taxonID	type	description	language	source
03FE87F4FFAB0E47B8639711FA92201C.taxon	materials_examined	Type species Cordoliarus mareebensis Löcker, sp. nov. Etymology The genus name is based on the Latin term ‘ cordatus’ which means ‘ heart­shaped’. It refers to the heart­shaped genital styles. Gender: masculine. Morphology Head: Vertex (total length) 1.7 times longer than wide; lateral carinae strongly elevated; subapical carina forking from lateral margin at more than 3 / 4 of total length of vertex; median carina 1 / 2 – 3 / 4 as long as median length of vertex. Position of maximum width of frons more or less around centre of frontoclypeal suture; lateral carinae of frons sshaped. Anteclypeus with well­developed median carina. Thorax: Forewing with fork ScRA + RP distad of fork CuA 1 + CuA 2; r­m crossvein distad of fork MA + MP; RP apically trifid; MA apically trifid; MP apically bifid; fork of Pcu + A 1 more or less central within clavus. Hind leg: tibia with 3 – 4 lateral spines; 5 large and 1 very small apical tooth; 1 st tarsomere with 7 apical teeth and no platellae; 2 nd tarsomere with 7 apical teeth and no platellae. Male genitalia: Genital styles heart­shaped with long, sclerotised, spinelike, dorsal process. Distribution Queensland. Remarks The shape and carination of the head (Figs 3 B – D), i. e. the carination on the tip of the head (Fig. 3 C) and the heart­shaped genital styles (Fig. 31 E) are diagnostic for this genus.	en	Löcker, Birgit, Fletcher, Murray J., Larivière, Marie-Claude, Gurr, Geoff M. (2006): The Australian Pentastirini (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Cixiidae). Zootaxa 1290 (1290): 1-138
03FE87F4FFAC0E40B8639524FC40222C.taxon	description	(Figs 3 A – D, 31 A – G) Type material Holotype, ♂, AUSTRALIA, Qld: 32 km W of Mareeba, D­vac, 31. i. 1982 (J. F. Donaldson) (QM QMT 123825, originally QDPC), Paratypes, 1 ♀, AUSTRALIA, Qld: 7 km W Petford, 24. ii. 1997 (L. B. O’Brien) (LBOB). Etymology Named after Mareeba, the type locality. Colour Body dark brown, carinae paler, frons laterally with a pale mark; legs light to dark brown; forewing hyaline colourless with brown marks along crossveins, veins mid brown, tubercles concolorous with veins, pterostigma mid brown; abdominal sternites dark brown. Morphology Body length: ♂ 6.2 mm, ♀ 5.6 – 7.3. Head: Vertex (total length) 1.7 times longer than wide; basal emargination obtusely angled. Postclypeus with well­developed median carina. Rostrum reaching hind coxae. Thorax: Hind margin of pronotum obtusely angled. Mesonotum with evanescent carinae. Forewing 2.9 times longer than wide; costa with 20 – 28 tubercles; 10 apical cells. Male genitalia: Anal tube as in Figs 31 C – D, G; pygophore and genital styles as in Figs 31 E – F. Aedeagus (Figs 31 A – B): Phallotheca with a flattened bifurcate spine (a) left lateral; a short, rounded spine (b); a longer, rounded spine (c) ventral; and a very long flattened spine (d) right lateral. Flagellum sclerotised, unarmed.	en	Löcker, Birgit, Fletcher, Murray J., Larivière, Marie-Claude, Gurr, Geoff M. (2006): The Australian Pentastirini (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Cixiidae). Zootaxa 1290 (1290): 1-138
03FE87F4FFAC0E42B86391A6FB81247B.taxon	materials_examined	Type species Oliarus laratensis Muir, 1924, by original designation. Morphology Body length: ♂ 6.3 – 8.9 mm, ♀ 7.7 – 9.9 mm. Head: Vertex (total length) 2.0 – 3.0 times longer than wide; lateral carinae strongly elevated; subapical carina forking from lateral margin at 2 / 3 – 3 / 4 of total length of vertex; median carina 1 / 4 – 3 / 4 as long as median length of vertex. Position of maximum width of frons more or less around centre of frontoclypeal suture; lateral carinae of frons s­shaped. Anteclypeus with well­developed median carina. Thorax: Forewing with fork ScRA + RP distad of fork CuA 1 + CuA 2; r­m crossvein basad of fork MA + MP; RP apically bifid or trifid; MA apically trifid; MP apically bifid; fork of Pcu + A 1 distinctly basad of centre of clavus. Hind leg: tibia with 3 – 5 lateral spines; 5 large and 1 very small apical tooth (rarely 6 large apical teeth); 1 st tarsomere with 8 – 9 (rarely 7) apical teeth and no platellae; 2 nd tarsomere with 7 – 9 apical teeth and no platellae. Male genitalia: Genital styles with long, sclerotised, spinelike, dorsal process (as in Figs 31 M – N, 32 C, J – K). Distribution Indonesia (Larat Island), Papua New Guinea, Australia (Northern Territory, Queensland, South Australia, Western Australia). Remarks Miclucha laratensis and M. incerta are shared between Australia and New Guinea. M. australiensis is only recorded from Australia and M. niuginiensis Van Stalle is only recorded in New Guinea. The definition of Miclucha provided by Emeljanov (2000) is based on his use of characters in the key to genera he provides. The description provided here incorporates other features derived from the Australian material.	en	Löcker, Birgit, Fletcher, Murray J., Larivière, Marie-Claude, Gurr, Geoff M. (2006): The Australian Pentastirini (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Cixiidae). Zootaxa 1290 (1290): 1-138
03FE87F4FFAE0E43B863919CFD7F2394.taxon	description	(Figs 3 E – H, 31 H – O)	en	Löcker, Birgit, Fletcher, Murray J., Larivière, Marie-Claude, Gurr, Geoff M. (2006): The Australian Pentastirini (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Cixiidae). Zootaxa 1290 (1290): 1-138
03FE87F4FFAE0E43B863919CFD7F2394.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Holotype, ♂, INDONESIA: Larat (BPBM); Paratypes, INDONESIA: 3 ♂, 6 ♀, same data as holotype. Other material examined AUSTRALIA: Qld (1 ♂, 5 ♀), WA (1 ♀). Colour Vertex mid to dark brown, carinae paler; face light brown or pale yellow, frons lateral with an indistinct light brown mark; pronotum light brown or pale yellow; mesonotum light to mid brown; legs light brown; forewing hyaline colourless, brown marks along crossveins and on apex of wing, veins mid brown, tubercles indistinct, concolorous with veins; pterostigma mid brown; abdominal sternites light brown. Morphology Body length: ♂ 8.9 mm, ♀ 8.2 – 9.9 mm. Head: Vertex (total length) 3.0 times longer than wide; basal emargination acutely angled. Postclypeus with well­developed median carina. Thorax: Hind margin of pronotum obtusely angled. Mesonotum with all carinae evanescent or well­developed. Forewing 3.1 times longer than wide; costa with 0 – 4 tubercles; 10 apical cells. Hind leg: tibia with 4 – 5 lateral spines; 5 large and 1 very small apical tooth; 1 st and 2 nd tarsomere with 9 apical teeth and no platellae. Male genitalia: Anal tube as in Figs 31 J – K, O; pygophore and genital styles with long, slender, sclerotised, dorsal process as in Figs 31 L – N. Aedeagus (Figs 31 H – I): Phallotheca with a long, strongly curved spine (a) left lateral; a long, thick spine (b) ventral; and a very short spine (c) arising from base of spine (b); all spines pointing upwards (caudad). Flagellum membranous to slightly sclerotised, unarmed. Remarks Van Stalle (1991) makes the following comment in the remarks section of the species description of O. laratensis, “ The reference “ Type Nr 1096 ” in the original description is interpreted as a holotype designation. ”	en	Löcker, Birgit, Fletcher, Murray J., Larivière, Marie-Claude, Gurr, Geoff M. (2006): The Australian Pentastirini (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Cixiidae). Zootaxa 1290 (1290): 1-138
03FE87F4FFAF0E5CB863916FFC362154.taxon	description	(Figs 4 A – D, 32 A – F) Type material Holotype, ♂, AUSTRALIA, NT: 9 km N by E of Mudginbarry HS, 12.31 S 132.54 E, 26. v. 1973 (Upton, McInnes) (ANIC). Colour Vertex dark brown, carinae light brown; face light to mid brown, carinae light brown; pronotum light brown, carinae paler; mesonotum mid brown, carinae paler; legs light brown; forewing hyaline colourless with brown marks along crossveins and apices of apical veins, veins light to mid brown, tubercles concolorous with veins, pterostigma light to mid brown; abdominal sternites mid to dark brown. Morphology Body length: ♂ 6.3 mm. Head: Vertex (total length) 3.0 times longer than wide; basal emargination acutely angled or rectangular. Postclypeus with well­developed median carina. Thorax: Hind margin of pronotum obtusely angled. Mesonotum with well­developed median and sublateral carinae and evanescent to well­developed lateral carinae. Forewing 3.5 times longer than wide; costa with 9 tubercles; 9 apical cells. Hind leg: tibia with 3 lateral spines; 6 large apical teeth; 1 st tarsomere with 8 – 9 apical teeth and no platellae; 2 nd tarsomere with 7 apical teeth and no platellae. Male genitalia: Anal tube as in Figs 32 D – F; pygophore and genital styles with long, slender, sclerotised, dorsal process as in Figs 32 B – C. Aedeagus (Fig. A): Phallotheca with a moderately curved spine (a); a slightly curved spine (b); an almost straight spine (c); and a very long, strongly curved spine (d); phallotheca ventrally with 3 sheetlike ridges. Flagellum sclerotised, unarmed. Remarks The general structure of the aedeagus and the shape of the genital styles is similar to those of M. niuginiensis (Van Stalle), a species described from Papua New Guinea. M. australiensis differs, however, in the forking of the subapical carina from the lateral margin which is about 2 / 3 of the total length in M. australiensis and more than 3 / 4 in M. niuginiensis and the two other species in Miclucha. Regarding the chaetotaxy of the hind legs, M. australiensis and M. niuginiensis share 7 apical teeth on the second tarsomere (7 – 8 in M. incerta and 9 in M. laratensis) but differ in the number of apical teeth on the first hind tarsomere which is 7 in M. niuginiensis and 8 – 9 in M. australiensis (7 – 8 in M. incerta and 9 in M. laratensis). Further features in which M. australiensis differs from other species in the genus are: median carina in M. australiensis 1 / 4 – 1 / 2 (in M. laratensis and M. incerta 1 / 2 – 3 / 4) as long as median length of vertex, and hind tibia with 6 large apical teeth (in M. laratensis and M. incerta 5 large and 1 very small apical tooth). Nevertheless, M. australiensis has been placed in Miclucha, because it has the characteristic feature of the genus as defined by Emeljanov (2001 b): genital styles with a long, slender, sclerotised dorsal process. A similar process also occurs in the acanthopygophoris group of Oliarus, although slightly less sclerotised and shorter, and in Cordoliarus, where is mounted in a different position.	en	Löcker, Birgit, Fletcher, Murray J., Larivière, Marie-Claude, Gurr, Geoff M. (2006): The Australian Pentastirini (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Cixiidae). Zootaxa 1290 (1290): 1-138
03FE87F4FFB00E5FB86392AFFB0226BB.taxon	description	(Figs 4 E – H, 32 G – M)	en	Löcker, Birgit, Fletcher, Murray J., Larivière, Marie-Claude, Gurr, Geoff M. (2006): The Australian Pentastirini (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Cixiidae). Zootaxa 1290 (1290): 1-138
03FE87F4FFB00E5FB86392AFFB0226BB.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Lectotype of Oliarus incerta, here designated, ♀ (examined), AUSTRALIA, Qld: Peak Downs (BMNH), Paralectotype, AUSTRALIA, Qld: 1 ♂ or ♀ (abdomen missing) (examined), same data as lectotype (BMNH). Holotype of Oliarus hackeri, ♂ (examined), AUSTRALIA, Qld: Brisbane, 5. viii. 1913 (H. Hacker) (BMNH), Paratypes, AUSTRALIA, Qld: 5 ♀ (examined), Townsville, ix – xi. 1902 (F. P. Dodd) (BMNH). Holotype of Miclucha morobensis, ♂, PAPUA NEW GUINEA: Morobe prov., Bulolo, 20. v. 1988 (IRSNB); Paratypes, PAPUA NEW GUINEA: 2 ♂, 1 ♀, same data as holotype; 1 ♂, same locality, 18. v. 1988 (IRSNB); 1 ♂, 1 ♀, Port Moresby, 1 – 2. iv. 1987 (N. D. Penny) (CAS); 3 ♂, 1 ♀, Central Province, Laloki Quarantine Station, 23. vi. 1983, “ collected from pawpaw trunk and fruits ” (BMNH); 2 ♂, 1 ♀, Central Province, Laloki D. P. I., 24. x. 1980, “ ex L. pomoea ”, “ batatas ” (BMNH). Remarks A lectotype is designated here to give a diagnostic reference for the species. Other material examined AUSTRALIA: NT (64 ♂, 70 ♀), Qld (51 ♂, 62 ♀), SA (1 ♂, 1 ♀), WA (6 ♂, 9 ♀). Colour Vertex dark brown to black, carinae paler; face dark brown, frons lateral with a large pale mark, carinae light brown; pronotum light brown or pale yellow; mesonotum dark brown, mid brown between lateral and sublateral carinae; legs light brown to mid brown; forewing hyaline colourless, brown marks along crossveins and on apex of wing, veins mid to dark brown, tubercles indistinct, concolorous with veins; pterostigma mid or dark brown; abdominal sternites light brown. Morphology Body length: ♂ 6.9 – 8.9 mm, ♀ 7.7 – 8.9 mm. Head: Vertex (total length) 2.0 – 2.7 times longer than wide; basal emargination acutely angled or rectangular. Postclypeus with well­developed median carina. Rostrum surpassing hind coxae. Thorax: Hind margin of pronotum obtusely angled. Mesonotum with evanescent or well­developed carinae. Forewing 3.0 – 3.2 times longer than wide; costa with 0 – 12 tubercles; 10 apical cells. Hind leg: tibia with 4 (rarely 3) lateral spines; 5 large and 1 very small apical tooth; 1 st and 2 nd tarsomere with 8 (rarely 7) apical teeth and no platellae. Male genitalia: Anal tube as in Figs 32 G – I; pygophore and genital styles with long, slender, sclerotised, dorsal process as in Figs 32 J – K. Aedeagus (Figs 32 L – M): Phallotheca with a long, strongly curved spine (a) left lateral; a long, flattened spine (b); and a long spine (c) ventral; spines (a) and (b) pointing upwards (caudal); spine (c) pointing downwards (cephalad). Flagellum membranous with sclerotised ridge, unarmed.	en	Löcker, Birgit, Fletcher, Murray J., Larivière, Marie-Claude, Gurr, Geoff M. (2006): The Australian Pentastirini (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Cixiidae). Zootaxa 1290 (1290): 1-138
03FE87F4FFB30E58B863960BFE38203B.taxon	materials_examined	Type species Cixius walkeri Stål, 1859. Morphology Body length: ♂ 3.7 – 9.1 mm, ♀ 4.1 – 7.4 mm. Head: Vertex (total length) 1.7 – 3.9 times longer than wide; lateral carinae strongly elevated; subapical carina forking from lateral margin at around 1 / 4 – 1 / 2 of total length of vertex; median carina 1 / 4 – 2 / 3 as long as median length of vertex. Position of maximum width of frons more or less around centre of frontoclypeal suture; lateral carinae of frons convex (rectilinear apically) or s­shaped. Anteclypeus with well­developed median carina. Thorax: Forewing with fork ScRA + RP distad or basad of fork CuA 1 + CuA 2; r­m crossvein distad or basad of fork MA + MP; RP apically bifid (rarely trifid); MA apically bifid, trifid or tetrafid; MP apically bifid; fork of Pcu + A 1 distinctly basad or more or less around centre of clavus. Hind leg: tibia with 2 lateral spines; 6 (rarely 7) large apical teeth; 1 st tarsomere with 7 – 8 (rarely 9) apical teeth and no platellae; 2 nd tarsomere with 5 (rarely 6) apical teeth and no platellae. Male genitalia: Genital styles with or without medium sized, sclerotised, spinelike, dorsal process. Distribution Australia (Queensland, Northern Territory, Western Australia), Christmas Island, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea. Remarks Females (unless associated with males, see comments in Material & Methods section) could only be identified to generic level. The body length measurement given above is derived from females assigned to species level plus additional females which could only be identified to genus. The fork of ScRA + RP in the forewing is distad of the fork CuA 1 + CuA 2 in all species of the genus except for O. busoensis, where it lies basad. In the acanthopygophoris group the r­m crossvein is basad of the fork MA + MP, whereas in all other Oliarus it is distad. Typically in this genus RP is bifid apically; however, in some specimens of O. busoensis a trifid RP was recorded. In O. acanthopygophoris and O. lawlerorum the nodus of the yvein is more or less around the centre of the clavus, whereas in all other species of the genus it is shifted distinctly basad of the centre. The chaetotaxy of the hind legs in specimens of O. kampaspe varied from the typical chaetotaxy in this genus which is 6 large apical teeth on the tibia, 7 apical teeth on the 1 st tarsomere, and 5 on the 2 nd tarsomere. Most specimens of O. kampaspe had 7 large apical teeth on the tibia; all specimens had 8 apical teeth on the 1 st tarsomere; and in some specimens we found 6 apical teeth on the 2 nd tarsomere. Species of the acanthopygophoris group are unique within this genus in having a medium­sized, sclerotised, dorsal process. As Hoch (2005) noted, “ Oliarus Stål, 1862 has long been a notorious catch­all genus for Pentastirine Cixiidae from nearly all parts of the world. ” In recent years several attempts have been made to divide the complex Oliarus s. l. into more natural genera. Several new genera were created by authors such as Emeljanov (1992, 2001 a), Mead & Kramer (1982) and Van Stalle (1985, 1986 a, 1986 b, 1986 c, 1986 d, 1987, 1991) to accommodate Palaearctic, Ethiopian, and Nearctic species previously described in Oliarus. Emeljanov also proposed a new concept for Oliarus s. str. (Emeljanov 2001 b), “ Typical members of Oliarus s. str. are characterised by the more or less narrow macrocoryphe (‘ vertex’); acuteangularly projecting forward anterior carina of the coryphe touching medially the anterior carina of the macrocoryphe (i. e. the acrometope subdivided into a pair of longitudinal triangles); elongate styles with thick medioventral heel tapering to the apical hook­like dilation; apical dilation usually with acute anterolateral angle and sometimes with blunt projections of posteromedial and posterolateral angle. ” Consequently, only 46 species from the Oriental and Australian region remained in Oliarus sensu Emeljanov. Our investigations of the Australian fauna revealed a distinct group, sharing the features of Emeljanov’s concept of Oliarus s. str. They are further characterised by the presence of 5 spines on the second hind tarsomeres and only 2 lateral spines on the hind tibia (this feature separates them from all other Australian Pentastirini, which have 3 – 4 lateral spines). Hoch (2005) recently clarified the identity of the type series of O. walkeri Stål, the type species of Oliarus. She emphasised that the aedeagus of O. walkeri shows certain highly apomorphic characters, such as lack of articulation between phallotheca and flagellum and flagellum sheathed by processes of phallotheca which do not seem to be present in any other species of Oliarus sensu Emeljanov. In the Australian species, the flagellum shows various forms ranging from very small, hardly detectable and not articulated in O. acanthopygophoris, to large and more clearly articulated (e. g., in the gracilis group). Based on our investigations of the Australian Pentastirini fauna, we found that especially in the structure of the aedeagus there is an enormous amount of diversity. For this reason, we have retained these Australian species within the genus Oliarus. Comprehensive phylogenetic analyses of the Pentastirini fauna are needed to clarify whether there are more genera lurking within Oliarus sensu Emeljanov.	en	Löcker, Birgit, Fletcher, Murray J., Larivière, Marie-Claude, Gurr, Geoff M. (2006): The Australian Pentastirini (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Cixiidae). Zootaxa 1290 (1290): 1-138
