae and Ctenuchinae), or to the geometrid subfamily Sterrhinae, which contains diurnal genera—such as Cyllopoda — exhibiting boldly patterned black and yellow wings. It was not until Prout (1918) and Hering (1925) more thoroughly summarized characters for recognizing dioptines, involving wing venation and palpus structure, that the fog began to lift.</p> <p>Surveying wing patterns across the Dioptinae, it seems difficult to imagine general evolutionary trends at work. On the contrary, it is almost as if, at some point in time, the group became free from evolutionary constraint. According to Nijhout (1991, 2003), there are two basic modes of wing-pattern formation in Lepidoptera: In the first, exemplified by the Nymphalid ground plan (Schwanwitsch, 1924; Nijhout, 1991; Willmott, 2003), each pattern element retains its distinctive character and morphology, producing a finely detailed, often camouflage, appearance. In the second, boundaries between component pattern elements are difficult to discern, resulting in bold, usually aposematic patterns with little detail. Both modes seem to operate within the Dioptinae. For example, one could envision the cryptic, often intricate patterns of Chrysoglossa (pl. 15) and Xenomigia (pls. 22, 23) conforming to a system analogous to the Nymphalid Ground Plan. In contrast, the wings of Phaeochlaena (pls. 9, 10) and the Josiini (pls. 26–35) exhibit simple, aposematic patterns like those described in mode two. However, the majority of dioptine species do not easily fit into either of these categories. Large genera such as Scotura, Polypoetes, and Nebulosa contain species with relatively simple wing patterns, but ones that do not adhere to our classical image of warning coloration.</p> <p>With a cladogram of genera now in hand, what generalizations can be made regarding the evolution of wing pattern in the Dioptinae ? The attempt to outline observable trends below is presented against a backdrop of incredible diversity. When the details of this complexity some day become understood, a fascinating story will undoubtedly emerge. For now, I can only offer a crude summary of information.</p> <p>APOSEMATISM: In Lepidoptera, aposematic coloration in adults is usually thought to be accompanied by chemical protection, conferred by sequestration of toxins from the larval host plant (e.g., Brower, 1984) or by synthesis as adults (Brown, 1984, 1985). Nishida (2002) pointed out that, while moth and butterfly caterpillars come in contact with a huge array of plant secondary chemicals, sequestration involves a relatively small subset of those. Of the notodontids that have been tested, all are highly palatable to birds (Jones, 1932; MacLean et al., 1989). However, not a single dioptine species has been presented to potential predators in an experimental context, nor have the tissues of dioptine larvae or adults been examined for sequestered toxins. It is tempting to infer that Passiflora -feeding Josiini are protected. Some heliconiines sequester cyanogenic glycosides from their Passiflora hosts, while still others can synthesize their own cyanogens (Nahrstedt and Davis, 1983; Raubenheimer, 1989; Engler-Chaouat and Gilbert, 2007). Howev- er, assumptions about chemical protection and palatability must be carefully tested on a case-by-case basis (Nishida, 2002). For example, it had long been assumed that the Australian whistling moth, Hecatesia exultans (Noctuidae: Agaristinae), being aposematic and diurnal, is protected. However, when chemical analyses were done (Talianchich et al., 2003), it was discovered that their larval and adult tissues do not contain isoquinoline alkaloids found in the host plant, Cassytha (Lauraceae). Furthermore, feeding trials demonstrated that H. exultans is palatable to its potential predators. At this time, we can do little more than speculate whether chemicals sequestered from their hosts protect Dioptinae.</p> <p>Aposematism in Lepidoptera is furthermore assumed to be associated with diurnal flight, as typified by the Papilionoidea. Dioptines are commonly referred to as diurnal (e.g., Köhler, 1930). Recently it has been shown that, although they are generally less nocturnal than other Notodontidae, dioptines display a spectrum of flight-activity patterns, ranging from completely diurnal to completely nocturnal. In a sample of Venezuelan species, Fullard et al. (2000) found that josiines are mostly diurnal, whereas Scotura is almost entirely nocturnal. Polypoetes circumfumata flew at nearly all hours of the day and night. Thus, simply characterizing the Dioptinae as a diurnal group masks underlying complexity. Associated with this tendency toward diurnal activity, the metathoracic ears of dioptines, when compared to the ears of more typical nocturnal notodontids, have lost their sensitivity to the echolocation frequencies of bats (Fullard et al., 1997; Fullard et al., 2000). These authors noted that dioptine ears have retained function, but at frequencies more probably related to interspecific communication. The Dioptinae perhaps fit a model analogous to that found in some Arctiidae (e.g., Sanderford and Conner, 1995; Sanderford et al., 1998; Sanderford, 2009), where sounds are produced and received during courtship, but are probably not involved in defense.</p> <p>It is similarly difficult to neatly fit particular dioptine species into simple wing-pattern types, such as aposematic vs. cryptic. Using decidedly simplified and subjective criteria, aposematic wing patterns would include those with bold markings and bright colors such as black, yellow, white, and blue. This would certainly apply to three clades in the Dioptinae —the Josiini, Erbessa, and Phaeochlaena. Less clear-cut would be the wings of genera such as Xenorma (pl. 8), Brachyglene (pl. 15), and Pseudoricia (pl. 23) or those of the Divisa Group in Hadesina (pl. 14). Seemingly isolated cases of potential aposematism, such as S. franclemonti in the otherwise drab-colored genus Scoturopsis (pl. 22), are even more problematic. All told, 40–50% of dioptine species exhibit wing patterns that could safely be characterized as aposematic. Even in mapping the most obvious candidates onto the dioptine cladogram, the trait shows multiple origins. At the very least, judging from the phylogenetic positions of Erbessa, Phaeochlaena, and the Josiini (fig. 7), aposematic wing patterns evolved no fewer than three times within the subfamily.</p> <p>By applying a broader definition of warning coloration to include the wings of Cleptophasia, Xenorma, Brachyglene, and others, mapping aposematism onto the dioptine cladogram becomes much more complex. One might propose that the ancestral dioptine made a dramatic transition from a nocturnal life with camouflage wings to a diurnal and aposematic life. Presumably, this would have been accompanied by a dramatic shift in host-plant use (Brower, 1984; Rothschild, 1984). For example, it might have involved a transition from feeding on nontoxic trees, as occurs in most Notodontidae, to feeding on toxic plants such as Passiflora (Miller, 1992a; Powell et al., 1999). Under this scenario, warningly colored wings would be plesiomorphic for the Dioptinae. Cryptic coloration, the derived condition, would then have evolved multiple times. Within the Dioptini, camouflage, or at least drab, wings occur in the Phryganeata Group of Oricia (pl. 2), as well as in the genera Scotura (pls. 1, 2), Phryganidia (pl. 8) and Chrysoglossa (pl. 15). The wings of Xenomigia are certainly cryptic (pls. 22, 23), as are those of most species in the clade that includes Dolophrosyne, Scoturopsis, and Xenormicola (pls. 21, 22). Using any possible regime of character definition and optimization, a cryptic wing pattern would have evolved no fewer than five times within the Dioptinae.</p> <p>HYALINE WINGS: It is difficult to offer a simple explanation for the evolution of hyaline wings in the Dioptinae. The most famous clear-winged dioptines are Dioptis. Bates (1862) formulated the theory of mimicry by drawing on his accumulated personal observations of Amazonian Lepidoptera. To illustrate his ideas, he showcased the remarkable mimetic resemblance among clear-winged butterflies in the Pieridae (Dismorphia), Riodinidae (Stalachtis), and Ithomiinae (Ithomia). Dioptis figured prominently in his examples. Bates noted that certain Dioptis species exhibit precise resemblance to the particular ithomiine butterflies with which they co-occur, ascribing this to ‘‘the process of the origination of a mimetic species through variation and natural selection’’ (1862: 564). As part of that seminal paper, he described three new Dioptis species, naming each after the ithomiine with which it ‘‘flies in company’’. These three taxa belong together in the Cyma Group of Dioptis, an almost exclusively Amazonian clade containing 28 species.</p> <p>When the entire Dioptinae is taken into account, my phylogenetic analyses suggest that transparent wings have evolved independently no fewer than five times in the subfamily (fig. 355). Remarkably, with the exception of Dioptis (45 species), each case involves a small, highly derived, clear-winged clade arising from an ancestor with opaque wings. For example, two species of Erbessa possess transparent wings— pales and capena (pl. 7). These almost certainly evolved from an opaque-winged ancestor. Similarly, in Phanoptis, the Cyanomelas Group shows hyaline wings (pl. 9), whereas in the Fatidica Group the wings are densely scaled (pl. 8). Hadesina (pl. 14) provides yet another example. The Limbaria Group exhibits transparent wings, but in the Divisa Group the wings are dark brown and densely scaled. Two examples of hyaline wings seem to have evolved through a transitional form with translucent wings. In Monocreaga (pl. 21) the wings are transparent, while in their sister group, Momonipta, the wings are translucent (pl. 21). Four Isostyla species exhibit hyaline wings (pls. 24, 25), whereas in the remaining taxa—and in their sister taxon, Tithraustes — the wings are translucent. Approximately 60 species of Dioptinae possess hyaline wings, only 13% of the subfamily. These are currently placed in six genera. Thus, although their ranks are relatively small, clear-winged taxa are conspicuous in showing multiple evolutionary origins. When the entire Lepidoptera is surveyed, wing transparency shows homoplasy at higher taxonomic levels as well, occurring in nearly all butterfly families (Punnet, 1915), as well as in at least nine families of moths (Kristensen and Simonsen, 2003). According to my survey, hyaline wings show identical scale morphology across all dioptine groups (figs. 65, 191, 217). Transparency is apparently achieved by the same means in each of these clades.</p> <p>MIMICRY: It is difficult to assess the extent to which mimicry has driven the evolution of wing pattern in the Dioptinae. The application of cladistic methodology has opened up new avenues for understanding mimicry, and the approach is now being used in a variety of insect groups (e.g., Zrzavý and Nedvêd, 1999). In Lepidoptera, phylogeny-based studies have revealed intricate Müllerian mimicry schemes (Müller, 1879), whereby species evolve resemblance to other members of their own clade, or to a related clade, through convergence (Brower, 1996; Simmons and Weller, 2002; Willmott, 2003; Yen et al., 2005b; Simmons, 2009). Based on the cladogram produced here (fig. 283), the plesiomorphic pattern in Josiini consists of a blackish-brown forewing with an orange-yellow transverse band (e.g., pl. 26). Rare longitudinal FW stripes appear in two separate clades—once in the Patula Group of Lyces (pls. 30, 31), and a second time in Josia (pls. 32, 33). This is the first example of Müllerian mimicry discovered in the Dioptinae (Miller, 1996), but species-level cladograms for additional groups will undoubtedly reveal many more cases.</p> <p>It has been suggested that mimetic appearance is regulated by ‘‘supergenes’’ (Clarke and Sheppard, 1960; Joron and Mallet, 1998; Mallet and Joron, 1999), according to which, accurate resemblance is under the control of a relatively few tightly linked elements. Simmons and Weller (2002) invoked supergenes to explain the remarkable wasp mimicry found among Sphecosoma and relatives (Arctiidae: Ctenuchinae). In that system, different moths have evolved precise resemblance to particular vespid models; imperfect mimics do not occur. Such theories perhaps explain wing patterns that seem to appear de novo in the Dioptinae. Cases can be found throughout the group where a striking, novel mimetic wing pattern seems to have arisen abruptly within a clade. An example is the Josia mimic, Erbessa mimica (pl. 4), which has evolved orange longitudinal wing stripes within a tight monophyletic group, Erbessa, where nothing even remotely similar occurs. The red-banded wings of Phanoptis miltorrhabda (pl. 8) diverge dramatically from those of other Phanoptis species (pls. 8, 9). In southeastern Brazil, the wing pattern of Proutiella vittula (pl. 26) mimics that of Lyces constricta (pl. 29), a distant relative in the Josiini (fig. 7). Its pattern is novel for Proutiella.</p> <p>A mimicry ring is defined as a group of sympatric species with a common aposematic pattern (Punnet, 1915; Brown, 1988; Joron and Mallet, 1998; Mallet and Joron, 1999). Mimicry rings are extremely prevalent among the butterfly fauna of South American rainforests (Brower and Brower, 1964; Papageorgis, 1975). The Dioptinae participate in many of these, but are also engaged in complexes involving day-flying moths as well as butterflies. The wings of the Amazonian species Phaeochlaena solilucis are boldly marked with yellow and black (pl. 9). This pattern recurs in Geometridae (Xanthyris, Smicropus), Arctiidae (Ephestris), agaristine Noctuidae (Seirocastnia), and Riodinidae (Chamaelimnas, Pachythone). Erbessa citrina (pl. 7) and Phaeochlaena hazara (pl. 9), on the other hand, belong in the famous tiger-stripe mimicry ring (Beccaloni, 1997; DeVries, 1997). This ring spans a huge range of taxonomic groups, and includes species of pericopine Arctiidae (Chetone), Pieridae (Dismorphia), Riodinidae (Stalachtis), and Papilionidae (Pterourus), as well as members of at least four subfamilies of Nymphalidae —the Danainae (Lycorea), Heliconiinae (Heliconius, Eueides), Charaxinae (Consul), and Ithomiinae (e.g., Mechanitis). The orange and yellow wing patterns of E. citrina and P. hazara diverge dramatically from those of their congeners, yet the resemblance to other tiger-stripe mimics is precise.