taxonID	type	description	language	source
03FF87C7FFB15341241FFDEA5766BE39.taxon	diagnosis	• Mediumto large-sized rodents with compact-to-heavy external morphology; generally short limbs, and large heads; no visible tail; and ever-growing cheekteeth. • 20 - 130 cm. • Neotropical Region. • Arid and semiarid steppe, dry grasslands, thornscrub, savannas, mesic grasslands, and wetlands. • 6 genera, 20 species (plus 1 domesticated form), 43 taxa. • | species Critically Endangered; none Extinct since 1600.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB35343255CFDA45A2BB10E.taxon	materials_examined	“ Brazil, Pernambuco. ”	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB35343255CFDA45A2BB10E.taxon	discussion	Seven subspecies are recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB35343255CFDA45A2BB10E.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. C. a. apereaErxleben, 1777 — EBrazil. C. a. anolaimaeJ. A. Allen, 1916 — highelevationsoftheEasternAndesrangeinColombiaandVenezuela, andtheCordilleradeMéridainNWVenezuela. C. a. guianaeThomas, 1901 — NAmazonBasininColombia, Venezuela, theGuianas, andNBrazil. C. a. hypoleucaCabrera, 1953 — ParaguayandNArgentina. C. a. nanahmas, 1917 — EslopeoftheAndesandYungasmontaneforestsofC Bolivia; thereisareportedrecordforSEPeru, howeverthisNlimitofthedistributionisconsideredunresolved. C. a. pamparumThomas, 1901 — SBrazil, Uruguay, andEArgentina. C. a. rosida Thomas, 1917 — the Serra do Mar in E Parana State, SE Brazil.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB35343255CFDA45A2BB10E.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 215 - 395 mm, ear 19 - 23 mm, hindfoot 38 - 46 mm; weight 500 - 790 g. Greatest lengths of skull are 52 - 73 mm. Male Brazilian Guinea Pigs are heavier than females. The seven subspecies vary in external measurements, color, and morphology; nana is the smallest subspecies and the nominate aperea is the largest. General characteristics are olive-brown dorsum, flecked with brown and black, and paler venter that varies from whitish to yellowish gray. General body form is very reminiscent of the domestic Guinea pig (C. porcellus).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB35343255CFDA45A2BB10E.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Dry grasslands, upland savannas, moist savanna, cerrado woodland with shrub cover, and even gallery forests. Brazilian Guinea Pigs also occur in agricultural areas and along roadsides and railway right-of-ways. It does not burrow but constructs tunnels and runways in vegetation.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB35343255CFDA45A2BB10E.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Brazilian Guinea Pigs are grazers and depend heavily on grasses. They also eat inflorescences and seeds.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB35343255CFDA45A2BB10E.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Brazilian Guinea Pigs breed year-round, and females can have five liters / year under ideal conditions. Gestation is c. 62 days, and litter sizes are 1 - 5 young (average 2 - 3). Newborns weigh ¢. 60 g and are highly precocial. Females reach sexual maturity at c. 2 months and males at ¢. 3 months.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB35343255CFDA45A2BB10E.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Brazilian Guinea Pigs are diurnal, with peaks in morning and early evening. They are active year-round.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB35343255CFDA45A2BB10E.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Population ecology and social behavior of the Brazilian Guinea Pig have been widely studied. Home range size is highly variable, much like morphology. Home ranges of males vary from 165 m * to 1387 m * across studies; home ranges of females are significantly smaller but equally variable. Male home ranges overlap multiple female home ranges, but males maintain relatively exclusive home ranges among themselves. Density estimates range from 12 - 5 ind / ha in Brazil to 38 ind / ha in Argentina. Both sexes form strong linear dominance hierarchies, and males can control access to multiple females via male — male aggression. Males therefore exhibit female defense polygyny and form either a pair bond or control access to multiple females. Rate of multiple paternities is low.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB35343255CFDA45A2BB10E.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. It is abundant throughout a very large distribution and tolerates a moderate amount of habitat modification.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB353432060F9D0562BB1BD.taxon	materials_examined	“ Amazonia. ”	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB353432060F9D0562BB1BD.taxon	discussion	A. Cabrera in 1961 noted that the type locality was likely an error because C. fulgida does not occur in the Amazon Basin. Monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB353432060F9D0562BB1BD.taxon	distribution	Distribution. SE Brazil, from Minas Gerais to Santa Catarina states.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB353432060F9D0562BB1BD.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 220 - 270 mm, hindfoot 35 - 45 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. Color of the Shiny Guinea Pig is similar to the Brazilian Guinea Pig (C. aperea), but dorsum is richer reddish brown with a buffy venter. There is also a small dark band on the throat.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB353432060F9D0562BB1BD.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Flooded marshland in central Brazil, and some indication that the Shiny Guinea Pig prefers semi-mountainous areas along the coast; otherwise little is known aboutits habitat preferences.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB353432060F9D0562BB1BD.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB353432060F9D0562BB1BD.taxon	breeding	Breeding. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB353432060F9D0562BB1BD.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB353432060F9D0562BB1BD.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB353432060F9D0562BB1BD.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Shiny Guinea Pig has a wide distribution and occurs in protected areas.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB353432558F56E5886BD5F.taxon	materials_examined	“ in der Umgegend der Stadt Yca, ” Ica, Peru.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB353432558F56E5886BD5F.taxon	discussion	Cavia tschudii is in need of revision relative to its subspecific taxonomy. A. Cabrera includes the subspecies umbrata as a synonym of festina and they have similar ranges. This is pending further review. Eight subspecies recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB353432558F56E5886BD5F.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. C. t. tschudiiFitzinger, 1867 — IcaRegion, SPeru. C. t. atahualpaeOsgood, 1913 — Inter-AndeanvalleysofNPeru. C. t. festinaThomas, 1927 — CPeruvianAndes, inJuninDepartment. C. t. osgoodiSanborn, 1949 — NofLakeTiticacaintheAltiplanoofSPeru. C. t. pallidorThomas, 1917 — lowlandsofSPeruandNChileandhighlandsofBolivia. C. t. sodalisThomas, 1926 — highlandsinJujuy, Salta, Tucuman, andCatamarcaprovincesinNArgentina. C. t. stolidaThomas, 1926 — UtcubambaValleyofNWPeru. C. t. umbrata Thomas, 1917 — Andes in the Junin Region in C Peru.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB353432558F56E5886BD5F.