taxonID	type	description	language	source
03F187FAFFBAFFFE874C8FAB6E13FAF6.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Discs small with elongate, tapering arms. Single row of marginal plates. Papular pores in longitudinal and transverse rows. Disc and arm plates reticulate or imbricate in arrangement. Smaller secondary spines cover most plates. Actinolateral spines (i. e. below marginal plate series) with larger primary spines appressed or facing abactinally. Superambulacral plates present. Pedicellariae straight (absent in Pholidaster). Adambulacrals alternately carinate. Tube feet in four rows becoming two rows distally.	en	Mah, Christopher (2007): Phylogeny of the Zoroasteridae (Zorocallina; Forcipulatida): evolutionary events in deep-sea Asteroidea displaying Palaeozoic features. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 150 (1): 177-210, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00291.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00291.x
03F187FAFFBAFFFF8780885B6874FE9A.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Bythiolophus acanthinus Fisher, 1916. Diagnosis: Disc broad, arms thick with imbricated plates. Internal buttress present. Marginal plates alternately large and small.	en	Mah, Christopher (2007): Phylogeny of the Zoroasteridae (Zorocallina; Forcipulatida): evolutionary events in deep-sea Asteroidea displaying Palaeozoic features. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 150 (1): 177-210, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00291.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00291.x
03F187FAFFBAFFFF8780885B6874FE9A.taxon	materials_examined	Material: Indonesia. NMNH 37011 HOLOTYPE Muna Island, Greater Sunda Islands, 5 ° 35 ′ S, 122 ° 20 ′ E, 1022 m. Coll. 16. xii. 1909. (1 wet spec. R = 10.1, r = 1.1)	en	Mah, Christopher (2007): Phylogeny of the Zoroasteridae (Zorocallina; Forcipulatida): evolutionary events in deep-sea Asteroidea displaying Palaeozoic features. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 150 (1): 177-210, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00291.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00291.x
03F187FAFFBBFFFF84CA89516F07FE8B.taxon	materials_examined	Material: Central California. LACM Farallon Islands slope, 37 ° 38.40 ′ N, 123 ° 21.53 ′ W to 37 ° 38.36, 123 ° 19.90 ′ W, 2300 − 2375 m. Coll. 29. vii. 1991. [R = ∼ 11.4, r = 1.3 (1 wet spec.)]. Mexico. NMNH 34381 Offshore of Ventana Bay, Baja California. 23 ° 59 ′ N, 108 ° 40 ′ W, 1820 m. Coll. 20. iv. 1891. [1 wet spec. R = 12.0, r = 1.3 (arms broken)] NMNH 34387, Cerralvo Island, Baja California. 24 ° 22 ′ 30 ″ N, 109 ° 3 ′ 20 ″ W, 2598 m. Coll. 20. iv. 1891. [R = 3.9, r = 0.7 (arms broken)] LACM 9161, Off Rio Elata, Sinaloa, Mexico. 23 ° 40 ′ 30 ″ N, 107 ° 38 ′ 30 ″ W to 23 ° 37 ′ N, 107 ° 51 ′ 48 ″ W. 1384 − 1366 m. Coll. 11. v. 1959. [1 dry spec. R = ∼ 6.5, r = 1.1 (arms broken)] SIO E 170, SW of Cabo San Lucas 22 ° 42.5 ′ N, 110 ° 21.0 ′ W to 22 ° 41.4 ′ N, 110 ° 12.0 ′ W. 1893 − 1957 m, Coll. 28. vi. 1965. [2 dry specs. R = 6.1, r = 1.3; R = 7.5, r = 1.3 (arm tips broken)] SIO E 1602, SW of Cabo San Lucas, 22 ° 45 ′ N, 110 ° 23.0 ′ W. 1917 − 2014 m. Coll. 28. vi. 1965. [1 wet spec. R = 9.3, r = 1.3 (arm tips broken)] Chile. NMNH E 446 Off Arica, Chile. 18 ° 44.7 ′ S, 70 ° 40.7 ′ W to 18 ° 40.2 ′ S, 70 ° 35.1 ′ W, 1097 − 1152 m, Coll. 7. v. 1972. (1 wet spec. R = 4.4 r = 0.6).	en	Mah, Christopher (2007): Phylogeny of the Zoroasteridae (Zorocallina; Forcipulatida): evolutionary events in deep-sea Asteroidea displaying Palaeozoic features. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 150 (1): 177-210, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00291.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00291.x
03F187FAFFBBFFFF87B38CBE6F31F93A.taxon	materials_examined	Material: Gulf of Mexico: NMNH E 12460 Florida Keys, Gulf of Mexico, 366 m [6 dry specs. R = 4.0, r = 0.9, R = 4.9, r = 1.0, R = 6.6, r = 1.0, R = 4.4, r = 1.0, R = 4.7, r = 1.1, R = 3.7, r = 0.9 cm (arm tips broken)] NMNH E 18510 Vero Beach, Florida, 27 ° 50 ′ N, 79 ° 15 ′ W, 522 m, Coll. 17. vii. 1965. (1 dry spec. R = 6.5, r = 1.0 cm) NMNH E 13208 SE of Pensacola, Florida. 29 ° 27 ′ N, 86 ° 57 ′ W, 752 m, Coll. 23. vii. 1967. [1 dry spec. R = ∼ 2.2, r = 0.5 cm (arm tips broken)] NMNH E 34922, Off of Florida, 29 ° 14 ′ N, 86 ° 59.42 ′ W, 900 m, Coll. 6. viii. 1968. (1 dry spec. R = 1.2, r = 0.3 cm) Caribbean Sea: NMNH E 18512 Bahamas, SW of Grant Bahama Island, 26 ° 6 ′ N, 79 ° 19 ′ W, 449 m, Coll. 25. ix. 1967. (1 dry spec. R = 7.7, r = 1.3 cm) NMNH E 18513 Bahamas, SW of Grant Bahama Island, Northwest Providence Channel, 26 ° 19 ′ N, 79 ° 00 ′ W, 498 m, Coll. 1. x. 1967. (1 dry spec. R = 2.9, r = 0.6 cm) NMNH E 18511 East of Cay Sal bank, Bahamas, 23 ° 34 ′ N, 79 ° 16 ′ W, 520 m. Coll. 15. vi. 1968. (1 dry spec. R = 6.7, r = 1.1) NMNH E 18514, Cay Sal bank, Bahamas, 24 ° 04 ′ N, 79 ° 42 ′ W, 549 m. Coll. 22. vi. 1967. (1 dry spec. R = 3.0, r = 0.7) NMNH E 18565 East of Cay Sal Bank, 23 ° 35 ′ N, 79 ° 24 ′ W, 516 m, Coll. 27. vi. 1970, [2 dry specs. R = ∼ 7.0, r = 1.3, R = 5.3, r = 0.9 cm (arm tips broken)] NMNH E 13662 NE of Honduras, 16 ° 43 ′ N, 82 ° 38 ′ W, 430 – 613 m, Coll. 12. vii. 1970. (1 dry spec. R = 2.7, r = 0.6 cm) NMNH E 03967 Puerto Rico, coll. 1933. (1 dry spec. R = 7.3, r = 0.9) NMNH 12459 Testigo Islands, Venezuela 11 ° 35 ′ N, 62 ° 37 ′ W, 402 – 421 m, Coll. 19. iv. 1960. (1 dry spec. R = 2.0, r = 0.5 cm) Gulf of Guinea: NMNH E 34073 South of Lagos, Nigeria, 4 ° 15 ′ N, 4 ° 27 ′ E, 1280 − 1318 m, Coll. 26. v. 1965. (1 dry spec. R = 7.1, r = 1.0 cm)	en	Mah, Christopher (2007): Phylogeny of the Zoroasteridae (Zorocallina; Forcipulatida): evolutionary events in deep-sea Asteroidea displaying Palaeozoic features. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 150 (1): 177-210, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00291.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00291.x
