taxonID	type	description	language	source
03F087BFDB3BFFC6FF294DD5B09DF34C.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype — MNHN. F. Qu 8950, left mandible, with p 2 - m 2, alveoli of p 1 and m 3. Referred specimen — MNHN. F. Qu 17762, a cranium bearing right and left P 2 - M 1, alveoli of I 1 - I 3, canine, P 1 and M 2. Locality — Aubrelong 1 (near Bach, Lot, France; Early Rupelian, MP 21).	en	Verger, Kévin Le, Letenneur, Charlène, Fischer, Valentin, Sánchez-Villagra, Marcelo R., Ladevèze, Sandrine, Solé, Floréal (2025): Cranial osteology of CYnodiCtiS (Amphicyonidae), the oldest European carnivoran. Swiss Journal of Palaeontology (15) 144 (1): 1-27, DOI: 10.1186/s13358-025-00350-z, URL: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13358-025-00350-z
03F087BFDB3BFFC6FF294DD5B09DF34C.taxon	description	Note — MNHN. F. Qu 17762 was first assigned by Filhol (1876) as belonging to Cynodictis intermedius, without further clarification, although the genus diagnosis does not include cranial characters (Le Verger et al., 2020). Despite the absence of a mandible, the attribution of MNHN. F. Qu 17762 to Cynodictis is supported by the upper dentition with a P 4 possessing a pointed and anteriorly placed protocone; an M 1 with a well-developed parastyle and equally developed para-, meta-, and protocones, with a symmetrical and crescentic protocone showing pre- and post-protocristae leading to equally sized para- and metaconules, respectively, and with a strong posterolingual cingulum (Le Verger et al., 2020). Specific-level determination is made difficult within the genus Cynodictis due to a poor upper dentition record and cranial remains known for only three or potentially four of the six / seven species that comprises the genus: Cynodictis exilis, Cynodictis lacustris, Cynodictis peignei, and potentially Cynodictis longirostris. In agreement with the synonymy envisioned by Bonis (1978) and proposed by Kotsakis (1980) of the species Cynodictis intermedius with Cynodictis lacustris, we support a taxonomic reassignment of MNHN. F. Qu 17762 to Cynodictis lacustris. Tis attribution is further supported by the presence of a more strongly pronounced accessory cusp of P 3 than in the other species; a wider protocone area of P 4; a wider, longer M 1 stylar shelf pointing more towards the cranial midline posteriorly; a broad transverse elongation of the zygomatic arches; a vertically oriented post-tympanic process of the squamosal; an intermediate width of the tensor tympani fossa and an intermediate position of the foramina for the ramus temporalis relatively to the sagittal crest between Cynodictis exilis and Cynodictis peignei, the latter having the widest tensor tympani fossa and foramina for the ramus temporalis, the closest to the sagittal crest; a narrow and shallow external acoustic meatus; and more strongly pronounced nuchal crests. Comparative anatomical description Sutures. Cranial bones of MNHN. F. Qu 17762 are not always well delineated. Visible sutures are mainly towards the front of the cranium: premaxilla, maxilla, nasal, frontal, palatine, lacrimal, orbitosphenoid, pterygoid, presphenoid, jugal, squamosal (zygomatic process and post-tympanic process), petrosal, and exoccipital bones are differentiable. Te absence of some sutures, combined with complete tooth eruption and slight traces of wear on the teeth suggest that the individual was a young adult. Dorsal view (Fig. 2 A) — Te rostrum has parallel edges,	en	Verger, Kévin Le, Letenneur, Charlène, Fischer, Valentin, Sánchez-Villagra, Marcelo R., Ladevèze, Sandrine, Solé, Floréal (2025): Cranial osteology of CYnodiCtiS (Amphicyonidae), the oldest European carnivoran. Swiss Journal of Palaeontology (15) 144 (1): 1-27, DOI: 10.1186/s13358-025-00350-z, URL: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13358-025-00350-z