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body averages 220 - 270 mm, ear 20 - 35 mm, hindfoot 24 - 49 mm; weight 295 - 390 g. Greatest lengths of skull are 55 - 69 mm. The eight subspecies of the Montane Guinea Pig vary; for example, their dorsal color varies from cinnamon to reddish brown to gray-blackish, and ventral color is whitish to gray to buffy, occasionally ocherous. Nevertheless, there is no consistent overall pattern across all subspecies.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB353432558F56E5886BD5F.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Highly variable from high-elevation Andean grasslands or brushy habitats in northern Argentina, where cavies use distinct runways, to deserts and riparian habitats in Chile, ranging into humid pampas and areas of cultivation at elevations from sea level to 4500 m.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB353432558F56E5886BD5F.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. There is no specific information available for this species, but the Montane Guinea Pig is no doubt herbivorous.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB353432558F56E5886BD5F.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Gestation of the Montane Guinea Pig is 56 - 69 days. Mean litter size is 1 - 9 young (range 1 - 4). Individuals attain sexual maturity at c. 2 months.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB353432558F56E5886BD5F.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. There is no specific information available for this species, but it is reported as crepuscular to nocturnal.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB353432558F56E5886BD5F.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB353432558F56E5886BD5F.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Montane Guinea Pig is thought to face limited conservation threat because ofits very extensive distribution.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB35342205EF4B35B67BF27.taxon	materials_examined	“ Hochkordillere von Alao, Provinz Chimborazo, Equador, ” Alao, Chimborazo, Ecuador.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB35342205EF4B35B67BF27.taxon	discussion	H. Schliemann noted morphological differences between this species and other Cavia taxa, but assigned it to aperea. J. L. Dunnum and J. Salazar-Bravo in 2010 supported the elevation to species based upon molecular and karyological data. Monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB35342205EF4B35B67BF27.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Chimborazo Mt, C Ecuador. Observations suggest its presence beyond the type locality.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB35342205EF4B35B67BF27.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 280 - 290 mm, ear 50 mm, hindfoot 46 - 50 mm; weight 700 - 725 g. Greatest lengths of skull are 63 - 69 mm. Back of the Sacha Guinea Pig is dark reddish drown.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB35342205EF4B35B67BF27.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. High-elevation paramo in Ecuador at elevations of 3000 - 3800 m (type locality). This area has marshy areas and grassy slopes, with some forests of Polylepus (Rosaceae).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB35342205EF4B35B67BF27.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. The Sacha Guinea Pig is herbivorous and associated with Stipa (Poaceae).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB35342205EF4B35B67BF27.taxon	breeding	Breeding. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB35342205EF4B35B67BF27.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB35342205EF4B35B67BF27.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB35342205EF4B35B67BF27.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. The Sacha Guinea Pig has not yet been classified as a distinct species on The IUCN Red List. At the time of the last [UCN assessment, the Sacha Guinea Pig was included as a form of the Brazilian Guinea Pig (C. aperea), but it was not named or formally assessed as a subspecies.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB2534225ECF58D58F2BFF1.taxon	materials_examined	“ A maior das tres ilhas que formam o Arquipélago de Moleques do Sul, a 27 ° 51 ' S, e 48 ° 26 ' W, Santa Catarina, Brazil.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB2534225ECF58D58F2BFF1.taxon	discussion	This species is monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB2534225ECF58D58F2BFF1.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Moleques do Sul Is, Santa Catarina State, S Brazil.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB2534225ECF58D58F2BFF1.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 275 - 310 mm, ear 25 - 29 mm, hindfoot 48 - 55 mm; weight 495 - 680 g. Greatest lengths of skull are 61 - 5 - 70 - 1 mm. Thereis no sexual dimorphism in body size. Color and size of the Santa Catarina Guinea Pig are between those of the Brazilian Guinea Pig (C. aperea) and the Greater Guinea Pig (C. magna). Like the Greater Guinea Pig, the Santa Catarina Guinea Pig has a dark medial line, but it is grayer overall. Venteris yellowish gray, with white throat patch. Slight webbing occurs between digits, as in the Greater Guinea Pig.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB2534225ECF58D58F2BFF1.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Small island dominated by rocky coastlines with no permanent streams and vegetation cover of grasses, shrubs (Verbenaceae and Leguminoseae), and trees (Sapindaceae and Moraceae, Ficus. The Santa Catarina Guinea Pig forms tunnels and runways in the vegetation.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB2534225ECF58D58F2BFF1.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Santa Catarina’s Guinea Pig forages predominantly on Stenotaphrum secundatum and Paspalum vaginatum (both Poaceae).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB2534225ECF58D58F2BFF1.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Reproduction of the Santa Catarina Guinea Pig occurs year-round. Litter sizes are quite small for Cavia (1 - 2 young). Young are highly precocial at birth, at c. 19 % of adult body weight. Females reach sexual maturity at ¢. 59 days.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB2534225ECF58D58F2BFF1.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. The Santa Catarina Guinea Pig is described as being primarily nocturnal, especially when foraging.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB2534225ECF58D58F2BFF1.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Male and female Santa Catarina Guinea Pigs have home ranges ofsimilar size (0 - 05 - 0 - 35 ha), and survival rates appear to be high.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB2534225ECF58D58F2BFF1.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Critically Endangered on The IUCN Red List. Santa Catarina’s Guinea Pig is one of the rarest mammals in the world. It is known from the Serra do Tabuleiro State Park on Moleques do Sul island, off of the coast of Santa Catarina State in Brazil. The island is only 10 - 5 ha in area and the entire distribution ofthis species is about 4 ha, one of the smallest known geographical distributions for a mammal. A recent (2004 - 2005) 16 month study of the Santa Catarina’s Guinea Pig indicated a stable population density and age structure with high adult survival, but the mean number of individuals observed per month was only 42, with a range of 24 - 60.