03F187FAFFBBFFFF851F8C41690FFC94.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Cnemidaster wyvilli Sladen, 1889. Diagnosis: Disc plates enlarged, swollen, rounded. Disc thick, discontinuous with arms in smaller specimens (below R = 7.0). Disc and arm plates imbricate. Disc and arm surface largely bare, covered with membranous skin. Internal buttress present.	en	Mah, Christopher (2007): Phylogeny of the Zoroasteridae (Zorocallina; Forcipulatida): evolutionary events in deep-sea Asteroidea displaying Palaeozoic features. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 150 (1): 177-210, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00291.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00291.x
03F187FAFFB8FFFC84D98C496925FAF0.taxon	materials_examined	Material: Indonesia-Malaysia. NMNH 40555, NW of Unauna Island, Celebes. Indonesia. 0 ° 08 ′ S, 121 ° 19 ′ E, 1992 m, Coll. 18. xi. 1909. [1 wet spec. R = ∼ 5.0 r = 0.9 (arms broken, spec. disarticulated)] NMNH 40566 South of Darvel Bay, Sabah, Celebes Sea. 4 ° 19 ′ 54 ″ N, 118 ° 58 ′ 38 ″ E, 1628 m. Coll. 26. ix. 1909. (1 wet spec. R = 20.5, r = 1.7) NMNH 40818 East of Waleabahi Island, Celebes. 0 ° 22 ′ N, 123 ° 3 ′ 30 ″ E, 1760 m, Coll. 14. xi. 1909. (1 wet spec. arms disarticulated, r = 1.0) NMNH 40298 East of Waleabahi Island, Celebes, Gulf of Tomini, 0 ° 22 ′ N 123 ° 3 ′ 30 ″ E, 1760 m. Coll. 14. xi. 1909, [1 wet spec. R = 11.3, r = 1.8 (arm tips broken)] NMNH 40299 North of Togian Island, Celebes, Gulf of Tomini. 0 ° 16 ′ 28 ″ N, 121 ° 33 ′ 30 ′ E, 1525 m. Coll. 17. xi. 1909. (1 wet spec. R = 11.8, r = 0.8) CASIZ 8587 Binang Unang Island, Gulf of Tomini, 0 ° 04 ′ 00 ″ S, 121 ° 36 ′ 00 ″ E, 1392.0 m. Coll. 18. xi. 1909. (1 wet spec. R = 11.3, r = 1.3) Japan. NMNH 31958, Manazuru Zaki, Sagami Bay, Honshu Island. 35 ° 8 ′ N, 39 ° 10 ′ E, 916 – 1370. coll. 5. v. 1900. (2 wet specs. R = 3.3 r = 0.5; R = 2.0, r = 0.4) CASIZ 115933 Off Honshu Island, Manazuru Zaki, 916 – 1370 m, Coll. 5. v. 1900. [1 wet spec. R = 12.8, r = 1.1 (arm tips broken)]	en	Mah, Christopher (2007): Phylogeny of the Zoroasteridae (Zorocallina; Forcipulatida): evolutionary events in deep-sea Asteroidea displaying Palaeozoic features. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 150 (1): 177-210, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00291.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00291.x
03F187FAFFB8FFFD84C8885F6976FD95.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Doraster constellatus Downey, 1970. Diagnosis: Disc and arm plates imbricate. Disc enlarged, swollen. Spinelets cover disc, arm surface (frequently absent). Disc plates strongly stellate. Internal buttress present.	en	Mah, Christopher (2007): Phylogeny of the Zoroasteridae (Zorocallina; Forcipulatida): evolutionary events in deep-sea Asteroidea displaying Palaeozoic features. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 150 (1): 177-210, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00291.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00291.x
03F187FAFFB8FFFD84C8885F6976FD95.taxon	materials_examined	Material: North Atlantic. NMNH 1080502, SW of Nantucket Shoals, Massachsetts, 39 ° 18 ′ 30 ″ N, 71 ° 23 ′ 30 ″ W, 2601 m, Coll. 11. viii. 1885 (13 wet specs.) Gulf of Mexico-NMNH E 23145 East of Corpus Christi, Texas. 27 ° 38 ′ N, 95 ° 35 ′ W, 412 m. Coll. 7. v. 1956. (1 dry spec. R = 12.1, r = 1.4) NMNH E 34980, East of Mississippi Delta, Louisiana. 29 ° 07 ′ N, 88 ° 11 ′ W, 549 m, Coll. 3. vi. 1959. (1 dry spec. R = 12.6 r = 1.2) NMNH E 18554, East of Mississippi Delta, Louisiana. 29 ° 12 ′ N, 88 ° 03 ′ W, 366 m, Coll. 3. vi. 1959. (1 dry spec. R = 10.1 r = 0.9) NMNH E 18506, East of Mississippi Delta, Louisiana. 29 ° 14 ′ N, 87 ° 54 ′ W, 366 m, Coll. 22. v. 1956. (1 dry spec. R = 12.8 r = 1.7) NMNH E 10742 PARA- TYPES, Mississippi Delta, Louisiana. 29 ° 03 ′ 15 ″ N, 88 ° 16 ′ W, 592 m, Coll. 11. ii. 1885. (2 dry specs. R = 6.6, r = 0.8; R = 11.6). NMNH E 11353 PARATYPE SW of Grenada, 11 ° 36 ′ N, 62 ° 52 ′ W, 393 – 421 m, Coll. iv. 1960, [1 dry spec. r = 10.2, r = 1.4 (arms broken)] Caribbean Sea-NMNH E 18519, East of Chinchorro Bank, Quintana Roo, Mexico, 18 ° 30 ′ N, 87 ° 37 ′ W, 715 – 787 m, Coll. 17. iii. 1968. (1 dry spec. R = 15.4, r = 1.9) NMNH 1080556, Gulf of Mosquitos, Panama, 9 ° 20 ′ N, 81 ° 24 ′ W, 860 – 914 m, Coll. 25. v. 1962. [2 dry specs. R = 14.3, r = 2.1; R = 4.8, r = 1.0 (arms broken on one spec)] NMNH 26524, Gulf of Mosquitos, Panama, 9 ° 6 ′ N, 81 ° 15 ′ W, 777 m, Coll. 29. x. 1970. (1 dry spec. R = 4.2, r = 0.8). NMNH 1080506, Gulf of Mosquitos, Panama, 9 ° 7 ′ N, 81 ° 10 ′ W, 732 m, Coll. 31. v. 1962. (1 dry spec. R = 17.1, r = 2.1) NMNH E 12441 Rosalind Bank between Honduras and Jamaica, Honduras. 16 ° 35 ′ N, 80 ° 04 ′ W, 732 m, Coll. 18. v. 1962. [1 dry spec. R = 12.6, r = 2.4 (arms broken)] NMNH E 12447 Rosalind Bank between Honduras and Jamaica, Honduras. 16 ° 35 ′ N, 80 ° 10 ′ W, 576 m, Coll. 18. v. 1962 [2 dry specs. R = 26.6, r = 2.2, R = ∼ 13.1, r = 1.7. (arms broken)] NMNH E 26552 Off Santa Marta, Colombia. 