03FE87F4FFB60E5AB8639029FD1C22E5.taxon	description	O. acanthopygophoris Löcker, sp. nov. O. cuberlii Löcker, sp. nov. O. lawlerorum Löcker, sp. nov.	en	Löcker, Birgit, Fletcher, Murray J., Larivière, Marie-Claude, Gurr, Geoff M. (2006): The Australian Pentastirini (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Cixiidae). Zootaxa 1290 (1290): 1-138
03FE87F4FFB60E54B86391E9FE0C24B3.taxon	description	(Figs 5 A – D, 32 N – R, 33 A – D) Type material Holotype, ♂, AUSTRALIA, WA: Kununurra, 7. xii. 1983 (A. Postle) (ASCU HE 005978), Paratypes, AUSTRALIA, WA: 1 ♂, Argyle Diamond Mine, ca. 110 km SSW Kununurra, 6. xii. 1983 (A. Postle) (WAMP), 1 ♂, same data, 9. v. 1985 (A. Postle). Etymology The Greek term ‘ akantha’ means ‘ thorn’. Named after the spinelike processes on the pygophore. Colour Body dark brown, carinae and pronotum paler; legs light brown; forewing hyaline colourless with indistinct brown marks along crossveins, veins light brown apically darker, tubercles slightly darker than veins, pterostigma light to mid brown; abdominal sternites light to mid brown. Morphology Body length: ♂ 4.0 – 4.6 mm. Head: Vertex (total length) 1.9 – 2.2 times longer than wide; basal emargination obtusely angled or rectangular. Postclypeus with well­developed median carina. Rostrum not reaching hind coxae. Thorax: Hind margin of pronotum obtusely angled. Mesonotum with well­developed carinae. Forewing 3.4 – 4.1 times longer than wide; costa without tubercles; 8 apical cells. Male genitalia: Anal tube as in Figs 33 A – C; pygophore dorsolaterally on each side with long, outwardly curving, spinelike process as in Fig. 32 N, genital styles with large spinelike process directed dorsad as in Figs 32 Q – R, 33 D. Aedeagus (Figs 32 N – P): Phallotheca with a long, strongly curved spine (a) arising ventrally; a long, strongly curved spine (b) arising dorsally; and a large sclerotised flap ventrally. Flagellum membranous, unarmed, very small. Remarks This species can be distinguished from all other Australian Pentastirini by the presence of a long dorsolateral, outwardly curving, spinelike process on each side of the pygophore (see Fig. 32 N).	en	Löcker, Birgit, Fletcher, Murray J., Larivière, Marie-Claude, Gurr, Geoff M. (2006): The Australian Pentastirini (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Cixiidae). Zootaxa 1290 (1290): 1-138
03FE87F4FFB80E55B8639004FC6A2693.taxon	description	(Figs 5 E – H, 33 E – L) Type material Holotype, ♂, AUSTRALIA, NT: Arnhem Land, Maningrida, 5 m, Eucalyptus, 17. iii. 1961 (J. L. & M. Gressitt) (BPBM 16615). Etymology Named in honour of the first author’s friend Lucio Cuberli. Colour Body mid brown, carinae and pronotum paler; legs light brown; forewing hyaline colourless with brown marks along crossveins, veins light brown apically darker, tubercles concolorous with veins, pterostigma light to mid brown; abdominal sternites mid brown. Morphology Body length: ♂ 4.6 mm. Head: Vertex (total length) 2.5 times longer than wide; basal emargination rectangular. Postclypeus with well­developed median carina. Thorax: Hind margin of pronotum obtusely angled. Mesonotum with well­developed carinae. Forewing 3.5 times longer than wide; costa with 3 – 5 tubercles; 8 apical cells. Male genitalia: Anal tube as in Figs 33 J – L; pygophore dorsolaterally on each side without long, outwardly curving, spinelike process; pygophore as in Fig. 33 H, genital styles with large spinelike process directed dorsad as in Figs 33 H – I. Aedeagus (Figs 33 E – G): Phallotheca with a long, moderately curved spine (a) arising ventrally at apex; a short, strongly curved, bifurcated spine (b) dorsally; and a medium sized, sclerotised flap ventrally. Flagellum slightly sclerotised, unarmed, very small.	en	Löcker, Birgit, Fletcher, Murray J., Larivière, Marie-Claude, Gurr, Geoff M. (2006): The Australian Pentastirini (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Cixiidae). Zootaxa 1290 (1290): 1-138
03FE87F4FFB90E57B8639664FEFB26C3.taxon	description	(Figs 6 A – D, 33 M – U) Type material Holotype, ♂, AUSTRALIA, NT: Cooper Creek, 11 km S by W of Nimbuwah Rock, 12.17 S 133.20 E, 1. xi. 1972 (T. Weir, T. Angeles) (MAGD 7413), Paratypes, AUSTRALIA, NT: 1 ♂, same data as holotype, (MAGD), 1 ♂, Limestone Gorge, 16.02 S 130.23 E, 23. – 26. vi. 1986 (M. Malipatil) (MAGD), 1 ♂, Bullita Outstation, 16.07 S 130.26 E, 21. vii. 1969 (M. Mendum) (ANIC), 1 ♂, same data, 23. vii. 1969 (ANIC), 1 ♂, C. P. R. S., in light trap in Mimosa pigra, 4. x. 1985 (C. Wilson) (ASCU), AUSTRALIA, Qld: 1 ♂, 1 ♀, Heathlands, 11.45 S 142.35 E, malaise trap, 25. vii – 18. viii. 1992 (P. Zborowski, J. Cardale) (ANIC), 1 ♂, same data, 19. viii. – 18. ix. 1992 (P. Zborowski, L. Miller) (ANIC), 1 ♂, same data, vi. – 25. vii. 1992 (P. Zborowski, E. S. Nielsen), 2 ♂, Hann River, 15.11 S 143.53 E, 20. iii. – 24. iv. 1994 (P. Zborowski, G. Turner) (ANIC), 11 ♂, 4 ♀, 4 km NE Batavia Downs, 12.39 S 142.42 E, malaise trap, 24. x. – 23. xi. 1992 (P. Zborowski, A. Calder) (ANIC), AUSTRALIA, WA: Carson escarpment, 14.49 S 126.49 E, 9. – 15. viii. 1975 (I. F. B. Common, M. S. Upton) (ANIC). Etymology Named in honour of the first author’s friends Cecilia and Darryl Lawler and their family. Colour Body dark brown, carinae and pronotum paler; legs light to mid brown; forewing hyaline colourless with indistinct brown marks along crossveins, veins light brown apically darker, tubercles slightly darker than veins, pterostigma light to mid brown; abdominal sternites mid to dark brown. Morphology Body length: ♂ 4.2 – 5.9 mm, ♀ 4.3 – 5.0 mm. Head: Vertex (total length) 2.0 – 2.9 times longer than wide; basal emargination acutely angled, rectangular or obtusely angled. Postclypeus with well­developed median carina. Rostrum not reaching hind coxae. Thorax: Hind margin of pronotum obtusely angled or rectangular. Mesonotum with well­developed median and lateral carinae and evanescent or well­developed sublateral carinae. Forewing 3.3 – 3.8 times longer than wide; costa without tubercles; 8 apical cells. Male genitalia: Anal tube as in Figs 33 M – O; pygophore dorsolaterally on each side without long, outwardly curving, spinelike process as in O. acanthopygophoris, pygophore as in Fig. 33 T, genital styles with large (sometimes small) spinelike process directed dorsad as in Figs 33 R – U. Aedeagus (Figs 33 P – Q): Phallotheca with a short, moderately curved spine (a) ventrolaterally; a short, moderately curved spine (b) dorsally; and a very reduced sclerotised flap ventrally. Flagellum membranous, unarmed, very small.	en	Löcker, Birgit, Fletcher, Murray J., Larivière, Marie-Claude, Gurr, Geoff M. (2006): The Australian Pentastirini (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Cixiidae). Zootaxa 1290 (1290): 1-138
03FE87F4FFBB0E57B8639634FD3C2455.taxon	description	O. acuminatus Muir O. globosus Löcker, sp. nov.	en	Löcker, Birgit, Fletcher, Murray J., Larivière, Marie-Claude, Gurr, Geoff M. (2006): The Australian Pentastirini (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Cixiidae). Zootaxa 1290 (1290): 1-138
03FE87F4FFBB0E50B86397AEFD7F240B.taxon	description	(Figs 6 E – H, 34 A – G)	en	Löcker, Birgit, Fletcher, Murray J., Larivière, Marie-Claude, Gurr, Geoff M. (2006): The Australian Pentastirini (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Cixiidae). Zootaxa 1290 (1290): 1-138
03FE87F4FFBB0E50B86397AEFD7F240B.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Holotype, ♂ (examined), INDONESIA: Larat Island, x. 1907 (F. Muir) (BPBM); Paratypes, INDONESIA: 1 ♂, 2 ♀ (examined), same data as holotype. Other material examined AUSTRALIA: NT (31 ♂, 9 ♀), Qld (7 ♂, 2 ♀). Colour Vertex light brown; face light brown, lateral margins paler, anteclypeus darker, frons lateral with a pale mark; pronotum light brown; mesonotum light to mid brown; legs light brown; forewing hyaline colourless with brown marks along crossveins, veins light brown, apically darker, tubercles concolorous with veins, pterostigma mid brown to dark brown; abdominal sternites light brown. Morphology Body length: ♂ 5.2 – 6.4 mm, ♀ 6.4 – 7.3 mm. Head: Vertex (total length) 2.9 – 3.9 times longer than wide; basal emargination acutely angled or rectangular. Postclypeus with well­developed median carina. Rostrum reaching or not reaching hind coxae. Thorax: Hind margin of pronotum obtusely angled. Mesonotum with evanescent or well­developed carinae. Forewing 3.0 – 3.2 times longer than wide; costa without tubercles; 9 apical cells. Male genitalia: Anal tube in caudal view with a triangular process as in Figs 34 E – G; pygophore and genital styles as in Figs 34 C – D. Aedeagus (Figs 34 A – B): Phallotheca with a long spine (a) arising right lateral near apex, passing phallotheca ventrally, crossing over to dorsal side apically; a short spine (b); and two long spines (c, d) dorsal. Flagellum membranous, unarmed. Remarks In the original description Muir (1924) states that the type series consists of 3 males and 4 females. However, we can only confirm the presence of 2 males and 2 females in the collection of the BPBM. Van Stalle (1991) makes the following comment in the remarks section of the species description of O. busoensis, “ The reference “ Type Nr 1092 ” in the original description is considered as a holotype designation. ”	en	Löcker, Birgit, Fletcher, Murray J., Larivière, Marie-Claude, Gurr, Geoff M. (2006): The Australian Pentastirini (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Cixiidae). Zootaxa 1290 (1290): 1-138
03FE87F4FFBC0E51B86397FCFB9C2523.taxon	description	(Figs 7 A – D, 34 H – O) Type material Holotype, ♂, AUSTRALIA, NT: Nourlangie Creek, 8 km E of Mt Cahill, 12.52 S 132.47 E, 17. xi. 1972 (T. Weir, A. Allwood) (MAGD I 002151, originally NTDPI), Paratypes, AUSTRALIA, NT: 1 ♂, same data as holotype (MAGD), 1 ♂, same data as holotype, 7. x. 1975 (A. Allwood, T. Angeles) (MAGD), 1 ♂, 1 km S of Cahills Crossing, E ast Alligator R., 12.26 S 132.58 E, 3. xi. 1972 (Upton, Barrett) (ANIC), 1 ♂, 1 ♀, Tindal, at light, 1. – 20. xii. 1967 (W. Vestjens) (ANIC), 2 ♂, 9 km N by E of Mudginberry HS, 12.31 S 132.54 E, 30. x. 1972 (Upton, Barrett) (ANIC). Etymology The Latin term ‘ globosus’ means ‘ round as a ball’. Named after the large globular base of a spine on the phallotheca. Colour Body dark brown to black, carinae and pronotum paler; legs light brown; forewing hyaline white with brown marks along crossveins, veins light brown, apically darker, tubercles dark brown (contrasting with veins), pterostigma mid brown; abdominal sternites light to dark brown. Morphology Body length: ♂ 4.5 – 4.8 mm, ♀ 4.7 – 4.8 mm. Head: Vertex (total length) 1.7 – 2.1 times longer than wide; basal emargination rectangular. Postclypeus with well­developed median carina. Rostrum not reaching hind coxae. Thorax: Hind margin of pronotum obtusely angled. Mesonotum with well­developed carinae. Forewing 3.2 – 3.5 times longer than wide; costa without tubercles; 8 apical cells. Male genitalia: Anal tube as in Figs 34 M – O; pygophore and genital styles as in Figs 34 K – L. Aedeagus (Figs 34 H – J): Phallotheca with a long spine (a) curved as in O. acuminatus; a moderately curved spine (b) with very large globular base; and two dorsal spines (c, d) as in O. acuminatus. Flagellum membranous, unarmed.	en	Löcker, Birgit, Fletcher, Murray J., Larivière, Marie-Claude, Gurr, Geoff M. (2006): The Australian Pentastirini (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Cixiidae). Zootaxa 1290 (1290): 1-138
03FE87F4FFBD0E51B8639694FDCB233D.taxon	description	O. gracilis Löcker, sp. nov. O. hamatus Löcker, sp. nov. O. hirsutus Löcker, sp. nov.	en	Löcker, Birgit, Fletcher, Murray J., Larivière, Marie-Claude, Gurr, Geoff M. (2006): The Australian Pentastirini (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Cixiidae). Zootaxa 1290 (1290): 1-138
03FE87F4FFBD0E53B8639096FEC22693.taxon	description	(Figs 7 E – H, 34 P – S, 35 A – C) Type material Holotype, ♂, AUSTRALIA, Qld: Horn Island, 10.37 S 142.17 E, at light, 2. – 5. xii. 1986 (K. Houston, K. Sadler) (QM QMT 123830, originally QDPC), Paratypes, AUSTRALIA, Qld: 2 ♂, 2 ♀, West Claudie River, 4 km SW road junction, 12 º 44 ’ S 143 º 15 ’ E, mv lamp, 1. xii. 1986 (G. Daniels, M. A. Schneider) (UQIC). Etymology The Latin term ‘ gracilis’ means ‘ slender’. Named after a long, slender spine on the phallotheca. Colour Body mid to dark brown, carinae paler; legs light brown; forewing hyaline colourless with brown marks along crossveins, veins light brown apically darker, tubercles dark brown (contrasting with veins), pterostigma light to mid brown; abdominal sternites light to mid brown. Morphology Body length: ♂ 3.7 – 4.4 mm. Head: Vertex (total length) 2.3 – 2.5 times longer than wide; basal emargination acutely angled, rectangular or obtusely angled. Postclypeus with well­developed median carina. Rostrum surpassing, reaching or not reaching hind coxae. Thorax: Hind margin of pronotum obtusely angled. Mesonotum with well­developed carinae. Forewing 3.0 – 3.3 times longer than wide; costa with 0 – 1 tubercles; 9 apical cells. Male genitalia: Anal tube as in Figs 34 P – R; pygophore and genital styles as in Figs 34 S, 35 A. Aedeagus (Figs 35 B – C): Phallotheca with a long, slightly curved spine (a) arising left lateral at apex; a slightly curved spine (b) arising ventrally about midlength; and a long slender spine (c) arising dorsolaterally at apex. Flagellum membranous, unarmed.	en	Löcker, Birgit, Fletcher, Murray J., Larivière, Marie-Claude, Gurr, Geoff M. (2006): The Australian Pentastirini (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Cixiidae). Zootaxa 1290 (1290): 1-138
03FE87F4FFBF0E6DB8639664FC0A240B.taxon	description	(Figs 8 A – D, 35 D – J) Type material Holotype, ♂, AUSTRALIA, Qld: Ingham, light trap, 15. iii. 1961 (K. L. Harley) (ANIC), Paratypes, AUSTRALIA, Qld: 9 ♂, same data as holotype (ANIC), 1 ♂, same data as holotype, 29. iii. 1961 (ANIC), 1 ♂, same data as holotype, 7. iv. 1961 (ANIC), 2 ♂, same data as holotype, 17. ii. 1961 (R. Straatman) (ANIC), 6 ♂, St. Pauls, Moa Island, 10.11 S 142.26 E, at light, 10. – 18. ii. 1986 (K. Houston, E. Hamacek) (QDPC), 3 ♂, Horn Island, 10.37 S 142.17 E, at light, 2. – 5. xii. 1986 (K. Houston, K. Sadler) (QDPC), Statton R. nr Inkerman HS, at light, 29. vii. 1982 (J. F. Donaldson, J. W. Turner) (QDPC), 1 ♂, Bathurst Head, i. 1927 (Hale, Tindale) (SAM), 1 ♂, Coen Aerodrome, 6. vi. 1960 (C. N. Smithers) (AMS), 4 ♂, Norman R., Karumba, malaise trap, mangrove­salt marsh boundary, 3. – 17. xi. 1979 (W. A. Houston) (QDPC), 2 ♂, 2 ♀, Julatten, nr Mt Molloy, 16. i. 1962 (E. B. Britton) (BMNH), 1 ♂, Mt Molloy, 16. i. 1962 (E. B. Britton) (BMNH), 4 ♂, 2 ♀, Rimbija Island, Wessel Islands, 11.01 S 136.45 E, 20. i. 1977 (E. D. Edwards) (ANIC), 1 ♂, 3 ♀, Burbank, grasslands, 9. xi. 1989 (C. W. & L. B. O’Brien) (LBOB), 1 ♂, same data, 15. i. 1977 (ANIC), 1 ♂, Townsville, James Cook Uni ABCL SH, on Melaleuca quinquenervia, 18. vii. 1991 (J. R. Makinson) (ASCU), 1 ♂, ‘ Eclectus’, Iron Range, 12 º 45 ’ 46 ” S 143 º 17 ’ 10 ” E, 20 m, malaise trap, 14. ix. 2000 (G. & A. Daniels) (UQIC), 1 ♀, ‘ Eclectus’, Iron Range, 12 º 45 ’ 46 ” S 143 º 17 ’ 10 ” E, 20 m, 11. vii. 1997 (G. & A. Daniels) (UQIC), 1 ♂, 1 ♀, W. Normanby R., 40 miles W of Cooktown, 2. i. 1964 (G. Monteith) (UQIC), 1 ♂, O’Connel River, 12 miles S Proserpine, 18. xii. 1961 (McAlpine, Lossin) (AMS), 1 ♂, Hammond Island, Torres Strait, sweep of long grass beside road, 5. vii. 1974 (Heatwole) (AMS), 1 ♂, Hammond Island, Torres Strait, 4. – 8. vii. 1974 (Heatwole) (AMS), 1 ♂, Saibai Island, Pand. savannah sweep, 13. vii. 1975 (AMS), 1 ♂, Murray (Mer) Island, Torres Strait, pitfall trap in forest litter, 22. vii. 1974 (Heatwole), AUSTRALIA, NT: 3 ♂, Leila Lagoon, McArthur R., 4 km N of McArthur R. Stn, at light, 25. ix. 1977 (J. A. Forrest) (SAM), 1 ♂, 1 ♀, Adelaide R. Flood Plain, at night, 5. xi. 1989 (C. W. & L. B. O’Brien) (LBOB), 1 ♂, Cooper Creek, 11 km S by W of Nimbuwah Rock, 12.17 S 133.20 E, 1. xi. 1972 (T. Weir, T. Angeles) (MAGD). Etymology The Latin term ‘ hamus’ means ‘ hook’. Named after a hook­like spine on the phallotheca. Colour Body mid to dark brown, carinae paler; legs light to mid brown; forewing hyaline colourless with brown marks along crossveins, veins light brown apically darker, tubercles mid brown (usually contrasting with veins), pterostigma light to mid brown; abdominal sternites light to mid brown. Morphology Body length: ♂ 3.7 – 4.6 mm, ♀ 4.7 – 5.4 mm. Head: Vertex (total length) 1.7 – 2.5 times longer than wide; basal emargination obtusely angled or rectangular. Postclypeus with evanescent or well­developed median carina. Rostrum reaching or not reaching hind coxae. Thorax: Hind margin of pronotum obtusely angled. Mesonotum with well­developed carinae. Forewing 3.2 – 3.5 times longer than wide; costa with 0 – 3 tubercles; 8 apical cells. Male genitalia: Anal tube as in Figs 35 H – J; pygophore and genital styles as in Figs 35 F – G Aedeagus (Figs 35 D – E): Phallotheca with a long, slightly curved spine (a) arising left laterally at apex (sometimes with strong base); and a small hook­like spine (b) ventrally about midlength. Flagellum sclerotised, unarmed.	en	Löcker, Birgit, Fletcher, Murray J., Larivière, Marie-Claude, Gurr, Geoff M. (2006): The Australian Pentastirini (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Cixiidae). Zootaxa 1290 (1290): 1-138