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB2534225EAFB385B01B290.taxon	materials_examined	“ en las orillas del arroyo Imbé, municipio de Tramandai, estado de Rio Grande del Sur, Brasil. ”	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB2534225EAFB385B01B290.taxon	discussion	This species is monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB2534225EAFB385B01B290.taxon	distribution	Distribution. SE Brazil, in Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul states (N to 29 ° S, 49 ° W) and E Uruguay in the Rocha Department (S to 34 ° S, 54 ° W).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB2534225EAFB385B01B290.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 220 - 345 mm, ear 22 - 32 mm, hindfoot 46 - 57 mm; weight 440 - 840 g. The Greater Guinea Pig is the largest species of Cavia. Itis agouti with shiny black streaking dorsally, darkest on top of head and back. Venteris reddish. Enlarged membranes between digits form webbed feet.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB2534225EAFB385B01B290.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Wetlands and coastal marshes along the south-eastern coast of Brazil. Greater Guinea Pigs make and use complex systems of tunnels in the vegetation.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB2534225EAFB385B01B290.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. The Greater Guinea Pig is herbivorous and consumes grasses and aquatic vegetation.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB2534225EAFB385B01B290.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Reproduction of the Greater Guinea Pig occurs year-round, and gestation is c. 64 days. Females can produce three litters / year and reach sexual maturity at 30 - 45 days old. Young are highly precocial at birth.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB2534225EAFB385B01B290.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. There is no specific information available for this species, but the Greater Guinea Pig is likely diurnal and active year-round.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB2534225EAFB385B01B290.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Male Greater Guinea Pigs have extremely large home ranges (11,830 m?), ¢. 50 % larger than females (7670 m?). Home ranges overlap, and there is no evidence ofterritoriality. Social system is described as solitary and likely promiscuous because reproduction is not synchronized among females.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB2534225EAFB385B01B290.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Greater Guinea Pig has a broad distribution and large estimated population size.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB2534220EEFA28580FB6E5.taxon	materials_examined	“ sur les bords du Rio Negro, vers le Quarante-uniéme degre, ” lower Rio Negro, Argentina.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB2534220EEFA28580FB6E5.taxon	discussion	Three subspecies are recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB2534220EEFA28580FB6E5.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. M. a. australis 1. GeoffroySaint-Hilaire & d’Orbigny, 1833 — W & SArgentina, fromSanJuanSEtoSBuenosAiresandStoSantaCruzprovinces, andWChile (AysénRegion). M. a. maenasThomas, 1898 — NWArgentina, MtsofJujuy, Salta, Catamarca, andLaRiojaprovinces. M. a. salinia Thomas, 1921 — NW Argentina, salt flat regions of E Catamarca and E La Rioja, SW Santiago del Estero, NW Cordoba S to N San Luis provinces.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB2534220EEFA28580FB6E5.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 170 - 245 mm, ear 14 - 20 mm, hindfoot 35 - 50 mm; weight 141 - 340 g. The Southern Mountain Cavy is the most abundant and well studied of the mountain cavies. It is olive-gray agouti, with a pale gray venter, sometimes washed with yellow. It has distinct white rings around eyes. It differs from its congeners, the Northern Mountain Cavy (M. niata) and Shipton’s Mountain Cavy (M. shiptoni), by having orthodont, instead of proodont, incisors.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB2534220EEFA28580FB6E5.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Semiarid habitats ranging from dry grasslands to thornscrub to riparian woodlands in dry gullies and also disturbed habitats including cultivated areas, rock walls, and rock piles. The Southern Mountain Cavy is frequently associated with low shrubs like Larrea (Zygophyllaceae), where they construct burrow systems.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB2534220EEFA28580FB6E5.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Southern Mountain Cavies are herbivorous and feed on leaves, grasses, shoots, buds, and fruits; they also gnaw on bark. They often climb into shrubs to feed on leaves and leap to the ground when startled.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB2534220EEFA28580FB6E5.taxon	breeding	Breeding. There have been multiple detailed studies on reproduction and social behavior of the Southern Mountain Cavy. In one study in Argentina, breeding season was c. 9 months, but at a site with a more arid and seasonal climate in Argentina, breeding season was c. 7 months. Mean litter size is 2 - 8 young, and gestation is 53 - 55 days. Young are born at ¢. 30 g. Age at first reproduction is ¢. 85 days, and females exhibit a postpartum estrus.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB2534220EEFA28580FB6E5.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. The Southern Mountain Cavy is diurnal and is active all day and throughout the year.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB2534220EEFA28580FB6E5.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Male Southern Mountain Cavies form linear dominance hierarchies in colonies of 4 - 38 individuals in the Monte Desert, Argentina. Densities in grassland habitat in Buenos Aires Province, Argentina, reached 24 ind / ha. Home ranges of males average 0 - 75 ha, about double that offemales, and home ranges of males and females overlap. Female groups have high levels of stability and social tolerance, generally associated with a burrow system. Mating system of the Southern Mountain Cavy is promiscuous to polygynous. Female — female interactions vary from non-aggressive to cooperative.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB2534220EEFA28580FB6E5.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Southern Mountain Cavy has a large distribution, is abundant, and tolerates human disturbance.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB553452042F8245869B721.taxon	materials_examined	“ Patria, Brasilia. ”	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB553452042F8245869B721.taxon	discussion	Galea flavidens is similar in overall appearance to G. spixii and considered to be a synonym by some. Monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB553452042F8245869B721.taxon	distribution	Distribution. C Brazil (Chapada dos Veadeiros National Park, Goias Province), but distributional limits are poorly defined.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB553452042F8245869B721.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 205 - 231 mm, ear 24 - 25 mm, hindfoot 43 - 47 mm; weight 150 - 330 g. Dorsum grayish with a brownish tint, similar overall to Spix’s Yellow-toothed Cavy (G. spixiz), but has a blackish dorsal area extending from eyes to nape. The abdomen and inner sides of the limbs are whitish.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB553452042F8245869B721.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Known only from a small region in cerrado savanna woodlands of Brazil.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB553452042F8245869B721.