11 ° 13 ′ N, 74 ° 26 ′ W, 631 m, Coll. 9. xi. 1970 [1 dry spec. R = ∼ 12.6, r = 1.7 cm (arm tips broken)] NMNH E 18507, North of Aramatka Point, Guajira Peninsula, Colombia, 12 ° 13.18 ′ N, 18 ° 72.52 ′ W, 408 – 576 m, Coll. 29. vii. 1968. [2 dry specs, R = ∼ 6.7, r = 1.2, R = 3.6, r = − 0.7 (arm tips broken)] NMNH E 12443 East of Paraguana Peninsula, Venezuela 15 ° 39 ′ N, 61 ° 10 ′ W, 649 m, Coll. 5. iii. 1966 [5 dry specs, R = 9.5 r = 1.6; R = 7.1, r = 1.3; R = 5.6, r = 0.9; R = 12.7, r = 1.4; R = 14.6, r = 1.5 (arm tips, arms broken)]. NMNH E 12444 East of Paraguana Peninsula, Venezuela 11 ° 53 ′ N, 69 ° 25 ′ W, 640 m, Coll. 3. x. 1963. [3 dry specs, R = ∼ 16.5 r = 2.2; R = ∼ 18.8, r = 2.3; R = 16.3, r = 2.2; (arm tips, arms broken)] NMNH E 18570 East of Testigo Islands, Venezuela, 11 ° 36 ′ N, 62 ° 46 ′ W (no depth indicated). Coll. 19. iv. 1960 [2 dry specs. R = ∼ 11.2, r = 1.4; R = ∼ 17.5 (arm tips broken)] French Guiana. NMNH E 18508, North of Cayenne. 7 ° 5 ′ N, 52 ° 47 ′ W, 366 m, Coll. 14. ix. 1958. [1 dry spec. R = ∼ 2.5, r = 1.1 (arms broken)]	en	Mah, Christopher (2007): Phylogeny of the Zoroasteridae (Zorocallina; Forcipulatida): evolutionary events in deep-sea Asteroidea displaying Palaeozoic features. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 150 (1): 177-210, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00291.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00291.x
03F187FAFFB9FFFD850B8FB46874FC04.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Zoroaster (Myxoderma) sacculatus Fisher, 1905. Diagnosis: Disc and arm skeleton reticulate. Plates cruciform, forming open papular fields. Primary spines present on all plates. Internal buttress present.	en	Mah, Christopher (2007): Phylogeny of the Zoroasteridae (Zorocallina; Forcipulatida): evolutionary events in deep-sea Asteroidea displaying Palaeozoic features. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 150 (1): 177-210, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00291.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00291.x
03F187FAFFB9FFFD84ED88166A07F8AE.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: Mexico. NMNH 34385 designated herein as LECTOTYPE. Concepcion Bay, Gulf of California. 26 ° 48 ′ N, 110 ° 45 ′ 20 ″ W, 1571 m. Coll. 22. iv. 1891. (1 wet spec. R = 2.7, r = 0.5) NMNH E 9626. East of San Marcos, Baja California. 27 ° 9 ′ N, 111 ° 42 ′ W, 1567 m. Coll. 20. iii. 1889. (1 wet spec. R = 3.4, r = 0.7) Peru: NMNH E 4905 (HOLOTYPE for Z. perarmatus). Aguja Point, Peru, South Pacific. 5 ° 47 ′ S, 81 ° 24 ′ W, 980 m. Coll. 12. xi. 1904. (1 dry spec. R = 9.8, r = 1.3 cm)	en	Mah, Christopher (2007): Phylogeny of the Zoroasteridae (Zorocallina; Forcipulatida): evolutionary events in deep-sea Asteroidea displaying Palaeozoic features. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 150 (1): 177-210, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00291.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00291.x
03F187FAFFB9FFFD877A8DFD6EE5F8AE.taxon	materials_examined	Material: British Columbia (Canada): CASIZ 8636, Queen Charlotte Islands: Moresby Island, 2904 m on grey mud, 52 ° 39.00 ′ 30.00 ″ N, 132.00 ° 38.00 ′ 0.00 ″ W, Coll. 3. ix. 1890. (19 wet specs. R = 6.0, r = 0.9; R = 7.2, r = 1.1; R = 7.5, r = 0.9; R = 6.3, r = 0.9; R = 5.3, r = 0.8; R = 6.3, r = 0.8; R = 5.9, r = 1.0; R = 4.6, r = 0.8; R = 5.7, r = 0.9; R = 4.9, r = 0.7; R = 6.3, r = 0.8; R = 3.1, r = 0.6; R = 5.9, r = 0.8; R = 5.4, r = 0.6; R = 6.3, r = 0.8; R = 5.9, r = 0.8; R = 4.8, r = 0.8; R = 6.5, r = 0.8; R = 6.2, r = 1.0) Oregon: NMNH E 10355, SW of mouth of Columbia River, 46 ° 0.1 ′ N, 124 ° 50.8 ′ W. 549 m, Coll. 9. v. 1963. (1 dry spec. R = 6.1, r = 1.3 cm); NMNH E 16027, SW of mouth of Columbia River, 46 ° 0.0 ′ N, 124 ° 47 ′ W, 410 m, Coll. 25. i. 1963 (1 dry spec. R = 7.6, r = 1.4); NMNH E 10354, SW of mouth of Columbia River, 46 ° 0.0 ′ N, 124 ° 58.8 ′ W, 503 m, Coll. 14. v. 1963 (1 dry spec. R = 2.9, r = 1.8). NMNH E 16031, Winchester Bay 43 ° 46 ′ N, 124 ° 57 ′ W, 507 m, Coll. 19. x. 1888. [3 dry specs. R = 7.6, r = 1.3, R = 8.0, r = 1.1, R = 6.6, r = 1.3 (arm tips broken)] Washington: NMNH E 10353, Astoria Canyon, 46 ° 13.6 ′ N, 124 ° 44.2 ′ W, 1006 m, Coll. 13. iii. 1963. (1 dry spec. R = 4.2, r = 1.2) California: CASIZ 115924 Eel Canyon, Humboldt County, 704 m, on mud, Coll. xii. 1966 (6 wet specs. R = 5.0, r = 1.0, R = 4.2, r = 0.6, R = 4.1, r = 0.8, R = 5.9, r = 1.1, R = 5.6, r = 1.1 R = 6.1, r = 0.9) CASIZ 115900 Gulf of Farallones, 37 ° 26.70 ′ N 123 ° 1.30 ′ W, 519 – 660 m, Coll. 18. xii. 1985 (2 wet specs. R = 5.4, r = 0.9; R = 5.1, r = 0.9); CASIZ 115911 Gulf of Farallones, 37 ° 35.30 ′ N 123 ° 14.50 ′ W, 1491 − 1405 m, Coll. 14. xii. 1985 [2 wet specs. R = 4.4, r = 0.8, R = 5.4, r = 1.0 (arm tips broken)]; CASIZ 115908 Santa Barbara Channel to Santa Cruz Island 91 – 366 m (2 wet specs. R = 2.9, r = 0.5, R = 3.4, r = 0.6); CASIZ 115920 Off San Luis Obsipo County, 35 ° 1.80 ′ N 121 ° 10.20 ′ W, 576 m, Coll. 7. ix. 1976 (1 wet spec. R = 5.7, r = 1.3). Mexico: NMNH 31640 San Pablo Point, Baja California. 27 ° 7.8 ′ N, 114 ° 33.10 ′ W, 519 m, Coll. 15. iii. 1911 (1 dry spec. R = 6.7, 0.95 cm). SIO E 249 S of Isla San Pedro, Mexico. 27 ° 40 ′ N, 111 ° 29.6 ′ W to 27 ° 32.1 ′ N, 111 ° 20.1 ′ W. 931 – 952.0 m. Coll. 16. i. 1961. [3 wet specs. R = 7.2 r = 1.0, R = 7.9 r = 1.0, R = 7.7 r = 0.8 (arms broken)].	en	Mah, Christopher (2007): Phylogeny of the Zoroasteridae (Zorocallina; Forcipulatida): evolutionary events in deep-sea Asteroidea displaying Palaeozoic features. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 150 (1): 177-210, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00291.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00291.x