03FE87F4FF810E6EB86397FCFE612273.taxon	description	(Figs 8 E – H, 35 K – P) Type material Holotype, ♂, AUSTRALIA, Qld: Ingham, light trap, 15. iii. 1961 (K. D. Harley) (ANIC), Paratypes, AUSTRALIA, Qld: 2 ♂, same data as holotype (ANIC), 1 ♂, same data, 14. iii. 1961 (R. Straatman) (ANIC), 1 ♂, bank 6 mile Ck, 18 km N Proserpine, in grass, D­Vac, 8. xi. 1975 (I. D. Galloway) (QDPC), 1 ♂, Nolan Ck Crossing, SW Wrotham Park, 23. iv. 1983 (J. F. Donaldson, J. F. Grimshaw) (QDPC), 1 ♂, 2 ♀, Brisbane, 5. xi. 1941 (H. Hacker) (BMNH), 1 ♂, Mackay, 26. viii. 1954 (R. Jones) (UQIC), 1 ♂, 5 km E Elimbah, 22. ii. 1978 (J. F. Donaldson) (QDPC), 1 ♂, Walker Ck, N of Normanton, at light, 30. vii. 1982 (J. F. Donaldson, J. W. Turner) (QDPC), 1 ♂, 1 km E Kimba, 15.37 S 143.30 E, 28. x. 1993 (P. Zborowski, D. Rentz) (ANIC), 1 ♂, Archer River, 9. i. 1988 (M. S. & B. J. Moulds) (ASCU), 2 ♂, Boyne Island, via Gladstone, 23 º 55 ’ S 151 º 20 ’ E, 1995 (C. Q. University) (QM), 1 ♂, Thornlands, at light, 28. ii. 1973 (J. F. Donaldson) (QDPC), AUSTRALIA, NT: 1 ♂, Goose Lagoon, 11 km SW by S of Borroloola, 16.10 S 136.15 E, 31. x. 1975 (M. S. Upton), 1 ♂, Nourlangie, 11 km S by W of Nimbuwah Rock, 12.17 S 133.20 E, 1. xi. 1972 (Upton, Barrett) (ANIC), 1 ♂, Lake Woods, 15 km SW Eliot, at light, 5. x. 1977 (G. F. Gross, J. A. Forrest) (SAM), 1 ♂, Darwin (SAM), 1 ♂, Jabiru Park Lake, at night, 4. ix. 1989 (C. W. & L. B. O’Brien) (LBOB), 1 ♂, Stuart Hwy, Coomalie Ck, 50 m, 24. x. 1962 (CAS), 1 ♂, 15 km E of Mt Cahill, 12.52 132.50 E, 9. iii. 1973 (M. S. Upton) (ANIC), AUSTRALIA, WA: 1 ♂, Old Doongan, 2. viii. 1975 (I. F. B. Common, M. S. Upton) (ANIC), 2 ♂, Drysdale River, 15.02 S 126.55 E, 3. – 8. viii. 1975 (I. F. B. Common, M. S. Upton) (ANIC), 1 ♂, Carson escarpment, 14.49 S 126.49 E, 9. – 15. viii. 1975 (I. F. B. Common, M. S. Upton) (ANIC), 1 ♂, Morgan Falls, 15.02 S 126.40 E, 16. – 17. viii. 1975 (I. F. B. Common, M. S. Upton) (ANIC). Etymology The Latin term ‘ hirsutus’ means ‘ hairy, rough, shaggy’. Named after the shaggy surface of the flagellum. Colour Body mid, dark brown or black, carinae paler; legs light to mid brown; forewing hyaline colourless with brown marks along crossveins, some specimens with 3 brown transverse bands across the wing, veins light brown apically darker, tubercles dark brown (contrasting with veins), pterostigma mid to dark brown; abdominal sternites light to mid brown. Morphology Body length: ♂ 4.7 – 5.3 mm. Head: Vertex (total length) 1.8 – 2.6 times longer than wide; basal emargination obtusely angled or rectangular. Postclypeus with well­developed median carina. Rostrum not reaching hind coxae. Thorax: Hind margin of pronotum obtusely angled. Mesonotum with evanescent or well­developed carinae. Forewing 3.1 – 3.5 times longer than wide; costa without tubercles; 8 apical cells. Male genitalia: Anal tube as in Figs 35 K – M; pygophore and genital styles as in Figs 35 N – O. Aedeagus (Fig. 35 P): Phallotheca with a long, slightly curved spine (a) arising left lateral at apex; and a slightly curved spine (b) arising ventrally about midlength. Flagellum hirsute, unarmed.	en	Löcker, Birgit, Fletcher, Murray J., Larivière, Marie-Claude, Gurr, Geoff M. (2006): The Australian Pentastirini (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Cixiidae). Zootaxa 1290 (1290): 1-138
03FE87F4FF820E6FB863925EFDB62313.taxon	description	(Figs 9 A – D, 35 Q – T, 36 A – C)	en	Löcker, Birgit, Fletcher, Murray J., Larivière, Marie-Claude, Gurr, Geoff M. (2006): The Australian Pentastirini (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Cixiidae). Zootaxa 1290 (1290): 1-138
03FE87F4FF820E6FB863925EFDB62313.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Holotype, ♂, PAPUA NEW GUINEA: Morobe Prov., Buso, ix – xi. 1979 (J. Martin) (BMNH); Paratypes, PAPUA NEW GUINEA: 1 ♂, Upper Fly River, Aimbak – Omo Area, 19. x. 1972 (BMNH); NEW GUINEA: 1 ♂, Oranjegebergte, 1927 (A. Kalthofen) (ZMAN). Other material examined AUSTRALIA: Qld (1 ♂). Colour Head and pronotum light brown; mesonotum mid brown, paler between lateral and sublateral carinae; legs light to mid brown; forewing hyaline colourless with brown marks along crossveins, veins mid brown, tubercles concolorous with veins, pterostigma mid brown; abdominal sternites mid brown. Morphology Body length: ♂ 9.1 mm. Head: Vertex (total length) 1.9 times longer than wide; basal emargination rectangular. Postclypeus with well­developed median carina. Rostrum surpassing hind coxae. Thorax: Hind margin of pronotum obtusely angled. Mesonotum with evanescent carinae. Forewing 3.0 times longer than wide; costa without tubercles; 10 apical cells. Male genitalia: Anal tube as in Figs 36 A – C; pygophore and genital styles as in Figs 35 S – T. Aedeagus (Figs 35 Q – R): Phallotheca with a very long, strongly curved spine (a); and two short, almost straight, upwards (caudad) pointing spines (b, c). Flagellum partly sclerotised, unarmed.	en	Löcker, Birgit, Fletcher, Murray J., Larivière, Marie-Claude, Gurr, Geoff M. (2006): The Australian Pentastirini (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Cixiidae). Zootaxa 1290 (1290): 1-138
03FE87F4FF830E69B86390E4FD9026EB.taxon	description	(Figs 9 E – H, 36 D – J) Type material Holotype, ♂, AUSTRALIA, Qld: Gordon Creek, Claudie River district, 12 º 42 ’ S 143 º 17 ’ E, mv lamp, 6. xii. 1986 (G. Daniels, M. A. Schneider) (QM QMT 123831, originally UQIC). Etymology Named after a spine on the phallotheca, which is curved like the spiral shell of a snail. Colour Vertex mid brown; face light brown, anteclypeus darker; pronotum light brown; mesonotum dark brown, carinae paler; legs light brown; forewing hyaline colourless with brown marks along crossveins, veins light to mid brown, tubercles concolorous with veins, pterostigma dark brown; abdominal sternites mid to dark brown. Morphology Body length: ♂ 5.6 mm. Head: Vertex (total length) 2.7 times longer than wide; basal emargination acutely angled. Postclypeus with well­developed median carina. Thorax: Hind margin of pronotum obtusely angled. Mesonotum with well­developed carinae. Forewing 3.1 times longer than wide; costa without tubercles; 9 apical cells. Male genitalia: Anal tube as in Figs 36 H – J; pygophore and genital styles as in Figs 36 F – G. Aedeagus (Figs 36 D – E): Phallotheca with two very long, strongly (spirally) curved spines (a, b); and a short, almost straight spine (c). Flagellum slightly sclerotised, one large spine on apex.	en	Löcker, Birgit, Fletcher, Murray J., Larivière, Marie-Claude, Gurr, Geoff M. (2006): The Australian Pentastirini (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Cixiidae). Zootaxa 1290 (1290): 1-138
03FE87F4FF850E69B86395DCFCE122D4.taxon	description	(Figs 10 A – D, 36 K – Q) Type material Holotype, ♂, CHRISTMAS ISLAND: Jedda, x. 1983 (L. Hill) (ANIC). Etymology Named after the three strongly (spirally) curved spines on the phallotheca. Colour Vertex mid to dark brown; face mid brown, carinae and portions of clypeus paler; pronotum light brown; mesonotum mid brown, paler between lateral and sublateral carinae; legs light brown; forewing hyaline colourless with brown marks along crossveins, veins light to mid brown, tubercles concolorous with veins, pterostigma mid to dark brown; abdominal sternites light to mid brown. Morphology Body length: ♂ 6.6 mm. Head: Vertex (total length) 3.2 times longer than wide; basal emargination acutely angled. Postclypeus with well­developed median carina. Rostrum not reaching hind coxae. Thorax: Hind margin of pronotum obtusely angled. Mesonotum with well­developed carinae. Forewing 3.0 times longer than wide; costa without tubercles; 9 apical cells. Male genitalia: Anal tube as in Figs 36 O – Q; pygophore and genital styles as in Figs 36 K – L. Aedeagus (Figs 36 M – N): Phallotheca with three long strongly (spirally) curved spines (a, b, c). Flagellum membranous, unarmed.	en	Löcker, Birgit, Fletcher, Murray J., Larivière, Marie-Claude, Gurr, Geoff M. (2006): The Australian Pentastirini (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Cixiidae). Zootaxa 1290 (1290): 1-138
03FE87F4FF850E6BB863922EFED32474.taxon	description	(Figs 10 E – H)	en	Löcker, Birgit, Fletcher, Murray J., Larivière, Marie-Claude, Gurr, Geoff M. (2006): The Australian Pentastirini (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Cixiidae). Zootaxa 1290 (1290): 1-138
03FE87F4FF850E6BB863922EFED32474.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Syntype, ♂ or ♀ (abdomen missing) (examined), AUSTRALIA, Qld: Cairns, viii. 1904 (BPBM). Colour Body mid brown to dark brown, carinae paler; legs light brown; forewing hyaline colourless with brown marks along crossveins, veins light brown, tubercles and pterostigma mid brown. Morphology Body length: 5.0 mm (gender unknown since abdomen of specimen is missing). Head: Vertex (total length) 1.8 times longer than wide; basal emargination obtusely angled to rectangular. Postclypeus with well­developed median carina. Thorax: Hind margin of pronotum obtusely angled. Mesonotum with evanescent median carina and well­developed sublateral and lateral carinae. Forewing 3.3 times longer than wide; costa without tubercles; 8 apical cells. Male genitalia: Unknown (only known specimen is lacking its abdomen). Remarks The narrow vertex and the chaetotaxy of the hind leg (2 lateral spines on the tibia, 7 apical teeth on the 1 st tarsomere, and 5 apical teeth on the 2 nd tarsomere) verify the placement within the genus Oliarus. Because of the absence of male specimens this species cannot be reliably identified. For this reason O. alexanor is regarded as a nomen dubium.	en	Löcker, Birgit, Fletcher, Murray J., Larivière, Marie-Claude, Gurr, Geoff M. (2006): The Australian Pentastirini (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Cixiidae). Zootaxa 1290 (1290): 1-138
03FE87F4FF870E64B8639777FED326EB.taxon	description	(Figs 11 A – D)	en	Löcker, Birgit, Fletcher, Murray J., Larivière, Marie-Claude, Gurr, Geoff M. (2006): The Australian Pentastirini (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Cixiidae). Zootaxa 1290 (1290): 1-138
03FE87F4FF870E64B8639777FED326EB.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Holotype by monotypy, ♀ (examined), AUSTRALIA, Qld: Townsville, 24. x. 1903 (BPBM). Colour Vertex dark brown, carinae and lateral portions light brown; frons light brown; clypeus dark brown, carinae light brown; pronotum pale yellow; mesonotum light brown, with dark brown marks; legs light to mid brown; forewing hyaline colourless with brown marks along crossveins and three brown transverse bands across wing, veins and tubercles concolorous with cells, pterostigma light to dark brown; abdominal sternites mid brown. Morphology Body length: ♀ 6.6 mm. Head: Vertex (total length) 1.6 times longer than wide; basal emargination obtusely angled. Postclypeus with well­developed median carina. Thorax: Hind margin of pronotum obtusely angled. Mesonotum with well­developed carinae. Forewing 3.1 times longer than wide; costa with 0 – 1 tubercle; 8 apical cells. Male genitalia: Unknown (only known specimen is a female). Remarks The narrow vertex and the chaetotaxy of the hind leg (2 lateral spines on the tibia, 7 apical teeth on the 1 st tarsomere, and 5 apical teeth on the 2 nd tarsomere) verify the placement within the genus Oliarus. Because of the absence of male specimens this species cannot be reliably identified. For this reason O. doddi is regarded as a nomen dubium.	en	Löcker, Birgit, Fletcher, Murray J., Larivière, Marie-Claude, Gurr, Geoff M. (2006): The Australian Pentastirini (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Cixiidae). Zootaxa 1290 (1290): 1-138
03FE87F4FF880E65B86392F2FD4C21C9.taxon	description	(Figs 11 E – H)	en	Löcker, Birgit, Fletcher, Murray J., Larivière, Marie-Claude, Gurr, Geoff M. (2006): The Australian Pentastirini (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Cixiidae). Zootaxa 1290 (1290): 1-138
03FE87F4FF880E65B86392F2FD4C21C9.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Syntype, ♂ (examined), AUSTRALIA, Qld: Kuranda, viii. 1904 (BPBM). Remarks The abdomen of the syntype is missing, but the data label bears a male symbol. We have therefore presumed that specimen is a male. Colour Body mid brown, carinae paler except for some carinae on mesonotum; legs light brown to mid brown; forewing hyaline white, with brown marks along crossveins, veins light brown, apically darker, tubercles indistinct, concolorous with veins, pterostigma light to mid brown. Morphology Body length: ♂ 5.5 mm. Head: Vertex (total length) 1.7 times longer than wide; basal emargination obtusely angled. Postclypeus with evanescent to well­developed carinae. Rostrum not reaching hind coxae. Thorax: Hind margin of pronotum obtusely angled. Mesonotum with evanescent carinae. Forewing 3.1 times longer than wide; costa with 2 tubercles; 9 apical cells. Male genitalia: Unknown (only known specimen is lacking its abdomen). Remarks The narrow vertex and the chaetotaxy of the hind leg (2 lateral spines on the tibia and 5 apical teeth on the 2 nd tarsomere) verify the placement within the genus Oliarus sensu E meljanov. The presence of 8 apical teeth on the 1 st tarsomere, however, is unusual within the genus; this feature is only shared with O. phelia. See comments in remarks section of O. phelia. Jacobi (1928) presents a redescription of O. kampaspe Kirkaldy based on specimens from the Kimberley district. One male and two females of this material (located in the NHRS and MTD) were available to us for examination. They showed 4 lateral spines on the hind tibia and 7 apical teeth on the 1 st and 2 nd tarsomere, which indicates that these specimens belong to Ozoliarus Löcker and not to Oliarus sensu stricto which is characterised by the presence of 2 lateral spines on the hind tibia and five apical teeth of the 2 nd hind tarsomere. Jacobi’s species therefore cannot be O. kampaspe and is recognised here as a new species, Ozoliarus poculum.	en	Löcker, Birgit, Fletcher, Murray J., Larivière, Marie-Claude, Gurr, Geoff M. (2006): The Australian Pentastirini (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Cixiidae). Zootaxa 1290 (1290): 1-138
03FE87F4FF890E67B86392D5FD06242C.taxon	description	(Figs 12 A – D)	en	Löcker, Birgit, Fletcher, Murray J., Larivière, Marie-Claude, Gurr, Geoff M. (2006): The Australian Pentastirini (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Cixiidae). Zootaxa 1290 (1290): 1-138
03FE87F4FF890E67B86392D5FD06242C.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Syntype, ♀ (examined), AUSTRALIA, Qld: Cairns, vii. 1904 (Perkins) (BPBM). Colour Body mid brown, carinae and area between lateral and sublateral carinae on mesonotum paler, frons lateral with a pale mark; legs light brown; forewing hyaline colourless, with brown marks along crossveins, veins light brown, apically darker, tubercles mid brown (contrasting with veins), pterostigma mid brown; abdominal sternites mid brown. Morphology Body length: ♀ 5.5 mm. Head: Vertex (total length) 2.0 times longer than wide; basal emargination obtusely angled. Postclypeus with well­developed median carina. Rostrum not reaching hind coxae. Thorax: Hind margin of pronotum obtusely angled. Mesonotum with well­developed carinae. Forewing 3.4 times longer than wide; costa without tubercles; 8 apical cells. Male genitalia: Unknown (only known specimen is a female). Remarks The narrow vertex and the chaetotaxy of the hind leg (2 lateral spines on the tibia, 7 apical teeth on the 1 st tarsomere, and 5 apical teeth on the 2 nd tarsomere) verify the placement within the genus Oliarus.	en	Löcker, Birgit, Fletcher, Murray J., Larivière, Marie-Claude, Gurr, Geoff M. (2006): The Australian Pentastirini (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Cixiidae). Zootaxa 1290 (1290): 1-138
03FE87F4FF8B0E60B86397A7FD8B2489.taxon	description	(Figs 12 F – H)	en	Löcker, Birgit, Fletcher, Murray J., Larivière, Marie-Claude, Gurr, Geoff M. (2006): The Australian Pentastirini (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Cixiidae). Zootaxa 1290 (1290): 1-138
03FE87F4FF8B0E60B86397A7FD8B2489.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Syntypes, AUSTRALIA, Qld: 2 ♀ (examined), Kuranda, viii. 1904 (BPBM); 1 ♀ (examined), Nelson, vii. 1904 (BPBM). Colour Head light brown or mid brown with light brown carinae; pronotum light brown; mesonotum mid brown, paler between lateral and sublateral carinae; legs light brown; forewing hyaline colourless with brown marks along crossveins, veins light brown, apically darker, tubercles indistinct, concolorous with veins, pterostigma mid brown; abdominal sternites mid brown .. Morphology Body length: ♀ 6.2 – 6.3 mm. Head: Vertex (total length) 1.5 – 1.7 times longer than wide; basal emargination obtusely angled. Postclypeus with well­developed median carina. Rostrum not reaching hind coxae. Thorax: Hind margin of pronotum obtusely angled. Mesonotum with evanescent or well­developed carinae. Forewing 3.1 times longer than wide; costa without tubercles; 8 apical cells. Male genitalia: Unknown (only known specimens are females). Remarks The narrow vertex and the presence of 2 lateral spines on the hind tibia verify the placement within the genus Oliarus sensu Emeljanov. The apical chaetotaxy on the hind leg (7 on tibia, 8 – 9 on 1 st tarsomere and 5 – 6 on 2 nd tarsomere), however, is uncommon within this genus. Examination of the type series (3 females) of O. phelia showed that two females key to O. phelia in the identification keys provided by Kirkaldy (1906, 1907), whereas one female keys to O. kampaspe, based on the character “ axillary vein of clavus running into anal vein basal of the middle of the latter. ” The original descriptions do not give any characters that allow those species to be distinguished. All the characters coded for our study show identical character states for both species. Moreover, 7 large apical teeth were recorded on the specimens of O. phelia and on one leg of the only specimen of O. kampaspe (all other Australian Pentastirini have 5 – 6 large apical teeth on the hind tibia). A chaetotaxy of 8 (rarely 9) apical teeth on the 1 st tarsomere is also unusual within the genus Oliarus. The syntype of O. kampaspe was collected at the same collecting event as two specimens of O. phelia. All this suggests that these specimens belong to one species. However, in the absence of male genitalia to confirm these assumptions, both species are regarded as nomina dubia.	en	Löcker, Birgit, Fletcher, Murray J., Larivière, Marie-Claude, Gurr, Geoff M. (2006): The Australian Pentastirini (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Cixiidae). Zootaxa 1290 (1290): 1-138