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB553452042F8245869B721.taxon	breeding	Breeding. A pregnant Eastern Yellow-toothed Cavy with one embryo was observed in November in a rocky cerrado formation.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB553452042F8245869B721.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. There is no specific information available for this species, but the Eastern Yellow-toothed Cavy is presumably diurnal like other Galea.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB553452042F8245869B721.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB553452042F8245869B721.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Conservation status of the Eastern Yellow-toothed Cavy is based on its supposedly large distribution that is not immediately threatened.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB5534525B6F3635689BC4A.taxon	materials_examined	“ Amazonenstrome [= Amazon River]. ” Clarified by W. H. Osgood in 1915 to “ Campos Geraes de San Felipe ... lying just east of ... Januaria, Bahia [= in Minas Gerais state], ” Brazil. Restricted by A. Cabrera in 1961 to Lagoa Santa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB5534525B6F3635689BC4A.taxon	discussion	Three subspecies are recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB5534525B6F3635689BC4A.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. G. s. spixiiWagler, 1831 — EBrazil, Wlimitsundefined. G. s. palustrisThomas, 1911 — NEBrazil, SoftheAmazonRiverinmoremesicregions. G. s. wellsi Osgood, 1915 — NE Brazil, restricted to lowland caatinga semiarid regions.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB5534525B6F3635689BC4A.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 225 - 234 mm, ear 25 - 26, hindfoot 46 - 51 mm; weight c. 400 g (maximum 520 g). Greatest length of skull is 55 - 57 - 5 mm. Adult Spix’s Yellowtoothed Cavies are gray tinged, with brown back, light sides, and whitish abdomen. There are two small white marks, one above the eye and the other behind the ear. Incisors are yellow.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB5534525B6F3635689BC4A.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Semiarid caatinga thornscrub woodlands and disturbed areas with cultivation. Spix’s Yellow-toothed Cavies form well-marked runways that they use regularly. They also clear small areas for sand bathing. They do not construct burrows, likely due to extremely rocky soil in the caatinga, but they construct temporary nest sites under rocks or low vegetation.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB5534525B6F3635689BC4A.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Spix’s Yellow-toothed Cavies are herbivorous, foraging on grasses and other low vegetation.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB5534525B6F3635689BC4A.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Reproduction of Spix’s Yellow-toothed Cavy was continuous in a large seminatural colony. Females underwent postpartum estrus, and gestation lasted 49 - 52 days. Litter size averaged 2 - 2 young (range 1 - 5).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB5534525B6F3635689BC4A.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Spix’s Yellow-toothed Cavies are active year-round and at any time of the day. Peak activity is crepuscular.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB5534525B6F3635689BC4A.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Home range estimates of Spix’s Yellow-toothed Cavies in caatinga averaged 872 m? for males and 632 m ” for females. Male and female home ranges overlapped extensively. Males scent-marked territories and were very aggressive toward each other. Males and females have strong linear dominance hierarchies, and females seem to exhibit some mate choice when interacting with males. Mating system is promiscuous, tending toward a form of male dominance polygyny.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB5534525B6F3635689BC4A.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Spix’s Yellow-toothed Cavy is abundant throughoutits large distribution and tolerates moderate levels of habitat modification.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB553452543F89D5EA2B0C9.taxon	materials_examined	“ Laguna Blanca, Catamarca. Alttude 3400 m, ” Argentina.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB553452543F89D5EA2B0C9.taxon	discussion	This species is monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB553452543F89D5EA2B0C9.taxon	distribution	Distribution. NW Argentina, in the highlands of Salta, Catamarca, and Tucuman provinces.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB553452543F89D5EA2B0C9.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 186 mm (maximum 220 mm), ear 17 mm, hindfoot 37 mm; weight 150 - 220 g. Shipton’s Mountain Cavy is a small cavy. Back is dull brown to tawny, and venter is buffy white or whitish. Ears are short with fine buffy hairs.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB553452543F89D5EA2B0C9.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Andean and pre-Andean shrublands at elevations of 3000 - 4500 m.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB553452543F89D5EA2B0C9.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. There is no specific information available for this species, but Shipton’s Mountain Cavy is no doubt herbivorous.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB553452543F89D5EA2B0C9.taxon	breeding	Breeding. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB553452543F89D5EA2B0C9.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB553452543F89D5EA2B0C9.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB553452543F89D5EA2B0C9.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN Red List. Shipton’s Mountain Cavy has a small and fragmented distribution. Overgrazing in the region is degrading habitat quality. Its distribution overlaps Los Cardones National Park, where it probably receives some protection from disturbance.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB553452549FEB55A17BD80.taxon	materials_examined	“ Esperanza, a ‘ tambo’in the neighbourhood of Mount Sahama, Bolivia ... at an altitude of 4000 metres in the ‘ Puna’ region, ” La Paz, Bolivia.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB553452549FEB55A17BD80.taxon	discussion	Two subspecies are recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB553452549FEB55A17BD80.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. M. n. niataThomas, 1898 — borderareasbetweenWBolivia (SWLaPazandNWOrurodepartments) andNEChile (TarapacaRegion). M. m. pallidior Thomas, 1902 — Oruro and N Potosi departments, SW Bolivia.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB553452549FEB55A17BD80.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 190 - 200 mm, ear 13 - 22 mm, hindfoot 34 - 41 mm; weight 380 g. Greatest length of skull reported for the subspecies pallidiorwas 46 - 5 mm. The Northern Mountain Cavy is similar in appearance to the Southern Mountain Cavy (M. australis). Dorsum is pale yellowish buff; face, cheeks, and upper surface offeet are whitish buff; and venteris whitish buffy.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB553452549FEB55A17BD80.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Boggy areas in Chile to sandy, salt flats in Bolivia at elevations of 3700 - 4000 m. At both areas, Northern Mountain Cavies occur in close proximity to burrows of tucotucos (Ctenomys, Ctenomyidae). They also occupy burrows, perhaps those abandoned by tuco-tucos.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB553452549FEB55A17BD80.