03F187FAFFA6FFE284968DFC69A2FB07.taxon	materials_examined	Material: Mexico. SIO E 1005 Off Pta. Chivato sur 27 ° 18 ′ N, 111 ° 24 ′ W, 1829 − 1875 m. Coll. 15. vi. 1970 [2 wet specs. R = ∼ 12.4, r = 1.6, R = ∼ 14.5, r = 1.7 (arms broken)]; SIO E 1006 Off Pta. Lobos. Sonora, Mexico. 27 ° 13 ′ N, 111 ° 28 ′ W, 1829 − 1875 m. Coll. 14. vi. 1970 [3 wet specs. R = 11.1, r = 1.2, R = 14.3, r = 1.4, R = 14.9, r = 1.7 (arms broken)], Peru. NMNH 1084273 Off Lima, Peru. 11 ° 50 ′ S, 77 ° 58 ′ W, 935 – 907 m (1 dry spec. R = 16.2, r = 1.3). Chile. NMNH E 16255 Paratype, Bahia Tarn Chile, Golfo de Penas. 42 ° 45 ′ S, 75 ° 45 ′ W, 300 m, Coll. 1. x. 1972. (1 dry spec. R = 16 cm, r = 1.3 cm) NMNH 1080458, SW of Paita, Piura Peru. 5 ° 07 ′ S, 81 ° 27 ′ W to 4 ° 59 ′ S, 81 ° 27 ′ W, 365 – 457 m. Coll. 3. vi. 1966 (58 dry specs. Size range from R = 5.3, r = 0.7 to R = 2.2, r = 0.4). CASIZ 115935 Off Chile. 42 ° 36 ′, 75 ° 28 ′ W, 2454.0 m, Coll. 12. ii. 1888. [1 wet spec. R = 9.5, r = 1.1 (arm tips broken)] CASIZ 115936 Off Chile. 38 ° 8 ′ 00 ″, 75 ° 53 ′ 00 ″ 1238.0 m, Coll. 14. ii. 1888 (1 dry spec. R = 9.2, r = 0.9 (arm tips broken)]. SIO E 446 Off Arica, Chile. 18 ° 44.7 ′ S, 70 ° 40.7 ′ W to 18 ° 40.2 ′ S, 70 ° 35.1 ′ W, 1097 − 1152 m, Coll. 7. v. 1972 (2 wet specs. R = 9.6 r = 1.5, R = 13.5 r = 1.3); SIO E 620 West Cortz Basin (on escarpment). 32 ° 27.7 ′ N, 119 ° 33.8 ′ W to 32 ° 27.9 ′ N, 119 ° 34.1 ′ W, 1445.0 m. Coll. 7. v. 1975. (1 wet spec. R = ∼ 22.0 cm, r = 2.1). SIO E 997, Off Arica, Chile. 18 ° 44.7 ′ S, 70 ° 40.7 ′ W to 18 ° 40.2 ′ S, 70 ° 35.1 ′ W, 1097 − 1152 m, Coll. 7. v. 1972. (1 wet spec. R = 10.5 r = 1.7)	en	Mah, Christopher (2007): Phylogeny of the Zoroasteridae (Zorocallina; Forcipulatida): evolutionary events in deep-sea Asteroidea displaying Palaeozoic features. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 150 (1): 177-210, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00291.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00291.x
03F187FAFFA6FFE384FF88346904FDF4.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: Alaska. CASIZ- 24100, Bowers Bank, Bering Sea, Aleutian Islands, 54.00 ° 33 ′ N 178 ° 44 ′ W, 1068 m, Coll. 4. vi. 1906. (dry specimen-arm fragment only) CASIZ 115903 Bering Sea 57 ° 50.92 ′ N 173 ° 57.72 ′ W, 720 – 750 m, Coll. 21. vi. 1979. (1 wet spec. R = 13.3 r = 2.2) Oregon. NMNH E 28078, SW mouth of Columbia River, 45 ° 44 ′ 12 ″ N, 125 ° 8 ′ 48 ″ W, 1555 m, Coll. 29. v. 1964. [1 wet spec. R = ∼ 25.0, r = 2.1 (arms broken)] NMNH E 14760, SW mouth of Columbia River, 1372 m, coll. 9. vi. 1962. [1 wet spec. R = ∼ 30.0, r = 2.6 (arms broken)]. California. NMNH 32451 West of San Nicolas Island, Channel Islands, 33 ° 24.36 ′ N, 120 ° 12.30 ′ W, 1170 m, Coll. 26. iv. 1911. (2 dry specs. R = 10.6, r = 1.1, R = 6.6, r = 0.9 cm) NMNH 3596 San Diego. 32 ° 40.30 ′ N, 117 ° 31.30 ′ W, 1504 m. Coll. 19. i. 1889. [4 dry specs. R = 8.6, r = 1.1, R = 7.7, r = 0.9, R = 6.1, r = 0.9, R = 6.7, r = 1.0 (arm tips broken)] NMNH E 01149 West of San Nicolas Island, Channel Islands, 33 ° 15 ′ N, 119 ° 30 ′ W, 1983 − 2012 m, Coll. 13. iv. 1904. (8 wet specs. R = 4.0, r = 0.8, R = 3.2, r = 0.7, R = 1.7, r = 0.5; R = 1.8, r = 0.4; R = 1.2, r = 0.3, R = 1.3, r = 0.3, R = 1.2, r = 0.3, R = 1.1, r = 0.2 cm) CASIZ 102207, Humboldt County off Trinidad Head on sandy mud, 329 m, Coll. xii. 1966. [3 dry specs. R = 4.7, r = 0.9, R = 4.5, r = 0.7; R = 4.3, r = 0.8 (arm tips broken)] CASIZ 115927, Farallon Islands on mud, rocks, 1280 − 1500 m, Coll. 12. xi. 1950. [1 wet spec. R = 18.1, r = 1.7 (arm tips broken)] CASIZ 115914, Santa Barbara Channel to Santa Cruz Island 91 – 366 m (1 wet spec. R = 2.1, r = 0.4). CASIZ 117841 Off Humboldt County, 1123.0 m. Coll. 13. xi. 1975. (2 dry specs. R = 22.0, r = 1.5, R = 17.6, r = 1.8)	en	Mah, Christopher (2007): Phylogeny of the Zoroasteridae (Zorocallina; Forcipulatida): evolutionary events in deep-sea Asteroidea displaying Palaeozoic features. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 150 (1): 177-210, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00291.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00291.x
03F187FAFFA6FFE384FF88346904FDF4.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Pholidaster squamatus Sladen, 1889 (designated by Fisher, 1919 a). Diagnosis: Disc and arm plates imbricate. Disc and arms covered by flattened scales covering nearly all plates save for the carinal arm series and primary circlet on disc. Carinal plates along arms bare. Superambulacral plates reduced. Internal buttress absent. Pedicellariae absent.	en	Mah, Christopher (2007): Phylogeny of the Zoroasteridae (Zorocallina; Forcipulatida): evolutionary events in deep-sea Asteroidea displaying Palaeozoic features. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 150 (1): 177-210, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00291.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00291.x