03FE87F4FF8C0E62B863907AFAA426EB.taxon	description	(Figs 13 A – D)	en	Löcker, Birgit, Fletcher, Murray J., Larivière, Marie-Claude, Gurr, Geoff M. (2006): The Australian Pentastirini (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Cixiidae). Zootaxa 1290 (1290): 1-138
03FE87F4FF8C0E62B863907AFAA426EB.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Syntype, ♀ (examined), AUSTRALIA, Qld: Cairns, viii. 1904 (BPBM). Colour Body including legs pale yellow except for light brown mesonotum; forewing hyaline white with brown marks along crossveins and apices of apical veins; veins white, tubercles mid to dark brown (contrasting with veins). Morphology Body length: ♀ 5.3 mm. Head: Vertex (total length) 1.9 times longer than wide; basal emargination obtusely angled. Postclypeus with well­developed median carina. Rostrum not reaching hind coxae. Thorax: Hind margin of pronotum obtusely angled. Mesonotum with well­developed carinae. Forewing 3.4 times longer than wide; costa without tubercles; 8 apical cells. Male genitalia: Unknown (only known specimen is a female). Remarks The narrow vertex and the chaetotaxy of the hind leg (2 lateral spines on the tibia, 7 apical teeth on the 1 st tarsomere, and 5 apical teeth on the 2 nd tarsomere) verify the placement within the genus Oliarus sensu Emeljanov. The pale yellow colour except for a light brown mesonotum, mid brown tubercles, and brown marks along crossveins and apices of apical veins, together discriminate this specimen from all other Australian Pentastirini. Whether this represents the typical coloration of this species or is an artefact cannot be determined because only one specimen is currently available. For this reason and because of the absence of male genitalia, O. talunia is regarded as a nomen dubium.	en	Löcker, Birgit, Fletcher, Murray J., Larivière, Marie-Claude, Gurr, Geoff M. (2006): The Australian Pentastirini (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Cixiidae). Zootaxa 1290 (1290): 1-138
03FE87F4FF8E0E63B86395DBFE0B26B1.taxon	materials_examined	Type species Oliarus laertes Kirkaldy, 1906. Etymology The genus is named after Australia, which is commonly called ‘ Oz’. Gender: masculine. Morphology Body length: ♂ 4.1 – 7.7 mm, ♀ 5.0 – 9.3 mm. Head: Vertex (total length) 1.2 – 2.3 times longer than wide; lateral carinae slightly to strongly elevated; subapical carina forking from lateral margin at 1 / 3 – 2 / 3 of total length of vertex; median carina 1 / 4 – 3 / 4 as long as median length of vertex. Position of maximum width of frons more or less around or distinctly distad centre of frontoclypeal suture; lateral carinae of frons convex (evenly rounded or rectilinear apically) or s­shaped. Anteclypeus with well­developed, evanescent or without median carina. Thorax: Forewing with fork ScRA + RP distad of fork CuA 1 + CuA 2; r­m crossvein basad of fork MA + MP; RP apically bifid; MA apically trifid (rarely bifid); MP apically monofid, bifid or trifid; fork of Pcu + A 1 distinctly basad or more or less around centre of clavus. Hind leg: tibia with 3 – 4 lateral spines; 6 large apical teeth; 1 st tarsomere with 7 (rarely 8) apical teeth and no platellae; 2 nd tarsomere with 7 (rarely 6) apical teeth and no platellae. Male genitalia: Genital styles without long, sclerotised, spinelike, dorsal process. Distribution Australia (Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, South Australia, Victoria, Western Australia), Fiji, Rennell Island. Remarks Fennah recorded Ozoliarus laertes from Fiji (Fennah 1950) and from Rennell Island (Fennah 1970). This material has not been examined to confirm this distribution. Females (unless associated with males, see comments in Material & Methods section) could only be identified to genus level. The chaetotaxy of the hind legs varies slightly within species from the typical arrangement of 7 apical teeth on the 1 st and 2 nd tarsomere seen in this genus. In some specimens of Oz. quadratistylus 8 apical teeth were recorded on the 1 st tarsomere and some specimens of Oz. poculum, Oz. antennoides, and Oz. maru showed only 6 apical teeth on the 2 nd tarsomere. A well­developed median carina of the anteclypeus was recorded in all species, except for Oz. dedariensis (evanescent) and Oz. cynosurus (absent or evanescent median carina).	en	Löcker, Birgit, Fletcher, Murray J., Larivière, Marie-Claude, Gurr, Geoff M. (2006): The Australian Pentastirini (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Cixiidae). Zootaxa 1290 (1290): 1-138
03FE87F4FF920E7EB8639710FDCC2399.taxon	description	Oz. bullocki Löcker, sp. nov. Oz. nourlangiensis Löcker, sp. nov. Oz. quercistylus Löcker, sp. nov.	en	Löcker, Birgit, Fletcher, Murray J., Larivière, Marie-Claude, Gurr, Geoff M. (2006): The Australian Pentastirini (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Cixiidae). Zootaxa 1290 (1290): 1-138
03FE87F4FF920E7FB863916AFE5D233B.taxon	description	(Figs 13 E – H, 37 A – H) Type material Holotype, ♂, AUSTRALIA, NT: 26 miles E of Timber Ck, 8. i. 1986 (M. S. & B. J. Moulds) (ASCU HE 025955), Paratypes, AUSTRALIA, NT: 2 ♂, same data as holotype (ASCU), 1 ♂, Tindal, at light, 1. – 20. xii. 1967 (W. Vestjens) (ANIC), 1 ♂, 12 km NNE of Borroloola, 15.58 S 136.21 E, 1. xi. 1975 (M. S. Upton) (ANIC), 2 ♂, 46 km SSW of Borroloola, 16.28 S 136.09 E, 28. x. 1975 (M. S. Upton) (ANIC), 1 ♂, Surprise Ck, 45 km SW by S of Borroloola, 16.23 S 136.05 E, 5. xi. 1975 (M. S. Upton) (ANIC). Etymology Named in honour of the first author’s friends Ros and David Bullock. Colour Body mid to dark brown, carinae and pronotum paler; legs light to mid brown; forewing hyaline colourless with brown marks along crossveins and on apex of wing, veins light brown, tubercles dark (contrasting with veins), pterostigma mid to dark brown; abdominal sternites dark brown. Morphology Body length: ♂ 5.3 – 6.0 mm. Head: Vertex (total length) 1.5 – 1.9 times longer than wide; basal emargination obtusely angled or rectangular. Postclypeus with evanescent median carina. Rostrum surpassing hind coxae. Thorax: Hind margin of pronotum obtusely angled. Mesonotum with evanescent or well­developed carinae. Forewing 3.5 – 4.0 times longer than wide; costa with 10 – 19 tubercles; 9 apical cells. Male genitalia: Anal tube as in Figs 37 F – H; pygophore and genital styles as in Figs 37 D – E. Aedeagus (Figs 37 A – C): Phallotheca with a large hookshaped spine (a) directed ventrad arising ventrally below midlength; a short, flattened spine (b) ventral at midlength; and two medium sized spines (c, d) right lateral; and a very short spine (e) dorsal. Flagellum partly sclerotised, with a very long, basally strongly curved (rarely bifurcated) spine (A) ventral at base of flagellum; a shorter, rounded spine (B); and a large, bifurcated, flattened spine (C).	en	Löcker, Birgit, Fletcher, Murray J., Larivière, Marie-Claude, Gurr, Geoff M. (2006): The Australian Pentastirini (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Cixiidae). Zootaxa 1290 (1290): 1-138
03FE87F4FF930E79B863908CFE7325F3.taxon	description	(Figs 14 A – D, 37 I – O)	en	Löcker, Birgit, Fletcher, Murray J., Larivière, Marie-Claude, Gurr, Geoff M. (2006): The Australian Pentastirini (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Cixiidae). Zootaxa 1290 (1290): 1-138
03FE87F4FF930E79B863908CFE7325F3.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Lectotype, here designated, 1 ♂ (examined), AUSTRALIA, WA: Kimberley district (Mjöberg) (NHRS); Paralectotypes, AUSTRALIA, WA: 2 ♂, same data as lectotype (MTD). Remarks A lectotype is designated here to give a diagnostic reference for the species. Other material examined AUSTRALIA: WA (2 ♂, 1 ♀), NT (1 ♂). Colour Body dark brown to black, carinae, clypeus and pronotum paler, frons lateral with a white mark; legs light to mid brown; forewing hyaline colourless with brown marks along crossveins, veins light brown, tubercles dark brown (contrasting with veins), pterostigma mid to dark brown; abdominal sternites mid brown. Morphology Body length: ♂ 6.1 – 6.4 mm, ♀ 7.1 – 7.7 mm. Head: Vertex (total length) 1.2 – 1.6 times longer than wide; basal emargination obtusely angled. Postclypeus with well­developed median carina. Rostrum reaching hind coxae. Thorax: Hind margin of pronotum obtusely angled. Mesonotum with evanescent or well­developed carinae. Forewing 3.5 – 3.8 times longer than wide; costa with 8 – 16 tubercles; 9 apical cells. Male genitalia: Anal tube as in Figs 37 I – K; pygophore and genital styles as in Figs 37 L – M. Aedeagus (Figs 37 N – O): Phallotheca with an almost straight, slender, not hookshaped spine (a) directed ventrad arising ventrally below midlength; a short spine (b) arising ventrally below midlength; a medium sized spine (c) right lateral; a medium sized spine (d); and a very short spine (e) dorsal. Flagellum partly sclerotised, with two large, flattened spines.	en	Löcker, Birgit, Fletcher, Murray J., Larivière, Marie-Claude, Gurr, Geoff M. (2006): The Australian Pentastirini (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Cixiidae). Zootaxa 1290 (1290): 1-138
03FE87F4FF950E79B86396C4FB70201C.taxon	description	(Figs 14 E – H, 37 P – Q, 38 A – E) Type material Holotype, ♂, AUSTRALIA, NT: Nourlangie Creek, 8 km E of Mt Cahill, 12.52 S 132.47 E, 17. xi. 1972 (T. Weir, A. Allwood) (MAGD Nr 7401), Paratype, AUSTRALIA, NT: 1 ♂, same data as holotype (MAGD). Etymology Named after Nourlangie, the type locality. Colour Body mid to dark brown, carinae and pronotum paler; legs mid brown; forewing hyaline colourless without brown marks along crossveins and on various parts of the wing, veins light brown, tubercles dark brown (contrasting with veins), pterostigma mid to dark brown; abdominal sternites mid brown. Morphology Body length: ♂ 5.4 mm. Head: Vertex (total length) 1.8 – 2.1 times longer than wide; basal emargination rectangular. Postclypeus with evanescent median carina. Rostrum surpassing hind coxae. Thorax: Hind margin of pronotum obtusely angled. Mesonotum with well­developed carinae. Forewing 3.6 – 3.8 times longer than wide; costa with 4 – 14 tubercles; 8 apical cells. Male genitalia: Anal tube as in Figs 38 C – E; pygophore and genital styles as in Figs 38 A – B. Aedeagus (Figs 37 P – Q): Phallotheca with a large hookshaped spine (a) directed ventrad arising ventrally below midlength; a short spine (b) arising ventrally below midlength; a medium sized spine (c) right lateral; a short spine (d); and a very short spine or ridge (e) dorsal. Flagellum partly sclerotised, with three large, flattened spines.	en	Löcker, Birgit, Fletcher, Murray J., Larivière, Marie-Claude, Gurr, Geoff M. (2006): The Australian Pentastirini (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Cixiidae). Zootaxa 1290 (1290): 1-138
03FE87F4FF960E7BB8639524FEEE26EB.taxon	description	(Figs 15 A – D, 38 F – L) Type material Holotype, ♂, AUSTRALIA, WA: 8 km SW Walsh Point, 14.37 S 125.48 E, at light, 17. v. 1983 (I. D. Naumann, J. C. Cardale) (ANIC), Paratypes, AUSTRALIA, WA: 1 ♂, same data as holotype (ANIC), 1 ♂, escarpment, 8 km SW of Walsh Point, Admiralty Gulf, 14.37 S 125.48 E, 10. v. 1983 (D. C. F. Rentz, J. Balderson) (ANIC), 1 ♂, Kimberley Research Stn via Wyndham, 14. vii. 1956 (E. C. B. Langfield) (ANIC), 1 ♂, Old Doongan, 15.19 S 126.32 E, 2. viii. 1975 (I. F. B. Common, M. S. Upton) (ANIC), AUSTRALIA, NT: 1 ♂, Goose Lagoon, 11 km SW by S of Borroloola, 16.05 S 136.15 E, 31. x. 1975 (M. S. Upton) (ANIC), 1 ♂, 6.4 km S by SW of Victoria River Downs, along Wickham River, 17. vi. 1973 (L. P. Kelsey) (ANIC), 1 ♂, 1 ♀, 8 km ENE of Victoria River Downs, 12. vii. 1973 (L. P. Kelsey) (ANIC), 3 ♂, 18 ♀, Tindal, at light, 1. – 20. xii. 1967 (W. Vestjens) (ANIC), AUSTRALIA, Qld: 1 ♂, 14 miles SE Normanton, 40 m, 3. xi. 1962 (E. S. Ross, D. Q. Cavagnaro) (CAS), 1 ♂, 17 miles W Monto, 500 m, 21. xi. 1962 (E. S. Ross, D. Q. Cavagnaro) (CAS), 3 ♂, 9 ♀, 37 miles NW Bowen, 20 m, 14. xi. 1962 (E. S. Ross, D. Q. Cavagnaro) (CAS). Etymology Named after the genital styles, which rounded like the leaf margin of certain oak species of the genus Quercus. Colour Body mid to dark brown, carinae and pronotum paler; legs light to mid brown; forewing hyaline colourless with brown marks along crossveins and sometimes on various parts of the wing, veins light brown, tubercles dark brown (contrasting with veins), pterostigma mid to dark brown; abdominal sternites mid to dark brown. Morphology Body length: ♂ 5.4 – 6.1 mm, ♀ 6.4 – 7.9 mm Head: Vertex (total length) 1.2 – 1.6 times longer than wide; basal emargination obtusely. Postclypeus with evanescent or well­developed median carina. Rostrum reaching hind coxae. Thorax: Hind margin of pronotum obtusely angled. Mesonotum with evanescent or well­developed carinae. Forewing 3.4 – 3.7 times longer than wide; costa with 12 – 20 tubercles; 9 apical cells. Male genitalia: Anal tube as in Figs 38 F – H; pygophore and genital styles as in Figs 38 I – J. Aedeagus (Figs 38 K – L): Phallotheca with a large hookshaped spine (a) directed ventrad arising ventrally below midlength; a very long, rounded spine (b) arising ventrally below midlength reaching apex of aedeagus; two medium sized spines (c, d) right lateral; and a very short spine (e) dorsal. Flagellum partly sclerotised, with a long, strongly curved spine (A) left lateral at midlength of flagellum; and two large, bifurcated, flattened spines (C, D).	en	Löcker, Birgit, Fletcher, Murray J., Larivière, Marie-Claude, Gurr, Geoff M. (2006): The Australian Pentastirini (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Cixiidae). Zootaxa 1290 (1290): 1-138
03FE87F4FF980E74B8639524FD70251D.taxon	description	Oz. cuspidistylus Löcker, sp. nov. Oz. rotundistylus Löcker, sp. nov.	en	Löcker, Birgit, Fletcher, Murray J., Larivière, Marie-Claude, Gurr, Geoff M. (2006): The Australian Pentastirini (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Cixiidae). Zootaxa 1290 (1290): 1-138
03FE87F4FF980E75B86396F6FCE7233B.taxon	description	(Figs 15 E – H, 38 M – Q, 39 A – B) Type material Holotype, ♂, AUSTRALIA, NSW: Cabramatta, near Sydney, sweeping in orchard, 28. xii. 1965 (M. I. Nikitin) (ASCU HE 029347), Paratypes, AUSTRALIA, NSW: 1 ♂, same data as holotype (MJF), 1 ♂, Cabramatta, 28. xii. 1965 (M. I. Nikitin) (MJF), 1 ♂, Minto SW of Sydney, 19. – 25. ii. 1983 (R. Morrison) (ASCU), 1 ♀, same data, 25. xii. 1982 – 7. i. 1983 (ASCU), 1 ♂, Tatura, 140 km N of Melbourne, at water trap, 30. i. 1981 (J. Osmelak) (ASCU), 3 ♂, Rydalmere, 21. ii. 1978 (M. J. Fletcher) (ASCU), 1 ♂, Blacktown, 9. x. 1981 (G. R. Brown) (ASCU), 1 ♂, 1 ♀, same data, 26. ii. 1983 (ASCU), 1 ♂, Wee Waa, 14. v. 1990 (J. Clancy) (ASCU), 1 ♂, Moree, 1. x. 1951 (A. Dyce) (MJF), 1 ♂, Bogan R. (J. Armstrong) (AMS), 1 ♂, Scheyville, pyrethrum knockdown, Eucalyptus crebra, i. 1988 (H. F. Recher) (ASCU), 14 ♂, 4 ♀, Nyngan district, 1. – 9. ii. 1960 (T. E. Woodward), 4 ♂, 1 ♀, Tottenham district, 9. ii. 1960 (T. E. Woodward), AUSTRALIA, Qld: 1 ♂, Roma, 28. iii. 1957 (E. F. Rick) (ANIC), 1 ♂, Gatton, 26. ix. 1931 (UQIC), 1 ♂, Cairns, 1942 (QM), 2 ♂, Rockhampton (SAM), 1 ♂, same data, 1. x. 1922 (BPBM), 1 ♂, Eidsvold, 6. x. 1929 (ANIC), 1 ♂, Mt Robert, 5 km SW, 21.24 S 148.27 E, 800 m, brigalow, mv light, 23. x. 2000 (S. Wright) (QM), 1 ♂, Gatton, 6. xi. 1933 (F. A. Perkins) (UQIC), 3 ♂, 6 km N Taroom, 25.36 S 149.46 E, 200 m, 11. ix. 1992 (G. Daniels) (UQIC), 1 ♂, Mungindi, 1. i. 1972 (B. Cantrell) (UQIC), 1 ♂, 1 ♀, Biloela, 17. i. 1947 (F. Kleinschmidt) (UQIC), 2 ♂, 5.3 km W Miles, 26.39.14 S, 150.07.46 E, dry creek, malaise trap, 15. – 17. x. 2001 (C. Lambkin, N. Starick) (ANIC), AUSTRALIA, SA: 2 ♂, Berri, ex sticky trap, 17. ii. – 5. iii. 2004 (P. Magarey) (ASCU), 1 ♂, Loxton, ex sticky trap, 11. ii. – 8. iii. 2005 (P. Magarey) (ASCU), 5 ♂, 1 ♀, Adelaide (N. B. Tindale) (SAM), 1 ♂, Musgrave Ra., 12.5 km E Mitchell Knob, 26.08.02 S 131.56.58 E, malaise trap, 18. – 21. x. 1994 (Pitjantjatjara Lands survey) (SAM), AUSTRALIA, WA: 1 ♂, Northam, light trap, 28. ii. 1983 (E. A. Henty) (WADA). Etymology The Latin term ‘ cuspido’ means ‘ make pointed’. Named after the pointed tip of the right genital style. Colour Body dark brown to black, carinae and clypeus paler, frons lateral with a white mark; legs mid brown; forewing hyaline colourless with brown marks along crossveins, veins light brown, tubercles dark brown (contrasting with veins), pterostigma mid to dark brown; abdominal sternites dark brown .. Morphology Body length: ♂ 4.3 – 6.1 mm, ♀ 7.1 – 7.4 mm. Head: Vertex (total length) 1.5 – 2.1 times longer than wide; basal emargination obtusely angled or rectangular. Postclypeus with evanescent or well­developed median carina. Rostrum reaching or surpassing hind coxae. Thorax: Hind margin of pronotum obtusely angled. Mesonotum with well­developed median and sublateral carinae and evanescent or well­developed lateral carinae. Forewing 3.2 – 3.6 times longer than wide; costa with 10 – 20 tubercles; 9 apical cells. Male genitalia: Anal tube as in Figs 38 Q, 39 A – B; pygophore and genital styles as in Figs 38 O – P. Aedeagus (Figs 38 M – N): Phallotheca right lateral with a thick spine (a) pointing outwards; a large, flattened spine (b) ventral. Flagellum partly membranous with a long, very slender, sclerotised spine (A) arising left lateral near base of flagellum; and a slightly sclerotised spine (B) at apex of flagellum.	en	Löcker, Birgit, Fletcher, Murray J., Larivière, Marie-Claude, Gurr, Geoff M. (2006): The Australian Pentastirini (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Cixiidae). Zootaxa 1290 (1290): 1-138