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Northern Mountain Cavies forage on grasses, sedges, aquatic plants (Apiaceae), and herbaceous vegetation (Asteraceae); they eat Peruvian feather grass (Stipa ichu, Poaceae) in Bolivia.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB553452549FEB55A17BD80.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Occasional observations of pregnant Northern Mountain Cavies are made in November (Bolivia) and pregnant and lactating females in February (Chile).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB553452549FEB55A17BD80.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. There is no specific information available for this species, but the Northern Mountain Cavy is reportedly active from dawn to dusk.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB553452549FEB55A17BD80.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Observations suggest that Northern Mountain Cavies occur in multimale-multifemale colonies of up to 15 individuals. They appearto be highly territorial and aggressive, and they give alarm calls when threatened.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB553452549FEB55A17BD80.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Distribution of the Northern Mountain Cavy is large, and populations appear to be healthy.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB5534420BCF33F5C61BCC3.taxon	materials_examined	“ auf dem Passe von Tacna nach dem Alpensee von Titicaca [= on the pass of Tacna to the alpine lake of Titicaca], ” Peru.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB5534420BCF33F5C61BCC3.taxon	discussion	Much published data on G. musteloides is actually from G. leucoblephara based on a revision of Galea by J. L. Dunnum and J. Salazar-Bravo in 2010. The “ Muenster Yellow-toothed Cavy, ” C. monasteriensis, is considered here a synonym of G. musteloides boliviensis. Three subspecies recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB5534420BCF33F5C61BCC3.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. G. m. musteloidesMeyen, 1833 — AndeanAltiplano, inSEPeru, WBolivia, andNChile. G. m. aucepsThomas, 1911 — highlandareasSofLakeTiticacainSEPeru (PunoDepartment) andWBolivia (LaPazDepartment). G. m. boliviensis Waterhouse, 1848 — E Bolivian Altiplano.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB5534420BCF33F5C61BCC3.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. There are no specific data available, but external measurements are likely similar to the Lowland Yellow-toothed Cavy (G. leucoblephara). Highland Yellowtoothed Cavies are characterized by brownish fur, with yellowish to olive dorsal tinge. Venteris white; dorsal and ventral colors are distinctly demarcated. Ears have covers of yellowish brown hairs — a characteristic that varies among subspecies.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB5534420BCF33F5C61BCC3.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. High-elevation grasslands in the central Andes. Highland Yellow-Toothed Cavies either build burrows or occupy abandoned burrows of tuco-tucos (Ctenomys, Ctenomyidae).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB5534420BCF33F5C61BCC3.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. There is no information available forthis species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB5534420BCF33F5C61BCC3.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Gestation is ¢. 55 days (50 - 58). Litter sizes are 1 - 7 young; neonates weigh c. 40 g at birth.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB5534420BCF33F5C61BCC3.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. The Highland Yellow-toothed Cavy is diurnal and active year-round.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB5534420BCF33F5C61BCC3.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Much ofthe literature on the Highland Yellow-Toothed Cavy reports it to be promiscuous, but these studies were actually conducted on the Lowland Yellow-toothed Cavy. Social behavior of the Highland Yellow-toothed Cavy was studied as the “ Muenster Yellow-toothed Cavy, ” now a synonym of the subspecies boliviensis. Studies on a captive colony of the Highland Yellow-toothed Cavy suggest that it is monogamous. Unfamiliar individuals are extremely aggressive toward each other, but established pairs showed no aggression, even when separated and reunited. This is a relatively rare example of monogamy in mammals, as also occurs in the Patagonian Mara (Dolichotis patagonum).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB5534420BCF33F5C61BCC3.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List (as G. monasteriensis, now one of three subspecies, boliviensis, of the Highland Yellow-Toothed Cavy). The current IUCN assessment applies more correctly to the broadly distributed Lowland Yellow-toothed Cavy (G. leucoblephara). The overall conservation status of the Highland Yellow-toothed Cavy needs to be reassessed.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB453442586F85C5C58B79D.taxon	materials_examined	“ Maimara, 2230 m, ” Jujuy, Argentina.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB453442586F85C5C58B79D.taxon	discussion	Traditionally, G. comes was included as a form of G. musteloides, but J. L .. Dunnum and J. Salazar-Bravo in 2010 elevated it to full species status. Monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB453442586F85C5C58B79D.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Andes of S Bolivia (Tarija Department) and N Argentina (Jujuy Province).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB453442586F85C5C58B79D.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 243 mm, ear 22 mm, hindfoot 39 mm (all from the holotype). No specific data are available for body weight, but it is likely very similar to that of the Lowland Yellow-toothed Cavy (G. leucoblephara). Greatest length of skull is 54 mm. Dorsum of Southern Highland Yellow-toothed Cavy is somewhat mottled, a mix of olive, brown, and tan. Venteris yellow-white. Dorsal and ventral colors are not sharply distinct. Ears are covered with orange hairs, and eye rings are yellow.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB453442586F85C5C58B79D.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Rough brambly ground at high elevation in the Andes. Southern Highland Yellow-toothed Cavies might use burrow of tuco-tucos (Ctenomys, Ctenomyidae).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB453442586F85C5C58B79D.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB453442586F85C5C58B79D.taxon	breeding	Breeding. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB453442586F85C5C58B79D.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB453442586F85C5C58B79D.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no specific information for this species, but Southern Highland Yellow-toothed Cavies might form colonies of many individuals.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB453442586F85C5C58B79D.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. The Southern Highland Yellow-toothed Cavy has not yet been assessed as a distinct species on The IUCN Red List. At the time of the last [UCN assessment, the Southern Highland Yellow-toothed Cavy was included as a form of G. musteloides, but it was not named or formally assessed as a subspecies.