identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03F087D4FFC5FFA14AB689F7E768FE93.text	03F087D4FFC5FFA14AB689F7E768FE93.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Marsdenia calichicola Carnevali & Juarez-Jaimes 2016	<div><p>Marsdenia calichicola Carnevali &amp; Juárez-Jaimes, sp. nov. (Figs. 1, 2)</p> <p>Similar to M. trivirgulata but the corolla is rotate (vs. campanulate), pubescent adaxially (vs. glabrous), glabrous or glabrescent abaxially (vs. puberulent), the callous cushions are transversely elliptic, densely pubescent, broader than long (vs. longer than wide, pubescent), and the stylar appendix is proportionally longer and apically sigmoid (vs. straight).</p> <p>Type:― MEXICO. Yucatán: Municipio Chicxulub Pueblo, camino blanco entre Rancho Chenwayum y Rancho San Antonio, ubicado a unos 9 km al S del desvío de la carretera Progreso-Telchac a lo largo de la carretera Chicxulub Puerto-Chicxulub Pueblo; partiendo del desvío son 2.79 km al E y luego 1.17 km al N, 21°14’9.47”N, 89° 32’0.62”W, 5–8 m.s.n.m., selva baja caducifolia con abundancia de cactáceas columnares y muchas leguminosas espinosas sobre suelos someros y afloramientos de rocas calizas, [unpaved road between Chenwayum and Rancho San Antonio, about 9 km south of turnoff from the <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-89.53351&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=21.235964" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -89.53351/lat 21.235964)">Chicxulub Puerto-Chicxulub Pueblo</a> highway; 2.79 km E from turnoff, then 1.17 km N, 21°14’9.47”N, 89° 32’0.62”W, 5–8 m above sea level, low caducifolious forest with many columnar cacti and spiny legumes over shallow soils and limestone outcrops], 6 November 2008, G. Carnevali, R. Duno, J. C. Trejo &amp; D. Angulo 7394 (holotype CICY!; isotypes MEXU!, MO!).</p> <p>Twining or basally subprostrate vines with white latex, heliophilous. Stems basally glabrous or glabrescent, brown, subwoody and corky-suberous, often rooting upon contacting the topsoil layer, eventually yielding new ramets; young branches retrorse-puberulent with simple hairs 0.2–0.4 mm long, these arranged in irregular longitudinal bands. Leaves opposite, blades 3.0–4.5 × 1.5–2.4 cm, elliptic to widely elliptic, apex acute to abruptly acuminate, more rarely obtuse to broadly obtuse, margin entire, base acute-cuneate, adaxial surface dark green, sparsely strigulose, abaxial surface paler green, more sparsely strigulose, lateral veins sulcate, 3–4 pairs emerging at an angle of ca. 45° relative to the midnerve, laxly provided with long pale green hairs, conical colleters 2 at adaxial base of midrib, ca. 0.5 mm long; petioles 3–6(–8) mm long, sulcate ventrally, with ubiquitous pubescence but denser toward the bases, consisting of 0.2–0.4 mm long hairs. Inflorescences axillary, one per node, an umbelliform cyme, 4–8-flowered, with 2–3 clustered flowers facing different directions open simultaneously; peduncle ca. 2 mm long, slightly and irregularly puberulent, the pubescence ubiquitous but denser toward the base, hairs 0.2–0.4 mm long, pedicels 1–2 mm long; bracts 0.8–1.1 mm long, one per flower, ovate, apex acute, slightly and irregularly puberulent. Flowers relatively showy, calyx shorter than the corolla tube, lobes 2.4–2.6 × 1.2–1.4 mm, ovate to ovate elliptic, dextrosely imbricate, apex broadly obtuse, abaxial surface glabrescent or slightly and irregularly puberulent, margin ciliolate, colleters 2 per sinus, conical, ca. 0.2 mm long; corolla white with 3–4 reddish longitudinal bands in the basal half of each lobe, color bands tenuously noticeable on the abaxial surface (the color pattern is obscured in dry material), rotate, 5–6 mm diameter, tube 1.5–2.0 mm long, adaxially glabrous or very sparsely pubescent with the pubescence arising from the throat to the corolla lobes, abaxially glabrous, throat densely pubescent, corolla lobes oblong elliptic, 3.5–4.5 × 1.0– 1.1 mm, apex obtuse to obliquely subtruncate-emarginate, slightly and regularly puberulent in the inner surface, glabrous on the outer surface, margins slightly