03FE87F4FF990E76B863908CFDC023A3.taxon	description	(Figs 16 A – D, 39 C – I) Type material Holotype, ♂, AUSTRALIA, Qld: 6 km N Taroom, 25.36 S 149.46 E, 200 m, 1. x. 1991 (G. Daniels) (QM QMT 123834, originally UQIC), Paratype, AUSTRALIA, Qld: 1 ♂, same data as holotype, 2. x. 1992 (UQIC). Etymology The Latin term ‘ rotundus’ means ‘ round’. Named after the rounded tip of the genital styles. Colour Body dark brown to black, carinae paler, frons lateral with a white mark; legs light to dark brown; forewing hyaline colourless with brown marks along crossveins and sometimes on apex of wing, veins dark brown, tubercles concolorous with veins, pterostigma dark brown; abdominal sternites dark brown .. Morphology Body length: ♂ 5.4 – 5.9 mm. Head: Vertex (total length) 1.6 – 1.9 times longer than wide; basal emargination acutely angled or rectangular. Postclypeus with well­developed median carina. Rostrum surpassing hind coxae. Thorax: Hind margin of pronotum obtusely angled. Mesonotum with well­developed carinae. Forewing 3.2 – 3.6 times longer than wide; costa with or without 1 tubercle; 9 apical cells. Male genitalia: Anal tube as in Figs 39 C – E; pygophore and genital styles as in Figs 39 F – G. Aedeagus (Figs 39 H – I): as in Oz. cuspidistylus, except for spine (a) of phallotheca more slender and parallel; and spine (A) of flagellum missing. pitta group These seven species share the following character states and are therefore grouped together as the pitta group: Arrangement of spines on the aedeagus, i. e., phallotheca ventrally with a spine with a serrated tip (not present in Oz. golgolensis) and right laterally with an upwards curved (mostly u­shaped) spine. Oz. catherinae Löcker, sp. nov. Oz. cynosurus Löcker, sp. nov. Oz. golgolensis Löcker, sp. nov. Oz. maru Löcker, sp. nov. Oz. pitta Löcker, sp. nov. Oz. serratus Löcker, sp. nov. Oz. smithi Löcker, sp. nov.	en	Löcker, Birgit, Fletcher, Murray J., Larivière, Marie-Claude, Gurr, Geoff M. (2006): The Australian Pentastirini (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Cixiidae). Zootaxa 1290 (1290): 1-138
03FE87F4FF9A0E70B8639114FE2024DB.taxon	description	(Figs 16 E – H, 39 J – P) Type material Holotype, ♂, AUSTRALIA, Qld: Cunnamulla, x. 1943 (N. Geary) (AMS K 209383), Paratypes, AUSTRALIA, Qld: 1 ♂, same data as holotype, ii. 1942 (AMS), 1 ♂, Cunnamulla Caravan Park, at light, 27. xii. 1973 (G. F. Gross) (SAM), 1 ♂, 1 ♀, Dalby, 27. ii. 1937 (N. Geary) (AMS), 2 ♂, Moranbah, 4 km S, 22.02 S 148.03 E, mv light, 3. x. 2003 (G. B. Monteith) (QM), 1 ♂, Mangindi, 1. i. 1972 (B. Cantrell) (UQIC), 1 ♂, Lake Broadwater near Dalby, 27.21 S 151.06 E, mv lamp, 27. ix. 1986 (G. & A. Daniels) (UQIC), AUSTRALIA, NSW: 1 ♂, 19 km S of Moree, on Eucalyptus citriodora, 1. xii. 1976 (E. M. Exley, T. Low) (UQIC), AUSTRALIA, SA: 1 ♂, 1 ♀, Mt Serle, N Flinders Ra. (Hale, Tindale) (SAM). Etymology Named in honour of the first author’s friend Catherine Read. Colour Body dark brown to black, carinae (except for some carinae on mesonotum) paler, frons lateral with a more or less distinct light brown mark; legs light to mid brown; forewing hyaline colourless without brown marks along crossveins, veins mid brown, tubercles concolorous with veins, pterostigma mid to dark brown; abdominal sternites dark brown. Morphology Body length: ♂ 5.8 – 6.2 mm, ♀ 6.7 mm. Head: Vertex (total length) 1.6 – 1.7 x longer than wide; basal emargination obtusely angled or rectangular. Postclypeus with well­developed median carina. Rostrum reaching or not reaching hind coxae. Thorax: Hind margin of pronotum obtusely angled. Mesonotum with well­developed carinae. Forewing 3.3 – 3.6 x longer than wide; costa with 2 – 12 tubercles; 8 apical cells. Male genitalia: Anal tube as in Figs 39 N – P; pygophore and genital styles as in Figs 39 J – K. Aedeagus (Figs 39 L – M): Phallotheca with a large u­shaped, very wide, sheetlike spine (a) with slightly serrated tip right lateral; two rounded, dorsal spines (b, d) arising from same base; a flattened, triangular spine (c) with serrated tip; and a rounded spine (e) with strongly curved tip ventral. Flagellum membranous with sclerotised blades and a very small spine.	en	Löcker, Birgit, Fletcher, Murray J., Larivière, Marie-Claude, Gurr, Geoff M. (2006): The Australian Pentastirini (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Cixiidae). Zootaxa 1290 (1290): 1-138
03FE87F4FF9C0E72B863902CFAB22693.taxon	description	(Figs 17 A – D, 39 Q – U, 40 A – C) Type material Holotype, ♂, AUSTRALIA, Qld: Eidsvold, 6. x. 1929 (ANIC), Paratypes, AUSTRALIA, Qld: 1 ♂, 6 km W Ban Ban Springs, via Gayndah, on Atelaya hemiglauca, 8. xi. 1981 (E. M. Exley, J. King) (UQIC), 1 ♂, Noondoo, 28.37 S 148.26 E, 26. ii. 1963 (A. L. Dyce, M. D. Murray) (ANIC). Etymology The Greek term ‘ kyon’ means ‘ dog’, and ‘ oura’ ‘ tail’. Named after spine (b) on the phallotheca, which is shaped like the tail of a dog. Colour Body dark brown to black, carinae paler, frons lateral with a light brown mark; legs light to mid brown; forewing hyaline colourless with indistinct brown marks along crossveins, veins mid brown, tubercles concolorous with veins, pterostigma mid to dark brown; abdominal sternites mid brown. Morphology Body length: ♂ 5.2 – 6.2 mm. Head: Vertex (total length) 1.6 – 2.3 times longer than wide; basal emargination obtusely angled or rectangular. Postclypeus with evanescent or well­developed median carina. Rostrum surpassing hind coxae. Thorax: Hind margin of pronotum obtusely angled or rectangular. Mesonotum with well­developed carinae. Forewing 3.3 – 3.7 times longer than wide; costa without tubercles; 9 apical cells. Male genitalia: Anal tube as in Figs 39 Q – S; pygophore and genital styles as in Figs 40 B – C. Aedeagus (Figs 39 T – U, 40 A): Phallotheca with a large u­shaped, sheetlike spine (a) right lateral; a short, slender spine (b) arising from same base; a flattened, sickleshaped, serrated spine (c) ventrally; a rounded spine (d); and a bifurcated, flattened spine (e) arising dorsally from the same base; a moderately curved spine (f) left lateral; and a bifurcated spine (g) left lateral at apex. Flagellum membranous with sclerotised blades.	en	Löcker, Birgit, Fletcher, Murray J., Larivière, Marie-Claude, Gurr, Geoff M. (2006): The Australian Pentastirini (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Cixiidae). Zootaxa 1290 (1290): 1-138
03FE87F4FF9E0E72B8639664FC722134.taxon	description	(Figs 17 E – H, 40 D – J) Type material Holotype, ♂, AUSTRALIA, Vic: Gol Gol, on sticky trap in vineyard, 12. x. 1999 (VAIC Nr 030543). Etymology Named after Gol Gol (34.11 S 142.13 E), the type locality. Colour Body black, carinae paler, frons lateral with a light brown mark; legs light to dark brown; forewing hyaline colourless with indistinct brown marks along crossveins, veins mid brown, tubercles concolorous with veins, pterostigma mid to dark brown. Morphology Body length: ♂ 4.9 mm. Head: Vertex (total length) 1.4 times longer than wide; basal emargination obtusely angled. Postclypeus with evanescent median carina. Rostrum reaching hind coxae. Thorax: Hind margin of pronotum rectangular. Mesonotum with well­developed carinae. Forewing 3.5 times longer than wide; costa with 0 – 3 tubercles; 7 apical cells. Male genitalia: Anal tube as in Figs 40 H – J; pygophore and genital styles as in Figs 40 F – G. Aedeagus (Figs 40 D – E): Phallotheca with an u­shaped spine (a) with a wide, sheetlike tip right lateral; a bifurcated spine (b) arising from the same base; a slightly curved spine (c) dorsal; and a bifurcated spine (d) right lateral at apex. Flagellum membranous with sclerotised blades and a very small spine.	en	Löcker, Birgit, Fletcher, Murray J., Larivière, Marie-Claude, Gurr, Geoff M. (2006): The Australian Pentastirini (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Cixiidae). Zootaxa 1290 (1290): 1-138
03FE87F4FF9E0E0CB863928EFEEE24B3.taxon	description	(Figs 18 A – D, 40 K – R) Type material Holotype, ♂, AUSTRALIA, VIC: Extreme N. W. Vic., 21. ii. 1927 (BMNH), Paratypes, AUSTRALIA, VIC: 1 ♂, 4 ♀, same data as holotype, (BMNH), AUSTRALIA, SA: 1 ♂, Loxton, ex sticky trap, 6. – 21. i. 2005 (P. Magarey) (ASCU). Etymology The term ‘ maru’ means ‘ black’ in Diyari, an aboriginal language spoken in South Australia (Thieberger & McGregor 1994), and refers to the ascending (caudally directed) spines on the phallotheca. Colour Body black, carinae paler, frons lateral with an indistinct light brown mark; legs light to dark brown; forewing hyaline colourless without brown marks along crossveins, veins mid brown, tubercles concolorous with veins, pterostigma mid brown; abdominal sternites dark brown. Morphology Body length: ♂ 4.1 mm. Head: Vertex (total length) 1.8 times longer than wide; basal emargination rectangular. Postclypeus with evanescent median carina. Rostrum reaching hind coxae. Thorax: Hind margin of pronotum obtusely angled. Mesonotum with well­developed carinae. Forewing 3.7 times longer than wide; costa with 10 tubercles; 8 apical cells. Male genitalia: Anal tube as in Figs 40 K – M; pygophore and genital styles as in Figs 40 N – O. Aedeagus (Figs 40 P – R): Phallotheca with a bifurcated spine (a) right lateral; a bifurcated spine (b) dorsal; a short, flattened, serrated spine (c); a long, flattened spine (d) ventral; a slender spine (e) right lateral; a strongly curved spine (f) left lateral; and an almost straight spine (g) left lateral at apex. Flagellum membranous with sclerotised blades.	en	Löcker, Birgit, Fletcher, Murray J., Larivière, Marie-Claude, Gurr, Geoff M. (2006): The Australian Pentastirini (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Cixiidae). Zootaxa 1290 (1290): 1-138
03FE87F4FFE00E0DB8639004FC71233B.taxon	description	(Figs 18 E – H, 40 S, 41 A – G) Type material Holotype, ♂, AUSTRALIA, NT: Anthony’s Lagoon, Barkly Tablelands, 23. vi. 1987 (C. Wilson) (ASCU HE 016965), Paratypes, AUSTRALIA, NSW: 1 ♂, Graman, 16. i. 1961 (T. V. Bourke) (ASCU), 2 ♂, 1 ♀, Acacia pendula patch, Moppin – Aveymore Rd, approx. 400 m S of junction at Dolgelly Bore, 28.53.26 S 149.51.30 E, 19. xii. 1999 (R. Harris, T. Moulds) (AMS), 1 ♂, on bank of Darling River, 20 miles SSW of Bourke, at light, 26. xii. 1973 (G. F. Gross) (SAM), AUSTRALIA, Qld: 1 ♂, Cambooya, 12. ii. 1948 (J. C. Galletly) (UQIC), 1 ♂, 1 ♀, Brigalow Development Area Moura, 14. iii. 1968 (F. D. Page, L. Rigby) (QDPC), 1 ♂, Gatton, 6. xi. 1933 (F. A. Perkins) (UQIC), AUSTRALIA, SA: 1 ♂, Springbank, from light housing, i. – iii. 1960 (R. V. Southcott) (SAM), 1 ♂, Adelaide, iii. 1961 (Harris) (SAM), AUSTRALIA, Vic: Nangiloc, near Mildura, ex Vitis vinifera, 31. x. 1983 (J. A. Osmelak) (ASCU). Etymology The term ‘ pitta’ means ‘ goose’ in Kaurna, an aboriginal language spoken in South Australia (Thieberger & McGregor 1994), and refers to a spine on the phallotheca which is shaped like a goose­head. Colour Body mid, dark brown or black, carinae paler; legs light to mid brown; forewing hyaline colourless with or without brown marks along crossveins, veins mid brown, tubercles concolorous with veins, pterostigma mid to dark brown; abdominal sternites dark brown. Morphology Body length: ♂ 5.3 – 6.4 mm, ♀ 6.0 – 6.8 mm. Head: Vertex (total length) 1.4 – 2.0 times longer than wide; basal emargination obtusely angled or rectangular. Postclypeus with well­developed median carina. Rostrum reaching or not reaching hind coxae. Thorax: Hind margin of pronotum obtusely angled. Mesonotum with well­developed carinae. Forewing 3.4 – 3.7 times longer than wide; costa with 10 – 20 tubercles; 9 apical cells. Male genitalia: Anal tube as in Figs 41 E – G; pygophore and genital styles as in Figs 40 S, 41 A. Aedeagus (Figs 41 B – D): Phallotheca with a large u­shaped, bifurcated spine (a) right lateral; a curved, slender spine (b) arising from the same base as spine (a); a rounded spine (c) with a flattened, serrated tip ventral about midlength; a straight, slender spine (d) right lateral; a curved spine (e) with a tip shaped like a bird head ventral; a moderately curved spine (f) left lateral; and a bifurcated spine (g) at apex of aedeagus. Flagellum membranous with a triangular ridge and a sclerotised blade.	en	Löcker, Birgit, Fletcher, Murray J., Larivière, Marie-Claude, Gurr, Geoff M. (2006): The Australian Pentastirini (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Cixiidae). Zootaxa 1290 (1290): 1-138
03FE87F4FFE10E0FB863908CFD552523.taxon	description	(Figs 19 A – D, 41 H – O) Type material Holotype, ♂, AUSTRALIA, WA: Cadjeput Rockhole, 21.31.55 S 119.08.57 E, UV light, 29. ix. 1988 (B. P. Hanich et al.) (WAMP Nr 34365), Paratype, AUSTRALIA, WA: 1 ♂, same data as holotype (WAMP). Etymology The Latin term ‘ serratus’ means ‘ toothed like a saw’. Named after the serrated spines on the phallotheca. Colour Body dark brown to black, carinae paler, frons lateral with an indistinct light brown mark; legs light to mid brown; forewing hyaline colourless without brown marks along crossveins, veins mid brown, tubercles concolorous with veins, pterostigma dark brown; abdominal sternites dark brown .. Morphology Body length: ♂ 5.7 – 6.5 mm. Head: Vertex (total length) 1.9 – 2.2 times longer than wide; basal emargination rectangular. Postclypeus with evanescent or well­developed median carina. Rostrum reaching hind coxae. Thorax: Hind margin of pronotum obtusely angled. Mesonotum with well­developed carinae. Forewing 3.6 – 3.7 times longer than wide; costa with 1 – 3 tubercles; 8 apical cells. Male genitalia: Anal tube as in Figs 41 H – J; pygophore and genital styles as in Figs 41 N – O. Aedeagus (Figs 41 K – M): Phallotheca with three flattened, upwards (caudad) curved spines (a, b, c); all three arising from same base right lateral; spines (b and c) serrated; an upwards (caudad) curved spine (d) dorsal; a slender, slightly curved spine (e); and a bifurcated spine (f) left lateral at apex. Flagellum membranous with sclerotised blades and a small sclerotised spine (A).	en	Löcker, Birgit, Fletcher, Murray J., Larivière, Marie-Claude, Gurr, Geoff M. (2006): The Australian Pentastirini (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Cixiidae). Zootaxa 1290 (1290): 1-138
03FE87F4FFE30E0FB8639694FD30204C.taxon	description	(Figs 19 E – H, 41 P – U, 42 A – B) Type material Holotype, ♂, AUSTRALIA, Qld: near Brookdale, 10 m, 2. xi. 1962 (E. S. Ross, D. Q. Cavagnaro) (CAS Nr 18197), Paratypes, AUSTRALIA, Qld: 11 ♂, same data as holotype (CAS), 2 ♂, same data as holotype (ASCU). Etymology Named in honour of the first author’s friend Tony Smith. Colour Body mid to dark brown, carinae and pronotum paler, frons lateral with or without a light brown mark; legs light to mid brown; forewing hyaline colourless without brown marks along crossveins, veins mid brown, tubercles concolorous with veins, pterostigma mid brown; abdominal sternites dark brown. Morphology Body length: ♂ 4.9 – 5.7 mm. Head: Vertex (total length) 1.5 – 1.7 times longer than wide; basal emargination obtusely angled or rectangular. Postclypeus with evanescent or well­developed median carina. Rostrum reaching hind coxae. Thorax: Hind margin of pronotum obtusely angled or rectangular. Mesonotum with well­developed carinae. Forewing 3.4 – 3.7 times longer than wide; costa with 5 – 9 tubercles; 9 apical cells. Male genitalia: Anal tube as in Figs 41 U, 42 A – B; pygophore and genital styles as in Figs 41 S – T. Aedeagus (Figs 41 P – R): Phallotheca as in Oz. pitta except for the following: spine (a) shorter, spines (a, b, c) arising from same base, spine (e) absent and branch (g 2) longer; flagellum as in Oz. pitta.	en	Löcker, Birgit, Fletcher, Murray J., Larivière, Marie-Claude, Gurr, Geoff M. (2006): The Australian Pentastirini (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Cixiidae). Zootaxa 1290 (1290): 1-138
03FE87F4FFE40E08B8639524FD0C25AD.taxon	description	Oz. dingkana (Distant) Oz. quadratistylus Löcker, sp. nov. Oz. semicircularis Löcker, sp. nov. Oz. triangularis Löcker, sp. nov.	en	Löcker, Birgit, Fletcher, Murray J., Larivière, Marie-Claude, Gurr, Geoff M. (2006): The Australian Pentastirini (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Cixiidae). Zootaxa 1290 (1290): 1-138
03FE87F4FFE40E0AB8639726FE6426C3.taxon	description	(Figs 20 A – D, 42 C – I)	en	Löcker, Birgit, Fletcher, Murray J., Larivière, Marie-Claude, Gurr, Geoff M. (2006): The Australian Pentastirini (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Cixiidae). Zootaxa 1290 (1290): 1-138
03FE87F4FFE40E0AB8639726FE6426C3.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Lectotype, here designated (examined), ♂, AUSTRALIA, Qld: Peak Downs (BMNH), Paralectotypes (examined), AUSTRALIA, Qld: 1 ♀, 1 ♂ or ♀ (abdomen missing), same data as lectotype (BMNH). Remarks A lectotype is designated herein in order to clarify the identity of the species. Other material examined AUSTRALIA: Qld (2 ♂, 3 ♀). Colour Body black, carinae and clypeus paler, frons lateral with a white mark; legs light to dark brown; forewing hyaline colourless with brown marks along crossveins, veins light brown and in some portions of the wing dark brown, tubercles dark brown, pterostigma dark brown; abdominal sternites dark brown .. Morphology Body length: ♂ 6.1 – 6.5 mm, ♀ 6.4 – 8.1 mm. Head: Vertex (total length) 1.8 times longer than wide; basal emargination rectangular. Postclypeus with well­developed median carina. Rostrum surpassing hind coxae. Thorax: Hind margin of pronotum obtusely angled. Mesonotum with well­developed carinae. Forewing 3.3 – 3.6 times longer than wide; costa with 11 – 25 tubercles; 9 apical cells. Male genitalia: Anal tube as in Figs 42 C – E; pygophore and genital styles as in Figs 42 H – I. Aedeagus (Figs 42 F – G): Phallotheca with a large, bi­ or trifurcated spine (a) ventral; and a ventral ridge with two less distinct humps, one of them bearing pair of short spines (b) fused together, their tips pointing in opposite directions. Flagellum membranous with a slightly sclerotised spine at apex of flagellum. Remarks Oz. dingkana differs from Oz. triangularis in the absence of and spine (A) and a dorsal spine (b). In Oz. triangularis, however, there is an additional set of spines (b) arising from the ventral ridge.	en	Löcker, Birgit, Fletcher, Murray J., Larivière, Marie-Claude, Gurr, Geoff M. (2006): The Australian Pentastirini (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Cixiidae). Zootaxa 1290 (1290): 1-138