</p> <p>Multiple mimicry rings can occur (Beccaloni, 1997; Mallet and Gilbert, 1995; DeVries et al., 1999). In butterflies, as many as 28 mimicry rings can be found together at a single tropical locality (Turner, 1984; Brown, 1988). The dioptine fauna of Tambopata Reserve, in Amazonian Peru, participates in no fewer than four mimicry rings. Dioptis species, members of the hyaline-winged group made famous by Bates (1862), are abundant. The Phaeochlaena species discussed above— P. solilucis and P. hazara — members of two additional mimicry rings, occur there as well. Finally, there exists a poorly documented mimicry ring involving small- to medium-sized, day-flying moths in which the forewing is black with a yellow transverse band, and the central area of the hind wing is white. This complex includes three Dioptinae —two from the Josiini (Proutiella tegyra, Ephialtias abrupta) and one in the Dioptini (Erbessa tegyroides)—as well as an arctiid (Ordishia klagesi; pl. 29) and a remarkable diurnal pyralid in the subfamily Chrysauginae (Nachaba sp.; pl. 26). Resemblance among these species is startling, and all of them can be collected along the same forest trail.</p> <p>This discussion notwithstanding, exercises to posit generalizations about the evolution of wing pattern in the Dioptinae tend to obscure potentially remarkable discoveries that lie hidden within the details. An important corollary of mimicry theory is that novel warning patterns can multiply within already warningly colored clades (Brower, 1996; Mallet and Joron, 1999). Erbessa, with its fantastic diversity of aposematic coloration, may be a prime case of this phenomenon. Analysis of wing-pattern transformation in Erbessa, using a phylogenetic hypothesis for all 60 species, would undoubtedly yield more about the evolutionary process than could be matched by any attempts to generalize using bold strokes at the genus level.</p> <p>HOST PLANTS</p> <p>The Dioptinae are intriguing because their larvae tend to feed on plants atypical for moths (Kitching and Rawlins, 1999). Instead, dioptine hosts mirror those of many butterfly groups (Miller, 1992a). Early generalizations regarding host-plant associations in the Dioptinae were based on few points of reference. When I began studying the group, published host records were available for only nine species— Passiflora -feeding Josiini accounted for six of those. Today, the picture is much more complicated and far more interesting. Tables 4 and 6 summarize our current knowledge of life histories in the Dioptinae. They list verified host records for 87 species in 26 genera, but the Dioptini and Josiini are not represented in equal proportions. Life histories for 31 josiine species are now known, roughly 30% of the fauna, whereas in the Dioptini, immatures have been discovered for 56 species, only 16%. As new host records for the Dioptinae have accumulated, a correspondence with butterflies still seems applicable, but the boundaries for comparison have expanded dramatically.</p> <p>DIOPTINAE AND HELICONIINAE: By far the most compelling similarities between dioptines and butterflies involve the subfamily Heliconiinae (Nymphalidae). According to recently accepted, more broadly defined classifications (Ackery et al., 1999; Penz and Peggie, 2003; Wahlberg et al., 2003), the Heliconiinae includes approximately 400 species in 40 genera, a subfamily nearly equal in size to the Dioptinae. An obvious difference is that, while dioptines are restricted to the New World tropics, heliconiines are found worldwide. Nevertheless, the two groups show startling correspondence in their host-plant affiliations.</p> <p>Caterpillars of the Heliconiinae are famous for specializing on Passifloraceae (e.g., Ehrlich and Raven, 1964; Benson et al., 1976). Worldwide, over 110 heliconiine species, scattered across 14 genera, feed on plants in this family (Ackery, 1988; Robinson et al., 2007). The bulk of these records can be attributed to a single New World genus, Heliconius, containing 42 species (Beltrán et al., 2007), all of which are restricted to Passifloraceae (Michener, 1942; Smiley, 1982; DeVries, 1987). In the Dioptinae, Passifloraceae-feeding has been recorded for 28 species in six genera, all confined to the tribe Josiini (table 6). A conservative estimate suggests that between 75 and 85 species of Josiini will ultimately be found in association with this plant family. The Josiini and Heliconiinae are the only two groups of Lepidoptera showing sizeable radiations on Passifloraceae.</p> <p>Violaceae appear in the host lists of both the Dioptinae and Heliconiinae. Many heliconiines, such as the fritillaries (subtribe Argynniti), feed as larvae on Violaceae (Ackery, 1988), with a particularly strong preference for two genera, Hybanthus and Rinorea. These plants, hardly reminiscent of garden violets, grow as understory shrubs or small trees (pl. 47C) in lowland forests throughout Central and South America. The first reports that some dioptine caterpillars feed on Hybanthus and Rinorea (Wolda and Foster, 1978; Harrison, 1987) gave rise to speculation that this association might be as widespread in the Dioptinae as it is in Heliconiinae (Miller, 1992a). Four dioptine genera— Scotura, Oricia, Phanoptis, and Pseudoricia —have now been recorded on Violaceae (table 4). Together these account for 36 species, approximately 8% of the subfamily. When Violaceae-feeding is mapped onto the dioptine cladogram, the association appears to have evolved at least three separate times (fig. 356). While the evidence at hand does not indicate Violaceae as a dominant host-plant relationship for the Dioptinae, this affiliation, otherwise rare in Lepidoptera, is conspicuous nevertheless.</p> <p>The Achariaceae, another plant family playing a significant role in the host list of the Heliconiinae, contains genera formerly in the Flacourtiaceae, a group that has largely been dissolved according to newly revised concepts of plant phylogeny (Chase et al., 2002; Sosa et al., 2003; Soltis et al., 2005). Members of the pantropical heliconiine tribe Acraeini are particularly strong on Achariaceae. Their caterpillars feed on a diversity of genera, such as Caloncoba, Hydnocarpus, Kiggelaria, Rawsonia, and Xylotheca (Ackery, 1988). When I initiated my research, published host records for the Josiini referred to a single plant genus— Passiflora. The breadth of the Josiini diet is now known to extend beyond Passifloraceae into other plant families. In a fascinating recent discovery, the larvae of Ephialtias dorsispilota (pl. 39G) were found in Panama feeding on Lindackeria laurina (table 6). Lindackeria, a small genus with worldwide distribution (Gentry, 1993), is currently placed in the Achariaceae (Chase et al., 2002).</p> <p>The final host-plant link between the Dioptinae and Heliconiinae involves the Turneraceae, a family closely related to the Violaceae and Passifloraceae (Cronquist, 1981; Soltis et al., 2005). The larvae of two neotropical heliconiines— Euptoieta hegesia and Eueides procula —have been recorded on Turneraceae (Janzen, 1983; Ackery, 1988). While Euptoieta and Eueides are not particularly close relatives within the Heliconiinae (Brower, 2000; Penz and Peggie, 2003), the other included species in both genera specialize on Violaceae and Passifloraceae (DeVries, 1987). A similar pattern occurs in the Josiini (Miller, 1996), where species in Josia and Ephialtias have been recorded on Turnera (table 6), a genus of aromatic shrubs (pl. 41D) endemic to disturbed habitats in Central and South America. Interestingly, a third case of colonization occurs within Heliconiinae; eight species in the African genus Acraea (tribe Acraeini) have been reported on Turneraceae (Robinson et al., 2007).</p> <p>In a broad sense, Acraea mirrors host associations across the entire Dioptine. There are approximately 240 species of Acraea (Pierre, 1987; Larsen, 1991; Williams, 2006), and their larvae have been recorded from nearly 20 different plant families (Ackery, 1988). However, host-plants reminiscent of the Dioptinae figure prominently. These include: Rinorea and Hybanthus (Violaceae), Tricliceras and Turnera (Turneraceae), various genera of Passifloraceae (Adenia, Basananthe, Passiflora), as well as Kiggelaria and Rawsonia (both Achariacae). For Acraea, the Urticaceae and Malvaceae are also important hosts. Within the Dioptini (table 4), Xenorma specializes on Cecropia (Urticaceae) while at least four Polypoetes species have been discovered on Malvaceae. Host utilization in Acraea seems to act as a map for the Dioptinae.</p> <p>Returning to the overall picture, it is remarkable that both the Dioptinae and Heliconiinae contain species specializing on Passifloraceae, Violaceae, Achariaceae, and Turneraceae. According to current theory, these plant families together constitute a subclade within the large order Malpighiales (Chase, 2004; Soltis et al., 2005). Their interrelationships are only now being explored (e.g., Hearn, 2006). These host-plant parallels could not possibly have evolved by chance. Instead, during their evolutionary histories, the two Lepidoptera groups must have independently converged on similar sets of chemical cues, employed for finding their hosts. Furthermore, the caterpillars may have evolved similar metabolic abilities, enabling them to detoxify, and perhaps sequester, particular plant compounds. Over 45 years ago, Ehrlich and Raven (1964), describing patterns of host utilization in the Heliconiinae, predicted the existence of chemical similarities uniting these four plant families, even though none were known at the time. Their prediction is now being born out.</p> <p>The Passifloraceae have long been recognized as a rich source of secondary compounds, including harmane alkaloids and flavonoids (MacDougal, 1994). Perhaps because of such chemicals, these plants appear to be strongly defended against herbivorous insects. Other than the Josiini and Heliconiinae, a single clade, the leaf beetle subtribe Disonychina (Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae: Alticini), specializes on Passiflora (Duckett, 1999). Recent research has begun establishing precise phytochemical links between the Passifloraceae, Violaceae, Turneraceae, and Achariaceae. While cyanogenesis is widespread in the plant world, a conspicuous novelty for members of this clade is the ability to produce cyanogenic glycosides with a cyclopentene moiety (Spencer, 1988). For example, cyclopentanoid cyanohydrin glucosides are produced by both Passiflora (Jaroszewski et al., 2002) and Lindackeria (Jaroszewski et al., 2004). Turneraceae manufacture precisely these same compounds (Saupe, 1981; Spencer, 1988; Shappert and Shore, 1995).</p> <p>Butterflies in the Limenitidinae (Nymphalidae) provide further indication that plant chemistry has guided the evolution of these host-plant associations. In this taxonomically complex group, two host families predominate, the Euphorbiaceae and Sapindaceae (Ackery, 1988). Nothing seems to presage the host affiliations of heliconiines or dioptines. However, tucked within the morass of limenitidine genera are two African taxa— Cymothoe and Harma. Most species in these genera feed on Rinorea, while others specialize on a range of plants in the Achariaceae, including Lindackeria (Amiet and Achoundong, 1996; Larson, 1991). In yet another fascinating case of convergence, Cymothoe and Harma seem to have broken through a biochemical barrier allowing them to colonize two plant families rarely utilized by other Lepidoptera, but important in the host-plant histories of the Dioptinae and Heliconiinae.</p> <p>It is now generally acknowledged that parallel cladogenesis with host lineages is rare in Lepidoptera (Janz and Nylin, 1998; Powell et al., 1999). An alternative explanation for observed host use patterns suggests that certain phytophagous insect groups have overcome phytochemical barriers, allowing them to track particular classes of plant secondary chemicals over evolutionary time (e.g., see Miller, 1987c). Major shifts in specialization can in turn lead to cases of adaptive radiation, driven by ecological opportunities in the novel host-plant zone (Mitter and Brooks, 1983; Mitter et al., 1988; Farrell et al., 1992; Lees and Smith, 1992; Miller and Wenzel, 1995; Willmott and Freitas, 2006). Phylogenetic studies further demonstrate that, far from being an evolutionary dead end, specialization and recolonization are extremely dynamic processes (Janz et al., 2001). Host shifts mediated by chemistry will often involve related plants, because secondary chemical arrays, at least to some degree, reflect botanical relatedness. Ultimately, however, host transformations in phytophagous insects seem to more accurately reflect chemical similarities among plants, rather than their cladogenesis. The most likely explanation for the observed convergence in host-utilization patterns between dioptines and heliconiines seems to lie in this tracking hypothesis. In accordance with the theme so eloquently put forth by Ehrlich and Raven (1964), cyanogenic cyclopentanoid gylosides are likely candidates as female oviposition cues or larval defenses, shared by the Dioptinae and Heliconiinae.</p> <p>OTHER HOST-PLANT TRENDS: Surprisingly, monocots have become the new frontrunners in the race for preeminent dioptine host plants. The first monocot record came from the newly described Costa Rican species Tithraustes snyderi, reared at Las Alturas Field Station in 1992 by Cal Snyder (AMNH). The caterpillars were feeding on an understory palm in the genus Chamaedorea. Since that time, additional Tithraustes species have been discovered on palms, as have members of Isostyla and Stenoplastis (table 4). These three genera constitute a clade near the top of the dioptinae phylogeny (Clade 17; fig. 7). At least some palm-feeders are oligophagous, showing a fairly broad diet breadth within the Arecaceae (table 4). Altogether, six understory palm genera are now included in the host lists of Tithraustes and Isostyla.</p> <p>Recent discoveries of monocot-feeding in Dioptinae are attributed to Dyer et al. (2009), working in eastern Ecuador. Their team has discovered species in three genera (table 4) specializing on cloud forest bamboo—caterpillars of Dolophrosyne, Scoturopsis and Xenomigia (pl. 38N) have been recorded on Chusquea (pl. 44C, E, F). According to my studies, these three genera form a cloud-forest clade (Clade 14; fig. 7), along with Xenormicola. If all the members of Clade 14 are eventually revealed to be Chusquea - feeders, then this represents a major radiation of monocot specialists in the Dioptinae.</p> <p>Finally, two separate teams in Costa Rica have discovered larvae of Dioptis longipennis on the palm Geonoma cuneata (Dyer and Gentry, 2002; Janzen and Hallwachs, 2008). This dioptine, newly added here to Dioptis after transfer from its previous position in Tithraustes, represents a basal element of the genus (fig. 3). In January 2009, I was part of an expedition that discovered two Cyma Group species, these being more derived members of Dioptis, on Geonoma in Amazonian Ecuador (see table 4). It thus seems highly probable that all 45 Dioptis species utilize understory palms as their larval hosts.