revolute, sparsely ciliolate, particularly toward the apex; callous cushions of the corolline corona transversely oblong to sub orbicular, located at the sinus of the corolla lobes, densely pubescent; gynostegium 1.8–2.0 mm long (not including the stylar head appendix), sessile, narrowly conical; gynostegial corona 5-lobed, adnate to the stamens only at the very base, covering the basal third of the anther appendages, lobes 0.6–0.7 × 1.1–1.2 mm, apex broadly rounded, concave and thickened marginally, overlapping contiguous lobes and covering the stigmatic surface; anthers 1.3–1.4 × 0.4–0.5 mm, anther membranes triangular-caudate, 0.3–0.4 mm long, apex acute; style head appendix conical, rostrate, sigmoid in the apical half, apex cleft about 1/3 of its length, 2.2–2.3 mm long; corpuscle oblong, ca. 0.2 × 0.05 mm, straight, apex rounded; pollinia ca. 0.25 × 0.06 mm, narrowly obovate-reniform, caudicles ca. 0.1 mm long. Follicles unknown.</p> <p>Etymology:―The specific epithet “ calichicola ” refers to the habit of growing over caliche, the hardened sedimentary rock that outcrops in many places of the northern Yucatan Peninsula and forms a thick, impermeable shell that sustains a xerophytic or sclerophyllous, endemic-rich community. Marsdenia calichicola inhabits this ecosystem, with the basal portion of its stems often trailing and rooting over the naked rock in the shade of shrubs.</p> <p>Phenology:― Marsdenia calichicola has been observed in flower in October (2011) and November (2008, 2011). When in bloom, 4–10 distal internodes per branch flower simultaneously, with a mature plant producing several hundred, faintly and sweetly fragrant flowers. However, in spite of abundant flowers produced, no fruits have been seen to date. Self-sterility has been reported for some species of Asclepias L. (Wyatt &amp; Lipow 2007); for example, the inability to produce fruits is due to a single gene (Lipow &amp; Wyatt 2010) in Asclepias exaltata L. (1756: 404) a member of the APSA group (a clade consisting of subfamilies Apocynoideae, Periplocoideae, Secamonoideae, and Asclepiadoideae, Livshultz et al. 2007) such as the genus Marsdenia. The scarcity of fruits in Marsdenia calichicola is probably related to self-sterility since incompatible systems are usually conserved among closely related taxa (de Nettancourt, 1977). Similarly, Acevedo (1999) reported the case of Marsdenia woodburyana Acevedo (1999: 167), a rare endemic from calcareous, coastal areas in Puerto Rico that similarly flowers sporadically and fruits rarely. Perhaps this phenological strategy is shared by other Marsdenia species growing in such habitats. In our experience with M. calichicola, no insects have been observed visiting the flowers or feeding on the vegetative portions. The plants are partially to totally deciduous during the peak of the dry season (late March–early June). In cultivation, with regular watering, most leaves are retained throughout the year. The species is readily propagated by means of rooted stolons, and several plants are already under cultivation at the Jardín Botánico Regional “Roger Orellana”, at CICY, and in a few private collections.</p> <p>Distribution and Ecology:― Marsdenia calichicola is restricted to a narrow fringe of very specialized habitat (Fig. 3). It is found only along the northernmost edge of an ecosystem characterized by the outcropping of a thick limestone slab, the caliche, which is variously eroded and covered partially by a thin layer of organic soil. This narrow strip of caliche is located from just a few hundred meters up to a few kilometers from the coast. This ecosystem has been called “selva baja caducifolia con cactáceas columnares” (low deciduous forest with columnar cacti, see Olmsted et al. 1999 for a characterization and Carnevali et al. 2003 for a brief discussion of its phytogeography). It harbors a specialized flora along with a mosaic of vegetation types adapted to high temperatures and severe seasonal drought. In fact, a relatively high number of the phytotaxa endemic to the YPBP seem to occur here (Carnevali et al. 2003) mainly because it constitutes an island of dry vegetation types surrounded by the sea or by moister plant associations to the south. To find other areas supporting these or equivalent vegetation types, a traveler would have to go the Chiapas Central Depression (650–700 km in a straight line to the SW) or to central Veracruz (800–850 km to the WSW), where similar plant associations occur.