03FE87F4FFE60E0AB8639634FB152024.taxon	description	(Figs 20 E – H, 42 J – P) Type material Holotype, ♂, AUSTRALIA, WA: 8 miles ENE of Millstream, 20. x. 1970 (D. H. Colless) (ANIC), Paratypes, AUSTRALIA, Qld: Noondoo, 28.37 S 148.26 E, 26. ii. 1963 (A. L. Dyce, M. D. Murray) (ANIC), 1 ♂, 149 km E of Quilpie, 26.33 S 145.38 E, 20. ix. 1990 (M. P. Zalucki, G. V. Maynard) (UQIC). Etymology Named after the top part of the genital styles, which forms a square. Colour Body dark brown to black, carinae paler, frons lateral with a light brown mark; legs mid to dark brown; forewing hyaline colourless with brown marks along crossveins, veins mid to dark brown, tubercles concolorous with veins, pterostigma dark brown; abdominal sternites dark brown .. Morphology Body length: ♂ 5.2 – 5.8 mm. Head: Vertex (total length) 1.3 – 1.7 times longer than wide; basal emargination obtusely angled or rectangular. Postclypeus with well­developed median carina. Rostrum reaching or surpassing hind coxae. Thorax: Hind margin of pronotum obtusely angled. Mesonotum with well­developed median carina and evanescent or well­developed sublateral and lateral carinae. Forewing 3.4 – 3.6 times longer than wide; costa with 2 – 10 tubercles; 7 – 9 apical cells. Male genitalia: Anal tube as in Figs 42 N – P; pygophore and genital styles as in Figs 42 J – K. Aedeagus (Figs 42 L – M): Phallotheca with a large, bi­ or trifurcated spine (a) ventral; and a ventral ridge with two or three humps. Flagellum membranous with a very long, sclerotised spine (A) arising from base of flagellum; and a long, less sclerotised spine at apex of flagellum.	en	Löcker, Birgit, Fletcher, Murray J., Larivière, Marie-Claude, Gurr, Geoff M. (2006): The Australian Pentastirini (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Cixiidae). Zootaxa 1290 (1290): 1-138
03FE87F4FFE60E0AB8639634FB152024.taxon	discussion	Remarks Oz. quadratistylus differs from Oz. triangularis in the absence of spine (b).	en	Löcker, Birgit, Fletcher, Murray J., Larivière, Marie-Claude, Gurr, Geoff M. (2006): The Australian Pentastirini (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Cixiidae). Zootaxa 1290 (1290): 1-138
03FE87F4FFE70E0BB8639524FE8C22DB.taxon	description	(Figs 21 A – D, 42 Q – U, 43 A – B) Type material Holotype, ♂, AUSTRALIA, Qld: 7 km W Petford, 24. ii. 1997 (L. B. O’Brien) (ASCU HE 029567). Etymology Named after the semicircular shape of the ventromedian process of the pygophore. Colour Body black, carinae paler, frons lateral with a light brown mark; legs mid to dark brown; forewing hyaline colourless with brown marks along crossveins, veins dark brown, tubercles concolorous with veins, pterostigma dark brown; abdominal sternites dark brown. Morphology Body length: ♂ 5.1 mm. Head: Vertex (total length) 2.1 times longer than wide; basal emargination rectangular (rarely acutely angled). Postclypeus with well­developed median carina. Rostrum surpassing hind coxae. Thorax: Hind margin of pronotum obtusely angled. Mesonotum with well­developed carinae. Forewing 3.2 x longer than wide; costa with 4 – 6 tubercles; 7 – 8 apical cells. Male genitalia: Anal tube as in Figs 42 Q – S; pygophore and genital styles as in Figs 43 A – B. Aedeagus (Figs 42 T – U): Phallotheca with a large trifurcated spine (a) ventral; and a ventral ridge with two humps. Flagellum membranous without sclerotised spines. Remarks Oz. semicircularis differs from Oz. triangularis in the absence of spine (b) and spine (A).	en	Löcker, Birgit, Fletcher, Murray J., Larivière, Marie-Claude, Gurr, Geoff M. (2006): The Australian Pentastirini (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Cixiidae). Zootaxa 1290 (1290): 1-138
03FE87F4FFE70E05B863922CFC8F25AB.taxon	description	(Figs 21 E – H, 43 C – I) Type material Holotype, ♂, AUSTRALIA, SA: Murray River (F. R. Zietz) (SAMA I 21724). Colour Body dark brown, carinae paler; legs light to mid brown; forewing hyaline colourless without brown marks along crossveins, veins light to mid brown, tubercles concolorous with veins, pterostigma light to mid brown. Etymology Named after the triangular ventromedian process of the pygophore. Morphology Body length: ♂ 4.7 mm. Head: Vertex (total length) 1.5 times longer than wide; basal emargination obtusely angled. Postclypeus with well­developed median carina. Rostrum reaching hind coxae. Thorax: Hind margin of pronotum obtusely angled. Mesonotum with well­developed carinae. Forewing 3.0 times longer than wide; costa with 11 – 13 tubercles; 8 – 9 apical cells. Male genitalia: Anal tube as in Figs 43 G – I; pygophore and genital styles as in Figs 43 E – F. Aedeagus (Figs 43 C – D): Phallotheca with a large, bifurcated spine (a) ventral; a short, moderately curved spine (b) dorsal; and a ventral ridge with two humps. Flagellum membranous with a very long, sclerotised spine (A) arising from base of flagellum; and a long, less sclerotised spine at apex of flagellum.	en	Löcker, Birgit, Fletcher, Murray J., Larivière, Marie-Claude, Gurr, Geoff M. (2006): The Australian Pentastirini (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Cixiidae). Zootaxa 1290 (1290): 1-138
03FE87F4FFE90E05B863971CFD3E2315.taxon	description	Oz. taroomensis Löcker, sp. nov. Oz. umbella Löcker, sp. nov.	en	Löcker, Birgit, Fletcher, Murray J., Larivière, Marie-Claude, Gurr, Geoff M. (2006): The Australian Pentastirini (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Cixiidae). Zootaxa 1290 (1290): 1-138
03FE87F4FFE90E07B86390EEFE68251B.taxon	description	(Figs 22 A – D, 43 J – P) Type material Holotype, ♂, AUSTRALIA, Qld: 6 km N Taroom, 25.36 S 149.46 E, 200 m, 11. ix. 1992 (G. Daniels) (QM QMT 123835, originally UQIC), Paratypes, AUSTRALIA, Qld: 1 ♂, same data as holotype (UQIC), 2 ♂, same data as holotype, 1. xi. 1991 (UQIC), 1 ♂, 1 ♀, Expedition Ra NP, ‘ Amphitheatre’ scrub, 25.13 S 148.59 E, 520 m, intercept, 25. ix. – 17. xii. 1997 (Cook, Monteith) (QM). Etymology Named after Taroom, the type locality. Colour Body dark brown to black, carinae, clypeus and pronotum paler, frons lateral with an light brown mark; legs mid to dark brown; forewing hyaline colourless with brown marks along crossveins, veins dark brown, tubercles concolorous with veins, pterostigma dark brown; abdominal sternites dark brown .. Morphology Body length: ♂ 6.4 – 6.9 mm, ♀ 7.9 mm. Head: Vertex (total length) 2.0 – 2.1 times longer than wide; basal emargination acutely angled or rectangular. Postclypeus with well­developed median carina. Rostrum surpassing hind coxae. Thorax: Hind margin of pronotum obtusely angled. Mesonotum with well­developed carinae. Forewing 3.1 times longer than wide; costa without tubercles; 9 apical cells. Male genitalia: Anal tube as in Figs 43 J – L; pygophore and genital styles as in Figs 43 O – P. Aedeagus (Figs 43 M – N): Phallotheca with a very long, moderately curved spine (a) left lateral; a long, strongly curved, s­shaped spine (b) ventral; a more robust, apically widening spine (c) right lateral; a large, sheetlike, bifurcated process ventral about midlength; and a very small, triangular, sheetlike process dorsolateral. Flagellum membranous with one or two sclerotised spines apically; and a sclerotised, finger­shaped process near base.	en	Löcker, Birgit, Fletcher, Murray J., Larivière, Marie-Claude, Gurr, Geoff M. (2006): The Australian Pentastirini (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Cixiidae). Zootaxa 1290 (1290): 1-138
03FE87F4FFEB0E00B86396ECFCA326C3.taxon	description	(Figs 22 E – H, 43 Q – U, 44 A – B) Type material Holotype, ♂, AUSTRALIA, Qld: National Pk, xii. 1923 (H. Hacker) (QM QMT 123829), Paratypes, AUSTRALIA, Qld: 5 ♂, 6 ♀, same data as holotype (QM), 1 ♂, Nanango District, xi. 1927 (H. Hacker) (QM), 1 ♂, Brisbane, 11. xi. 1958 (J. Martin) (UQIC), 1 ♂, 16 km N Boonalh, 27.54 S 152.41 E, 6. – 7. ix. 1997 (C. J. Burwell) (QM), AUSTRALIA, NSW: 1 ♂, South West Rocks, Trial Bay, xii. 1929 (A. Musgrave) (AMS). Etymology The latin term ‘ umbella’ means ‘ sunshade’. Named after a process on the phallotheca, which is shaped like a sunshade. Colour Body dark brown, carinae and clypeus paler, frons lateral with a white mark; legs light to mid brown; forewing hyaline colourless with or without brown marks along crossveins, veins mid brown, tubercles concolorous with veins, pterostigma dark brown; abdominal sternites mid brown .. Morphology Body length: ♂ 6.6 – 7.3 mm, ♀ 7.1 – 8.2 mm. Head: Vertex (total length) 2.0 – 2.3 times longer than wide; basal emargination acutely angled or rectangular. Postclypeus with well­developed median carina. Rostrum reaching or surpassing hind coxae. Thorax: Hind margin of pronotum obtusely angled. Mesonotum with well­developed median carina and evanescent or well­developed sublateral and lateral carinae. Forewing 2.9 – 3.2 times longer than wide; costa without tubercles; 9 apical cells. Male genitalia: Anal tube as in Figs 43 U, 44 A – B; pygophore and genital styles as in Figs 43 S – T. Aedeagus (Figs 43 Q – R): Phallotheca with a slightly curved, very long spine (a) left lateral; a long, strongly curved, s­shaped spine (b) ventral; a slender, apically narrowing spine (c) right lateral; a small rounded ventral process below midlength; and a very large, umbrella­shaped, coarsely serrated, sheetlike process dorsolateral. Flagellum membranous with slightly sclerotised spines.	en	Löcker, Birgit, Fletcher, Murray J., Larivière, Marie-Claude, Gurr, Geoff M. (2006): The Australian Pentastirini (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Cixiidae). Zootaxa 1290 (1290): 1-138
03FE87F4FFEC0E02B86396CEFBD626EB.taxon	description	(Figs 23 A – D, 44 C – I)	en	Löcker, Birgit, Fletcher, Murray J., Larivière, Marie-Claude, Gurr, Geoff M. (2006): The Australian Pentastirini (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Cixiidae). Zootaxa 1290 (1290): 1-138
03FE87F4FFEC0E02B86396CEFBD626EB.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Lectotype, here designated ♂ (examined), AUSTRALIA, NSW: Mittagong, i. 1905 (Koebele) (BPBM, nr 1188). Remarks Kirkaldy’s (1906) original description does not specify whether the type series consists of more than one specimen. Only one specimen has been found in the BPBM and it is here designated as lectotype in order to clarify the identity of the species. Other material examined AUSTRALIA: ACT (1 ♂), NSW (17 ♂, 5 ♀), Qld (1 ♂). Distribution Australia (Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales, Queensland), Fiji, Rennell Island. Colour Body dark brown to black, carinae paler, clypeus sometimes mid brown; legs mid brown; forewing hyaline colourless with indistinct brown marks along crossveins, veins mid brown, tubercles concolorous with veins, pterostigma mid to dark brown; abdominal sternites dark brown. Morphology Body length: ♂ 5.3 – 6.4 mm, ♀ 6.8 – 7.9 mm. Head: Vertex (total length) 1.7 – 2.1 times longer than wide; basal emargination acutely angled or rectangular. Postclypeus with evanescent or well­developed median carina. Rostrum reaching (rarely surpassing) hind coxae. Thorax: Hind margin of pronotum obtusely angled or rectangular. Mesonotum with evanescent or well­developed median and lateral carinae and well­developed sublateral carinae. Forewing 3.1 – 3.4 times longer than wide; costa without tubercles; 9 apical cells. Male genitalia: Anal tube as in Figs 44 C – E; pygophore and genital styles as in Figs 44 H – I. Aedeagus (Figs 44 F – G): Phallotheca with three long spines (a, b, d) pointing downwards (cephalad); and a shorter spine (c) curved upwards (caudad). Flagellum membranous, sometimes with membranous or slightly sclerotised spines.	en	Löcker, Birgit, Fletcher, Murray J., Larivière, Marie-Claude, Gurr, Geoff M. (2006): The Australian Pentastirini (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Cixiidae). Zootaxa 1290 (1290): 1-138
03FE87F4FFEE0E02B86395DCFC93201C.taxon	description	(Figs 23 E – H, 44 J – P) Type material Holotype, ♂, AUSTRALIA, Qld: Mt Robert, 5 km SW, 21.24 S 148.27 E, 300 m, mv light, brigalow, 23. x. 2000 (S. Wright) (QM QMT 123827), Paratypes, AUSTRALIA, Qld: 1 ♀, same data as holotype (QM), 1 ♀, same data as holotype, pitfall trap, 22. x. – 18. xii. 2000 (Cook, Monteith) (QM), 1 ♂, Brigalow Res. Stn, 24.48 S 149.47 E, 170 m, pyrethrum, brigalow trunks, 12. x. 2001 (Monteith, Burwell) (QM), 2 ♀, Brigalow Res. Stn, 24.49 S 149.45 E, 170 m, pyr. trunks, logs, 12. x. 2001 (Burwell, Monteith) (QM), 1 ♀, same data, vine scrub (QM), 1 ♂, Mitchell District, ix. 1942 (N. Geary) (AMS), 1 ♂, 6.5 km S Moonie, 27.46 S 150.21 E, on Wahlenbergia, 20. ix. 1991 (G. Daniels) (UQIC). Etymology Named after a spine on the phallotheca which is shaped like the large palmate antlers of the male elk (Alces alces Linnaeus). Colour Body mid to dark brown, carinae and clypeus paler, frons lateral with a white mark; legs mid brown; forewing hyaline colourless with brown marks along crossveins, veins dark brown, tubercles concolorous with veins, pterostigma dark brown; abdominal sternites dark brown. Morphology Body length: ♂ 7.5 – 7.7 mm, ♀ 8.0 – 9.3 mm. Head: Vertex (total length) 1.5 – 1.9 times longer than wide; basal emargination acutely angled or rectangular. Postclypeus with well­developed (rarely evanescent) median carina. Rostrum surpassing hind coxae. Thorax: Hind margin of pronotum obtusely angled. Mesonotum with well­developed carinae. Forewing 3.0 – 3.1 times longer than wide; costa with 21 – 33 tubercles; 9 apical cells. Male genitalia: Anal tube as in Figs 44 N – P; pygophore and genital styles as in Figs 44 L – M. Aedeagus (Figs 44 J – K): Phallotheca with a rounded spine (a) left lateral; a rounded spine (b) pointing upwards (caudad) right lateral; a large, flattened, bifurcated spine (c) dorsal, shaped like antlers of male elk; and a large, rounded ventral ridge. Flagellum partly sclerotised with a long spine.	en	Löcker, Birgit, Fletcher, Murray J., Larivière, Marie-Claude, Gurr, Geoff M. (2006): The Australian Pentastirini (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Cixiidae). Zootaxa 1290 (1290): 1-138
03FE87F4FFEF0E03B8639524FC0E228C.taxon	description	(Figs 24 A – D, 44 Q – U, 45 A – B) Type material Holotype, ♂, AUSTRALIA, NSW: Moree, xii. 1917 (ASCU HE 029225), Paratypes, AUSTRALIA, NSW: 2 ♂, Narrabri, by sweeping around cultivated fields, 15. iii. 1960 (M. I. Nikitin) (BMNH), AUSTRALIA, Qld: 1 ♂, Gatton, 6. xi. 1933 (F. A. Perkins) (UQIC). Etymology Named after a spine on the phallotheca which points almost straight upwards. Colour Body mid to dark brown, carinae paler, frons lateral with an indistinct pale mark; legs light to mid brown; forewing hyaline colourless without brown marks along crossveins, veins light to mid brown, tubercles concolorous with veins, pterostigma light to mid brown; abdominal sternites mid brown. Morphology Body length: ♂ 5.5 – 5.7 mm. Head: Vertex (total length) 1.3 – 1.7 times longer than wide; basal emargination obtusely angled. Postclypeus with well­developed median carina. Rostrum reaching or not reaching hind coxae. Thorax: Hind margin of pronotum obtusely angled. Mesonotum with well­developed carinae. Forewing 3.3 – 3.5 times longer than wide; costa without tubercles; 9 apical cells. Male genitalia: Anal tube as in Figs 44 Q – S; pygophore and genital styles as in Figs 44 T – U. Aedeagus (Figs 45 A – B): Phallotheca with a long, moderately curved spine (a) left lateral; a long, moderately curved spine (b) ventral; a long, almost straight spine (c) pointing upwards (caudal); a very short spine (d) dorsal at apex of aedeagus; and a triangular ventral ridge (fold) pointing upwards (caudad) below midlength. Flagellum slightly sclerotised with one long and one very short spine.	en	Löcker, Birgit, Fletcher, Murray J., Larivière, Marie-Claude, Gurr, Geoff M. (2006): The Australian Pentastirini (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Cixiidae). Zootaxa 1290 (1290): 1-138
03FE87F4FFEF0E1DB8639201FC3C24DB.taxon	description	(Figs 24 E – H, 45 C – K) Type material Holotype, ♂, AUSTRALIA, NSW: Woodenbong, 1. xi. 1958 (I. C. Yeo) (QM QMT 123832, originally UQIC), Paratypes, AUSTRALIA, NSW: 1 ♂, same data as holotype (UQIC). Etymology The term ‘ bumarang’ means boomerang in an aboriginal language spoken in the Sydney region (Thieberger & McGregor 1994). Named after a boomerang­shaped spine on the phallotheca. Colour Body dark brown, carinae paler, frons lateral with an indistinct pale mark; legs mid brown; forewing hyaline colourless without brown marks along crossveins, veins mid brown, tubercles concolorous with veins, pterostigma mid to dark brown; abdominal sternites dark brown. Morphology Body length: ♂ 6.5 – 6.7 mm. Head: Vertex (total length) 1.9 – 2.0 times longer than wide; basal emargination rectangular. Postclypeus with well­developed median carina. Rostrum reaching hind coxae. Thorax: Hind margin of pronotum obtusely angled. Mesonotum with well­developed carinae. Forewing 3.0 – 3.1 times longer than wide; costa without tubercles; 9 apical cells. Male genitalia: Anal tube as in Figs 45 H – J; pygophore and genital styles as in Figs 45 F – G. Aedeagus (Figs 45 C – E): Phallotheca with a very long, strongly curved spine (a); a shorter, almost straight spine (b); and a large, flattened, boomerang­shaped spine (c). Flagellum membranous, with two short spines at apex.	en	Löcker, Birgit, Fletcher, Murray J., Larivière, Marie-Claude, Gurr, Geoff M. (2006): The Australian Pentastirini (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Cixiidae). Zootaxa 1290 (1290): 1-138
03FE87F4FFF10E1FB863902CFD8126EB.taxon	description	(Figs 25 A – E, 45 K – R) Type material Holotype, ♂, AUSTRALIA, WA: Dedari, 40 miles W of Coolgardie, 11. – 21. i. 1936 (R. E. Turner) (BMNH), Paratypes, AUSTRALIA, WA: 3 ♂, 1 ♀, same data as holotype (BMNH). Etymology Named after Dedari, the type locality. Colour Body dark brown, carinae paler; legs light to mid brown; forewing hyaline colourless with indistinct or without brown marks along crossveins, veins mid brown, tubercles concolorous with veins, pterostigma mid brown; abdominal sternites dark brown. Morphology Body length: ♂ 4.6 – 4.9 mm, ♀ 5.0 mm. Head: Vertex (total length) 1.6 – 1.8 times longer than wide; basal emargination obtusely angled or rectangular. Postclypeus with evanescent or well­developed median carina. Rostrum reaching or not reaching hind coxae. Thorax: Hind margin of pronotum obtusely angled or rectangular. Mesonotum with evanescent or well­developed median and lateral carinae and well­developed sublateral carinae. Forewing 3.6 times longer than wide; costa with 5 – 9 tubercles; 8 apical cells. Male genitalia: Anal tube as in Figs 45 K – M; pygophore and genital styles as in Figs 45 Q – R. Aedeagus (Figs 45 N – P): Phallotheca with a long, bifurcated spine (a) dorsolateral; a shorter spine (b) left lateral; a flattened bifurcated spine (c) ventral; a long, flattened bifurcated spine (d) right lateral; a rounded spine (e) right lateral; a short spine (f); and a very short spine (g) dorsal. Flagellum membranous with two sclerotised blades and one sclerotised spine.	en	Löcker, Birgit, Fletcher, Murray J., Larivière, Marie-Claude, Gurr, Geoff M. (2006): The Australian Pentastirini (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Cixiidae). Zootaxa 1290 (1290): 1-138