</p> <p>When the palm- and bamboo-feeding dioptine genera are considered together, they currently total 87 described species, roughly a quarter of the Dioptini. However, this number is misleading. Xenomigia and Dioptis are two of the most poorly known genera in the subfamily. Both contain vast numbers of undescribed species (table 7). For example, only 11 Xenomigia have been described to date (appendix 2), but when the genus is thoroughly revised it will ultimately become one of the largest in the Dioptinae, probably totaling well over 50 species. Monocots will undoubtedly be revealed as one of the most important host-plant associations in the Dioptinae, of equal significance to the Passifloraceae.</p> <p>Continuing our pursuit of comparisons between the Dioptinae and butterflies, a major butterfly lineage, the Satyrinae (2400 spp.), is dominated by monocot-feeders (Ackery, 1988). Across the Satyrinae a wide range of monocots are utilized, with palms and bamboos well represented. Three closely related, basal tribes of the satyrine clade (see Peña et al., 2006)—the Old World Amathusiini (92 spp.), the New World Brassolini (92 spp.), and the New World Morphini (42 spp.)—are associated with monocots. Interestingly, Morpho is found mostly on Fabaceae, but a few Morpho species specialize on Chusquea (Penz and DeVries, 2002), the same cloud-forest bamboo fed upon by Dolophrosyne, Scoturopsis, and Xenomigia. Higher up in the satyrine phylogeny, an extremely diverse radiation, the Andean tribe Pronophilini, consists almost entirely of Chusquea specialists (Pyrcz and Wojtusiak, 2002; Viloria, 2003). In summary, at least roughly speaking, monocot-feeders form a single butterfly assemblage (Ehrlich and Raven, 1964). Similarly, preliminary indications are that monocot-feeding arose in Clade 11 of the Dioptinae, the large terminal lineage (fig. 7). The picture is complicated by apparent loss of the monocot association in Pseudoricia (table 4).</p> <p>Another host-plant comparison between butterflies and Dioptinae was initiated by an early reference to pipevine-feeding in Phaeochlaena gyon (table 4). Ehrlich and Raven (1964) heralded the association between pipevines (Aristolochia; Aristolochiaceae) and swallowtail butterflies in the tribe Troidini as one of the strongest pieces of evidence in favor of coevolution. At a time when our understanding of host-plant associations in the Dioptinae was in its infancy, I speculated that an Aristolochia association might be important for the group (Miller, 1992a). However, two lines of evidence suggest otherwise: First, there are no modern host-plant records for P. gyon; published references suggesting Aristolochia as the host of this moth (e.g., Prout, 1918; Hering, 1925; Biezanko, 1962a) seem to have simply perpetuated the original citation by Mabilde (1896). Mabilde described the host plant of P. gyon as a lactiferous vine, using two Brazilian colloquial names— timbó and baba de touros. According to Carla Penz (personal commun.), the first may refer to either Ateleia (Fabaceae) or Serjania (Sapindaceae). The second, which translates as ‘‘bull’s spit’’, is thought to refer to Araujia sericifera (G. Lamas, personal commun.) in the Asclepiadaceae. The pipevine reference is thus in doubt. Since butterfly workers studying the Troidini frequently search Aristolochia foliage for larvae, one might suspect that caterpillars of P. gyon would have been discovered in recent years. Secondly, Solanum (Solanaceae) has been established as a new host for Phaeochlaena lampra, the sister species of P. gyon (table 4). This in itself is fascinating, since Solanaceae is the most important host for the butterfly subfamily Ithomiinae (Ackery, 1988; Willmott and Freitas, 2006). No additional Phaeochlaena hosts are known, but their discovery is crucial, since this genus constitutes one of the most prominent diurnal clades in the Dioptinae (see Wing Pattern, above).</p> <p>Some of the newly discovered host-plant associations do little to bolster the Dioptinaebutterfly paradigm. These instead will provide challenges for future understanding of host-plant evolution. For example, it now appears that many species of Erbessa are associated with Melastomataceae —eight species have so far been recorded on that plant family (table 4), and more will undoubtedly be found. Two other Erbessa species feed on Myrtaceae. There is no published chemical or taxonomic link between these two plant families, so this transition is difficult to explain. It is equally difficult to comprehend the switch from Violaceae, the apparent ancestral host plant of Erbessa (fig. 356), to either Melostomataceae or Myrtaceae. It will be interesting to see what patterns unfold as hosts for the remaining Erbessa species come to light.</p> <p>Another seemingly anomalous association involves Cecropia (Urticaceae), the host of Xenorma. Xenorma ’s position on the dioptine cladogram (fig. 356) suggests that the transition to Cecropia took place in an ancestor that fed on Violaceae. Similarly, Bauhinia (Fabaceae) makes little botanical sense within the context of known host associations for the larger clade to which Brachyglene belongs; that plant does not appear in the host lists of Chrysoglossa or Nebulosa (table 4). However, an understanding of host use in Brachyglene is hampered by a dearth of information. In addition to having few records for Chrysoglossa and Nebulosa, we know nothing about the biology of its nearest relatives— Cacolyces and Hadesina (fig. 356). Perhaps as we learn more about the life histories of these groups a cohesive picture will begin to emerge.</p> <p>The known host plants of Chrysoglossa, Quercus and Alfaroa, are interesting for two reasons: First, most Dioptinae, even those endemic to northern portions of the group’s range, feed on plants more typical of the tropical flora. The association between Phryganidia and oaks has been well documented (Herbert, 1920; Beutelspacher, 1986; Puttick, 1986; Casher, 1996). Chrysoglossa is the only other dioptine found on them. Chrysoglossa norburyi is the lone dioptine recorded from Juglandaceae, another plant group characteristic of the temperate realm. Second, these plant associations provide a parallel with the hosts of other notodontid subfamilies. Many species of Notodontidae feed on oaks. The large North American genus Datana (Phalerinae) includes a species restricted to Juglandaceae, D. integerrima, as well as one on Quercus, D. contracta (Forbes, 1948; Miller, 1992a; Wagner, 2005). As additional hosts are discovered for Chrysoglossa, it will be interesting to see whether this pattern holds true.</p> <p>There are several large dioptine genera for which the accumulated host records so far show no obvious pattern. For example, the host list of Polypoetes tends toward Malvaceae, with a collection of unrelated families thrown in. However, the genus is so large and complex that speculation concerning patterns of host-plant utilization is premature; three of five species groups are not represented at all on the Polypoetes host list (table 4). One trivial comparison with butterflies can be seen in the use by two Polypoetes species of Celtis, or Hackberry, which is fed upon by all members of the Libytheinae, a small nymphalid subfamily with worldwide distribution (Michener, 1943).</p> <p>There is likewise no apparent pattern in the host list of Nebulosa. Of the 30 described species, food plants are known for only three (table 4), but at least two of those are reminiscent of hosts in unrelated dioptine groups: Tibouchina belongs in the Melastomataceae along with Miconia, the host of Erbessa; Cestrum is in the Solanaceae with Solanum, the host of Phaeochlaena lampra. Interestingly, Cestrum and Solanum are important food plants of ithomiine butterflies (Ackery, 1988). One hypothesis is that Nebulosa has colonized a series of plants for which it was biochemically preadapted. Obviously, more data are needed.</p> <p>THE JOSIINI AND PASSIFLORACEAE: The relationship between Heliconiinae and Passifloraceae has been touted as one of the most important test cases for coevolution (Ehrlich and Raven, 1964; Mitter and Brooks, 1983; Brower, 1997). The plants themselves present a complicated scenario. The Passifloraceae comprises roughly 630 species in 18 genera (Vanderplank, 2000). However, the great bulk of this diversity, approximately 450 species, is contained in a single genus, Passiflora (Ulmer and MacDougal, 2004). Only 20 Passiflora species occur in the Old World (Krosnick and Freudenstein, 2005; Hearn, 2006), while the remainder is endemic to the Neotropics (Holm-Nielsen et al., 1988; Gentry, 1993). Because of the group’s taxonomic complexity, Passiflora classification has been controversial. The earliest and most influential treatise proposed 22 subgenera (Killip, 1938), but more recently that number has been greatly reduced. In the current classification, based on a cladistic analysis of molecular characters (Yockteng and Nadot, 2004), only eight Passiflora subgenera are recognized. The most primitive of these is Astrophea (Escobar, 1994), which contains shrubs and treelike forms (pls. 40A, C; 41B, C) with relatively inconspicuous, white flowers (pl. 40D). The more derived Passiflora subgenera, such as Granadilla, include vines exhibiting some of the most spectacular flowers in the plant world (e.g., pl. 41E).</p> <p>Benson et al. (1976) compared a heliconiine phylogeny with one for the Passifloraceae and argued that primitive butterflies show a historical predilection for colonizing Astrophea. Subsequent reevaluation of the case (Mitter and Brooks, 1983) suggested that the Astrophea association evolved at least four times within the Heliconiinae, in derived positions on the butterfly phylogeny. My own examination of the most recent heliconiine cladogram (Beltrán et al., 2007), along with study of published host-plant records (e.g., Benson et al., 1976; DeVries, 1987; Ackery, 1988), confirms multiple origins for Astrophea -feeding. No fewer than four separate colonization events took place within Heliconius, and at least two more occurred within its sister genus, Eueides. One could conclude that the Heliconiinae show evolutionary flexibility for host transfer between Passiflora subgenera. There is no evidence for mutual descent between these butterflies and plants.</p> <p>Compared to the Heliconiinae, where hosts have been recorded for nearly every butterfly species, the picture in the Josiini is incomplete. To date, life histories have been discovered for 31 josiine species (30% of the tribe) in seven genera (table 6). According to the cladogram of josiine relationships (figs. 7, 283), Turnera (pl. 41D) has been colonized twice independently—once in Josia and once in Ephialtias. These represent derived transitions, apparently from a Passiflora -feeding ancestor. Within Ephialtias, a host shift to Achariaceae also occurred. It will be interesting to obtain additional host-plant records for Ephialtias to better understand the sequence of events leading to the evolution of these novel associations. The host list for the Josiini also demonstrates use of Passiflora species across a broad taxonomic spectrum, representing six of the subgenera defined by Killip (1938). Unlike the situation in Heliconiinae, an association with Astrophea appears to have arisen only once. Polyptychia and Getta, the Astrophea -feeding genera, belong in a clade along with Phavaraea, whose hosts are as yet unknown, near the base of the tribal phylogeny (figs. 7, 283). Interestingly, according to this phylogenetic hypothesis, primitive Josiini are indeed found on primitive Passiflora. However, before making bold generalizations, it will be important to fill in several missing data entries for the Josiini. In particular, it is crucial that we discover host plants for Proutiella, the basalmost element of the tribe. Other glaring holes include the hosts of Phintia and Notascea, pivotal genera in the josiine phylogeny for which life history information remains unknown.</p> <p>FUTURE RESEARCH</p> <p>This publication provides the taxonomic context to support many areas of future inquiry. Several of the subcategories touched on above could be expanded into research projects of their own. For example, developing a comprehensive hypothesis of host-plant evolution in the Dioptinae, along with the concordant field studies needed to complete the host list, could occupy decades of intensive research. In the near term, it is important to identify methods for resolving a more restricted problem—understanding the evolution of dioptine genera. As is acknowledged throughout this paper, while I place considerable confidence in the robustness of the generic classification proposed (appendix 2), the phylogenetic hypothesis of genus interrelationships is provisional. It relies on a single character set, adult morphology. Below, I outline the potential utility of incorporating characters from immature morphology and DNA characters into future analyses.</p> <p>MORPHOLOGY OF IMMATURE STAGES: Characters from larvae and pupae can be immensely important for unraveling phylogenetic relationships in holometabolous insect groups (e.g., DeVries et al., 1985). Although in most studies, immature traits are fewer in number than those from adults, in combined analyses the immature data invariably increase overall tree resolution and tree support (Meier and Lim, 2009). These facts have been born out by research on families throughout the Lepidoptera (e.g., Epstein, 1996; Yen et al., 2005a), including the Notodontidae (Miller, 1991), and have been documented for other insect orders as well (e.g., Alexander, 1990). Immature stages in the Notodontidae have long been recognized as a particularly rich source of taxonomic and phylogenetic information (Packard, 1890, 1895; Nagano, 1916; Godfrey and Appleby, 1987). For reasons not yet explained, notodontid immatures exhibit more structural diversity than any other family in the Noctuoidea (Wagner, 2005).</p> <p>An analysis of relationships among dioptine genera that incorporates immature and adult characters thus has a high probability of yielding a strongly supported and wellresolved cladogram. A basic problem at present is that immatures are known for only 26 of the 43 genera. Obtaining life histories and preserved immatures for species representing the remaining genera may not seem an insurmountable problem. However, many of these taxa are extremely rare or live in remote locations. One could nevertheless hope that fieldtrips to strategically chosen sites will provide crucial material. Below, I review several morphological characters from larvae and pupae that show promise for phylogenetic analysis. These examples are simply meant to highlight the utility of immature stages. Comprehensive study will undoubtedly yield a large data set.