03F187FAFFA6FFE384FF88346904FDF4.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: Philippines. NMNH 40573. Masbate Passage, Baleno, Masbate Island. 12 ° 25 ′ 18 ″ N, 123 ° 37 ′ 15 ″ Coll. 21. iv. 1908. [1 wet spec. R = ∼ 7.0, r = 0.7 (arms broken, spec. partially disartculated)] NMNH 40562. NE of Cataingan, masbate Island, Samar Sea. 12 ° 4 ′ 15 ″ N, 124 ° 4 ′ 36 ″ E (mixed stations). Coll. 20. iv. 1908. [6 wet specs. R = 5.9, r = 0.7; R = 5.2, r = 0.7; R = ∼ 5.0, r = 0.7; R = 5.0, r = 0.7; R = 3.7, r = 0.7; R = 3.8, r = 0.7 (arm tips broken)] NMNH 40215 Destacado Island, Northern Samar, Samar Sea, 12 ° 12 ′ 35 ″ N, 124 ° 2 ′ 48 ″ E, 247 m. Coll. 13. iii. 1909. [7 wet specs. R = 6.1, r = 0.8; R = 6.1, r = 0.7; R = 5.8, r = 0.7; R = 6.1, r = 0.7; R = 6.2, r = 0.7; R = 5.6, r = 0.6; R = 5.5, r = 0.6 (arm tips broken] NMNH E 50370, Bohol Strait, Bohol. 90 m. Coll. 22. xi. 1979. [2 wet specs. R = 10.0, r = 0.8; R = 9.1, r = 0.8 (arm tips broken)]	en	Mah, Christopher (2007): Phylogeny of the Zoroasteridae (Zorocallina; Forcipulatida): evolutionary events in deep-sea Asteroidea displaying Palaeozoic features. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 150 (1): 177-210, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00291.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00291.x
03F187FAFFA7FFE385188F5C6F93FB4F.taxon	etymology	Etymology: Latin (sagena) for fish-net, referring to the reticulate or net-like skeleton in this genus. Type species: Zoroaster evermanni Fisher, 1905. Diagnosis: Disc and arm skeleton reticulate. Plates cruciform, forming open papular fields. Primary spines present on all plates. Internal buttress absent.	en	Mah, Christopher (2007): Phylogeny of the Zoroasteridae (Zorocallina; Forcipulatida): evolutionary events in deep-sea Asteroidea displaying Palaeozoic features. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 150 (1): 177-210, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00291.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00291.x
03F187FAFFA7FFE385188F5C6F93FB4F.taxon	materials_examined	Material: Alaska: CASIZ 115898, Aleutian Islands, Unalaska Island, 54.00 ° 21.50 ″ N, 167.00 ° 47.50 ″ W, 905 – 910 m, Coll. 14. vi. 1979 (wet spec. R = 17.2, r = 1.6). Oregon: NMNH E 10356, SW of mouth of Columbia River, 45 ° 51.5 ′ N, 124 ° 42 ′ W. 823 m, Coll. 6. iii. 1962. (1 dry spec. R = 12.6, r = 0.9 cm) NMNH E 10359 SW of mouth of Columbia River, 45 ° 52.3 ′ N, 124 ° 52 ′ W. 823 m, Coll. 13. v. 1963. (1 dry spec. R = 9.1, r = 0.9 cm) NMNH E 16023, SW of mouth of Columbia River, 45 ° 52 ′ N, 124 ° 54 ′ W. 823 m, Coll. 27. v. 1962 (1 dry spec. R = 9.2, r = 0.9 cm); NMNH E 10360, SW of mouth of Columbia River, 45 ° 40.5 ′ N, 124 ° 55 ′ W, 1372 m, Coll. 2. viii. 1963. (1 dry spec. R = 3.2, r = 0.35 cm) NMNH E 10357, SW of mouth of Columbia River, 45 ° 52 ′ N, 124 ° 54 ′ W. 732 m, Coll. 23. i. 1963. (1 dry spec. R = 14.2, r = 0.8 cm) NMNH E 16019, SW of mouth of Columbia River, 45 ° 56 ′ N, 124 ° 51 ′ W. 682 m, Coll. 12. iii. 1962. [1 dry spec. R = ∼ 8.2, r = 0.8 cm (arm tips broken)] NMNH E 10358, SW of mouth of Columbia River, 45 ° 57.3 ′ N, 124 ° 48.7 ′ W. 594 m, Coll. 10. v. 1962. [1 dry spec. R = ∼ 16, r = 0.9 cm (arm tips broken)] NMNH E 16007, SW of mouth of Columbia River, 46 ° 14 ′ N, 124 ° 44 ′ W. 979 m, Coll. 13. iii. 1962. [2 dry specs. R = ∼ 12.5, r = 1.0 cm, R = 7.2, r = 0.8 cm (arm tips broken)] CASIZ 122302, Off Oregon coast, 44 ° 20 ′ N, 125 ° 5 ′ W, 823 – 914.0 m, Coll. 10. xii. 1961 (1 wet spec. R = 11.8, r = 0.7). CASIZ 121506 Cascadia Plain, 45 ° 55.50 ′ N, 125 ° 38.8 ′ W, 2030.0 m, Coll. 20. iii. 1970. (5 wet specs. R = 2.0, r = 0.3, R = 1.1, r = 0.2, R = 0.8, r = 0.2; R = 1.1, r = 0.2, R = 0.4, r = 0.1) California: CASIZ 113317 Humboldt County on mud, 704 – 841 m, Coll. vi. 1977. (3 dry spec. R = 8.8, r = 1.2, R = 12.2, r = 1.1; R = 9.7, r = 0.8) CASIZ 113318 Eureka, Humboldt County on soft green-black mud, 100 – 1005 m, Coll. i. 1977. (2 dry specs. R = 10.6, r = 0.8, R = 11.2, r = 0.8) CASIZ 11319, Eureka, Humboldt County on soft green-black mud, 823 m [2 dry specs. R = 10.5, r = 1.1, R = ∼ 15, r = 1.1 (arm tips broken)] CASIZ 115950 Off Point Loma Lighthouse, San Diego on green mud, fine sand, 294 – 933 m, Coll. 5. iii. 1904. [1 wet spec. R = 13.9, r = 1.1 (arm tips broken)] CASIZ 115910 Gulf of Farallones, 913 – 1000 m, Coll. 16. xii. 1985. (2 wet specs., R = 3.1, r = 0.4, R = 2.6, r = 0.6) CASIZ 115925 Off Bodega head, Sonoma County, 549 – 567.0 m Coll. 16. iii. 1965. [1 wet spec. R = ∼ 14.8, r = 1.0 (arms broken)]	en	Mah, Christopher (2007): Phylogeny of the Zoroasteridae (Zorocallina; Forcipulatida): evolutionary events in deep-sea Asteroidea displaying Palaeozoic features. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 150 (1): 177-210, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00291.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00291.x
03F187FAFFA7FFE387E789EA6E2EFA15.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Asterias cancriformis Quenstedt, 1876. Diagnosis: Disc small. Disc and arm with imbricate skeleton. Plates polygonal to weakly lobate. Large primary spines present. Terminal plate enlarged.	en	Mah, Christopher (2007): Phylogeny of the Zoroasteridae (Zorocallina; Forcipulatida): evolutionary events in deep-sea Asteroidea displaying Palaeozoic features. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 150 (1): 177-210, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00291.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00291.x