03FE87F4FFF30E1FB86395DCFBB82164.taxon	description	(Figs 25 E – H, 45 S – T, 46 A – E) Type material Holotype, ♂, AUSTRALIA, Qld: Isla Gorge NP, 25.11 S 149.58 E, 320 m, 2. xi. 1991 (G. Daniels) (QM QMT 123833, originally UQIC). Etymology The Latin term ‘ latus’ means ‘ broad’ and ‘ fundus’ means ‘ base’. Named after the very wide base of the phallotheca. Colour Body dark brown to black, carinae paler; legs mid brown; forewing hyaline colourless without brown marks along crossveins, veins dark brown, tubercles concolorous with veins, pterostigma dark brown; abdominal sternites dark brown. Morphology Body length: ♂ 6.0 mm. Head: Vertex (total length) 2.0 times longer than wide; basal emargination rectangular. Postclypeus with well­developed median carina. Rostrum surpassing hind coxae. Thorax: Hind margin of pronotum obtusely angled. Mesonotum with well­developed carinae. Forewing 3.2 times longer than wide; costa without tubercles; 9 apical cells. Male genitalia: Anal tube as in Figs 46 C – E; pygophore and genital styles as in Figs 45 S – T. Aedeagus (Figs 46 A – B): Phallotheca with a very wide base; a long, moderately curved spine (a) left lateral; a strongly curved spine (b) right lateral; and a bifurcated spine (c) dorsal. Flagellum partly sclerotised with one sclerotised spine.	en	Löcker, Birgit, Fletcher, Murray J., Larivière, Marie-Claude, Gurr, Geoff M. (2006): The Australian Pentastirini (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Cixiidae). Zootaxa 1290 (1290): 1-138
03FE87F4FFF30E19B863925EFD1926C3.taxon	description	(Figs 26 A – D, 46 F – P) Type material Holotype, ♂, AUSTRALIA, NT: 110 miles E of Daly Waters, 11. i. 1986 (M. S. & B. J. Moulds) (ASCU HE 025958), Paratypes, AUSTRALIA, NT: 1 ♂, 8 km ENE of Victoria River Downs, 11. ix. 1973 (L. P. Kelsey) (ANIC), 1 ♂, Warlock Ponds, 23. viii. 1964 (T. E. Woodward) (UQIC), AUSTRALIA, Qld: 1 ♂, Clare, sweeping kenaf, 2. ix. 1986 (I. Kay) (QDPC), 1 ♂, 37 miles NW Bowen, 20 m, 14. xi. 1962 (E. S. Ross, D. Q. Cavagnaro) (CAS), 1 ♂, near Brookdale, 10 m, 2. xi. 1962 (E. S. Ross, D. Q. Cavagnaro) (CAS). Material excluded from type series	en	Löcker, Birgit, Fletcher, Murray J., Larivière, Marie-Claude, Gurr, Geoff M. (2006): The Australian Pentastirini (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Cixiidae). Zootaxa 1290 (1290): 1-138
03FE87F4FFF30E19B863925EFD1926C3.taxon	materials_examined	AUSTRALIA, NT: 1 ♂, 8 km ENE of Victoria River Downs, at light, 12. vii. 1973 (L. P. Kelsey) (ANIC), 1 ♂, same data, 11. ix. 1973 (ANIC), AUSTRALIA, Qld: 1 ♂, Carnarvon Rge, 14. xii. 1938 (N. Geary) (AMS), AUSTRALIA, NSW: 1 ♂, 1.05 km ESE Murrawombie Bridge, ‘ Quinine Park’, Eucalyptus largiflorens patch, 31.10.21 S 147.08.08 E, 13. xii. 1999 (R. Harris, T. Moulds) (AMS), 1 ♂, 1 ♀, Brewarrina, 21. iv. 1997 (V. T. Glover) (ASCU), 1 ♂, 3 ♀, Nyngan district, 1. – 9. ii. 1960 (T. E. Woodward) (UQIC). Etymology The Greek term ‘ olene’ means ‘ elbow’. Named after a spine on the phallotheca which is bent like an elbow. Colour Body mid, dark brown or black, carinae paler; legs light to mid brown; forewing hyaline colourless with brown marks along crossveins, veins light brown, apically darker, tubercles dark brown (contrasting with veins), pterostigma light to mid brown; abdominal sternites dark brown. Morphology Body length: ♂ 4.4 – 5.1 mm, ♀ 5.2 – 6.6 mm. Head: Vertex (total length) 1.6 – 2.0 times longer than wide; basal emargination obtusely angled or rectangular. Postclypeus with evanescent median carina. Rostrum reaching or not reaching hind coxae. Thorax: Hind margin of pronotum obtusely angled or rectangular. Mesonotum with absent, evanescent or well­developed median carina, well­developed sublateral carinae and evanescent or well­developed lateral carinae. Forewing 3.3 – 4.0 times longer than wide; costa with 11 – 31 tubercles; 7 – 8 apical cells. Male genitalia: Anal tube as in Figs 46 F – H; ventromedian process of pygophore and genital styles as in Figs 46 I – J. Aedeagus (Figs 46 K – M): Phallotheca with a short, almost straight spine (a); and a moderately curved spine (b) left lateral; a large strongly curved spine (c) with flattened, serrated processes; a very long, flattened spine (d); a very slender spine (e); a membranous spine (f); and a very short, dorsal spine (g). Flagellum partly sclerotised with 2 – 3 spines. Remarks The material listed above as being excluded from the type series shows a minor variation from the type material. The phallotheca differs from the type in the absence of spine (e and g) and a rounded instead of a flattened spine (d) as in Figs 46 N – P. Spine (f) is stronger in the variant than in the type. Further research is needed to clarify whether this variant represents a distinct species.	en	Löcker, Birgit, Fletcher, Murray J., Larivière, Marie-Claude, Gurr, Geoff M. (2006): The Australian Pentastirini (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Cixiidae). Zootaxa 1290 (1290): 1-138
03FE87F4FFF60E1AB8639524FC4A2164.taxon	description	(Figs 26 E – H, 46 Q – S, 47 A – E) Type material Holotype, ♂, AUSTRALIA, WA: Tambrey, on Acacia, 7. viii. 1987 (R. P. McMillan) (WAMP Nr 34374). Etymology Named after a spine on the phallotheca which is shaped like the head and neck of a pelican. Colour Body black, carinae paler; legs dark brown; forewing hyaline colourless with indistinct brown marks along crossveins, veins mid brown, tubercles concolorous with veins, pterostigma dark brown; abdominal sternites dark brown. Morphology Body length: ♂ 5.7 mm. Head: Vertex (total length) 2.1 times longer than wide; basal emargination rectangular. Postclypeus with well­developed median carina. Thorax: Hind margin of pronotum obtusely angled. Mesonotum with well­developed carinae. Forewing 3.7 times longer than wide; costa without tubercles; 8 apical cells. Male genitalia: Anal tube as in Figs 47 C – E; pygophore and genital styles as in Figs 46 Q – R. Aedeagus (Figs 46 S, 47 A – B): Phallotheca with a very short, slightly curved spine (a) dorsal at apex; two long, strongly curved spines (c, d) ventral; a spine (c) shaped like head and neck of a pelican; a shorter, strongly curved spine (d) right lateral; and a rounded sclerotised process dorsal. Flagellum sclerotised with 3 spines. Remarks The legs of the only known specimen of this species are missing and therefore the chaetotaxy of the hind legs cannot be determined. This means the specimen cannot be assigned to an existing genus with certainty. Based on the shape of the head, anal tube, genital styles, and aedeagus, it is tentatively placed in Ozoliarus.	en	Löcker, Birgit, Fletcher, Murray J., Larivière, Marie-Claude, Gurr, Geoff M. (2006): The Australian Pentastirini (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Cixiidae). Zootaxa 1290 (1290): 1-138
03FE87F4FFF60E15B8639264FBDE23A3.taxon	description	(Figs 27 A – D, 47 F – L)	en	Löcker, Birgit, Fletcher, Murray J., Larivière, Marie-Claude, Gurr, Geoff M. (2006): The Australian Pentastirini (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Cixiidae). Zootaxa 1290 (1290): 1-138
03FE87F4FFF60E15B8639264FBDE23A3.taxon	discussion	Remarks Jacobi (1928) presents a redescription of O. kampaspe Kirkaldy based on specimens from the Kimberley district, which were available to us for examination. These specimens were misidentified by Jacobi (see further details in the remarks section of O. kampaspe Kirkaldy) and represent a new species described herein as Ozoliarus poculum. Type material Holotype, 1 ♂, AUSTRALIA, NSW: 20 km W of White Cliffs, 23. – 24. ii. 1981 (B. J. Loudon) (ASCU HE 016869), Paratypes, AUSTRALIA, NSW: 3 ♂, 1 ♀, same data as holotype (ASCU), 2 ♂, 4 ♀, 7 km N Tibooburra, dry creek bed, mv lamp, 24. ii. 1981 (B. J. Loudon, R. Pigott) (ASCU), 1 ♂, same data, 12. iv. 1979 (B. J. Loudon) (ASCU), 1 ♂, 2 ♀, Wanaaring, 25. ii. 1981 (B. J. Loudon, R. Pigott) (ASCU), 1 ♂, bank of Merri Merri Ck, 2.5 km N of Quambone, 30.54.38 S 147.51.56 E, ex Eucalyptus largiflorens, 14. xii. 1999 (R. Harris, T. Moulds) (AMS), 1 ♂, Lord Howe Island, UV lamp, 24. ix. 1991 (G. Brown) (ASCU), AUSTRALIA, NT: 4 ♂, Blast site camp, Fossil area on Camfield Station, 16. ix. 1985 (I. Archibald) (MAGD), 1 ♂, Alroy Downs Station, 19.18 S 136.04 E, 5. iii. 1980 (G. Gow, P. Horner) (MAGD), 1 ♂, Junction WH, 16 km SW Austral Downs, at light, 22. ix. 1977 (G. F. Gross) (SAM), 1 ♂, 10 miles S Dunmara, 200 m, 26. x. 1962 (E. S. Ross, D. Q. Cavagnaro) (CAS), 1 ♂, Devil’s Marbles, 350 m, 27. x. 1962 (E. S. Ross, D. Q. Cavagnaro) (CAS), AUSTRALIA, Qld: 1 ♀, Cunnamulla (N. Geary) (AMS), 3 ♂, 4 ♀, same data, x. 1941 (AMS), 1 ♂, 4 ♀, same data, ii. 1942 (AMS), 2 ♂, 3 ♀, same data, i. 1943 (AMS), 1 ♂, 9 km WSW of Adavale, 25.54.39 S 144.30.51 E, 270 m, Eremophila mitchellii, xi. 2002 (Schuh, Cassis, Silveira) (AMS), 1 ♂, Moranbah, 4 km S, 22.02 S 148.03 E, mv lamp, 3. x. 2003 (G. B. Monteith) (QM), 1 ♂, Dynevor Lakes, 88 km W Eulo, 28.05 S 144.12 E, 150 m, 28. ix. 1991 (G. Daniels) (UQIC), 2 ♂, 1 ♀, Paroo River, Eulo, 28.09 S 145.02 E, 150 m, on Pluchea baccharoides, 25. ix. 1991 (G. Daniels) (UQIC), 1 ♀, same data, 23. ix. 1991 (UQIC), AUSTRALIA, SA: 2 ♂, New Kalamurina St., Warburton R., 9. iii. 1972 (E. G. Matthews, T. Houston) (SAM), 1 ♂, Billeroo Dam, 14 km E Frome Dawns Stn HS, at light, 20. xi. 1975 (G. F. Gross, V. Peterny) (SAM), 1 ♂, Frome River crossing of Birdsville Track, near Marree, at light, 25. x. 1966 (G. F. Gross) (SAM), 1 ♂, near Clifton Hills OS, 26.30 S 139.29 E, malaise trap, 18. – 20. xi. 1993 (J. A. Forrest, D. Hirst) (SAM), 2 ♂, Clifton Hills OS, sand hills with triodia, 26,30 S 139.29 E, malaise trap, 18. – 20. xi. 1993 (J. A. Forrest, D. Hirst) (SAM), 1 ♂, South Gap, 3.6 km ESE Lake Dam, 31.42 S 137.40 E, 4. – 9. xi. 1996 (Stony Des. Sur. Bacamp) (SAM), 1 ♂, Abminga WH, 26.08 S 134.51 E, at light, 17. iii. 1993 (J. A. Forrest, D. Hirst) (SAM), 1 ♂, 11.5 km NE of Wooltana Homestead, 30.20.14 S 139.29.36 E, 180 m, 6. xi. 1998 (Schuh, Cassis, Silveira) (AMS), 1 ♂, 36 km ESE of Curdimurka, W of Marree, 21. ix. 1972 (Z. Liepa) (ANIC), 1 ♂, Mirra Mitta Bore, Birdsville Track, 18. ix. 1972 (Z. Liepa) (ANIC), 1 ♂, Old Alton Downs, Simpson Desert, 19. ix. 1972 (Z. Liepa) (ANIC), 1 ♂, 40 km N Innamincka on Cordillo Downs Rd, at light on gibber plains, 2. ix. (F. J. Mitchell) (SAM), 1 ♂, Owieandana, N Flinders Range (Hale, Tindale) (SAM), 2 ♂, 4 ♀, Minnie Downs, NE Corner of South Australia (L. Reese) (SAM), 1 ♂, Lake Palankarinna, 3. iii. 1972 (E. Matthews) (SAM), AUSTRALIA, WA: 2 ♂, Langi Crossing, 10 m, 13. x. 1962 (E. S. Ross, D. Q. Cavagnaro) (CAS), 1 ♂, 15 miles W Louisa Downs, 250 m, 18. x. 1962 (E. S. Ross, D. Q. Cavagnaro) (CAS), 1 ♂, 12 miles S of Minderoo, 17. x. 1970 (D. H. Colless) (ANIC), 1 ♂, 8 miles ENE of Millstream, 20. x. 1970 (D. H. Colless) (ANIC), 1 ♂, W of Welbourne Hill, 24. x. 1953 (N. B. Tindale) (SAM), 1 ♂, Tambrey, on Acacia, 7. viii. 1987 (R. P. McMillan) (WAMP), 1 ♂, Kimberley District, ii (Mjöberg) (NHRS), 1 ♀, same data (MTD), 1 ♀, same data, iii (NHRS). Etymology The Latin term ‘ poculum’ means ‘ cup, goblet’. Named after a spine on the phallotheca which, in ventral view, is shaped like a cup. Colour Body dark brown to black, carinae paler, frons lateral with a white mark; legs light to mid brown; forewing hyaline colourless with indistinct or without brown marks along crossveins, veins light to mid brown apically darker, tubercles concolorous with veins, pterostigma mid brown; abdominal sternites dark brown. Morphology Body length: ♂ 5.2 – 7.3 mm, ♀ 5.7 – 7.0 mm. Head: Vertex (total length) 1.4 – 1.8 times longer than wide; basal emargination obtusely angled or rectangular. Postclypeus with evanescent median carina. Rostrum reaching or not reaching hind coxae. Thorax: Hind margin of pronotum obtusely angled. Mesonotum with evanescent or well­developed carinae. Forewing 3.3 – 3.7 times longer than wide; costa with 0 – 6 tubercles; 9 apical cells. Male genitalia: Anal tube as in Figs 47 F – H; pygophore and genital styles as in Figs 47 I – J. Aedeagus (Figs 47 K – L): Phallotheca with two short, rounded spines (a, b) left lateral; a flattened, serrated spine (c) ventral; a long, slender spine (d) ventral; a large, flattened, grossly serrated spine (e) shaped like cup in ventral view; a long, flattened spine (f) dorsal; a very long, flattened, bifurcated spine (g) right lateral; and a very small spine (h) dorsal below midlength. Flagellum sclerotised with one or two spines.	en	Löcker, Birgit, Fletcher, Murray J., Larivière, Marie-Claude, Gurr, Geoff M. (2006): The Australian Pentastirini (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Cixiidae). Zootaxa 1290 (1290): 1-138
03FE87F4FFF90E16B8639114FCC02429.taxon	description	(Figs 27 E – H)	en	Löcker, Birgit, Fletcher, Murray J., Larivière, Marie-Claude, Gurr, Geoff M. (2006): The Australian Pentastirini (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Cixiidae). Zootaxa 1290 (1290): 1-138
03FE87F4FFF90E16B8639114FCC02429.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Syntype, ♀ (examined), AUSTRALIA, NSW: Sydney, i. 1905 (BPBM). Colour Body mid brown, carinae paler; legs light to mid brown; forewing hyaline colourless with brown marks along crossveins, veins light brown, tubercles concolorous, pterostigma mid brown; abdominal sternites mid brown. Morphology Body length: ♀ 6.9 mm. Head: Vertex (total length) 1.7 times longer than wide; basal emargination obtusely angled. Postclypeus with well­developed median carina. Rostrum surpassing hind coxae. Thorax: Hind margin of pronotum obtusely angled or rectangular. Mesonotum with well­developed carinae. Forewing 3.4 times longer than wide; costa without tubercles; 9 – 10 apical cells. Male genitalia: Unknown (only known specimen is a female). Remarks Based on the chaetotaxy of the hind leg (3 lateral spines on tibia, 7 apical teeth on 1 st and 2 nd tarsomere) this species is transferred to the genus Ozoliarus. Because of the absence of male genitalia O. asaica cannot be reliably matched with any species within this genus; therefore, it regarded as a nomen dubium.	en	Löcker, Birgit, Fletcher, Murray J., Larivière, Marie-Claude, Gurr, Geoff M. (2006): The Australian Pentastirini (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Cixiidae). Zootaxa 1290 (1290): 1-138
03FE87F4FFFA0E17B8639799FDD02489.taxon	materials_examined	Type species Oliarus euphranor Fennah, 1958: 131, by original designation. Morphology Body length: ♂ 6.2 – 7.7 mm, ♀ 7.2 – 10.1 mm. Head: Vertex (total length) 1.4 – 2.0 times longer than wide; lateral carinae slightly to moderately elevated; subapical carina forking from lateral margin at 1 / 3 – 1 / 2 (in Ot. sponsa 1 / 3 – 1) total length of vertex; median carina 1 / 2 – 3 / 4 as long as median length of vertex. Position of maximum width of frons more or less around centre of frontoclypeal suture; lateral carinae of frons convex (evenly rounded or rectilinear apically) or s­shaped. Anteclypeus with well­developed median carina. Thorax: Forewing with fork ScRA + RP distad of fork CuA 1 + CuA 2; r­m crossvein basad of fork MA + MP; RP apically bifid; MA apically trifid; MP apically bifid; fork of Pcu + A 1 distinctly basad of (sometimes more or less around Ot. lubra and Ot. sponsa) centre of clavus. Hind leg: tibia with 3 lateral spines; 6 large apical teeth; 1 st tarsomere with 7 apical teeth and no platellae; 2 nd tarsomere with 5 apical teeth and no platellae. Male genitalia: Genital styles without long, sclerotised, spinelike, dorsal process. Distribution Australia (New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, South Australia, Victoria, Western Australia), Fiji, New Caledonia, Society Islands, Cook Islands. Remarks Fennah recorded Oteana lubra from Fiji (Fennah 1950) and New Caledonia (Fennah 1969). This material has not been examined to confirm this distribution. Females (unless associated with males, see comments in Material & Methods section) could only be identified to genus. The body length measurement given above is derived from females assigned to species level plus additional females which could only be identified to genus. Oteana differs from all other Australian pentastirine genera in the unique combination of the following features: 2 lateral spines on the hind tibia, 7 apical teeth on the 1 st hind tarsomere and 5 apical teeth on the 2 nd hind tarsomere. Twelve species of Oteana are recorded from the Society Islands and one species from the Cook Islands (Hoch 2006), none of which is conspecific with the Australian species. The arrangement of spines on the phallotheca of the Polynesian species shows some similarities to species of the lubra group. In general, they can be differentiated from the Australian species by the presence of a sclerotised distal spine on the flagellum (the flagellum of Australian species is unarmed). The body length of species of Oteana from the Cook and Society Islands (males 4.9 – 8.0 mm, females 5.5 – 9.0 mm) is also similar to that of the Australian species.	en	Löcker, Birgit, Fletcher, Murray J., Larivière, Marie-Claude, Gurr, Geoff M. (2006): The Australian Pentastirini (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Cixiidae). Zootaxa 1290 (1290): 1-138
03FE87F4FFFB0E10B86392ACFBE2254B.taxon	description	Ot. lubra (Kirkaldy) Ot. salicoides Löcker, sp. nov. Ot. tattendi Löcker, sp. nov. The following species from the Society and Cook Islands are also part of the lubra group:	en	Löcker, Birgit, Fletcher, Murray J., Larivière, Marie-Claude, Gurr, Geoff M. (2006): The Australian Pentastirini (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Cixiidae). Zootaxa 1290 (1290): 1-138
03FE87F4FFFC0E12B86396BCFD6E236B.taxon	description	(Figs 28 A – D, 47 M – S)	en	Löcker, Birgit, Fletcher, Murray J., Larivière, Marie-Claude, Gurr, Geoff M. (2006): The Australian Pentastirini (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Cixiidae). Zootaxa 1290 (1290): 1-138