</p> <p>It has already been established that larval morphology provides important synapomorphies at the subfamily and tribal levels in Dioptinae. For example, the presence of cuticular microprojections covering the body (figs. 358C–F, 359B, 359C) provides an instantly recognizable feature for the subfamily (Forbes, 1939a; Stehr, 1987; Godfrey and Appleby, 1987). This unusual surface structure, observed by early Lepidopterists (Fracker, 1915) and termed ‘‘shagreened’’ (Peterson, 1962; Nichols, 1989), provides an important synapomorphy for the Dioptinae (Miller, 1991). The larval head surface in Notodontidae shows a variety of microsculpture types. Typically it is covered with tiny pebblelike projections, giving it a bumpy appearance (Miller, 1991), as occurs in the Dioptini (fig. 357B, C, E). Josiine caterpillars instead exhibit a derived condition—presence of a smooth, almost glassy head surface (fig. 358A, B). This trait seems to unite the entire tribe (Miller, 1996). The Josiini is characterized by a second synapomorphy from larvae, presence of only four instars (Spitz, 1931; d’Almeida, 1932 b; Markin et al., 1989; Miller and Otero, 1994; Miller, 1996), rather than the five or six found in all other Notodontidae (Packard, 1890, 1895; Godfrey and Appleby, 1987), including the Dioptini (Herbert, 1920; Wolda and Foster, 1978).</p> <p>Certain features of the larvae may prove useful for establishing relationships among genera. Modified A10 prolegs characterize the Notodontidae (Peterson, 1962; Godfrey and Appleby, 1987; Wagner, 2005). Usually these are reduced and not used for walking, but are held aloft. In some notodontids, such as Cerura (Notodontinae), the A10 prolegs form greatly elongated, whiplike tails at the end of the abdomen. These specialized structures, termed stemapods (Gerasimov, 1952) or lashes (Holloway et al., 1987), bear eversible, warningly colored glands at their apices (Wagner, 2005), presumably used as a defense against parasitoids (White et al., 1983; Chow and Tsai, 1989). Most dioptine caterpillars possess small A10 prolegs (e.g., fig. 359A, B), typical of Notodontidae (e.g., Polypoetes villia, pl. 38B; Josia megaera, pl. 39L). However, stemapods appear in at least three genera. Their most dramatic development occurs in Erbessa (pls. 36D, F, I; 37A, B, D), where the A10 prolegs are greater than half as long as the body. The stemapod surface is shagreened (fig. 358C, D, F), and there is an invaginated gland at its apex (fig. 358E). Caterpillars of Phanoptis (pl. 37G) and Phaeochlaena (Bastelberger, 1908) exhibit shorter stemapods. It will be interesting to document the distribution of stemapods across the Dioptini. They never occur in Josiini. This modification has evolved by convergence in four different notodontid subfamilies (Miller, 1991). Furthermore, the stemapods of Dioptinae show fundamental structural differences from those of other Notodontidae (Miller, 1991). Our understanding of these fascinating structures would benefit from thorough comparative study.</p> <p>The primary setae of Lepidoptera caterpillars provide extremely useful taxonomic characters (e.g., Fracker, 1915; Hinton, 1946; Kitching, 1984b). In the Noctuoidea, chaetotaxy is an important source of traits for diagnosing families, and for resolving relationships among families (Kitching and Rawlins, 1999; Fibiger and Lafontaine, 2005). Within the Notodontidae, one of the key synapomorphies supporting a relationship between the Dioptinae and their sister group, the Nystaleinae, is the location of seta L2 on abdominal segment 8 (see Introduction: Phylogenetic Position of the Dioptinae). The primary setal arrangements of Dioptinae have not been comprehensively studied, but such effort will undoubtedly yield valuable character information. For example, some Josiini possess two setae rather than one in the L position on segment A9 (Miller and Otero, 1994; Miller, 1996). Characters from chaetotaxy are apparently more conservative than those from adults, so they thus offer strong potential for stabilizing an hypothesis of relationships among dioptine genera.</p> <p>As far as is known, all Lepidoptera caterpillars possess three enlarged setae at the base of each thoracic tarsus, located on the mesal surface (fig. 359D). These are thought to function as adhesive devices (Hasenfuss and Kristensen, 2003). Taxonomic value, derived from variation in the shape and number of these tarsal setae, has been demonstrated in groups spanning the Lepidoptera (MacKay, 1972), including the Zygaenidae (Yen et al., 2005a), Noctuidae (Beck, 1960; Godfrey, 1972), and Notodontidae (Miller, 1991). A survey across the Dioptinae would be useful; subtle shape differences are shown by various species of the Josiini (Miller and Otero, 1994). Other morphological features in larvae worthy of attention include the spinneret (Miller, 1991; Miller and Otero, 1994), antenna (Dethier, 1941), and internal mouthpart structure (Kitching, 1984b).</p> <p>A study of representative Josiini (Miller, 1996) suggested that body coloration in larvae could provide pattern characters of equal importance to those in adult wings. Larval patterns seem to be relatively conservative, and in fact might outperform those on the wings, which are notoriously labile and difficult to interpret. Final instar Polypoetes larvae are diagnosable by a pair of conspicuous, longitudinal yellow stripes—one running subdorsally and the other laterally (pl. 37H, I; 38A–C, F). Considering the huge spectrum of morphological variation shown by Polypoetes adults, simple larval coloration characters such as these might offer useful diagnostic tools. Within genera, it seems likely that larval body patterns could reflect species group boundaries based on adults. Pinkish purple dorsal patches appear on segments A3, A5, and A 8 in caterpillars of Nebulosa elicioi (pl. 38K), a member of the Nervosa Group. On the other hand, Nebulosa yanayacu, from the Fulvipalpis Group, exhibits pinkish dorsal patches on all abdominal segments, as well as on T2 and T3 (pl. 38L). Within species groups, head-pigmentation patterns are effective for separating closely related species (Miller and Otero, 1994; Miller, 1996). Overall, a comparative analysis of larval coloration holds great promise for future phylogenetic work.</p> <p>Study of pupal morphology will also yield fruitful results. This life stage has long been known to provide characters effective for resolving Lepidoptera classification (Mosher, 1916). The pupae of Notodontidae are particularly variable, and offer a wealth of taxonomically informative traits (Mosher, 1917; Nakamura, 2007). In a study of notodontid subfamilies, a set of only 24 pupal characters was remarkable for accurately retrieving the same phylogenetic hypothesis as one based on a much larger data set from larvae and adults (Miller, 1992b). Except for Phryganidia californica, which has been treated in detail (Packard, 1895; Mosh- er, 1916; Forbes, 1939a; Miller, 1992b), the pupae of Dioptinae have not been studied. Nevertheless, judging from what little has been documented so far, this life stage will be an important component of future analyses.</p> <p>The pupae of most Notodontidae are formed in loose cocoons, usually hidden inside a cell, either in the ground or on the ground surface (Forbes, 1939a; Forbes, 1948). This is generally true of the Josiini, which pupate within a shelter composed of leaves or debris tied together by larval silk (Miller and Otero, 1994). The shiny pupae of josiines are brown to reddish brown (pl. 39I), with black markings. In contrast, chrysalides of the Dioptini are contrastingly patterned, without cocoons (pls. 36H; 37C, J–M; 38D, J; 39C, F). These are attached to the substrate in the exposed manner of many Nymphalidae (Kitching and Rawlins, 1999). This mode of pupation in dioptines, derived within Notodontidae, seems to be correlated with a morphological attribute unique in the Lepidoptera —the presence of hook-shaped setae on the dorsum of abdominal segments 7–9 (figs. 360E, F; 361A, C, D). These setae, serial homologues of those on the cremaster (fig. 360F), provide additional anchors when the chrysalis attaches itself to its silk mat (e.g., pl. 37J–M; 38J). Packard (1895) first documented abdominal anchoring setae in pupae of Phryganidia californica (see also, Mosher, 1916; Miller, 1987a). However, these occur in additional dioptine genera, including Dioptis, Polypoetes, and Nebulosa. A survey of their taxonomic distribution across the Dioptini will be valuable.</p> <p>Erbessa and Scotura belong in a clade, along with three additional genera— Cleptophasia, Oricia, and Eremonidia —identified by analysis of adult morphology (figs. 7, 30). Pupae of these latter genera are unknown, but those of Erbessa and Scotura exhibit two unique characteristics, potentially adding evidence for monophyly. First, although primary setae, analogous to those of larvae, are found universally in Lepidoptera pupae (Common, 1990), they are usually microscopic and difficult to locate. In the pupae of some Dioptinae, on the other hand, the primary setae are large and conspicuous (fig. 360B). This condition occurs in Erbessa and Scotura (Miller, 1992b). Interestingly, these genera do not posses abdominal hook-shaped setae. Secondly, the pupal heads of Erbessa and Scotura bear anterior processes found nowhere else in the Notodontidae (Miller, 1992b). In Scotura, the head process varies in its shape and size, but is usually short and globose (fig. 360A). The homologous process of Erbessa is remarkable in being elongate and bifid (pl. 37C); in E. lindigii it forms a pair of extremely long, thin horns (pl. 36H). The function of this structure, if there is one, is open to speculation.</p> <p>Enlarged primary setae and head processes are not found in other Dioptinae, and thus seem to be synapomorphic for Erbessa + Scotura. I predict that they will be found in pupae of Cleptophasia, Eremonidia, and Oricia as well. However, an anomaly presents itself. The only record of pupal morphology for the genus Phaeochlaena is represented by a single exuvium of P. gyon, in the BMNH collection (Brazil, São Paulo, Ypiranga, Aug 1928, leg. R. Spitz). This specimen exhibits long, slightly club-shaped primary setae and a narrow, beak-shaped head process. Thus, although evidence from adult morphology places Phaeochlaena in a clade with Polypoetes and relatives (figs. 3, 7), pupal characters indicate otherwise; the genus may more accurately fall within the Erbessa / Scotura clade. Only when larvae and pupae representing all dioptine genera become available, and the characters from these are added to an adult matrix, can we begin to place confidence in an hypothesis of generic relationship. Such study may ultimately lead to a more refined tribal classification as well.</p> <p>CHARACTERS FROM DNA: In recent years, molecular analyses have dominated the field of insect systematics (Meier and Lim, 2009). Studies across insect orders have been extremely productive (Caterino et al., 2001). Perhaps no group has received more attention from DNA systematists than the butterflies. A staggering amount of effort has been applied at a wide range of taxonomic levels. Nearly all the families have been examined, including the Papilionidae (Caterino et al., 2001), Pieridae (Braby et al., 2006), Riodinidae (Campbell et al., 2000; Campbell and Pierce, 2003), and Hesperiidae (Warren et al., 2009). Family-level work on the Nymphalidae (e.g., Wahlberg and Nylin, 2003) has been supplemented by phylogenetic analyses of its various subclades, such as parts of the Heliconiinae (Brower and Egan, 1997; Beltrán et al., 2007) and Satyrinae (Peña et al., 2006).</p> <p>Unfortunately, comparatively few studies have addressed Lepidoptera groups other than butterflies. This is particularly frustrating considering the massive existing diversity. Most estimates put the number of butterflies, including Hedyloidea, Hesperioidea, and Papilionoidea, at 17,500 species (Robbins, 1982; deJong et al., 1996; Ackery et al., 1999), with only a small percentage remaining to be described (Lamas et al., 2004). Determining the total number of Lepidoptera species is problematic; roughly 150,000 have been described (Kristensen and Skalski, 1999), but the number of extant species may reach as high as 500,000 (N. Kristensen, personal commun.). Thus, an inordinate amount of phylogenetic work has focused on butterflies, a group constituting somewhere between 4%–12% of the Lepidoptera. Thankfully, recent progress is being made on moths. A combined molecular/morphological analysis (Wiegmann et al., 2002) has outlined considerable phylogenetic detail, with strong support, for relationships among the basalmost groups within the order. Molecular analyses have also addressed higher-level phylogenetic relationships in the Lasiocampidae (Regier et al., 2000) and Sphingidae (Regier et al., 2001). The Noctuoidea have been the subject of important DNA studies (e.g., Weller et al., 1994), with the Noctuidae receiving particularly strong attention (Mitchell et al., 2005). This brief review is not meant to downplay elegant morphology-based phylogenies, recently undertaken in a range of lepidopteran groups, such as the Zygaenidae (Yen et al., 2005a), Noctuidae (Speidel et al., 1996b), and Arctiidae (Jacobson and Weller, 2002). Even butterflies have yielded to important morphological research within the past decade (e.g., de Jong et al., 1996; Penz, 1999; Penz and DeVries, 1999; Penz and DeVries, 2002; Penz and Peggie, 2003; Freitas and Brown, 2004; Willmott and Freitas, 2006).</p> <p>Nevertheless, the systematic community has witnessed sweeping methodological changes in recent years, to the point where some researchers have questioned the relevance of morphology as a phylogenetic tool. These critics would relegate morphology to a limited role, either in species recognition (Givnish and Sytsma, 1997), or to be examined a posteriori within the context of an existing molecular phylogeny (Scotland et al., 2003). According to both schools of thought, molecular data should serve as the sole guide to phylogenetic relationships. As someone who has spent his entire scientific career awestruck by the power of comparative morphological analyses and all they can teach us about insect evolution, I find such suggestions specious. Baker and Gatesy (2002) and Jenner (2004) are eloquent advocates of a universal approach. These authors point out that all classes of systematic characters possess their own strengths and weaknesses; no data should be dismissed. Furthermore, they argue that concerns about combining molecular and morphological data are unfounded.