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB45344258BF29256FEBC17.taxon	materials_examined	“ Mendoza wie bei Tucuman [= Mendoza Province as in Tucuman Province, ” Argentina. Restricted by |. Yepes in 1936 to “ Mendoza, Argentina. ”	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB45344258BF29256FEBC17.taxon	discussion	This species now encompasses the entire lower elevation and higher latitude distribution of what was part of the former G. musteloides. Three subspecies recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB45344258BF29256FEBC17.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. G. l. leucoblepharaBurmeister, 1861 — WArgentina, fromSCatamarcaProvinceSthroughLaRioja, SanJuan, Cordoba, SanLuis, andMendozaprovinces. G. l. demissaThomas, 1921 — DryChacowoodlandsofC & SBolivia, WParaguay, andNArgentina (StoSantiagodelEsteroandCatamarcaprovinces). G. l. littoralis Thomas, 1901 — S Argentina, from Mendoza and La Pampa provinces E to coastal Buenos Aires and S to Chubut provinces.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB45344258BF29256FEBC17.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head — body 198 - 235 mm, ear 18 mm, hindfoot 39 mm; weight 180 - 280 g. Greatest length of skull is 47 mm. Color of the Lowland Yellow-toothed Cavy is olive to reddish on back and yellowish on flanks; venter is yellowish white. Eye rings are distinct and pure white.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB45344258BF29256FEBC17.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Arid to mesic grasslands.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB45344258BF29256FEBC17.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. The Lowland Yellow-toothed Cavy is herbivorous, with a dependence on grasses.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB45344258BF29256FEBC17.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Gestation of c ¢. 53 days and average littersize of three young were reported for G. musteloides. Reproduction occurred year-round. Males reproduce at ¢. 3 months and females slightly earlier at c. 2 months. Females have two pairs of mammae, one inguinal and one abdominal.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB45344258BF29256FEBC17.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. The Lowland Yellow-toothed Cavy is diurnal and active year-round.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB45344258BF29256FEBC17.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Male and female Lowland Yellowtoothed Cavies have linear hierarchies, but females are more socially tolerant, often huddling and allonursing. Home ranges of males are very large; female home ranges are only c. 20 % the size of male home ranges. Male home ranges therefore overlap many female home ranges. Males are very aggressive toward other males, including young males, but are less aggressive toward young females. Mating behavior is promiscuous, with 50 - 80 % oflitters having multiple paternities. Males show no parentalcare.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB45344258BF29256FEBC17.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. The Lowland Yellow-toothed Cavy is notclassified on The [UCN Red List because of recent revisions of Galea. Nevertheless, it will likely be classified as Least Concern because ofits relative wide distribution and presumably large population.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB45347208DF7645EACBF4C.taxon	materials_examined	“ Surinamo. ” Restricted by A. Feijo and A. Langguth in 2013 to “ Rio Sao Francisco, 2 km sudoeste da cidade de Penedo, estado de Sergipe, Brasil ” by selection of neotype.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB45347208DF7645EACBF4C.taxon	discussion	Based on J. L. Dunnum’s 2015 treatment, no subspecies are recognized. Monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB45347208DF7645EACBF4C.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Broad distribution E of the Andes, in Colombia, Venezuela, the Guyanas, Brazil, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay, and NW & E Argentina.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB45347208DF7645EACBF4C.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 1070 - 1340 mm, tail 10 - 20 mm, ear 60 - 70 mm, hindfoot 220 - 250 mm; weight 35 - 65 kg. The Greater Capybara is the world’s largest rodent and is unmistakable in the field. It is brown to reddish brown dorsally and generally lighter on sides. Pelage is coarse. Ears and eyes are small and set higher on skull as an adaptation to aquatic habits. Feet are webbed. An adult male has a large oval gland on rostrum, which is quite visible.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB45347208DF7645EACBF4C.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Aquatic habitats including marshes, ponds, lagoons, streams, and riversides. Greater Capybaras are generally found in tropical and subtropical habitats, forested areas, and grasslands like those of the Llanos of Venezuela and the Brazilian Pantanal.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB45347208DF7645EACBF4C.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Greater Capybaras forage on grasses, sedges, and aquatic vegetation. They occasionally browse on shrubs.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB45347208DF7645EACBF4C.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Greater Capybaras breed year-round in moist tropical habitats, with generally one or occasionally two litters per year. There is often a peak birth month: e. g. February in the Brazilian Pantanal. Litter size averages 3 - 5 young (range 1 - 7). Gestation lasts 120 - 150 days. Females have six pairs of ventral mammae.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB45347208DF7645EACBF4C.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Greater Capybaras can be active at any time of the day, but they are most active after dawn and in the early evening. In regions where there is strong hunting pressure, they are mostly nocturnal.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB45347208DF7645EACBF4C.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Greater Capybaras live in large groups of extended family members. Group sizes are 2 - 30 individuals; each group generally has one dominant male that breeds. Mating system is a form of resource defense polygyny, where males defend access to foraging resources associated with bodies of water, which are also critical for predator escape. Males emit alarm barks, and groups flee to the water where they can swim under the surface. Home rangesize is variable and depends on habitat quality, varying from 10 ha in resource-rich areas to more than 200 ha in resource-poor habitats. In the Brazilian Pantanal, groups of Greater Capybaras as large as 37 individuals were observed, with mean group sizes of 3 - 6 - 5 - 8 individuals. Density can be nearly 15 ind / ha.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB45347208DF7645EACBF4C.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Greater Capybara has an extremely wide distribution, is present in many protected areas, and occurs at high densities in many regions. Hunting for meat and leather is a primary threat, but there are a number of captive populations that have reduced demand.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB753472542FB225B0FB220.taxon	materials_examined	“ Marraganti, near the head of tide-water on the Rio Tuyra, eastern Panama, ” Darién Province.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB753472542FB225B0FB220.taxon	discussion	This species is monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB753472542FB225B0FB220.taxon	distribution	Distribution. E Panama into W Colombia, and NW Venezuela (Zulia State).