</p> <p>At the type locality, M. calichicola grows along with other restricted, critically endangered endemics such as Ipomoea sororia Austin &amp; Tapia-Muñoz (2001: 807), Wimmeria obtusifolia Standley (1930: 20), Zephyranthes orellanae Carnevali, Tapia-Muñoz &amp; Duno (in Carnevali et al. 2010a: 45), and several species of Cactaceae.</p> <p>Discussion:―On account of its compact inflorescences, shortly tubed corollas, lobes of the staminal corona not surpassing the anthers, and elongated stylar appendix, Marsdenia calichicola belongs to Marsdenia section Rostratae Rothe (1915: 425). Within the section, it is further referred to subsection Edules (Rothe 1915: 425) because of the corolla lobes much longer than the corolla tube (Rothe 1915, Juárez-Jaimes &amp; Alvarado-Cárdenas 2010). Within subsection Edules, M. calichicola belongs in a complex of three very similar, yet distinct species that include M. gallardoae Lozada-Pérez (2000: 128), from the Tehuantepec Isthmus area and contiguous Chiapas, and M. trivirgulata Bartlett (1909: 632), which ranges widely along the Pacific watershed from Sinaloa to Panama. This group of species referred to as the Marsdenia trivirgulata complex is characterized by small, ovate-elliptic leaves, short, densely flowered, subumbellate cymes, and basically white corollas with longitudinal red or red-purple stripes; all three species occur in tropical seasonally dry forests (“selva baja caducifolia”) at elevations below 500 m (rarely up to 800 m).</p> <p>Marsdenia calichicola is most similar and probably most closely related to M. trivirgulata from which it is easily distinguished, among other characters, by its densely pubescent corolla, ovate calyx lobes (vs. elliptic in M. trivirgulata) and the apically sigmoid stylar appendix (vs. straight). From M. gallardoae, which also features an internally pubescent corolla, the novelty presented here is easily diagnosable by the conspicuous cushion-like calli composing the corolline corona, which are absent from M. gallardoae and the 4–8 flowered inflorescences (2–4-flowered in M. gallardoae) The three species can be most easily distinguished by the following key, which includes additional characters:</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F087D4FFC5FFA14AB689F7E768FE93	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Carnevali, Germán;Trejo-Torres, Jorge Carlos;Juárez-Jaimes, Verónica;Duno, Rodrigo;Tapia-Muñoz, José Luis;Ramírez-Morillo, Ivón M.;Cetzal-Ix, William	Carnevali, Germán, Trejo-Torres, Jorge Carlos, Juárez-Jaimes, Verónica, Duno, Rodrigo, Tapia-Muñoz, José Luis, Ramírez-Morillo, Ivón M., Cetzal-Ix, William (2016): Marsdenia calichicola (Apocynaceae), a narrow endemic, endangered new species from the Mexican Yucatan Peninsula. Phytotaxa 270 (2): 146-154, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.270.2.7, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.270.2.7
03F087D4FFC2FFA14AB68C67E79AF809.text	03F087D4FFC2FFA14AB68C67E79AF809.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Marsdenia trivirgulata Bartlett 1909	<div><p>Key to the species of the Marsdenia trivirgulata complex</p> <p>1. Inflorescences with 2−4 flowers open at a time; corolla lacking a corona altogether; lobes of the gynostegial corona longer than wide, cordate, with a broadly rounded apex, covering 2/3 of the anther appendages; stylar appendix minutely bifid at apex; plants from the Tehuantepec Isthmus area and neighboring Chiapas State............................................................................. M. gallardoae</p> <p>− Inflorescences with 4−8 flowers open at a time; corolla exhibiting a corona of cushion-like calli; lobes of the gynostegial corona wider than long, subrectangular with a subtruncate