03F187FAFFA4FFE084D38E906988F950.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: Alaska. CASIZ 120350 Patton Seamount, Gulf of Alaska. [1 wet spec. R> 15.4, r = 2.1 (arms broken)] NMNH 37039 HOLOTYPE, North of Amukta Pass, Island of Four Mountains, Aleutian Islands, Bering Sea. 53 ° 12 ′ N, 171 ° 37 ′ W, 2226 m, coll. 29. v. 1906 (1 wet spec. R = 16.1, r = 1.1) California. CASIZ 769 Monterey Fan Valley, 36.00 ° 33.70 ″ N, 122.00 ° 27.20 ″ W, 2430 − 2710 m, Coll. 21. iii. 1975. (8 wet spec. R = 9.7, r = 0.8; R = 7.6, r = 0.8; R = 8.8, r = 0.8; R = 6.1, r = 0.7; R = 6.1, r = 0.6; R = 5.2, r = 0.6) CASIZ 115905 East Cortes Bank, 32.00 ° 15.90 ″ Ν 118.00 ° 41.20 ″ W, 1617 − 1678 m, Coll. 20. i. 1985. (2 wet specs. R = 13.4, r = 1.0, R = 12.3, r = 1.0) Chile. CASIZ 115934 Off Chile, 45 ° 35 ′ N, 75 ° 55 ′ W 1920.0 m, Coll. 11. ii. 1888. (1 wet spec. R = 11.1, r = 1.1) NMNH 1084274 west mouth of Straits of Magellan. 53 ° 13 ′ S, 75 ° 41 ′ W to 53 ° 16 ′ S, 75 ° 41 ′ W. 1500 − 1666 m. Coll. 5. i. 1966. (2 dry specs. R = 15.1, r = 1.3; R = 12.5, r = 1.0).	en	Mah, Christopher (2007): Phylogeny of the Zoroasteridae (Zorocallina; Forcipulatida): evolutionary events in deep-sea Asteroidea displaying Palaeozoic features. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 150 (1): 177-210, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00291.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00291.x
03F187FAFFA4FFE084C88B976F9EFEAC.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: Philippines. CASIZ 104213, NE of Calagua Islands. 14 ° 41 ′ 7 ″, 123 ° 24 ′ 12 ″ 435 – 451.0 m. Coll. 27. ix. 1995 (1 wet spec. R = 7.7, r = 0.7). Madagascar. CASIZ 115902 Off Nosy Be. 12 ° 31 ′ 30 ″, 48 ° 5 ′ 3 ″. 700 – 710.0 m, coll. 24. xi. 1988. (3 wet spec. R = 5.2, r = 0.4; R = 6.6, r = 0.6; R = 7.6, r = 0.6)	en	Mah, Christopher (2007): Phylogeny of the Zoroasteridae (Zorocallina; Forcipulatida): evolutionary events in deep-sea Asteroidea displaying Palaeozoic features. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 150 (1): 177-210, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00291.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00291.x
03F187FAFFA4FFE087B4891B6FC0FB70.taxon	description	Occurrence: Bay of Bengal, 2780 m.	en	Mah, Christopher (2007): Phylogeny of the Zoroasteridae (Zorocallina; Forcipulatida): evolutionary events in deep-sea Asteroidea displaying Palaeozoic features. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 150 (1): 177-210, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00291.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00291.x
03F187FAFFA4FFE0852E8C116A39FC49.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Zoroaster fulgens Thomson, 1873. Diagnosis: Disc small. Disc and arm with imbricate skeleton. Carinal plates ridge-like. Primary spines present or absent on carinals, marginal plate series. Superambulacrals reduced. Internal buttress absent.	en	Mah, Christopher (2007): Phylogeny of the Zoroasteridae (Zorocallina; Forcipulatida): evolutionary events in deep-sea Asteroidea displaying Palaeozoic features. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 150 (1): 177-210, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00291.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00291.x
03F187FAFFA5FFE184CA8EA46F5EF8AF.taxon	materials_examined	Material: North Atlantic. NMNH E 38674 Hudson Canyon, off New Jersey. 38 ° 29 ′ 48 ″ N, 72 ° 32 ′ 54 ″ W, 2625 − 2640 m. Coll. 30. vii. 1975. (2 dry specs. R = 9.9, r = 1.1; R = 13.1, r = 1.4) NMNH 14274 Georges Bank, Massachusetts, 41 ° 9 ′ 40 ″ N, 66 ° 2 ′ 20 ″ W, 2296 m. Coll. 4. ix. 1883. [2 dry specs. R = 11.2, r = 1.5; R = ∼ 10, r = 1.2 (arm tips broken)] NMNH E 18533, Off Andros Island, Tongue of the Ocean, Bahamas. 24 ° 26 ′ N, 77 ° 34 ′ W, 1565 m, Coll. 28. ix. 1967 (4 dry specs. R = 1.3, r = 0.2; R = 1.9, r = 0.3; R = 10.0, r = 1.6; R = 9.9, r = 1.1). NMNH E 18534, North of Little Bahama Bank, 27 ° 30 ′ N, 78 ° 38 ′ W, 490 m. Coll. 5. ii. 1964 (1 dry spec. R = 3.8, r = 0.5). NMNH E 38657, East of Virginia Beach, Virginia. 36 ° 42 ′ N, 74 ° 4 ′ 30 ″ W, 2400 − 2450 m, Coll. 24. vii. 1975. [3 dry specs. R = 16.7, r = 1.2; R = 17.4, r = 1.7; R = 18.6, r = 1.7 (arms broken, or twisted in several specs.)] Gulf of Mexico. NMNH 1017683, off Florida. 28 ° 16 ′ N, 86 ° 36 ′ 16 ″ E, 838 – 847 m. Coll. 20. v. 1985. [16 dry specs. R = 4.7 r = 0.7; R = 9.2, r = 1.0; R = 6.1, r = 0.7; R = 9.7, r = 0.9; R = 10.1, r = 1.0; R = 8.4, r = − 0.9; R = 3.6, r = 0.6; R = 3.2, r = 0.5; R = 1.9, r = 0.4; R = 11.6, r = 0.9; R = 13.1, r = 1.1; r = 9.2, r = 0.8; R = 9.9, r = 0.9; R = 10.3, r = 0.9 (arm tips broken on several)] Caribbean Sea. NMNH E 18538 Off of Roque Islands, Venezuela. 11 ° 50 ′ N, 66 ° 10 ′ W, 1059 m, Coll. 23. vii. 1968 (3 dry specs. R = 2.3 r = 0.5; R = 1.5, r = 0.4; R = 1.9, r = 0.3), NMNH E 18539, East of St. Vincent Island, 13 ° 20 ′ 48 ″ N, 61 ° 2 ′ 30 ″ W, 658 – 841 m (1 dry spec. R = 0.9, r = 0.2) Guyana-Surinam. NMNH E 18529, NE of Paramaribo, 7 ° 21 ′ N, 53 ° 15 ′ W, 549 m. Coll. 21. iii. 1965. [2 dry specs, R = 6.5, r = 0.7; R = 7.7, r = 0.8 (arms broken on specs.)] NMNH E 19310 N of Georgetown, 8 ° 14 ′ N, 57 ° 38 ′ W, 1408 m. Coll. 15. vii. 1968. (1 dry spec. R = ∼ 10, r = 1.3 (arm tips broken)] NMNH E 18536 NE of Paramaribo, 8 ° 33 ′ N, 54 ° 18 ′ W, 1253 m. Coll. 12. vii. 1968. (1 dry spec. arms disarticulated, r = 0.8) South Atlantic. NMNH E 47618, Shag Rocks, South Georgia Island, Scotia Sea. 50 ° 51 ′ 12 ″ S, 43 ° 3 ′ 12 ″ W, 1351 − 1362 m. Coll. 9. v. 1975. (2 dry specs. R = 9.6, r = 1.1; R = 17, r = 1.6) NMNH E 47615, NW of South Georgia Island, Scotia Sea. 51 ° 2 ′ 12 ″ S, 42 ° 47 ′ 36 ″ W, 1481 − 1546 m, Coll. 9. v. 1975. [4 dry specs. R = ∼ 23, r = 2.0; R = 19.6, r = 2.1; R = ∼ 24, r = 2.1; R = 23.4, r = 1.8 (arms twisted, broken on some)] NMNH E 47586, Shag Rocks, South Georgia Island, Scotia Sea. 50 ° 51 ′ 12 ″ S, 43 ° 3 ′ 12 ″ W, 1351 − 1362 m. Coll. 9. v. 1975. [5 dry specs. R = 17.1, r = 1.4; R = 20.3, r = 2.1; R = 17.7, r = 1.5; R = 16.2, r = 1.5; R = ∼ 23, r = 1.8 (arms broken twisted)] Indian Ocean (South Africa). SIO E 2941, off tip of South Africa, 53 ° 21.1 ′ S, 24 ° 56 ′ E, 1100 − 1400 m. Coll. 21. i. 1984 (1 wet spec. R = 12.1, r = 1.6); SIO E 2943, off tip of South Africa, 46 ° 30.8 ′ S, 33 ° 51 ′ E, 2700 − 3900 m, Coll. 27. i. 1984 (R = 16.0, r = 1.3). Fossil material: NMNH 256068. Eocene, Upper La Meseta Formation, Antarctica, Seymour Island. Disc and arm fragments.	