</p> <p>Much of the ‘‘morphology vs. molecules’’ controversy revolves around comparing the relative performance of partitioned data sets. All acknowledge that partitioning can be instructive (e.g., Nylin et al., 2001). For example, it can reveal the phylogenetic level or levels at which different character sets are most informative. The contentious issue is whether to choose cladistic hypotheses built on a subset of data or ones constructed from all data combined. A large body of empirical evidence has demonstrated the strength of combined analysis. Concordantly, these studies reemphasize the utility of morphological characters. Morphology and DNA utilized together can have synergistic effects (Wahlberg et al., 2005), creating a methodology for deciphering even the most difficult phylogenetic problems. The potential of this approach has been born out by research across the animal kingdom, and the Lepidoptera provide poignant examples. One of the early test cases involves the Dioptinae. A study of the Josiini analyzed characters from larvae, pupae, adults and DNA (Miller, Brower, and DeSalle, 1997). Bucheli and Wenzel (2005) examined higher-level relationships in the Gelechioidea, utilizing morphology as well as characters from mitochondrial DNA. Finally, combined analyses have investigated butterfly phylogeny at both the tribal (Wahlberg and Nylin, 2003) and superfamily levels (Wahlberg et al., 2005). All these studies converge on the same conclusion: Combined analysis provides the most robust phylogeny. Differing character sources dilute the bias of homoplasy inherent within individual data partitions (Wahlberg et al., 2005).</p> <p>Willi Hennig (1966) advocated the then controversial ‘‘holomorphological approach’’ in insect phylogenetics, whereby characters from all life stages are combined to produce the best-supported phylogeny. There is little doubt that, were he alive today, Hennig would further argue for combining characters from DNA with holomorphology. Future research on dioptine evolution should utilize characters from adults, larvae, pupae and DNA, as well as traits provided by any other novel forms of data, should they become available. Careful, scientifically sound analyses are the key. Our common goal of achieving stable phylogenetic hypotheses to understand broad evolutionary issues will emerge through study of characters from all available sources.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF87E0FF049E90BCA21636FCF14C4C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Miller, James S	Miller, James S (2009): Generic Revision Of The Dioptinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea: Notodontidae) Part 2: Josiini. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2009 (321): 675-1022, DOI: 10.1206/321.1-1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1206/321.1-1
03FF87E0FEAF9F5BBECD13DDFBCF4BCC.text	03FF87E0FEAF9F5BBECD13DDFBCF4BCC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Erbessa alea (Druce) Druce 1890	<div><p>alea Druce (Erbessa), 135, 141, 918, 944, pl. 4. aliena Dognin (Nebulosa), 412, 429, 436, 445,</p> <p>657, 922, 948, pl. 16. amazonica Druce (Phaeochlaena), 215, 223, 224,</p> <p>920, 945, pl. 9. amplificata Hering (Erbessa), 146, 147, 148, 918. ampliflava Warren (Lyces), 778, 779, 830, 928. ampliplaga Hering (Isostyla), 665, 666, 926. andosa Druce (Lyces), 770, 771, 830, 928, 954,</p> <p>pl. 30. Angulosa Group (Lyces), 763, 764, 768, 830, 831. angulosa Walker (Lyces), 693, 753, 754, 756,</p> <p>762, 765, 767, 769, 775, 830, 831, 928, 936,</p> <p>945, pl. 29. angustifascia Hering (Dioptis), 503, 504, 924,</p> <p>950, pl. 19. angustimargo Warren (Scea), 16, 754, 793, 833,</p> <p>841, 842, 844, 852, 853, 929, 936, 955,</p> <p>pl. 33. aniplata Warren (Polypoetes), 255, 286, 336,</p> <p>337, 341, 343, 921, 947, pl. 13. annulata Dognin (Lyces), 39, 678, 769, 770, 771,</p> <p>772, 774, 830, 928, 954, pl. 31. Annulata Group (Scotura), 48, 58, 79, 81, 83, 84,</p> <p>917, 940, 943. annulata Guérin-Méneville (Scotura), 15, 19, 63,</p> <p>84, 86, 917, 936, 943, pl. 1, pl. 36. anomala Prout (Euchontha), 604, 609, 925, 951,</p> <p>pl. 23. Anticoreura Prout, 54, 207, 667, 668, 858, 926,</p> <p>952. aperta Warren (Lyces), 775, 830, 928. Apocinesia Bryk (Phavaraea), 724, 730. approximans Warren (Polypoetes), 18, 28, 263,</p> <p>303, 304, 312, 319, 323, 324, 920, 946,</p> <p>pl. 10. areolata Walker (Dioptis), 369, 506, 507, 509,</p> <p>514, 519, 924, 950, pl. 19. Argentala Miller, 15, 24, 25, 29, 41, 48, 54, 231,</p> <p>235–237, 239, 240, 246, 357, 632, 636, 856,</p> <p>858, 864, 920, 940. argoptera Miller (Argentala), 240, 241, 243, 247,</p> <p>253, 920, 946, pl. 10. ariaca Druce (Lyces), 15, 754, 755, 764, 765,</p> <p>766, 768, 830, 831, 928, 936, 954, pl. 29. Arina Walker (Polypoetes), 254, 321.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF87E0FEAF9F5BBECD13DDFBCF4BCC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Miller, James S	Miller, James S (2009): Generic Revision Of The Dioptinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea: Notodontidae) Part 2: Josiini. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2009 (321): 675-1022, DOI: 10.1206/321.1-1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1206/321.1-1
03FF87E0FEAF9F5BBCF013DDFF504BCC.text	03FF87E0FEAF9F5BBCF013DDFF504BCC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polypoetes aborta (Dognin 1913) Dognin 1913	<div><p>aborta Dognin (Polypoetes), 350, 351, 357,</p> <p>549, 577, 636, 922, 947, pl. 14. Abrupta Group (Ephialtias), 46, 734, 745, 746,</p> <p>830, 831, 927, 942, 953. abrupta Hübner (Ephialtias), 15, 684, 734, 735,</p> <p>738, 745, 746, 747, 750, 788, 830, 831, 869,</p> <p>927, 936, 953, pl. 29. abstracta Prout (Scotura), 88, 89, 917, 943, pl. 1. Actea Walker (Ephialtias), 15, 734, 744, 745,</p> <p>747, 750, 751, 777. adiante Walker (Proutiella), 693, 927. aeliana Bates (Dioptis), 495, 507, 508, 509, 924,</p> <p>950, pl. 21. aequivoca Warren (Erbessa), 145, 146, 918. aeroptera Miller (Scotura), 19, 70, 71, 84, 917,</p> <p>943, pl. 1. albibasis Warren (Scotura), 87, 88, 917. albicephala Miller (Brachyglene), 18, 368, 143,</p> <p>144, 377, 382, 383, 386, 388, 922, 948, pl. 15. albicuneata Dognin (Polypoetes), 336, 337, 339,</p> <p>636, 921, 947, pl. 13. albifasciata Druce (Dioptis), 502, 503, 924. albifera Warren (Nebulosa), 442, 923. albifrons Warren (Erbessa), 144, 918. albilinea Miller (Erbessa), 18, 118, 119, 134, 138,</p> <p>157, 918, 943, pl. 2. albilinea Schaus (Arctiidae), 657, 674, 856, 930,</p> <p>943, pl. 25. albimacula Warren (Euchontha), 610, 925. albimargo Miller (Pareuchontha), 592, 596, 599,</p> <p>925, 951, pl. 23. albinigra Warren (Tithraustes), 651, 652, 657,</p> <p>926, 952, pl. 24. Albipes Group (Pareuchontha), 596, 599, 925,</p> <p>951. albipes Maassen (Pareuchontha), 590, 596, 599,</p> <p>600, 602, 925, 951, pl. 23. albiplaga Warren (Momonipta), 239, 522, 524,</p> <p>527, 528, 530, 636, 924, 950, pl. 21. albiscripta Dognin (Polypoetes), 262, 301, 304,</p> <p>311, 920, 946, pl. 12. albitumida Dognin (Nebulosa), 407, 433, 464,</p> <p>465, 657, 923, 949, pl. 17. Albitumida Group (Nebulosa), 47, 192, 357, 408,</p> <p>423, 424, 463, 464, 465, 657, 658, 923, 941,</p> <p>949.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF87E0FEAF9F5BBCF013DDFF504BCC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Miller, James S	Miller, James S (2009): Generic Revision Of The Dioptinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea: Notodontidae) Part 2: Josiini. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2009 (321): 675-1022, DOI: 10.1206/321.1-1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1206/321.1-1
03FF87E0FEAE9F5ABEEB12A9FBC74BCC.text	03FF87E0FEAE9F5ABEEB12A9FBC74BCC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phaeochlaena bicolor (Moschler) Moschler 1877	<div><p>bicolor Möschler (Phaeochlaena), 222, 223, 224,</p> <p>920, 945, pl. 10. bicurvata Bastelberger (Erbessa), 164, 165, 919. bifacies Walker (Erbessa), 113, 161, 162, 919. bifenestra Miller (Polypoetes), 14, 18, 255, 257,</p> <p>258, 275, 280, 298, 350, 351, 352, 922, 932,</p> <p>947, pl. 14, pl. 38. biorbiculata Warren (Xenorma), 183, 184, 919,</p> <p>945, pl. 8. bipartita Walker (Scotura), 87, 917. biplaga Dognin (Scoturopsis), 560, 925. biplagiata Warren (Erbessa), 133, 137, 143, 151,</p> <p>160, 161, 918, 944, pl. 5. biquadrata Prout (Isostyla), 664, 665, 666, 926,</p> <p>952, pl. 25. bistellata Dognin (Polypoetes), 14, 265, 301,</p> <p>304, 305, 327, 920, 932, 946, pl. 12. Brachyglene Herrich-Schäffer, 29, 35, 41, 43, 44,</p> <p>47, 49, 53, 188, 192, 361, 369, 371, 373, 376,</p> <p>382, 390, 668, 670, 673, 674, 777, 858, 863,</p> <p>866, 874, 922, 941. brachyptera Sattler and Wojtusiak (Xenomigia),</p> <p>570, 578, 579, 580, 925, 951, pl. 22. bracteola Geyer (Brachyglene), 14, 373, 374,</p> <p>376, 378, 382, 385, 387, 922, 936, 948, pl. 15. brehmi Miller (Argentala), 242, 243, 247, 249,</p> <p>920, 946, pl. 10. brevifascia Prout (Phryganidia), 199, 831, 856,</p> <p>920. brevispinula Miller (Notascea), 718, 794, 798,</p> <p>801, 928, 954, pl. 32. broweri Miller (Phintia), 16, 41, 718, 784, 785,</p> <p>788, 928, 936, 954, pl. 31. brunnea Warren (Phaeochlaena), 224, 920. Bryce Group (Ephialtias), 680, 734, 745, 751,</p> <p>831, 927, 942. bryce Walker (Ephialtias), 751, 752, 831, 927,</p> <p>953, pl. 29. bryki Hering (Scea), 831, 843, 845, 847, 848,</p> <p>929, 955, pl. 35. bugabensis Druce (Scotura), 15, 45, 72, 84, 87,</p> <p>917, 936, 943, pl. 1. butes Druce (Dioptis), 15, 478, 496, 497, 657,</p> <p>667, 923, 932, 949, pl. 17. Butes Group (Dioptis), 470, 482, 484, 495, 496,</p> <p>497, 657, 923, 941, 949. Cacolyces Warren, 45, 46, 48, 53, 58, 358, 361,</p> <p>369, 858, 863, 874, 922, 941. caenea Drury (Brachyglene), 148, 374, 383, 384,</p> <p>386, 387, 922, 948, pl. 15. Caenea Group (Brachyglene), 382, 384, 388, 922,</p> <p>948. caeneides Prout (Erbessa), 146, 147, 918.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF87E0FEAE9F5ABEEB12A9FBC74BCC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Miller, James S	Miller, James S (2009): Generic Revision Of The Dioptinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea: Notodontidae) Part 2: Josiini. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2009 (321): 675-1022, DOI: 10.1206/321.1-1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1206/321.1-1
03FF87E0FEA99F5DBCF012A9FF494BCC.text	03FF87E0FEA99F5DBCF012A9FF494BCC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hadesina caerulescens (Schaus) Schaus 1913	<div><p>caerulescens Schaus (Hadesina), 14, 363, 364,</p> <p>365, 368, 369, 370, 922, 932, 948, pl. 14. caesiopicta Warren (Scea), 848, 930. californica Packard (Phryganidia), 6, 18, 192,</p> <p>193, 197, 198, 880, 881, 920, 945, pl. 8, pl. 37. caliginosa Dognin (incertae sedis), 657, 673, 926,</p> <p>952, pl. 25. candelaria Druce (Dioptis), 14, 25, 199, 471, 480,</p> <p>498, 499, 500, 667, 923, 932, 949,</p> <p>pl. 18. capena Druce (Erbessa), 133, 134, 143, 159, 867,</p> <p>918, 944, pl. 7. carboniptera Miller (Euchontha), 603, 605, 606,</p> <p>607, 609, 610, 613, 925, 951, pl. 23. carderi Druce (incertae sedis), 636, 671, 926,</p> <p>952, pl. 25. caresa Druce (Scotura), 90, 91, 917. Caribojosia Rawlins and Miller, 15, 102, 678,</p> <p>679, 780, 858, 928, 942. carneata Warren (Proutiella), 693, 927. cassa Prout (Ephialtias), 748, 750, 927. cassandra Druce (Erbessa), 135, 143, 172, 175,</p> <p>918, 944, pl. 7. castrona Warren (incertae sedis), 669, 670, 926,</p> <p>952, pl. 25. celata Warren (Erbessa), 133, 138, 144, 160,</p> <p>161, 175, 918, 944, pl. 6. Ceraeotricha Hering (Xenomigia), 568, 578, 586. cercostis Walker (Phintia), 788, 790, 831, 928. ceron Druce (Polyptychia), 720, 927. cethegus Schaus (Polypoetes), 312, 330, 921. charila Druce (Dioptis), 502, 923, 949,</p> <p>pl. 18. charon Druce (Dioptis), 503, 504, 505, 506, 519,</p> <p>521, 924, 950, pl. 18. cheledonis Druce (Dioptis), 482, 507, 511, 522,</p> <p>924, 950, pl. 19. chihuahua Miller (Phryganidia), 193, 194, 197,</p> <p>198, 920, 945, pl. 8. chilion Druce (Euchontha), 613, 925. chloris Druce (Dioptis), 476, 495, 496, 657, 923,</p> <p>949, pl. 17. Chloris Group (Dioptis), 41, 52, 362, 484, 485,</p> <p>495, 496, 497, 657, 658, 923, 941, 949. choba Druce (Ephialtias), 739, 745, 746, 747,</p> <p>748, 749, 927, 953, pl. 29. Chrysoglossa Miller, 15, 18, 26, 29, 35, 41, 47,</p> <p>49, 53, 103, 280, 361, 362, 390, 391, 392, 397,</p> <p>422, 581, 657, 658, 856, 858, 863, 865, 867,</p> <p>874, 922, 941. cingulina Druce (Erbessa), 117, 137, 144, 145,</p> <p>147, 151, 152, 154, 156, 158, 165, 918, 944,</p> <p>pl. 6.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF87E0FEA99F5DBCF012A9FF494BCC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Miller, James S	Miller, James S (2009): Generic Revision Of The Dioptinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea: Notodontidae) Part 2: Josiini. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2009 (321): 675-1022, DOI: 10.1206/321.1-1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1206/321.1-1