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB753472542FB225B0FB220.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 1025 mm, hindfoot 200 mm (holotype). No specific data are available for body weight. Greatest length of skull is 200 mm. The Lesser Capybara is very similar in external morphology but slightly smaller overall than the Greater Capybara (H. hydrochaeris). Pelage of the Lesser Capybara is coarse and a dark reddish brown, with some blackish regions on rump and hindlegs in some individuals.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB753472542FB225B0FB220.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Bodies of water or streamside habitats.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB753472542FB225B0FB220.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. There is no specific information for this species, but the Lesser Capybara is herbivorous, apparently similar to the Greater Capybara.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB753472542FB225B0FB220.taxon	breeding	Breeding. In Venezuela, breeding of Lesser Capybaras occurs year-round. Gestation lasts 104 - 111 days. Litter sizes are 2 - 8 young.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB753472542FB225B0FB220.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. The Lesser Capybara is shy and reclusive and apparently forages in small groups. Outside the Panama Canal Zone, they are described as largely nocturnal.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB753472542FB225B0FB220.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB753472542FB225B0FB220.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. There are no data on trends in population or distribution of the Lesser Capybara that allow for a valid conservation assessment. Subsistence hunting and habitat loss are threats in parts of its distribution.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB753472047F995597FB03F.taxon	materials_examined	“ Fazenda Santa Helena, at Rio Sao Mateus, about 72 km from Sao Domingos and 60 km from Posse (by road), 13 ° 50 ’ S, 46 ° 50 ’ W, Goias, Brazil. ”	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB753472047F995597FB03F.taxon	discussion	This species is monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB753472047F995597FB03F.taxon	distribution	Distribution. C Brazil, in NE Goias and adjacent Tocantins states (W of the Serra Geral de Goias).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB753472047F995597FB03F.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body averages 384 mm, ear 33 - 5 mm, hindfoot 72 mm; weight 1 kg. Greatest length of skull is 87 - 6 mm. The Acrobatic Cavy is larger than the Rock Cavy (K. rupestris), but their external morphologies are similar. Pelage of the Acrobatic Cavy is dark gray to light brown dorsally, with long, dark guard hairs. Venteris buffy gray. Rump and hindlimbs are lightly ferruginous — much less so than the Rock Cavy — with feet tinged orange-brown dorsally, much more so on the hindfeet. Tail is vestigial.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB753472047F995597FB03F.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Seasonally dry tropical forest in cerrado regions of Brazil. The Acrobatic Cavy occurs in rocky limestone outcrops, emerging to climb and forage on trees.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB753472047F995597FB03F.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. The Acrobatic Cavy forages on leaves, flowers, buds, and bark.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB753472047F995597FB03F.taxon	breeding	Breeding. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB753472047F995597FB03F.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. There is no specific information available for this species, but the Acrobatic Cavy appears to be much like the Rock Cavy, which is largely crepuscular.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB753472047F995597FB03F.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB753472047F995597FB03F.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. Nevertheless, Bezerra and colleagues in 2010 recommended a classification of Near Threatened, based on distribution less than 20,000 km? and occurrence in less than ten localities.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB7534725BFF5FD566FBE98.taxon	materials_examined	“ Rio Grande de Belmonte, am Rio Pardo, am S. Francisco, ” Bahia, Brazil.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB7534725BFF5FD566FBE98.taxon	discussion	This species is monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB7534725BFF5FD566FBE98.taxon	distribution	Distribution. NE Brazil, from Ceara S to N Minas Geraisstates.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB7534725BFF5FD566FBE98.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head — body 297 mm, ear 32 - 35 mm, hindfoot 62 mm; weight 612 g ¢ (maximum of 950 g). Mean greatest length of skull is 70 - 6 mm, with a very large diastema. The Rock Cavy has dense, soft fur thatis gray-agouti on back, with black and white flecking. Hairs have black tips. Hindquarters are brown to rufous brown that becomes more intensely rufous on rump and hindlegs. Throat and venter are white to yellowish white. Feet have soft, leathery soles padded for locomotion on rocky outcrops. Rock Cavies do not have claws, except small grooming claws on innermost digit of hindfeet, and nails are subcutaneous. Tail is vestigial.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB7534725BFF5FD566FBE98.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Rocky outcrops in semiarid caatinga, finding shelter in deep fissures or under boulders. Habitats of Rock Cavies vary from small, scattered boulders on flat granitic surfaces to large, exposed granitic ranges. In all of these habitats, vegetation remains green during the dry season and all but the most severe irregular droughts, providing green vegetation for foraging.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB7534725BFF5FD566FBE98.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Rock Cavies are herbivorous and maintains a varied diet of leaves, flowers, buds, bark, and occasionally fruit when available. They emerge from rocky shelters and forage in shrubs and trees. They are excellent climbers and often are observed foraging high in treetops, where they gather tender leaves from tips of branches.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB7534725BFF5FD566FBE98.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Rock Cavies breed year-round, although breeding lapses for a few months in some areas. Mating system is a form of resource defense polygyny, where males defend a cluster of boulders that provides food and shelter for multiple females. Young are highly precocious and grow extremely fast. Mean age at conception was 151 days in captivity. Gestation lasts 75 - 76 days, and litter size averages 1 - 4 young, with triplets rarely observed. Sex ratio at birth is 1: 1.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB7534725BFF5FD566FBE98.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. The Rock Cavy is largely crepuscular, but it can be observed throughout the day depending upon weather conditions. It is active throughoutthe year.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB7534725BFF5FD566FBE98.