en	Mah, Christopher (2007): Phylogeny of the Zoroasteridae (Zorocallina; Forcipulatida): evolutionary events in deep-sea Asteroidea displaying Palaeozoic features. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 150 (1): 177-210, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00291.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00291.x
03F187FAFFA2FFE684EE8DFD694DFDBC.taxon	discussion	Comments: Similar to Zoroaster magnificus, a possible synonym, but differs in size and primary circlet plate morphology. Occurrence: Mexico, 3436 m. Material: Mexico. NMNH 34382, Punta Maldonado, 14 ° 46 ′ N, 98 ° 40 ′ W, 3436 m, Coll. 10. iv. 1891. [1 wet spec. R = 22.0, r = 1.3 (arms broken)]	en	Mah, Christopher (2007): Phylogeny of the Zoroasteridae (Zorocallina; Forcipulatida): evolutionary events in deep-sea Asteroidea displaying Palaeozoic features. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 150 (1): 177-210, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00291.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00291.x
03F187FAFFA2FFE6848A8FB3697CFC21.taxon	materials_examined	Material: MCZ 2499 - PARATYPE. Great Australian Bight. 129 ° 28 ′ E, 146 – 219 m (1 dry spec. R = 16.2, r = 1.5); NMNH 1084275 Chatham Rise, 43 ° 40 ′ S, 179 ° 28 ′ E, 403 m, Coll. 24. i. 1954. [1 dry spec. R = ∼ 15.5, r = 2.1 (arms broken)]	en	Mah, Christopher (2007): Phylogeny of the Zoroasteridae (Zorocallina; Forcipulatida): evolutionary events in deep-sea Asteroidea displaying Palaeozoic features. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 150 (1): 177-210, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00291.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00291.x
03F187FAFFA2FFE684EE891769C5F934.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: California. LACM 37 ° 39.05 ′ N, 123 ° 27.36 ′ W to 37 ° 39.20 ′ N, 123 ° 25.60 ′ W. 2775 − 2840 m. Coll. 28. vii. 1992 [1 wet spec. R = ∼ 14.5, r = 1.3 (arm tips broken)]; LACM 37 ° 39.05 ′ N, 123 ° 27.36 ′ W to 37 ° 39.20 ′ N, 123 ° 25.60 ′ W. 2775 − 2840 m. Coll. 28. vii. 1992 [1 wet spec. R = ∼ 16.0, r = 1.3 (arm tips broken)] South and Central America. NMNH E 944 SYN- TYPE (PARALECTOTYPE) SE of Galapagos Islands, 4 ° 33 ′ S, 87 ° 42 ′ 30 ″ W, 3667 m, Coll. 9. xi. 1904 [1 wet spec. R = 29.5, r = 14.0 (arms broken)]; NMNH 34383 SYN- TYPE SW of Coiba Island, Panama. 6 ° 17 ′ N, 82 ° 5 ′ W, 3058 m, Coll. 24. ii. 1891. [2 wet spec. R = 27, r = ∼ 13; R = 26.5, r = ∼ 13 (arms broken, specs. damaged)]	en	Mah, Christopher (2007): Phylogeny of the Zoroasteridae (Zorocallina; Forcipulatida): evolutionary events in deep-sea Asteroidea displaying Palaeozoic features. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 150 (1): 177-210, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00291.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00291.x
03F187FAFFA2FFE684EF8A2D6894FDD3.taxon	description	Occurrence: Japan. Indian Ocean-Moluccas. 1280 m. Material examined: Japan. CASIZ 115932 Honsu, Kinka San Lighthouse 38 ° 11 ′ 30 ″ N, 142 ° 12 ′ E, 730 m, Coll. 10. x. 1906. [1 wet spec. R = 10.8 r = 1.0 (arm tips broken)] Indian Ocean. NMNH HOLOTYPE 37009, Buru Island, Moluccas, Indonesia, 3 ° 53 ′ 20 ″ S, 126 ° 48 ′ E, 1280 m. Coll. 10. xii. 1909. (1 wet spec. R = 20.5, r = 1.2).	en	Mah, Christopher (2007): Phylogeny of the Zoroasteridae (Zorocallina; Forcipulatida): evolutionary events in deep-sea Asteroidea displaying Palaeozoic features. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 150 (1): 177-210, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00291.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00291.x
03F187FAFFA2FFE687B58F776E16FB8C.taxon	materials_examined	Material: Philippines. CASIZ 104217, SE Luzon, Lagonoy Gulf. 13 ° 21 ′ N, 124 ° 12 ′ E, 1037.0 m. Coll. 24. ix. 1995. (1 wet spec. R = 12.8, r = 1.1) Indonesia. CASIZ 18407 HOLOTYPE (partial) Dodepo Island, Teluk, Celebes. 0 ° 16 ′ 28 ′, 121 ° 33 ′ 30 ″, 1525 m, Coll. 17. xi. 1909. (1 wet arm fragment) South China Sea. NMNH 40351, SW of Tungsha Island 20 ° 05 ′ N, 116 ° 5 ′ E, 958 m, Coll. 8. viii. 1908. (1 dry spec. disarticulated)	en	Mah, Christopher (2007): Phylogeny of the Zoroasteridae (Zorocallina; Forcipulatida): evolutionary events in deep-sea Asteroidea displaying Palaeozoic features. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 150 (1): 177-210, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00291.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00291.x