03FF87E0FEA89F5CBEEB12A9FC724BCC.text	03FF87E0FEA89F5CBEEB12A9FC724BCC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cyanotricha Prout 1918	<div><p>Cyanotricha Prout (Scea), 15, 31, 831, 841, 842,</p> <p>845, 849. Cyma Group (Dioptis), 41, 45, 482, 488, 495,</p> <p>503, 506, 867, 873, 924, 941, 950. cyma Hübner (Dioptis), 469, 471, 507, 512, 519,</p> <p>924, 950, pl. 21. Cymopsis C. and R. Felder (Scotura), 59, 599,</p> <p>600. cytheris Druce (Xenorma), 15, 30, 176, 177, 178,</p> <p>183, 184, 188, 919, 936, 945, pl. 8. damalis Schaus (Oricia), 108, 112, 918. decolorata Hering (Erbessa), 134, 141, 147, 148,</p> <p>918, 944, pl. 3. decorata Dognin (Stenoplastis), 15, 528, 625,</p> <p>626, 627, 631, 632, 633, 635, 926, 932, 952, pl.</p> <p>23. decorata Druce (Josia), 829, 929. decorata Walker (Erbessa), 175, 919. deiphon Druce (Tithraustes), 637, 641, 652, 926,</p> <p>952, pl. 24. deldon Druce (Polypoetes), 254, 270, 280, 302,</p> <p>312, 921, 946, pl. 10. deleta Prout (Xenorma), 183, 919. delicata Miller (Nebulosa), 407, 415, 416, 431,</p> <p>437, 439, 447, 449, 922, 948, pl. 16. delineata Dognin (Scotura), 79, 81, 917, 943, pl.</p> <p>1. demades Druce (Chrysoglossa), 15, 18, 390, 391,</p> <p>397, 399, 400, 401, 657, 922, 936, 948,</p> <p>pl. 15. denigrata Hering (Polypoetes), 328, 921. dentistriga Hering (Dioptis), 508, 513, 519, 924,</p> <p>950, pl. 20. depravata Hering (Erbessa), 134, 147, 148, 153,</p> <p>918, 944, pl. 3. desmotrichoides Hering (Erbessa), 136, 141, 142,</p> <p>149, 151, 918, 944, pl. 4. dilatata Hering (Brachyglene), 385, 386, 922. dilatata Walker (Phavaraea), 16, 36, 38, 703,</p> <p>723, 724, 725, 730, 731, 927, 936, 953,</p> <p>pl. 28. dilucida Warren (Monocreaga), 539, 924. dimidiata Walker (Scea), 16, 751, 831, 832, 837,</p> <p>842, 846, 847, 849, 929, 936, 955, pl. 33. diminuata Hering (Josia), 821, 929. DIOPTINI, 18, 51, 52, 917–926. Dioptis Hübner, 27, 28, 29, 31, 32, 34–37, 41, 42,</p> <p>44, 45, 47, 49, 51, 52, 132, 166, 199, 362, 369,</p> <p>469, 471, 474, 495, 522, 531, 538, 539, 602,</p> <p>632, 657, 658, 663, 667, 856, 858, 861, 863–</p> <p>865, 867, 869, 873, 881, 923, 941. discinota Warren (Scea), 678, 832, 842, 846, 847,</p> <p>849, 929, 955, pl. 33, pl. 39.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF87E0FEA89F5CBEEB12A9FC724BCC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Miller, James S	Miller, James S (2009): Generic Revision Of The Dioptinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea: Notodontidae) Part 2: Josiini. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2009 (321): 675-1022, DOI: 10.1206/321.1-1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1206/321.1-1
03FF87E0FEA89F5CBC2D12A8FED04BCC.text	03FF87E0FEA89F5CBC2D12A8FED04BCC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Smicropus consepta Dognin 1913	<div><p>consepta Dognin (Lyces), 777, 778, 831, 928. constricta Warren (Lyces), 693, 764–766, 767,</p> <p>868, 928, 954, pl. 29. consueta Walker (Ephialtias), 745, 746, 747, 748,</p> <p>750, 831, 927, 953, pl. 29. continens Prout (Erbessa), 134, 146, 147, 148,</p> <p>153, 164, 918, 944, pl. 3. contingens Warren (Phaeochlaena), 230, 920. contracta Dognin (Scotura), 79, 80, 81, 917, 943,</p> <p>pl. 1. copiosa Miller (Polypoetes), 14, 18, 41, 258, 259,</p> <p>260, 266, 267, 275, 277, 292, 302, 305, 315,</p> <p>316, 321, 323, 878, 880, 920, 932, 946,</p> <p>pl. 11. coras Druce (Scoturopsis), 15, 19, 552, 553, 555,</p> <p>558, 559, 560, 621, 636, 925, 936, 951,</p> <p>pl. 22. corneola Miller (Polypoetes), 41, 268, 269, 302,</p> <p>304, 309, 311, 313, 317, 920, 946, pl. 12. corvica Dognin (Erbessa), 131, 135, 147, 166,</p> <p>918, 944, pl. 6. costaricensis Miller (Phaeochlaena), 14, 35, 214,</p> <p>216, 217, 223, 225, 226, 227, 920, 932, 945, pl.</p> <p>9. costidentata Dognin (Phaeochlaena), 224, 225,</p> <p>920. crenulata Miller (Polypoetes), 275, 289, 336,</p> <p>337, 339, 342, 921, 947, pl. 13. creon Druce (Nebulosa), 414, 420, 429, 437, 657,</p> <p>922, 948, pl. 16. crocearia Schaus (Brachyglene), 389, 922, 948,</p> <p>pl. 15. cruciata Butler (Lyces), 16, 678, 761, 769, 770,</p> <p>774, 777, 779, 831, 928, 936, 954, pl. 31. crypsispila Warren (Nebulosa), 466, 467, 657,</p> <p>923, 949, pl. 17. cryptophleps Hering (Polypoetes), 322, 921. cuatropuntada Dognin (incertae sedis), 357, 670,</p> <p>926. cuneifera Dognin (Xenomigia), 568, 575, 578,</p> <p>582, 585, 586, 925, 951, pl. 22. cuneiplaga Prout (Erbessa), 136, 147, 148, 149,</p> <p>918, 944, pl. 4. curvifascia Prout (Dioptis), 489, 503, 506, 508,</p> <p>512, 517, 924, 950, pl. 20. curvilimes Prout (Scea), 844, 846, 850, 929, 955,</p> <p>pl. 34. cyanomelas C. and R. Felder (Phanoptis), 14,</p> <p>18, 199, 200, 201, 203, 206, 207, 209, 210, 213,</p> <p>920, 932, 945, pl. 9. Cyanomelas Group (Phanoptis), 207, 208, 209,</p> <p>867, 920, 940, 945.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF87E0FEA89F5CBC2D12A8FED04BCC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Miller, James S	Miller, James S (2009): Generic Revision Of The Dioptinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea: Notodontidae) Part 2: Josiini. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2009 (321): 675-1022, DOI: 10.1206/321.1-1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1206/321.1-1
03FF87E0FEAB9F5FBECD12A9FBCC4BCC.text	03FF87E0FEAB9F5FBECD12A9FBCC4BCC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lyces enoides Boisduval	<div><p>enoides Boisduval (Lyces), 685, 764, 765, 767,</p> <p>768, 831, 928, 954, pl. 29. Ephialtias Hübner, 30, 39, 46, 192, 674, 680,</p> <p>684, 734, 735, 804, 814, 830, 831, 856, 858,</p> <p>863, 875, 927, 942. erasa Prout (Scea), 142, 831, 843, 845, 847, 851,</p> <p>929, 955, pl. 35. Erbessa Walker, 16, 24, 26, 28–31, 33–35, 43,</p> <p>45, 46, 49, 52, 58, 58, 101–104, 108, 113, 182,</p> <p>207, 213, 222, 223, 231, 275, 358, 416, 703,</p> <p>706, 712, 730, 762, 786, 798, 855, 856, 858,</p> <p>861, 863, 864, 866, 867, 868, 869, 874, 875,</p> <p>877, 881, 918, 940. Eremonidia Rawlins and Miller, 51, 53, 58, 98,</p> <p>99, 101, 783, 858, 863, 881, 917. eriphus Druce (Polypoetes), 280, 303, 312, 330,</p> <p>921, 946, pl. 11. erycinoides C. &amp; R. Felder (Isostyla), 658, 664,</p> <p>665, 666, 926. erymas Druce (Nebulosa), 15, 18, 50, 408, 416,</p> <p>418, 434, 442, 445, 446, 657, 923, 936, 948, pl.</p> <p>16, pl. 38. esernius Druce (Tithraustes), 642, 652, 653, 655,</p> <p>657, 926, 952, pl. 24. esoterica Prout (Proutiella), 683, 684, 691, 747,</p> <p>831, 926, 953, pl. 26. etearchus Druce (Polypoetes), 14, 256, 280, 282,</p> <p>285, 312, 329, 330, 332–335, 921, 932, 947, pl.</p> <p>12. Etearchus Group (Polypoetes), 293, 312, 329,</p> <p>921, 940, 947. eteocles Druce (Dioptis), 185, 496, 497, 657, 923,</p> <p>949, pl. 17. Eterusialis Group (Lyces), 761, 763, 831, 927,</p> <p>942, 953. eterusialis Walker (Lyces), 755, 762, 763, 764,</p> <p>831, 928, 953, pl. 30. Euchontha Walker, 26, 27, 29, 36, 37, 41, 46, 52,</p> <p>590, 595, 596, 599, 602, 603, 670, 858, 863,</p> <p>925, 941. euchonthoides Prout (Pareuchontha), 528, 597,</p> <p>925. Eudioptis Prout (Dioptis), 469, 501. Euforbesia Kiriakoff (Monocreaga), 8, 14, 531,</p> <p>539. euryzona Prout (Erbessa), 134, 149, 150, 156,</p> <p>918, 944, pl. 2. Euscoturopsis Bryk (Dolophrosyne), 540, 547–</p> <p>549, 559, 567. evanescens Hering (Polypoetes), 338, 339, 921,</p> <p>947. evippe Walker (Erbessa), 113, 133, 136, 142, 147,</p> <p>150, 158, 159, 162, 918, 944, pl. 4.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF87E0FEAB9F5FBECD12A9FBCC4BCC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Miller, James S	Miller, James S (2009): Generic Revision Of The Dioptinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea: Notodontidae) Part 2: Josiini. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2009 (321): 675-1022, DOI: 10.1206/321.1-1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1206/321.1-1
03FF87E0FEAA9F5EBC2D12A8FF7F4BCC.text	03FF87E0FEAA9F5EBC2D12A8FF7F4BCC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Erbessa evippoides (Hering) Hering 1925	<div><p>evippoides Hering (Erbessa), 137, 141, 142, 150,</p> <p>151, 918, 944, pl. 4. exclamationis Hering (Polypoetes), 302, 304,</p> <p>312, 313, 320, 327, 921, 946, pl. 12. exclusa Hering (Polypoetes), 325, 336, 341, 921,</p> <p>947, pl. 13. eximia Warren (Polypoetes), 291, 343, 344, 345,</p> <p>636, 921, 947, pl. 14. extensa Hering (Xenormicola), 26, 52, 547, 563,</p> <p>564, 567, 925, 951, pl. 22. extensa Walker (Brachyglene), 386, 922. exturbata Hering (Xenorma), 183, 184, 919, 945,</p> <p>pl. 8. fasciata Hering (Phryganidia), 199. fasciata Rothschild (Josia), 829, 830, 929. fasciculosa C. &amp; R. Felder (Polyptychia), 712,</p> <p>716, 719, 720, 721, 722, 927, 953, pl. 27. fassli Prout (Xenomigia), 568, 571, 578, 581,</p> <p>585, 586, 925, 951, pl. 22. fatidica Dognin (Phanoptis), 14, 44, 45, 200,</p> <p>202, 206, 207, 208, 209, pl. 8. Fatidica Group (Phanoptis), 207, 208, 867, 920,</p> <p>940, 945. Fatima Group (Dioptis), 495, 503, 519, 521, 522,</p> <p>924, 941, 950. fatima Möschler (Dioptis), 2, 14, 486, 487, 503,</p> <p>504, 505, 521, 522, 924, 932, 950, pl. 18. felderi Prout (Argentala), 252, 920. fenestrata Hering (Polypoetes), 255, 302, 306,</p> <p>313, 315, 316, 312, 323, 921, 946, pl. 11. flavibasis Hering (incertae sedis), 636, 672, 926. Flavicapilla Group (Scotura), 43, 49, 62, 66, 78,</p> <p>79, 82–84, 88, 917, 940, 943. flavicapilla Hübner (Scotura), 15, 19, 61, 63, 69,</p> <p>73, 82, 89, 90, 917, 936, 943, pl. 1,</p> <p>pl. 36. flavifascia Hering (Erbessa), 146, 147, 148, 918. flavinigra Dognin (Stenoplastis), 15, 528, 625,</p> <p>629, 631–633, 635, 926, 932, 952, pl. 23. flavipars Prout (Josia), 826, 929. flaviplaga Dognin (Scoturopsis), 552, 555, 558,</p> <p>559, 560, 925, 951, pl. 22. flavissima Walker (Lyces), 15, 678, 762, 763,</p> <p>764, 831, 928, 936, 953, pl. 30. flavizoma Miller (Pseudoricia), 617, 618, 620,</p> <p>621, 622, 926, 952, pl. 23. flexuosa Hering (Josia), 821, 929. fluonia Druce (Lyces), 678, 754, 766, 769, 770,</p> <p>774, 777, 831, 928, 954, pl. 30. forficata Miller (Polypoetes), 15, 18, 37, 41, 267,</p> <p>271, 301, 304, 305, 313, 327, 921, 932, 946, pl.</p> <p>12, pl. 37.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF87E0FEAA9F5EBC2D12A8FF7F4BCC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Miller, James S	Miller, James S (2009): Generic Revision Of The Dioptinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea: Notodontidae) Part 2: Josiini. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2009 (321): 675-1022, DOI: 10.1206/321.1-1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1206/321.1-1
03FF87E0FEAA9F5EBEEB12A9FBA74BCC.text	03FF87E0FEAA9F5EBEEB12A9FBA74BCC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lyces fornax Druce FW 1885	<div><p>fornax Druce (Lyces), 678, 762, 769, 770, 775,</p> <p>777, 778, 780, 830, 831, 928, 954, pl. 30, pl.</p> <p>39. fracta Miller (Brachyglene), 379, 382, 386, 922,</p> <p>948, pl. 14. franclemonti Miller (Scoturopsis), 546, 553, 556,</p> <p>559, 560, 866, 925, 951, pl. 22. fratelloi Miller (Dioptis), 45, 131, 482, 490, 507,</p> <p>513, 514, 924, 950, pl. 19. frigida Druce (Josia), 678, 803, 807, 820, 821,</p> <p>822, 925, 932, 951, pl. 32. Frigida Group (Euchontha), 26, 596, 606, 609,</p> <p>610, 925, 951. frigida Walker (Euchontha), 14, 36, 222, 602,</p> <p>603, 606, 607, 609, 610, 929, 955, pl. 23. fruhstorferi Prout (Josia), 830, 929. fucata Prout (Phaeochlaena), 227, 228, 920. fuliginosa Dognin (Polypoetes), 272, 301, 302,</p> <p>304, 313, 316, 320, 921, 946, pl. 12. fulvia Cramer (Josia), 817, 818, 929. fulvia Druce (Josia), 820, 929. fulvia Hübner (Lyces), 773, 774, 928. fulviceps C. and R. Felder (Scotura), 63, 74, 89,</p> <p>90, 92, 917, 943, pl. 1. fulvipalpis Dognin (Nebulosa), 15, 408, 409, 412,</p> <p>430, 459, 460, 461, 657, 923, 936, 949, pl. 16. Fulvipalpis Group (Nebulosa), 49, 357, 416, 424,</p> <p>458, 459, 657, 878, 923, 941, 949. fumosa Miller (Chrysoglossa), 394, 399, 401,</p> <p>403, 581, 922, 948, pl. 15. fusciceps Warren (Scotura), 82, 88, 89, 91, 917,</p> <p>943, pl. 1. fuscivena Miller (Pareuchontha), 594, 595, 596,</p> <p>599, 600, 925, 951, pl. 23. fusifera Druce (Josia), 821, 929. fusigera Walker (Josia), 820, 821, 929, 955, pl.</p> <p>32. fustula Warren (Josia), 678, 803, 813, 817, 820,</p> <p>821, 929, 955, pl. 32. gephyra Hering (Lyces), 777, 778, 831, 928. Getta Walker, 26, 37, 38, 138, 145, 150, 153,</p> <p>668, 679, 693, 694, 712, 719, 723, 724, 727,</p> <p>730–734, 854, 855, 858, 863, 875, 927, 942. gigantea Druce (Josia), 15, 678, 783, 814, 820,</p> <p>822, 823, 825, 929, 936, 955, pl. 32,</p> <p>pl. 39. gigantea Druce (Scea), 843, 848, 851, 929, 955,</p> <p>pl. 34. glaucaspis Walker (Erbessa), 166, 919. Glissa Walker (Erbessa), 113, 162. glycera Druce (Josia), 827, 929. goeleti Miller (Hadesina), 14, 41, 45, 363, 367,</p> <p>368, 369, 371, 922, 932, 948, pl. 14.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF87E0FEAA9F5EBEEB12A9FBA74BCC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Miller, James S	Miller, James S (2009): Generic Revision Of The Dioptinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea: Notodontidae) Part 2: Josiini. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2009 (321): 675-1022, DOI: 10.1206/321.1-1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1206/321.1-1
03FF87E0FE959F61BCF012A9FF494BCC.text	03FF87E0FE959F61BCF012A9FF494BCC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lyces gopala Dognin	<div><p>gopala Dognin (Lyces), 678, 769, 771, 772, 775,</p> <p>776, 777, 831, 928, 954, pl. 30. graba Druce (Erbessa), 133, 137, 143, 151, 160,</p> <p>161, 918, 944, pl. 5. grandimacula Dognin (Pareuchontha), 14, 528,</p> <p>590, 591, 592, 595, 596, 597, 599, 600, 602,</p> <p>925, 932, 951, pl. 23. Grandimacula Group (Pareuchontha), 596, 925,</p> <p>951. grandimacula Hering (Xenorma), 177, 183, 185,</p> <p>186, 188, 919, 945, pl. 8. grandis Bryk (Erbessa), 161, 162, 919. grandis Druce (Scea), 842, 849, 930, 955, pl. 33. grimaldii Miller (Nebulosa), 427, 429, 447, 454,</p> <p>456, 458, 923, 949, pl. 17. gyon Fabricius (Phaeochlaena), 14, 18, 213, 214,</p> <p>218, 221–224, 227, 229, 873, 874, 881, 920,</p> <p>945, pl. 9. Hadesina Warren, 36, 37, 41, 45, 47, 53, 159,</p> <p>361, 363, 382, 390, 469, 531, 858, 866, 867,</p> <p>874, 922, 941. haemon Druce (Tithraustes), 15, 19, 636, 643,</p> <p>647, 649, 650, 652, 653, 926, 932, 952,</p> <p>pl. 24. Haemon Group (Tithraustes), 647, 651, 926, 942,</p> <p>952. halesius Druce (Nebulosa), 435, 466, 467, 468,</p> <p>469, 657, 923, 949, pl. 17. Halesius Group (Nebulosa), 424, 466, 657, 923,</p> <p>941, 949. haruspex Druce (Polypoetes), 18, 275, 277, 280,</p> <p>302, 305, 306, 308, 316, 321, 323, 921, 946, pl.</p> <p>12. Haruspex Group (Polypoetes), 42, 43, 273, 275,</p> <p>277, 292, 293, 297, 338, 339, 355, 657, 658,</p> <p>920, 940, 946. hazara Butler (Phaeochlaena), 14, 145, 214, 220,</p> <p>223, 229, 869, 920, 932, 945, pl. 9. heliconides Prout (Phaeochlaena), 229, 920. herdina Walker (Dioptis), 516, 517, 924. Hermani Group (Nebulosa), 420, 422–424, 454,</p> <p>923, 941, 949. hermani Miller (Nebulosa), 14, 407, 409, 412,</p> <p>420, 428, 429, 447, 454, 456, 923, 936, 949, pl.</p> <p>17. hermieri Miller (Polyptychia), 16, 102, 678, 703,</p> <p>712–715, 717–719, 720, 721, 927, 936, 953, pl.</p> <p>27. hillmani Miller (Oricia), 45, 78, 102, 104, 108,</p> <p>109, 917, 943, pl. 2. homalochroa C. and R. Felder (Oricia), 14, 42,</p> <p>54, 102, 104, 106, 108, 112, 113, 918, 932, 943,</p> <p>pl. 2.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF87E0FE959F61BCF012A9FF494BCC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Miller, James S	Miller, James S (2009): Generic Revision Of The Dioptinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea: Notodontidae) Part 2: Josiini. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2009 (321): 675-1022, DOI: 10.1206/321.1-1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1206/321.1-1