03FE87F4FFFC0E12B86396BCFD6E236B.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Lectotype, here designated, ♂ (examined), AUSTRALIA, Qld: Bundaberg, ix. – xii. 1904 (Koebele) (BPBM), Paralectotypes (examined), AUSTRALIA, Qld: 2 ♀ same data as holotype (Koebele) (BPBM); 1 ♀ Bundaberg, xi. 1904 (BPBM); 1 ♀ Brisbane, xi. 1904 (BPBM). Type of O. lubra var. vitiensis, 1 ♂ (examined), FIJI: Navua, ii. 1906 (BPBM, Nr 1194). Remarks A lectotype is designated herein in order to clarify the identity of the species. Other material examined AUSTRALIA: NSW (57 ♂, 55 ♀), NT (24 ♂, 11 ♀), Qld (76 ♂, 59 ♀), SA (24 ♂, 5 ♀), VIC (2 ♂). Distribution Australia (Queensland), Fiji, New Caledonia. Remarks Fennah recorded this species from Fiji (Fennah 1950) and New Caledonia (Fennah 1969). This material has not been examined to confirm this distribution. Colour Vertex light to mid brown, carinae paler; face light brown, carinae paler, anteclypeus darker; pronotum light brown; mesonotum mid to dark brown, paler between lateral and sublateral carinae; legs light brown; forewing hyaline colourless with brown marks along crossveins, veins light brown, apically darker, tubercles concolorous with veins, pterostigma light to mid brown; abdominal sternites light to mid brown. Morphology Body length: ♂ 6.4 – 7.7 mm, ♀ 8.4 – 10.0 mm. Head: Vertex (total length) 1.4 – 1.6 times longer than wide; basal emargination obtusely angled or rectangular. Postclypeus with well­developed median carina. Rostrum not reaching hind coxae. Thorax: Hind margin of pronotum obtusely angled. Mesonotum with evanescent or well­developed carinae. Forewing 3.1 – 3.9 times longer than wide; costa with 0 – 1 tubercles; 9 apical cells. Male genitalia: Anal tube as in Figs 47 Q – S; pygophore and genital styles as in Figs 47 M – N. Aedeagus (Figs 47 O – P): Phallotheca with a spine (a) forking into a short branch (a 1) and a very long curved branch (a 2); a spine (b) forking into three branches (b 1, b 2, b 3); a very short spine (c); and sometimes with a very slender spine (d); phallotheca with a sclerotised rounded flap dorsally. Flagellum membranous, unarmed. Remarks In his original description of Oliarus lubra, Kirkaldy (1906) gave the body lengths of male (8.5 mm) and female (8.5 – 9.25 mm) specimens. Kirkaldy (1907) described O. lubra var. vitiensis based on male specimens with a body size “ as little as 6 mm ” from Fiji. The smaller body size is the only character he provides for differentiation of the two varieties. A specimen from Navua, Fiji (the only specimen of O. lubra var. vitiensis available to us for examination) had a body length of 6.5 mm which is still within the range of body length of Australian specimens of Ot. lubra. The morphological configuration of the specimen assigned by Kirkaldy to O. lubra var. vitiensis does not support the assumption that this taxon is differentiated from Ot. lubra from Australia. Consequently, O. lubra var. vitiensis is synonymised with Ot. lubra.	en	Löcker, Birgit, Fletcher, Murray J., Larivière, Marie-Claude, Gurr, Geoff M. (2006): The Australian Pentastirini (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Cixiidae). Zootaxa 1290 (1290): 1-138
03FE87F4FFFE0E13B863905CFECC24DB.taxon	description	(Figs 28 E – H, 48 A – G) Type material Holotype, ♂, AUSTRALIA, NT: Snake Bay, Melville Island, light trap, 8. xii. 1982 (C. Wilson) (MAGD 4750), Paratypes, AUSTRALIA, Qld: 1 ♂, Booby Island, at light, 21. – 22. xii. 1977 (ANIC), 1 ♂, 7941 Yule Point, Cairns­Mossman Road, 27. x. 1966 (E. B. Britton) (ANIC), 1 ♂, Horn Island, Torres Strait, sweep of arborescent veg. in mangroves, 26. vii. 1975 (H. Heatwole) (AMS). Etymology Named after the arrangement of spines on the phallotheca which resembles the hanging branches of some trees of the genus Salix. Colour Head light brown, carinae paler, anteclypeus darker; pronotum light brown; mesonotum mid brown (sometimes paler between lateral and sublateral carinae); legs light brown; forewing hyaline colourless with brown marks along crossveins, veins light brown, apically darker, tubercles concolorous with veins, pterostigma light to mid brown; abdominal sternites light brown. Morphology Body length: ♂ 6.1 – 7.0 mm. Head: Vertex (total length) 1.6 – 2.0 times longer than wide; basal emargination acutely angled, rectangular or obtusely angled. Postclypeus with well­developed median carina. Rostrum reaching hind coxae. Thorax: Hind margin of pronotum obtusely angled. Mesonotum with evanescent or well­developed carinae. Forewing 3.0 – 3.3 times longer than wide; costa with 0 – 1 tubercles; 9 apical cells. Male genitalia: Anal tube as in Figs 48 E – G; pygophore and genital styles as in Figs 48 C – D. Aedeagus (Figs 48 A – B): Phallotheca with a spine (a) forking into a short branch (a 1) and a long branch (a 2); a spine (b) forking into two long branches (b 1, b 2); a very short spine (c); and a slender spine (d). Flagellum sclerotised, unarmed. Remarks The general arrangement of spines on the phallotheca resembles that of Ot. lubra; it differs from Ot. lubra in the presence of only two branches of spine (b), instead of three branches.	en	Löcker, Birgit, Fletcher, Murray J., Larivière, Marie-Claude, Gurr, Geoff M. (2006): The Australian Pentastirini (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Cixiidae). Zootaxa 1290 (1290): 1-138
03FE87F4FFFF0E2DB8639004FEDD2277.taxon	description	(Figs 29 A – D, 48 H – O) Type material Holotype, ♂, AUSTRALIA, NT: Woolner Homestead, 12.22.48 S 131.27.01 E, sweeping Mangifera indica, 20. i. 2000 (G. Bellis) (MAGD I 002152, originally NTDPI), Paratypes, AUSTRALIA, NT: 2 ♂, same data as holotype (NTDPI), 2 ♂, Wildman River, Cashew Plantation, 17. i. 1990 (W. Houston) (NTDPI), 1 ♂, 1 km N of Cahills Crossing, E ast Alligator River, 12.25 S 132.58 E, 7. vi. 1973 (R. L. Kitching) (ANIC), 1 ♂, same data, 9. vi. 1973 (ANIC), 1 ♂, Tortilla Flats, 8. ii. 1985 (I. Cook) (NTDPI), 1 ♂, same data, 20. ii. 1985 (NTDPI), 2 ♂, Brook Creek, Burnside (T. G. Campbell) (ANIC), 1 ♂, Darwin, Black Jungle, Melaleuca, 23. ix. 1958 (J. L. Gressitt) (BPBM), 1 ♂, 1 ♀, Djaburluku Billabong, 4. xi. 1989 (C. W. & L. B O’Brien) (LBOB), 2 ♂, Yellow Waters, Kakadu NP, sweeping Hymenachne acutigluma, 4. xii. 2003 (G. Bellis) (ASCU), 2 ♂, Magela Ck, 1 km NNW of Mudginberri H. S., 12.36 S 132.52 E, 25. v. 1973 (T. Weir, N. Forrester) (MAGD). Other material examined Specimens with branch (b 1) reduced to a small knob: AUSTRALIA, NT: 3 ♂, same data as holotype (NTDPI), 1 ♂, Finniss River Stn, on Mimosa pigra, 24. xi. 1987 (C. Wilson) (ASCU), 1 ♂, Jabiru, at light, 4. xi. 1989 (C. W. & L. B. O’Brien) (LBOB), 1 ♂, Yellow Waters, Kakadu NP, sweeping Hymenachne acutigluma, 4. xii. 2003 (G. Bellis) (GBP), 1 ♂, Island Billabong, Mudginberri Station via Jim Jim, 20. viii. 1971 (T. Weir, A. Allwood) (MAGD), 2 ♂, Black Jungle, nr Humpty­doo, 24. ix. 1958 (J. L. Gressitt) (BPBM). Etymology The name is based on ‘ tattendi’, which means ‘ to ascend, climb up, to go towards’ in Kaurna, an aboriginal language in South Australia (Thieberger & McGregor 1994) and refers to the ascending (caudally directed) spines on the phallotheca. Colour Head light to mid brown, carinae paler; pronotum light brown; mesonotum mid to dark brown, paler between lateral and sublateral carinae; legs light brown; forewing hyaline colourless with brown marks along crossveins, veins light brown, apically darker, tubercles indistinct, concolorous with veins, pterostigma light brown; abdominal sternites light brown. Morphology Body length: ♂ 6.3 – 7.6 mm, ♀ 8.3 – 8.8 mm. Head: Vertex (total length) 1.5 – 1.9 times longer than wide; basal emargination obtusely angled or rectangular. Postclypeus with well­developed median carina. Rostrum not reaching hind coxae. Thorax: Hind margin of pronotum obtusely angled. Mesonotum with evanescent or well­developed carinae. Forewing 3.0 – 3.3 times longer than wide; costa with 0 – 1 tubercles; 9 (rarely 8) apical cells. Male genitalia: Anal tube as in Figs 48 H – J; pygophore and genital styles as in Figs 48 K – L. Aedeagus (Figs 48 M – N): Phallotheca with a long spine (a); a long spine (b) forking into a strong branch (b 1) and a slender branch (b 2); a short spine (c); and a slender spine (d). Flagellum membranous, unarmed. Remarks In the male genitalia of some specimens, branch (b 1) is reduced to a small knob as in Fig. 48 O. It is possible that these specimens once possed branch (b 1), but it broke off at some stage in their life (perhaps during copulation). Because the significance of this variation is unclear, these specimens have been excluded from the type series of Ot. tattendi.	en	Löcker, Birgit, Fletcher, Murray J., Larivière, Marie-Claude, Gurr, Geoff M. (2006): The Australian Pentastirini (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Cixiidae). Zootaxa 1290 (1290): 1-138
03FE87F4FFC10E2EB8639204FBD123A3.taxon	description	(Figs 29 E – H, 48 P – R, 49 A – D)	en	Löcker, Birgit, Fletcher, Murray J., Larivière, Marie-Claude, Gurr, Geoff M. (2006): The Australian Pentastirini (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Cixiidae). Zootaxa 1290 (1290): 1-138
03FE87F4FFC10E2EB8639204FBD123A3.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Lectotype, here designated, ♂ (examined), AUSTRALIA, Qld: Cairns, viii. 1904 (BPBM, nr 1205). Remarks A lectotype is designated herein in order to clarify the identity of the species. Other material examined AUSTRALIA: NT (118 ♂, 74 ♀), Qld (25 ♂, 22 ♀), WA (1 ♂, 1 ♀). Colour Body including legs light brown (with a yellow or orange tinge), pronotum paler; forewing hyaline white or light brown with brown marks along crossveins, veins light brown apically darker, tubercles concolorous with veins, pterostigma light brown; abdominal sternites light brown. Morphology Body length: ♂ 6.2 – 7.4 mm, ♀ 7.2 – 8.6 mm. Head: Vertex (total length) 1.4 – 1.7 times longer than wide; basal emargination obtusely angled. Postclypeus with well­developed median carina. Rostrum reaching or not reaching hind coxae. Thorax: Hind margin of pronotum obtusely angled or rectangular. Mesonotum with evanescent or well­developed carinae. Forewing 3.0 – 3.5 times longer than wide; costa without tubercles; 9 apical cells. Male genitalia: Anal tube as in Figs 49 A – D; pygophore and genital styles as in Figs 48 P – Q. Aedeagus (Figs 48 R, 49 A – B): Phallotheca very short and wide with a long, flattened spine (a) left lateral; a long, flattened spine (b) right lateral; and often with 1 – 3 small spines (c). Flagellum membranous with sclerotised ridge, unarmed.	en	Löcker, Birgit, Fletcher, Murray J., Larivière, Marie-Claude, Gurr, Geoff M. (2006): The Australian Pentastirini (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Cixiidae). Zootaxa 1290 (1290): 1-138
03FE87F4FFC20E2FB8639114FCEE2334.taxon	materials_examined	Type species Flata pallens Germar, 1821. Morphology Head: Vertex (total length) 1.0 – 1.3 times longer than wide; lateral carinae slightly elevated; subapical carina forking from lateral margin at 1 / 2 – 2 / 3 of total length of vertex; median carina 1 / 4 – 3 / 4 as long as median length of vertex. Position of maximum width of frons more or less around centre of frontoclypeal suture; lateral carinae of frons convex (evenly rounded or rectilinear apically). Anteclypeus with well­developed median carina. Thorax: Forewing with fork ScRA + RP distad of fork CuA 1 + CuA 2; r­m crossvein basad of fork MA + MP; RP apically bifid (rarely trifid); MA apically trifid; MP apically bifid; fork of Pcu + A 1 more or less central within clavus. Hind leg: tibia with 3 (rarely 2) lateral spines; 6 large apical teeth; 1 st tarsomere with 12 – 16 apical teeth and 10 – 14 platellae; 2 nd tarsomere with 8 – 12 apical teeth and 6 – 10 platellae. Male genitalia: Genital styles without long, sclerotised, spinelike, dorsal process. Distribution Cosmopolitan genus, Australian distribution: Queensland, New South Wales. Remarks The structure of the aedeagus is very uniform within this cosmopolitan genus and descriptions of some species are based on minute differences in the length or curvature of spines on the phallotheca. Examination of the aedeagus of a large number of specimens of P. felis Kirkaldy revealed a certain degree of variability. A very slight bent in the curvature of spine (a) was noticed in some specimens; however, the degree and position of this bend varied, and it was therefore interpreted as intraspecific variation. The length of spines varied as well, but spine (a) was always the longest of the three spines. P. felis closely resembles species described from the Indo­Malayan region, such as P. pachyceps (Matsumura) and P. fuscoapicatus (Metcalf) and the African species P. sudanicus (Lallemand). A revision of the genus Pentastiridius Kirschbaum on a world­wide scale is needed to investigate the degree of intraspecific variation and examine the validity of many species described in Pentastiridius. This genus can be distinguished from all other Australian Pentastirini by the presence of platellae on the first and second hind tarsomere.	en	Löcker, Birgit, Fletcher, Murray J., Larivière, Marie-Claude, Gurr, Geoff M. (2006): The Australian Pentastirini (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Cixiidae). Zootaxa 1290 (1290): 1-138
03FE87F4FFC30E29B863908FFD2F2453.taxon	description	(Figs 30, 49 E – K)	en	Löcker, Birgit, Fletcher, Murray J., Larivière, Marie-Claude, Gurr, Geoff M. (2006): The Australian Pentastirini (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Cixiidae). Zootaxa 1290 (1290): 1-138
03FE87F4FFC30E29B863908FFD2F2453.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Lectotype of P. felis, here designated, ♂ (examined), AUSTRALIA, Qld: Cairns, viii. 1904 (BPBM, nr 1181); Paralectotype, AUSTRALIA, Qld: 1 ♂ (examined), same data as lectotype. Lectotype of O. latipennis, here designated, ♂, AUSTRALIA, Qld: Yarrabah (Mjöberg) (NHRS), Paralectotypes, AUSTRALIA, Qld: 4 ♂, 2 ♀, same data as lectotype (3 ♂ examined) (MTD). Remarks Examination of the type series of Oliarus latipennis Jacobi revealed that this species is a junior synonym of Pentastiridius felis Kirkaldy. Because of the similarity of this species to species in Asia and Africa, lectotypes are designated to fix the identities of the species with which these names are associated. Other material examined AUSTRALIA: NSW (3 ♂), Qld (69 ♂, 25 ♀). Distribution Australia (New South Wales, Queensland), Fiji, New Caledonia, Samoa. Remarks Fennah recorded this species from Fiji (Fennah 1950), New Caledonia (Fennah 1969), and Samoa (Fennah 1967). This material has not been examined to confirm this distribution. Colour Body dark brown or black, carinae light brown; legs light brown to mid brown; forewing hyaline colourless apically sometimes darker, veins and tubercles concolorous with cells. Morphology Body length: ♂ 3.9 – 4.5 mm, ♀ 5.2 – 5.8 mm. Head: Vertex (total length) 1.1 – 1.3 times longer than wide; basal emargination obtusely angled. Postclypeus with evanescent or well­developed median carina. Rostrum reaching or surpassing hind coxae. Thorax: Hind margin of pronotum obtusely angled. Mesonotum with evanescent or well­developed median and lateral carinae and well­developed sublateral carinae. Forewing 2.6 – 2.8 times longer than wide; costa with 0 – 1 tubercles; 9 (rarely 10) apical cells. Male genitalia: Anal tube as in Figs 49 E – G; pygophore and genital styles as in Figs 49 H – I. Aedeagus (Figs 49 J – K): Phallotheca with two long spines (a longer than b) arising apically curving moderately towards left lateral; a short, moderately curved spine (c) arising ventrally about midlength; and a large process, shaped like bird head, right lateral. Flagellum membranous, unarmed.	en	Löcker, Birgit, Fletcher, Murray J., Larivière, Marie-Claude, Gurr, Geoff M. (2006): The Australian Pentastirini (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Cixiidae). Zootaxa 1290 (1290): 1-138
03FE87F4FFC50E2AB86397DEFD942489.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Syntypes (examined), AUSTRALIA, VIC: 3 ♀, Melbourne, on apple trees (BPBM). Morphology Body length: ♀ 6.1 – 6.3 mm. Head: Vertex (total length) 1.1 times as long as wide; lateral carinae slightly elevated; basal emargination obtusely angled. Lateral carinae of frons convex (rectilinear apically). Rostrum reaching hind coxae. Thorax: Hind margin of pronotum obtusely angled. Mesonotum with well­developed carinae. Forewing 3.4 times longer than wide; fork ScRA + RP distad of fork CuA 1 + CuA 2; r­m crossvein basad of fork MA + MP; RP apically bifid; MA apically trifid; MP apically bifid; costa with 0 – 19 tubercles; 9 apical cells. Hind leg: tibia with 3 lateral spines; 6 large apical teeth; 1 st and 2 nd tarsomere with 7 apical teeth and no platellae. Male genitalia: Unknown (only known specimens are females). Remarks Muir (1925) placed this species in Oliarus sensu lato which at that time accommodated most of the Pentastirini species worldwide. As discussed in the introduction, several authors have since split the Oliarus sensu lato complex into a number of smaller genera. Three new genera for the Australian fauna are proposed in this study. Prosops closely resembles Ozoliarus gen. nov. in having 3 lateral spines and 6 large apical teeth on the hind tibia and 7 apical teeth on the first and second tarsomere, and may in fact be congeneric with it. Because of the poor quality of the type specimens (microscope slides in very bad condition) and the original description, important features such as the carination of the head cannot be investigated. The syntypes are females, which makes it impossible to match them reliably with other Australian species based on male genitalia. Prosops pedisequus was described as “ the apple tree destroyer ” (French 1909). Cixiids, however, are currently not known to be pests on apples in Australia (pers. comm. Graham Thwaite, 2005) and investigation of the Australian Pentastirini material failed to discover any specimens collected on apple trees (except for the syntypes). Therefore Prosops pedisequus is regarded as a nomen dubium. If at some stage it is confirmed that Prosops is congeneric with Ozoliarus, then the name Prosops will have priority over Ozoliarus. Prosops pedisequus differs from Cordoliarus in the shape of the head, from Oteana in the presence of 7 apical teeth on the 2 nd tarsomere, from Oliarus sensu stricto as proposed herein in the presence of three lateral spines on the hind tibia and 7 apical teeth on the 2 nd tarsomere, and from species of Miclucha in the number of apical teeth on the hind legs / and or shape of the areolets.	en	Löcker, Birgit, Fletcher, Murray J., Larivière, Marie-Claude, Gurr, Geoff M. (2006): The Australian Pentastirini (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Cixiidae). Zootaxa 1290 (1290): 1-138