03F187FAFFA2FFE787B789B169E0FD7A.taxon	materials_examined	Material: Oregon. NMNH E 16008 SW of mouth of Columbia River, 45 ° 42 ′ 36 ″ N, 125 ° 12 ′ 36 ″ W. 1920 m, Coll. v. 1964. [1 dry spec. R = ∼ 21.0 cm, r = 1.0 cm (arms broken)] NMNH E 10362 SW of mouth of Columbia River, 45 ° 50.4 ′ N, 125 ° 11.2 ′ W, 1646 m, Coll. 2. ix. 1963. (1 dry spec. R = 2.0, r = 0.3 cm). NMNH E 15986, SW of Mouth of Columbia River, 45 ° 38 ′ 36 ″ N, 125 ° 18 ′ W. 2103 m [22 dry specs. R = 17.5, r = 1.1; R = 10.6 r = 1.1; R = ∼ 17 r = 1.1; R = 13.5, r = 1.1; R = ∼ 15, r = 1.2; R = ∼ 17, r = 1.4; R = ∼ 17.6 r = 1.3; R = 13.6, r = 1.1; R = ∼ 18 r = 1.1; R = ∼ 16.7, r = 1.1; R = 14.4, r = 1.2; R = 13.7, r = 1.3; R = 11.7, r = 1.3; R = 17.8, r = 1.1; R = 16.3, r = 1.2; R = 14.3, r = 1.2; R = ∼ 13.0, r = 1.2; R = 13.4, r = 1.1; R = ∼ 13.2, r = 1.1; R = ∼ 7.8, r = 1.1; R = ∼ 16.5 r = 1.1 (siX-rays) (arms broken or twisted)] California. LACM Farallon Islands slope, 37 ° 38.40 ′ N, 123 ° 21.53 ′ W to 37 ° 38.36 ′ N, 123 ° 19.90 ′ W, 2300 − 2375 m. Coll. 29. vii. 1991. (1 wet spec. R = 3.1, r = 0.6). CASIZ 115916 West Cortes Bank, 32 ° 13 ′ N, 119 ° 15.6 ′ W, 1583 − 1678 m, Coll. 19. i. 1985. (1 wet spec. R = 8.3, r = 0.7) CASIZ 115918 Monterey fan valley, Monterey Bay, off Point Cypress 36 ° 33.70 ′ N, 122 ° 27.20 ′ W, 2430 − 2710.0 m, Coll. 21. iii. 1975 (1 wet spec. R = 9.6 r = 0.9). CASIZ 115923 off southern California on grey mud 32 ° 17 ′ N, 119 ° 17 ′ W, Coll. 17. i. 1889. [1 wet spec. R = ∼ 3.2, r = 0.2 (arms broken)] Mexico. NMNH 32450, SW of San Carlos Point, Baja California. 29 ° 23 ′ N, 116 ° 14 ′ W, 1607 m. Coll. 29. iv. 1911. [1 dry spec. R = 12.5, r = 0.9 (arm tips broken)] NMNH 33252 SW of Punta Abreojos, Baja California. 26 ° 14 ′ N, 114 °, 1701 m. Coll. 22. iv. 1911. (2 dry specs. R = 2.6, r = 0.5, R = 3.0, r = 0.5)	en	Mah, Christopher (2007): Phylogeny of the Zoroasteridae (Zorocallina; Forcipulatida): evolutionary events in deep-sea Asteroidea displaying Palaeozoic features. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 150 (1): 177-210, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00291.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00291.x
03F187FAFFA3FFE784C48FDC69C7FC64.taxon	discussion	Comments: Holotype material is probably lost.	en	Mah, Christopher (2007): Phylogeny of the Zoroasteridae (Zorocallina; Forcipulatida): evolutionary events in deep-sea Asteroidea displaying Palaeozoic features. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 150 (1): 177-210, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00291.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00291.x
03F187FAFFA3FFE784C6885B6EDFFD95.taxon	materials_examined	Material: Alaska. CASIZ 113329, West point of Yunaska Island 53 ° 46 ′ N, 171 ° 37 ′ W, 2226.0 m, Coll. 29. v. 1906. (1 dry spec-arm fragment only) Hawai’i. NMNH 21187 HOLOTYPE, West of Kalaupapa, Molokai Island. 21 ° 14 ′ 45 ″ N, 157 ° 5 ′ 5 ″ W, 600 – 757 m. Coll. 18. iv. 1902 (1 wet spec. R = 11.7, r = 1.1) NMNH 31382 PARATYPE, Hanamaulu Bay, Kauai Island. 22 ° 2 ′ 10 ″ N, 159 ° 18 ′ 15 ″ W, 620 – 936 m. Coll. 2. viii. 1902. (1 wet spec. R = 11.8, r = 1.0) NMNH 32210 PARATYPE, Between Molokai and Oahu Islands, Kawai Channel. 21 ° 22 ′ 35 ″ N, 157 ° 24 ′ 40 ″ W, 792 – 817 m, Coll. 24. vii. 1902 (1 wet spec. R = 15.0, r = 1.2); CASIZ 171711 Pioneer Bank, 25 ° 48.12 ′ N, 173 ° 25.92 ′ W. 1797 m. Coll. 8. x. 2003 (1 wet spec. R = 17.3, r = 1.2). New Zealand. NMNH 1084276, 8 miles east of White Island, Bay of Plenty, North Island. 630 – 550 m, Coll. 30. ix. 1963. [4 dry specs. R = 10.3, r = 1.4, R = 8.5, r = 1.3, R = 8.8, r = 1.2, R = 10.2, r = 1.1 (arms broken)]	en	Mah, Christopher (2007): Phylogeny of the Zoroasteridae (Zorocallina; Forcipulatida): evolutionary events in deep-sea Asteroidea displaying Palaeozoic features. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 150 (1): 177-210, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00291.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00291.x
03F187FAFFA3FFE787988F426F6AFC70.taxon	discussion	Comments: Based on juvenile specimens. A likely synonym of Z. fulgens.	en	Mah, Christopher (2007): Phylogeny of the Zoroasteridae (Zorocallina; Forcipulatida): evolutionary events in deep-sea Asteroidea displaying Palaeozoic features. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 150 (1): 177-210, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00291.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00291.x
03F187FAFFA3FFE4874C8A0F69EDFDE5.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: California. NMNH E 8926 Off Poinht San Pedro, Channel Islands, Santa Cruz. 34 °, 119 °, 818 – 933. Coll. 14. iv. 1904. (2 dry specs. R = 4.3, r = 0.5; R = 4.6, r = 0.5, and other arm fragments, disarticulated specimens).	en	Mah, Christopher (2007): Phylogeny of the Zoroasteridae (Zorocallina; Forcipulatida): evolutionary events in deep-sea Asteroidea displaying Palaeozoic features. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 150 (1): 177-210, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00291.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00291.x
03F187FAFFA0FFE4848B8EB36A12FB60.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: Bahamas. NMNH E 18509. South of Pinders Point, Grand Bahama Island. 26 ° 17 ′ N, 78 ° 41 ′ W. 513 – 715 m. Coll. 3. iii. 1965. (1 dry spec. s R = 9.1, r = 1.7 cm).	en	Mah, Christopher (2007): Phylogeny of the Zoroasteridae (Zorocallina; Forcipulatida): evolutionary events in deep-sea Asteroidea displaying Palaeozoic features. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 150 (1): 177-210, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00291.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00291.x