03FF87E0FE959F61BECD12A8FBA74BCC.text	03FF87E0FE959F61BECD12A8FBA74BCC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Nebulosa huacamayensis Miller 2009	<div><p>huacamayensis Miller (Nebulosa), 18, 407, 409,</p> <p>412, 416, 419, 420, 436, 437, 440, 441, 443,</p> <p>447, 923, 948, pl. 16. hyperia Walker (Ephialtias), 746, 747, 788, 927. icca Prout (Ephialtias), 746, 747, 927. ignorata Hering (Lyces), 754, 765, 768, 831, 928,</p> <p>954, pl. 29. ilaire Druce (Proutiella), 15, 680–682, 683, 684,</p> <p>685, 686, 689, 831, 926, 936, 953, pl. 26. ilerdina Bates (Dioptis), 491, 495, 504, 508, 509,</p> <p>512, 513, 516, 518, 924, 950, pl. 20. imitatrix Warren (Erbessa), 150, 918. impleta Warren (Dioptis), 500, 923. inaequiflexa Dognin (Josia), 826, 929. inaequiplaga Dognin (Nebulosa), 416, 459, 460,</p> <p>461, 657, 923, 949, pl. 16. inaria Druce (Erbessa), 133, 137, 152, 918, 944,</p> <p>pl. 5. incerta Hering (Dioptis), 491, 503, 508, 517, 924,</p> <p>950, pl. 19. indentata Hering (Dioptis), 503, 504, 505, 506,</p> <p>924, 950, pl. 19. ineldo Schaus (Polypoetes), 292, 343, 344, 345,</p> <p>921, 947, pl. 13. infans Walker (Proutiella), 683, 684, 685, 687,</p> <p>688, 689, 767, 768, 831, 926, 953, pl. 26. infausta Hering (Josia), 816, 928, 954,</p> <p>pl. 32. insincera Prout (Josia), 16, 678, 804, 815, 816,</p> <p>818, 819, 928, 936, 954, pl. 32, pl. 39. integra C. and R. Felder (Erbessa), 114, 134,</p> <p>152, 231, 855, 918, 944, pl. 7. integra Hering (Polypoetes), 273, 302, 304, 309,</p> <p>311, 316, 317, 921, 946, pl. 12. integra Walker (Josia), 811, 829, 830, 929, 955,</p> <p>pl. 33. intermedia Warren (Scotura), 19, 82, 89, 91, 93,</p> <p>917, 943, pl. 1. interrupta Warren (Josia), 816, 817, 928, 954, pl.</p> <p>32. intersecta Warren (Isostyla), 664, 665, 926. intersita Hering (Polypoetes), 336, 341, 921, 947,</p> <p>pl. 13. inversa Dognin (Pareuchontha), 597, 925. involuta Miller (Xenomigia), 15, 569, 576–579,</p> <p>585, 587, 925, 936, 951, pl. 23. Isostyla Prout, 24, 32, 36, 40, 44, 45, 47, 52, 53,</p> <p>482, 484, 522, 528, 595, 632, 637, 645, 646,</p> <p>658, 659, 858, 867, 873, 926, 942. ithomeina Butler (Isostyla), 18, 659, 660, 663,</p> <p>664, 665–667, 926, 952, pl. 24. jesuita Fabricius (Lyces), 773, 928.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF87E0FE959F61BECD12A8FBA74BCC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Miller, James S	Miller, James S (2009): Generic Revision Of The Dioptinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea: Notodontidae) Part 2: Josiini. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2009 (321): 675-1022, DOI: 10.1206/321.1-1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1206/321.1-1
03FF87E0FE949F60BEEB12A9FCC84BCC.text	03FF87E0FE949F60BEEB12A9FCC84BCC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hadesina limbaria Warren 1900	<div><p>limbaria Warren (Hadesina), 159, 361, 363, 364,</p> <p>365, 368, 369, 370, 922, 948, pl. 14. lindigii C. and R. Felder (Erbessa), 14, 18, 30,</p> <p>114, 117, 121, 134, 138, 140, 141, 148, 150,</p> <p>153, 156, 157, 164, 169, 881, 919, 932, 944,</p> <p>pl. 2. longigutta Warren (Scotura), 15, 63, 66, 79, 80,</p> <p>81, 82, 83, 917, 936, 943, pl. 1. longinervis C. &amp; R. Felder (Euchontha), 610,</p> <p>925. longipalpata Dognin (Erbessa), 156, 855, 919. longipalpis Warren (Polypoetes), 328, 921. longipennis Schaus (Dioptis), 15, 18, 32, 47, 469,</p> <p>471, 474, 479, 482, 484, 496, 497, 498, 657,</p> <p>667, 873, 882, 883, 923, 932, 949, pl. 17, pl.</p> <p>38. longiplaga Warren (Erbessa), 138, 149, 157, 163,</p> <p>919, 944, pl. 5. longistria Warren (Lyces), 678, 759, 764, 771,</p> <p>772, 776, 831, 928, 954, pl. 30. loxa Miller (Notascea), 718, 792, 796, 797, 798,</p> <p>801, 928, 954, pl. 31. lugens C. &amp; R. Felder (Ephialtias), luteivena Walker (Polypoetes), 19, 277, 290, 336,</p> <p>338, 341, 342, 921, 947, pl. 12, pl. 38. Lyces Walker, 39, 47, 102, 158, 680, 685, 687,</p> <p>693, 753, 802, 804, 814, 830, 831, 841, 842,</p> <p>854, 856, 858, 863, 867, 927, 942. macropoecila Hering (Erbessa), 138, 158, 919,</p> <p>944, pl. 5. maera Schaus (Erbessa), 136, 150, 158, 162, 762,</p> <p>919, 944, pl. 4. mara Hering (Polypoetes), 302, 313, 320, 322,</p> <p>921, 946, pl. 12. marginifer Dyar (Polypoetes), 302, 313, 320,</p> <p>921, 946, pl. 12. maxima Druce (Chrysoglossa), 15, 30, 391, 392,</p> <p>395, 399, 401, 402, 403, 657, 922, 936, 948, pl.</p> <p>15. megaera Fabricius (Josia), 16, 222, 678, 744,</p> <p>749, 803, 812, 813, 814, 829, 830, 854, 877,</p> <p>929, 936, 955, pl. 33, pl. 39. Megaera Group (Josia), 677, 802, 813, 814, 815,</p> <p>828, 830, 929, 942, 955. melda Boisduval (Dioptis), 520, 924. memor Warren (Euchontha), 610–612, 613, 925,</p> <p>952, pl. 23. meon Cramer (Dioptis), 508, 518, 924, 950,</p> <p>pl. 20. mesitana Dognin (Argentala), 241, 246, 247,</p> <p>249, 251, 252, 254, 357, 920, 946, pl. 10. mexicana Hering (Chrysoglossa), 399, 403, 407,</p> <p>657, 922, 948.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF87E0FE949F60BEEB12A9FCC84BCC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Miller, James S	Miller, James S (2009): Generic Revision Of The Dioptinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea: Notodontidae) Part 2: Josiini. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2009 (321): 675-1022, DOI: 10.1206/321.1-1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1206/321.1-1
03FF87E0FE949F60BC2D12A9FF444BCC.text	03FF87E0FE949F60BC2D12A9FF444BCC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polypoetes jipiro Dognin 1893	<div><p>jipiro Dognin (Polypoetes), 293, 343, 345, 346,</p> <p>348, 349, 636, 921, 947, pl. 13. jordani Hering (Proutiella), 169, 683, 684, 687,</p> <p>691, 831, 926, 953, pl. 26. josia C. and R. Felder (Erbessa), 152, 153, 918,</p> <p>944, pl. 5. Josia Hübner, 31, 34, 102, 145, 158, 162, 199,</p> <p>506, 646, 677, 682, 689, 730, 744, 745, 750,</p> <p>751, 754, 760–764, 769, 771, 774, 777, 788,</p> <p>790, 797, 802, 803, 830, 841, 842, 854, 856,</p> <p>858, 863, 867, 870, 875, 877, 928, 942. JOSIINI, 50, 51, 677, 678, 682, 926–930. labana Druce (Erbessa), 120, 133, 135, 146, 147,</p> <p>153, 164, 918, 944, pl. 3. lactigera Hering (Pareuchontha), 597, 925. lamasi Miller (Erbessa), 121, 122, 135, 142, 154,</p> <p>919, 944, pl. 6. lambertae Miller (Tithraustes), 19, 637, 638, 639,</p> <p>646, 647, 650, 653, 926, 952,</p> <p>pl. 24, pl. 39. lampra Prout (Phaeochlaena), 18, 219, 222–224,</p> <p>227, 228, 229, 874, 875, 920, 945, pl. 9. latialbata Prout (Nebulosa), 434, 436, 445, 657,</p> <p>923, 948, pl. 16. latifascia Prout (Proutiella), 680, 683, 684, 685,</p> <p>687, 689, 690, 831, 926, 953, pl. 26. latimargo Warren (Lyces), 775, 928. latistriga Hering (Lyces), 766, 768, 831, 928,</p> <p>954, pl. 29. lativitta Walker (Josia), 817, 929. lativitta Warren (Proutiella), 689, 927. leechi Prout (Erbessa), 14, 24, 114, 117, 123,</p> <p>134, 150, 156, 162, 855, 919, 932, 944,</p> <p>pl. 2. Leptactea Prout (Lyces), 16, 39, 754, 777. leucocrypta Dognin (Xenorma), 15, 19, 176, 179,</p> <p>182–184, 185, 186, 357, 919, 936, 945, pl. 8. leucophleps Warren (Scotura), 15, 19, 75, 84, 89,</p> <p>92, 113, 882, 917, 936, 943, pl. 2. leucothyris Butler (Dioptis), 508, 517, 924, 950,</p> <p>pl. 19. leuschneri Miller (Polypoetes), 274, 275, 303,</p> <p>317, 323–325, 339, 921, 946, pl. 11. Ligata Group (Josia), 804, 814, 815, 819, 929,</p> <p>942, 955. ligata Walker (Josia), 678, 820, 823, 825, 929,</p> <p>955, pl. 32. Ligula Group (Josia), 815, 928, 942, 954. ligula Hübner (Josia), 16, 102, 802, 803, 805,</p> <p>815, 816, 817, 819, 856, 929, 936, 954,</p> <p>pl. 32. Limbaria Group (Hadesina), 361, 369, 469, 867,</p> <p>922, 948.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF87E0FE949F60BC2D12A9FF444BCC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Miller, James S	Miller, James S (2009): Generic Revision Of The Dioptinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea: Notodontidae) Part 2: Josiini. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2009 (321): 675-1022, DOI: 10.1206/321.1-1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1206/321.1-1
03FF87E0FE979F63BCF012A8FC104BCC.text	03FF87E0FE979F63BCF012A8FC104BCC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Milodora Boisduval 1870	<div><p>Milodora Boisduval (Phavaraea), 724. miltorrhabda Prout (Phanoptis), 206, 207, 208,</p> <p>209, 667, 868, 920, 945, pl. 8. mimica Hering (Erbessa), 124, 134, 158, 819,</p> <p>868, 919, 944, pl. 4. minuta Druce (Lyces), 16, 39, 678, 754, 758, 769,</p> <p>772, 774, 776, 777, 779, 928, 936, 954, pl. 31. Mirax Group (Dolophrosyne), 548, 549, 924,</p> <p>950. mirax Prout (Dolophrosyne), 46, 540, 543, 546,</p> <p>547, 548, 549, 924, 951, pl. 21. mirifica Rawlins and Miller (Eremonidia), 98–</p> <p>101, 102, 783, 917, 943, pl. 2. mirma Druce (Nebulosa), 15, 432, 436, 445, 449,</p> <p>657, 923, 936, 948, pl. 16. mitis Walker (Josia), 818, 929. Mitradaemon Butler (Ephialtias), 734, 744, 745,</p> <p>751. mitys Druce (Erbessa), 136, 150, 158, 159, 162,</p> <p>919, 944, pl. 4. Moerens Group (Tithraustes), 647, 926, 942, 952. moerens Warren (Tithraustes), 15, 640, 645, 647,</p> <p>649, 650, 663, 926, 932, 952, pl. 24. Momonipta Warren, 1897, 42, 48, 49, 53, 246,</p> <p>252, 253, 337, 346, 522, 538, 632, 636, 856,</p> <p>858, 867, 924, 941. monilis Hübner (Ephialtias), 15, 735, 741, 744–</p> <p>748, 749, 750, 927, 936, 953, pl. 29. Monocreaga C. &amp; R. Felder, 13, 29, 33, 36, 48,</p> <p>49, 51, 53, 246, 350, 354, 469, 500, 528, 531,</p> <p>540, 663, 858, 867, 924, 941. mononeura Hübner (Josia), 678, 803, 815, 816,</p> <p>818, 819, 929, 954, pl. 32. Monticolata Group (Xenomigia), 579, 580, 925,</p> <p>951. monticolata Maassen (Xenomigia), 577, 580,</p> <p>581, 582, 587, 925, 951, pl. 22. morena Warren (Lyces), 765, 766, 831, 928. moyobamba Miller (Euchontha), 610, 613, 614,</p> <p>925, 952, pl. 23. munda Walker (Erbessa), 175, 919. Myonia Walker (Erbessa), 113, 133, 142–144,</p> <p>149, 150. nasor Druce (Nebulosa), 15, 409, 433, 464, 465,</p> <p>658, 923, 936, 949, pl. 17. naxa Druce (Phryganidia), 14, 18, 193, 195–197,</p> <p>198, 199, 831, 856, 920, 932, 945,</p> <p>pl. 8. neblina Miller (Josia), 718, 806, 820, 822, 823,</p> <p>929, 955, pl. 33. Nebulosa Miller, 20, 27, 28, 30, 34, 35, 41, 45,</p> <p>47, 49, 50, 52, 53, 188, 280, 357, 361, 390, 397,</p> <p>399, 405, 407, 657, 658, 668, 673, 856–858,</p> <p>865, 874, 875, 878, 881, 923, 941. necyria Felder and Rogenhofer (Scea), 15, 678,</p> <p>831, 843, 845, 849, 930, 936, 955, pl. 35. nerias C. and R. Felder (Erbessa), 161, 162, 919. nervosa Edwards (Nebulosa), 434, 442, 445, 446,</p> <p>658, 923, 948, pl. 16. nervosa Felder and Rogenhofer (Scotura), 87,</p> <p>917. Nervosa Group (Nebulosa), 408, 416, 423, 424,</p> <p>657, 658, 878, 923, 941, 948. nervosa Perty (Scea), 844, 929. nervosa Schaus (Scotura), 19, 61–63, 76, 82, 83,</p> <p>89, 93, 917, 943, pl. 1. nigrata Warren (Scotura), 79, 81, 82, 917, 943,</p> <p>pl. 1. nigribasalis Hering (Polypoetes), 302, 306, 308,</p> <p>313, 316, 320, 321, 323, 338, 921, 946, pl. 12. nigricaput Dognin (Scotura), 52, 53, 67, 79, 82,</p> <p>917, 943, pl. 1. nigrifascia Hering (Chrysoglossa), 399, 400, 658,</p> <p>922. nigrivenis Hering (Dioptis), 14, 504, 508, 517,</p> <p>518, 924, 932, 950, pl. 20. nivea Hering (Dioptis), 499, 923. niveifascia Walker (Getta), 15, 146, 678, 693,</p> <p>694, 697, 703, 704, 705, 711, 927, 953,</p> <p>pl. 26. niveilimba Miller (Scotura), 89, 93, 917, 943,</p> <p>pl. 1. noctiluces Butler (Tithraustes), 19, 651, 654, 655,</p> <p>926, 952, pl. 24. norburyi Miller (Chrysoglossa), 18, 391, 396,</p> <p>397, 399, 403, 406, 407, 874, 922, 948,</p> <p>pl. 15, pl. 38. Notascea Miller, 16, 30, 49, 51, 677, 680, 783,</p> <p>788, 791, 792, 793, 831, 832, 841, 842, 854,</p> <p>855, 858, 863, 876, 928, 942. nox Druce (Polypoetes), 336, 338, 339, 341, 342,</p> <p>921, 947, pl. 13. nubila Schaus (Isostyla), 666, 667, 926. nubilata Dognin (Xenomigia), 572, 579, 580,</p> <p>581, 582, 586, 925, 951, pl. 22. nubilosa Warren (Polypoetes), 15, 19, 25, 26,</p> <p>256, 260, 261, 276, 292, 303, 321, 921, 932,</p> <p>946, pl. 11. nudata Hering (Notascea), 791, 797, 798, 800,</p> <p>801, 841, 854, 928, 954, pl. 31. obliquaria Warren (Dioptis), 469, 470, 482, 485,</p> <p>495, 500, 501, 531, 923, 949, pl. 18. obliquaria Warren (Notascea), 16, 42, 791, 792,</p> <p>793, 795, 797, 798, 800, 831, 841, 854, 928,</p> <p>936, 954, pl. 32.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF87E0FE979F63BCF012A8FC104BCC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Miller, James S	Miller, James S (2009): Generic Revision Of The Dioptinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea: Notodontidae) Part 2: Josiini. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2009 (321): 675-1022, DOI: 10.1206/321.1-1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1206/321.1-1
03FF87E0FE919F65BCF012A9FE9F4BCC.text	03FF87E0FE919F65BCF012A9FE9F4BCC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Oricia phryganeata (Warren) Warren 1907	<div><p>phryganeata Warren (Oricia), 14, 102, 103, 105,</p> <p>108, 109, 111, 918, 932, 943, pl. 2. Phryganidia Packard, 34, 47, 54, 192, 540, 563,</p> <p>580, 831, 856, 858, 867, 874, 880, 920, 940. picaria Warren (Polypoetes), 301, 304, 313, 320,</p> <p>322, 921, 946, pl. 12. picata Warren (Isostyla), 658, 661, 663, 664,</p> <p>665, 926, 952, pl. 25. pictifrons Warren (Xenorma), 183, 186, 919, 945,</p> <p>pl. 8. Pikroprion Miller, 24, 25, 51, 54, 222, 231, 246,</p> <p>858, 863, 864, 920, 940. pilarge Walker (Ephialtias), 746, 747, 927. pinasi Miller (Xenomigia), 573, 577, 578, 580,</p> <p>581, 582, 925, 951, pl. 22. plagifera Walker (Cacolyces), 14, 24, 43, 358,</p> <p>360, 361, 922, 936, 948, pl. 14. plataea Druce (Nebulosa), 188, 409, 412, 424,</p> <p>426, 450, 451, 453, 454, 923, 949, pl. 17. Plataea Group (Nebulosa), 408, 424, 449, 657,</p> <p>923, 941, 949. pleniplaga Prout (Erbessa), 147, 918. podarce Walker (Phintia), 784–787, 788, 790,</p> <p>831, 928, 954, pl. 31. poliana Druce (Phavaraea), 38, 703, 726, 730,</p> <p>731, 732, 927, 953, pl. 27. Polypoetes Druce, 24–29, 35, 37, 41–45, 47–52,</p> <p>54, 113, 132, 185, 222, 223, 231, 237, 239, 249,</p> <p>246, 253, 254, 357, 358, 407, 459, 460, 464,</p> <p>465, 466, 467, 540, 578, 579, 585, 590, 632,</p> <p>636, 657, 658, 670, 673, 674, 786, 856–858,</p> <p>863–866, 871, 874, 877, 881, 920, 940. Polyptychia C. &amp; R. Felder, 35, 38, 102, 679,</p> <p>703, 711, 712, 723, 724, 727, 730–733, 858,</p> <p>863, 875, 927, 942. pravesignata Prout (Erbessa), 153, 918. primula Dognin (Erbessa), 137, 143, 151, 160,</p> <p>161, 919, 944, pl. 5. privata Walker (Brachyglene), 385, 386, 922. priverna Cramer (Erbessa), 18, 102, 133, 138,</p> <p>144, 160, 161, 919, 944, pl. 6. probles Prout (Getta), 706, 927. prodromus Hering (Polypoetes), 303, 304, 322,</p> <p>921, 946, pl. 11. proix Prout (Dioptis), 508, 517, 519, 520, 924,</p> <p>950, pl. 20. projecta Warren (Erbessa), 137, 146, 160, 161,</p> <p>919, 944, pl. 5. prolifera Walker (Erbessa), 14, 108, 113, 114,</p> <p>117, 125, 133, 141, 156, 161, 162, 855, 919,</p> <p>932, 944, pl. 4. prouti Hering (Erbessa), 136, 150, 158, 162, 919,</p> <p>944, pl. 4.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF87E0FE919F65BCF012A9FE9F4BCC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Miller, James S	Miller, James S (2009): Generic Revision Of The Dioptinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea: Notodontidae) Part 2: Josiini. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2009 (321): 675-1022, DOI: 10.1206/321.1-1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1206/321.1-1