apex, covering only the basal ¼ of the anther appendages; stylar appendix deeply bifid at apex; plants from the northern Yucatan Peninsula or from the Pacific watershed from Sinaloa (Mexico) southward to Panama...........................................................................................................................................................................................2</p> <p>2. Calyx lobes ovate; corolla white, with 3–4 continuous red stripes restricted to the lower half, rotate, internally densely pubescent, gynostegium 1.8–2.0 mm long; calli of the corolline corona densely pubescent, wider than long; stylar appendix ca. twice as long as the anther appendages, apically sigmoid; corpuscle thicker, ca. 3 times longer than wide, shorter than the pollinia; petioles 5–8 mm long; leaf blades adaxially sparsely strigulose, strigose abaxially; plants from the dry forests over caliche in the extreme NW of the Yucatan Peninsula................................................................................................................................................ M. calichicola</p> <p>– Calyx lobes elliptic; corolla white to pale red or purplish, with discontinuous red stripes over all its surface, campanulate, internally glabrous or glabrescent; gynostegium 1.0– 1.5 mm long; calli of the corolla glabrous, longer than wide; stylar appendix ca. 1.2–1.5 times longer than the anther appendages, apically straight; corpuscle very narrow, ca. 7 times longer than wide, as long or longer than the pollinia; petioles 6–10 mm long; leaf blades adaxially glabrescent or with adpressed hairs on the nerves, abaxially sparsely puberulent or with lax hairs on the veins; plants from the Pacific watershed from Sinaloa (Mexico) southward to Panama................................................................................................................................................................................................... M. trivirgulata</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F087D4FFC2FFA14AB68C67E79AF809	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Carnevali, Germán;Trejo-Torres, Jorge Carlos;Juárez-Jaimes, Verónica;Duno, Rodrigo;Tapia-Muñoz, José Luis;Ramírez-Morillo, Ivón M.;Cetzal-Ix, William	Carnevali, Germán, Trejo-Torres, Jorge Carlos, Juárez-Jaimes, Verónica, Duno, Rodrigo, Tapia-Muñoz, José Luis, Ramírez-Morillo, Ivón M., Cetzal-Ix, William (2016): Marsdenia calichicola (Apocynaceae), a narrow endemic, endangered new species from the Mexican Yucatan Peninsula. Phytotaxa 270 (2): 146-154, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.270.2.7, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.270.2.7
03F087D4FFC1FFA24AB68D76E79AF792.text	03F087D4FFC1FFA24AB68D76E79AF792.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Marsdenia Brown 1810	<div><p>Key for the species of Marsdenia from the Yucatan Peninsula Biotic Province</p> <p>1. Inflorescences laxly paniculate, often exceeding the subtending leaves, always very much exceeding the petioles, composed of long (25–70 mm), glabrous, filiform peduncles and branches each topped by an umbel with 3–5 long pedicelled flowers; pedicels 15–25 mm long.................................................................................................................................................................. M. laxiflora</p> <p>– Inflorescences congested, paniculiform or umbelliform, usually shorter than subtending leaves, shorter, subequaling to slightly longer than petioles, composed of one or few, short, thick, variously pubescent peduncles plus branches (1–16 mm long) each topped by few- to many-flowered fascicles or subumbels, pedicels 1.5–10.0 mm long....................................................................2</p> <p>2. Leaves narrowly elliptic or oblong, glabrous; colleters absent at leaf base; corolla greenish to extremely dark purple, almost black................................................................................................................................................................................... M. mayana</p> <p>– Leaves