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Home range of the Rock Cavy is difficult to estimate due to structural habitat complexity and avoidance of any form oflive traps. Males defend a cluster of boulders large enough to provide resources for several females and recent offspring. Males maintain a harem of females in a form a resource defense polygyny, where one dominant male defends sufficient resources for multiple females that use rocks and associated trees for shelter and foraging. Male Rock Cavies are rarely aggressive toward their offspring but are very aggressive toward outsider males. Females maintain a strong linear dominance hierarchy within the breeding group.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB7534725BFF5FD566FBE98.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Rock Cavy occurs over a very broad area, much of which is isolated. Its distribution also includes large protected areas. Hunting pressure in rural areas is high, so careful monitoring of Rock Cavies is warranted.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB753462041F30E555ABACE.taxon	materials_examined	type locality not given. Identified by G. H. H. Tate in 1935 as “ Patagonia, ” Argentina.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB753462041F30E555ABACE.taxon	discussion	Two subspecies are recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB753462041F30E555ABACE.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. D. p. patagonumZimmermann, 1780 — C & SArgentina, fromCBuenosAiresWtoCordoba, SanLuis, andMendozaprovinces, andStoSantaCruzProvince. AlthoughtherearenodefinitiverecordsthissubspeciesispossiblypresentinSChile (AysénRegion) inborderareaswithArgentina. D. p. centricola Thomas, 1902 — NW Argentina, in S Catamarca, E La Rioja, SW Santiago del Estero, and NW Cordoba provinces.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB753462041F30E555ABACE.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 600 - 800 mm, tail averages 25 - 40 mm, ear 90 - 103 mm, hindfoot 130 - 160 mm; weigh 7 - 9 kg. Greatest lengths of skull are 125 - 135 mm. The Patagonian Mara is the larger of the two species of Dolichotis. Both species are agoutigray dorsally and have whitish venter and flanks. Rump of the Patagonian Mara has a very distinct white patch, separated from dorsum by a dark line, making the patch very prominent. Flanks, cheeks, chin, and chest are orange-brown. Head and ears are large for the body, which combined with elongated limbs gives maras a hare-like appearance.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB753462041F30E555ABACE.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Variety of open habitats, including grasslands, shrublands, and other semiarid open areas.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB753462041F30E555ABACE.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Patagonian Maras are herbivorous and feed preferentially on grasses, but they also eat a variety of shrubs and forbs. Recent research shows that grasses are selected even when abundances of other plants are higher.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB753462041F30E555ABACE.taxon	breeding	Breeding. In Patagonia, reproduction occurs once a year, with average littersize of two young. Gestation is ¢. 100 days. Young Patagonian Maras are highly precocial at birth, and females can reproduce at c ¢. 8 months of age. Females have four pairs of ventral mammae. Reproductive success is higher when Patagonia Maras use warrens in open grassy habitats than in more sheltered tall shrub habitats. Therefore, overgrazing by domestic livestock could cause a decline of maras throughout their distribution.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB753462041F30E555ABACE.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Patagonian Maras are diurnal and active all day, with peaks in early morning and late afternoon.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB753462041F30E555ABACE.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Patagonian Maras are among the few monogamous mammals, and adults form stable pair bonds. Pairs avoid each other, maintaining separation as they forage. During the breeding season, there is more social tolerance and multiple pairs will use a communal den or warren. Male Patagonian Maras remain actively vigilant. Survival of young is enhanced in large warrens. Home ranges are highly variable (33 - 198 ha) and average 98 ha. Home range size depends on density of forage resources. There is overlap in home ranges among pairs, and their locations drift throughout the year, likely in response to patterns of resource depletion.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB753462041F30E555ABACE.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN Red List. The Patagonian Mara has declined by ¢. 30 % over the past 10 years. Its widespread distribution has become increasingly fragmented by conversion of grasslands to pasture, and it is affected by hunting.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB65346208AFDAB586DBCB1.taxon	materials_examined	“ Central Argentine Railway ... near the stations Totoralejo and Recreo, about lat. 29 ° S and 65 ° W, ” Catamarca, Argentina.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB65346208AFDAB586DBCB1.taxon	discussion	This species is monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB65346208AFDAB586DBCB1.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Chaco ecoregion in extreme SE Bolivia, W Paraguay, and NW Argentina (S to Cordoba).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB65346208AFDAB586DBCB1.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 420 - 485 mm, tail 19 - 20 mm, ear 58 - 64 mm, hindfoot 91 - 101 mm; weight 1.8 - 2.3 kg. The Chacoan Mara is very similar in external morphology to the Patagonian Mara (D. patagonum), although smaller. Legs of the Chacoan Mara are long, and toes end on more hoof-like nails than claws. Dorsum is brownish gray to gray, and flanks, neck, and venter are white. Head and ears are large, contributing to a hare-like appearance.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB65346208AFDAB586DBCB1.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Chacoan dry forests and scrublands. Chacoan Maras dig burrows or use abandoned burrows of viscachas (Chinchillidae).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB65346208AFDAB586DBCB1.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. The Chacoan Mara is herbivorous and eats grasses and green parts of shrubs and forbs.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB65346208AFDAB586DBCB1.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Gestation of the Chacoan Mara is ¢. 2 months (up to 77 days reported), and litter sizes are 2 - 5 young. Females have two pairs of mammae.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB65346208AFDAB586DBCB1.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Chacoan Maras are diurnal and highly social. They are particularly active in early morning and late afternoon.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB65346208AFDAB586DBCB1.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no specific information available for this species, but Chacoan Maras are frequently observed in pairs, suggesting that they are monogamous like Patagonian Maras.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
03FF87C7FFB65346208AFDAB586DBCB1.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Chacoan Mara occurs in a number of protected areas, including Kaa-Iya del Gran Chaco National Park and Integrated Management Natural Area in Bolivia and Defensores del Chaco National Park in Paraguay.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Caviidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 406-438, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6585510