03FF87E0FE919F65BECD12A9FC6D4BCC.text	03FF87E0FE919F65BECD12A9FC6D4BCC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Xenormicola prouti Hering 1928	<div><p>prouti Hering (Xenormicola), 26, 562, 563, 565,</p> <p>567, 568, 925, 951, pl. 22. Proutiella Miller, 34, 39, 41, 46, 51, 169, 172,</p> <p>679, 680, 745, 747, 765, 767, 768, 786, 802,</p> <p>831, 855, 856, 858, 863, 868, 869, 876, 926,</p> <p>942. pseudena Boisduval (Ephialtias), 735, 742, 744,</p> <p>746–749, 750, 751, 927, 953, pl. 28. Pseudoricia Prout, 29, 37, 40, 44, 46, 52, 53, 108,</p> <p>407, 614, 645, 778, 855, 858, 866, 870, 873,</p> <p>926, 942. punctata Druce (Brachyglene), 389, 390, 922. punctata Druce (Polypoetes), 322. punonis Strand (Lyces), 771, 772, 928. purefacta Prout (Isostyla), 14, 658, 661, 663–</p> <p>665, 666, 926, 932, 952, pl. 24. putata Hering (Josia), 830, 929. pyraloides Walker (Erbessa), 14, 18, 34, 114,</p> <p>117, 126, 132, 138, 149, 150, 152, 157, 158,</p> <p>162, 163, 166–168, 919, 932, 944, pl. 5. pyraloides Walker (Scotura), 68, 90, 917. pyrifera Dognin (incertae sedis), 658, 672, 673,</p> <p>926, 953. quadricolor Walker (Erbessa), 138, 149, 163,</p> <p>919, 944. quadriguttata Hering (Erbessa), 144, 165, 918. quadripuncta Miller (Scotura), 74, 88, 90, 96,</p> <p>917, pl. 1. quinquepunctata Warren (Tithraustes), 647, 650,</p> <p>651, 926, 952, pl. 24. quirites Druce (Dioptis), 522, 924. rabae Miller (Nebulosa), 407, 421, 422, 427, 437,</p> <p>438, 444, 446, 449, 923, 949, pl. 16. radians Warren (Josia), 678, 813, 820, 823, 825,</p> <p>929, 955, pl. 32. ravida Miller (Xenorma), 180, 181, 183, 186,</p> <p>919, 945, pl. 8. rawlinsi Miller (Nebulosa), 407, 422, 423, 429,</p> <p>439, 446, 447, 448, 923, 949, pl. 16. rectangularis Toulgoët and Navatte (Phavaraea), 727, 730, 731, 732, 733, 861, 927, 953,</p> <p>pl. 27. reducta Hering (Xenorma), 183, 919. regis Hering (Erbessa), 138, 163, 167, 919, 944,</p> <p>pl. 5. rejecta Geyer (Phavaraea), 16, 38, 696, 703, 723,</p> <p>724, 728, 730–732, 733, 734, 927, 936, 953, pl.</p> <p>28. remota Walker (Phaeochlaena), 227, 228, 920. repetita Warren (Proutiella), 680, 683, 684, 689,</p> <p>831, 927, 953, pl. 26. restricta Warren (Dioptis), 501, 507, 509, 513,</p> <p>514, 520, 924, 950, pl. 19.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF87E0FE919F65BECD12A9FC6D4BCC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Miller, James S	Miller, James S (2009): Generic Revision Of The Dioptinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea: Notodontidae) Part 2: Josiini. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2009 (321): 675-1022, DOI: 10.1206/321.1-1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1206/321.1-1
03FF87E0FE909F64BEEB12A8FBCC4BCC.text	03FF87E0FE909F64BEEB12A8FBCC4BCC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polypoetes semicoerulea Dognin 1910	<div><p>semicoerulea Dognin (Polypoetes), 278, 303,</p> <p>323, 921, 946, pl. 11. semifulva Warren (Scea), 678, 843, 850, 930,</p> <p>955, pl. 34. semilugens Warren (Nebulosa), 445, 923. semimaculata Warren (Erbessa), 144, 918. semimarginata Dognin (Erbessa), 134, 164, 165,</p> <p>169, 919, 945, pl. 4. seminigrata Warren (Tithraustes), 19, 626, 646,</p> <p>651, 654, 655, 926, 952, pl. 24. semiplaga Warren (Erbessa), 135, 147, 165, 166,</p> <p>919, 945, pl. 6. semisocia Dognin (Polypoetes), 348, 349, 636,</p> <p>922, 947. servula Warren (Scea), 843, 850, 851, 930, 955,</p> <p>pl. 35. sibyllae Druce (Pseudoricia), 614, 615, 620–622,</p> <p>624, 778, 926, 952, pl. 23. signata Hering (Scotura), 97, 917, 943,</p> <p>pl. 1. similis Hering (Josia), 815, 816, 818, 819, 929,</p> <p>954, pl. 32. simplex Walker (Proutiella), 680, 683, 684, 687,</p> <p>689, 690, 691, 747, 831, 927, 953, pl. 26. simplificata Prout (Erbessa), 153, 918. sinuosa Miller (Dolophrosyne), 545–547, 549,</p> <p>550, 925, 951, pl. 22. sirenia Hering (Nebulosa), 357, 412, 415, 424,</p> <p>434, 464, 465, 658, 923, 949, pl. 17. snyderi Miller (Tithraustes), 19, 639, 644, 651–</p> <p>653, 655, 872, 926, 952, pl. 24. sobria Walker (Erbessa), 14, 18, 113, 127, 133,</p> <p>135, 142, 154, 156, 165, 166, 919, 932, 945,</p> <p>pl. 6. solaris Schaus (Lyces), 754, 758, 769, 770, 777,</p> <p>778, 780, 841, 854, 928, 954, pl. 30. solilucis Butler (Phaeochlaena), 14, 214, 215,</p> <p>221–227, 230, 869, 920, 932, 946, pl. 9. sordida Dognin (Xenomigia), 580, 582, 585, 925,</p> <p>951, pl. 22. soror Hering (Scotura), 82, 917. spumata Warren (Erbessa), 144, 918. steinbachi Prout (Scea), 838, 843, 844, 845, 850,</p> <p>851, 930, 955, pl. 34. Stenoplastis C. &amp; R. Felder, 32, 40, 47, 52, 54,</p> <p>246, 252, 253, 281, 337, 343, 345, 346, 348,</p> <p>350, 482, 527, 528, 552, 559, 562, 595, 624,</p> <p>636, 646, 658, 663, 856, 858, 861, 873, 926,</p> <p>942. stenothyris Prout (Dioptis), 508, 519, 520, 521,</p> <p>924, 950, pl. 20. stenoxantha Hering (Erbessa), 144, 918.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF87E0FE909F64BEEB12A8FBCC4BCC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Miller, James S	Miller, James S (2009): Generic Revision Of The Dioptinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea: Notodontidae) Part 2: Josiini. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2009 (321): 675-1022, DOI: 10.1206/321.1-1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1206/321.1-1
03FF87E0FE909F64BC2D12A9FD994BCC.text	03FF87E0FE909F64BC2D12A9FD994BCC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Retila Boisduval 1870	<div><p>Retila Boisduval (Ephialtias), 734. retracta Hering (Scotura), 93, 917. roraima Druce (Dioptis), 507, 516, 520, 924, 950,</p> <p>pl. 21. rosea Hering (Ephialtias), 751, 752, 831, 927. Rubribasis Group (Polypoetes), 25, 28, 29, 45,</p> <p>47, 273, 280, 297, 323, 325, 337, 350, 540, 636,</p> <p>922, 940, 947. rubribasis Hering (Polypoetes), 15, 253, 299,</p> <p>350, 351, 354, 355, 636, 922, 932, 948, pl. 14. rudicula Miller (Nebulosa), 14, 435, 436, 466,</p> <p>467, 923, 936, 949, pl. 17. Rufipuncta Group (Polypoetes), 37, 42, 49, 273,</p> <p>277, 294, 305, 325, 335, 636, 921, 940, 947. rufipuncta Schaus (Polypoetes), 261, 336, 337,</p> <p>341, 343, 921, 947, pl. 13. saga Hering (Erbessa), 135, 164, 919, 945, pl. 3. Sagaris Walker (Phavaraea), 724, 730. Sagittala Miller, 14, 47, 54, 188, 189, 390, 858,</p> <p>919, 940. salmoni Druce (Anticoreura), 207, 667, 668, 926,</p> <p>952, pl. 25. salvini C. &amp; R. Felder (Tithraustes), 654, 926. salvini C. and R. Felder (Erbessa), 18, 131–133,</p> <p>134, 164, 165, 169, 213, 919, 945, pl. 4. satanas Hering (Polypoetes), 304, 323, 921. satyroides C. &amp; R. Felder (Stenoplastis), 528,</p> <p>624, 630–632, 633, 635, 636, 926, 952,</p> <p>pl. 24. scalata Dognin (Josia), 826, 929. Scea Walker, 16, 28, 31, 43, 49, 135, 670, 677,</p> <p>680, 751, 754, 769, 778, 780, 783, 788, 791,</p> <p>797, 798, 800, 813, 831, 854, 858, 929, 942. Scedros Walker (Phavaraea), 724, 730. schausi Prout (Brachyglene), 14, 374, 376, 379,</p> <p>383, 384, 388, 922, 936, 948, pl. 15. schnusei Strand (Josia), 818, 819, 929. scissa Warren (Cleptophasia), 14, 37, 54–57, 58,</p> <p>917, 932, 943, pl. 2. Scotura Walker, 13, 26, 27, 29, 36, 37, 43, 44,</p> <p>45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 52, 53, 55, 58, 59, 99, 101–</p> <p>103, 108, 113, 142, 222, 223, 253, 337, 397,</p> <p>600, 621, 623, 624, 798, 855, 858, 861, 863,</p> <p>865, 866, 867, 870, 881, 917, 940. Scoturopsis Hering, 15, 28, 39, 52, 54, 540, 546–</p> <p>548, 552, 562, 563, 566, 567, 568, 585, 632,</p> <p>636, 856, 858, 864, 866, 867, 873, 925, 941. seducta Prout (Erbessa), 137, 165, 919, 945,</p> <p>pl. 3. seitzi Hering (incertae sedis), 559, 562, 671, 926,</p> <p>952, pl. 25. selenia C. and R. Felder (Polypoetes), 277, 302,</p> <p>306, 316, 321, 322, 921, 946, pl. 11.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF87E0FE909F64BC2D12A9FD994BCC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Miller, James S	Miller, James S (2009): Generic Revision Of The Dioptinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea: Notodontidae) Part 2: Josiini. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2009 (321): 675-1022, DOI: 10.1206/321.1-1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1206/321.1-1
03FF87E0FE939F67BCF012A9FE9F4BCC.text	03FF87E0FE939F67BCF012A9FE9F4BCC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lyces striata Druce	<div><p>striata Druce (Lyces), 621, 678, 754, 757, 769,</p> <p>771–773, 775, 776, 778, 779, 830, 831, 928,</p> <p>954, 955, pl. 31. stroudi Miller (Erbessa), 18, 115, 116, 119, 128,</p> <p>132, 137, 158, 163, 164, 166, 213, 919, 945, pl.</p> <p>5, pl. 37. stygne Walker (Phavaraea), 733, 927. subalba Hering (Erbessa), 153, 154, 918. subalba Walker (Argentala), 246, 247, 249, 252,</p> <p>636, 920, 946, pl. 10. subalbata Dognin (Dioptis), 15, 37, 470, 471,</p> <p>474, 477, 495, 496, 658, 923, 932, 949,</p> <p>pl. 17. subcaesia Prout (Argentala), 15, 240, 244, 246,</p> <p>247, 249, 252, 253, 323, 636, 920, 932, 946,</p> <p>pl. 10. subcandidata Dognin (Polypoetes), 28, 303, 304,</p> <p>312, 319, 323, 324, 921, 946, pl. 10. subcoerulea Warren (Argentala), 15, 26, 235,</p> <p>236, 239, 246, 247, 249, 251, 252, 253, 254,</p> <p>636, 672, 920, 932, 946, pl. 10. subcuneifera Dognin (Josia), 809, 815, 825, 826,</p> <p>827, 828, 929, 955, pl. 33. subcyanea Prout (Scea), 843, 848, 849, 851, 930,</p> <p>955, pl. 34. subdraconis Bryk (Ephialtias), 752, 927. subintrusa Warren (Phaeochlaena), 230, 920. sublactigera Walker (Euchontha), 602, 610, 925. sublucens Dognin (Polypoetes), 15, 113, 303,</p> <p>304, 312, 317, 319, 323, 324, 324, 325, 339,</p> <p>921, 932, 946, pl. 11. submaxima Hering (Chrysoglossa), 399, 400,</p> <p>403, 406, 407, 658, 922, 948, pl. 15. subtilis C. and R. Felder (Brachyglene), 14, 18,</p> <p>374, 376, 380–382, 384, 389, 922, 936, 948,</p> <p>pl. 15. Subtilis Group (Brachyglene), 382, 388, 922, 948. suffumosa Dognin (Polypoetes), 303, 324, 467,</p> <p>658, 921, 946, pl. 11. sullivani Miller (Pikroprion), 15, 231, 232, 233,</p> <p>234, 235, 236, 237, 920, 932, 946, pl. 10. sumaco Miller (Polypoetes), 275, 300, 337, 350,</p> <p>351, 354, 355, 357, 456, 922, 948, pl. 14. superba Druce (Scea), 674, 679, 842, 843, 850,</p> <p>851, 852, 930, 955, pl. 34. superbior Strand (Arctiidae), 390, 674, 930. symoides Strand (Isostyla), 522, 666, 667, 926. tamara Hering (Lyces), 759, 769, 770, 772, 779,</p> <p>831, 928, 954, pl. 31. tapajoza Dognin (Erbessa), 136, 169, 919, 945,</p> <p>pl. 3. taxila Druce (Phanoptis), 206, 208, 209, 920,</p> <p>945, pl. 9.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF87E0FE939F67BCF012A9FE9F4BCC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Miller, James S	Miller, James S (2009): Generic Revision Of The Dioptinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea: Notodontidae) Part 2: Josiini. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2009 (321): 675-1022, DOI: 10.1206/321.1-1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1206/321.1-1
03FF87E0FE939F67BECD12A9FBCE4BCC.text	03FF87E0FE939F67BECD12A9FBCE4BCC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Proutiella tegyra Druce	<div><p>tegyra Druce (Proutiella), 16, 169, 170, 172, 680,</p> <p>683, 684, 687, 691, 692, 831, 869, 927, 936,</p> <p>953, 956, pl. 26. tegyroides Miller (Erbessa), 18, 122, 129, 136,</p> <p>169, 170, 172, 869, 919, 945, pl. 4. tendinosa Hübner (Phaeochlaena), 213, 227, 228,</p> <p>229, 920. tenebrosa Warren (Polypoetes), 303, 304, 317,</p> <p>324, 325, 921, 947, pl. 11. tenuifascia Prout (Ephialtias), 742, 751, 753,</p> <p>927, 953. tenuivitta Butler (Josia), 817, 818, 929. tessmanni Hering (Dioptis), 487, 503, 504, 505,</p> <p>506, 924, 950, pl. 19. tessmanni Hering (Proutiella), 691, 927. thanatos Hering (Nebulosa), 432, 436, 445, 449,</p> <p>658, 923, 949, pl. 16. thiaucourti Miller (Erbessa), 130, 131, 135, 172,</p> <p>919, 945, pl. 7. thirmida Hering (incertae sedis), 382, 390, 670,</p> <p>926, 952, pl. 25. Thirmida Walker (Scea), 16, 673, 831, 841, 842,</p> <p>847, 848. tica Miller (Getta), 138, 678, 693, 698, 699, 703,</p> <p>704, 706, 710, 927, 953, pl. 26, pl. 40. tinalandia Miller (Polypoetes), 41, 275, 283, 329,</p> <p>330, 333, 334, 921, 947, pl. 12. Tithraustes Druce, 16, 24, 26, 30, 32, 36, 40, 42,</p> <p>44, 45, 47, 50, 52, 53, 246, 280, 305, 324, 397,</p> <p>399, 422, 426, 459, 464, 466, 482, 484, 485,</p> <p>495, 498, 528, 531, 547, 549, 578, 581, 595,</p> <p>626, 632, 636, 657, 658, 663, 665, 667, 673,</p> <p>674, 856, 858, 861, 864, 867, 873, 926, 942. tiznon Dognin (Nebulosa), 357, 431, 459, 460,</p> <p>461, 923, 949, pl. 16. Tolimicola Prout (Xenomigia), 15, 568, 578,</p> <p>580–582, 586, 587. torrida Miller (Scea), 718, 839, 841, 842, 844,</p> <p>852, 930, 955, pl. 33. trailii Butler (Dioptis), 14, 32, 33, 41, 471–475,</p> <p>487, 488, 493, 494, 503, 504, 505, 508, 511,</p> <p>517, 519, 521, 924, 932, 950, pl. 20. transita Hering (Ephialtias), 747, 748, 749, 927,</p> <p>953, pl. 29. transversa Warren (Scotura), 15, 36, 49, 55, 61,</p> <p>63, 68, 79, 80, 83, 917, 936, 943, pl. 1. trimacula Warren (Polypoetes), 301, 325, 355,</p> <p>921, 947, pl. 11. Truncata Group (Oricia), 29, 102–104, 108, 111,</p> <p>918, 940, 943. truncata Walker (Oricia), 14, 18, 58, 102, 103,</p> <p>108, 112, 113, 918, 932, 943, pl. 2, pl. 36. tryma Schaus (Lyces), 767, 768, 928.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF87E0FE939F67BECD12A9FBCE4BCC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Miller, James S	Miller, James S (2009): Generic Revision Of The Dioptinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea: Notodontidae) Part 2: Josiini. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2009 (321): 675-1022, DOI: 10.1206/321.1-1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1206/321.1-1