elliptic, ovate, broadly ovate to suborbicular, always pubescent; colleters present at leaf base; corolla white, pale yellow, greenish white, or white with red stripes............................................................................................................................................3</p> <p>3. Leaves broadly elliptic to suborbicular, almost as broad as long, base always cordate, sinus 1/10 of total leaf-blade length, inconspicuously ferruginous-puberulent; lateral veins 7–8 pairs; laminar colleters 6–24..................................................... M. hiriartiana</p> <p>– Leaves elliptic to ovate, almost twice as long as wide, base acute, truncate, obtuse to shallowly lobed, when rarely lobed then sinus not exceeding 1/20 of total leaf-blade length, glabrous or with various indument types but never ferruginous-puberulent; lateral veins 3–7 pairs; laminar colleters 2–10..............................................................................................................................................4</p> <p>4. Leaves oblong-elliptic to broadly elliptic, 3.0–4.5 × 1.5–2.4 cm, base cuneate; lateral veins 3-4 pairs; petioles 3–5 mm long; corollas white with 3-4 red longitudinal stripes that cover 2/3 of total corolla lobe length; sinuses of the corolla lobes with thickened, cushion-like, densely pubescent calli............................................................................................................................ M. calichicola</p> <p>– Leaves elliptic to ovate, 2.5–19.0 × 1.2–11.5 cm, base obtuse, truncate to shallowly lobed; lateral veins 4–7 pairs; petioles exceeding 5 mm; corolla pale yellow or greenish-white, never with red longitudinal stripes covering 2/3 of total corolla lobe length; sinuses of the corolla lobes lacking calli............................................................................................................................................5</p> <p>5. Leaves ovate, 2.5–7.8 × 1.2–5.9 cm; corolla subrotate, lobes adaxially appressed-pilose excepting a glabrous margin, abaxially glabrous or (more rarely) sparsely appressed-pilose; apex of the style rostrate................................................................. M. coulteri</p> <p>– Leaves elliptic to ovate, 5.5–19.0 x 3.3–11.4 cm; corolla campanulate or tubular, lobes adaxially papillose to glabrous, abaxially glabrous; apex of the style variously shaped but never rostrate.........................................................................................................6</p> <p>6. Leaf apex acuminate; petiole 1.4–6.0 cm long, appressed-tomentulose; pedicels 1.5–4.5 mm long; calyx lobes 1–2 × 0.8–1.5 mm; corolla campanulate, tube 1–2 mm long, lobes 1.5–2.5 × 0.8–1.5 mm, adaxially papillose; gynostegium stipitate, 0.2–0.4 mm tall; corolline corona absent; follicles 4.5–8.5 × 2–3 cm.................................................................................................... M. gualanensis</p> <p>– Leaf apex abruptly acuminate (more rarely rounded); petiole 0.9–3.8 cm long, glabrous or tomentulose; pedicels 4–10 mm long, calyx lobes 2.5–4 x 2–3 mm; corolla tubular-salverform, tube 2.5–3 mm long, lobes 2.5–3.5 × 1.5–2.5 mm, adaxially glabrous; gynostegium sessile, 2 mm tall; corolline corona present; follicles 10.5–13.0 × 3.5–4.0 cm........................................ M. propinqua</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F087D4FFC1FFA24AB68D76E79AF792	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Carnevali, Germán;Trejo-Torres, Jorge Carlos;Juárez-Jaimes, Verónica;Duno, Rodrigo;Tapia-Muñoz, José Luis;Ramírez-Morillo, Ivón M.;Cetzal-Ix, William	Carnevali, Germán, Trejo-Torres, Jorge Carlos, Juárez-Jaimes, Verónica, Duno, Rodrigo, Tapia-Muñoz, José Luis, Ramírez-Morillo, Ivón M., Cetzal-Ix, William (2016): Marsdenia calichicola (Apocynaceae), a narrow endemic, endangered new species from the Mexican Yucatan Peninsula. Phytotaxa 270 (2): 146-154, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.270.2.7, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.270.2.7
