taxonID	type	description	language	source
03F3D869FFA7884847D82BDFE5860D8F.taxon	description	New records. SYRIA: Tadmur oasis, 9.4.1988 (leg. R. Kinzelbach). ISRAEL AND PALESTINE: Haifa District: Mt. Carmel, En Ayyala, 27.4.2000 (leg. M. Török); West Bank: Dead Sea N Qumeran Enot Zuqim Res., 6.6.1996 (leg. C. Schmid-Egger); Judean Desert, 7 km S Qumeran, 17.3.1997 (leg. J. G. Rozen, M. S. Engel); Yehuda plain, Geva'ot HaKhurkhar NP, 21.3.2011 (leg. A. Dorchin); Central District: Qadima, 24.2.2009 (leg. A. Dorchin); Rehovot, 7.3.2009 (leg. A. Dorchin); Netanya Iris Reserve, 4.4.2012 (leg. J. S. Ascher, A. Payne); Judean Foothills, Lakhish, 16.3.2013 (leg. T. Shapira); Tel Aviv District: Tel Aviv, 3 – 10.4.1988 (leg. Guichard); Southern District: 10 km S Beersheva, 1.4.1988 (leg. Guichard); Arad, 6.4.1988 (leg. Guichard); Negev, 4 km SW Sede Boqer, 7.5.1997 (leg. J. G. Rozen); Arava Valley, Nahal Amazyahu, 30.3.2011 (leg. A. Dorchin); 7 km SE of Nitzana, 31.3.2012 (leg. J. S. Ascher, A. Payne); Negev Mt., Nahal Nizana, 15 km W Mizpe Ramon, 29.4.2013 (leg. A. Dorchin, D. Bénon, V. Trunz); JORDAN: 20 km S North Shuna, Tall Al Arbatin, 19.4.1996 (leg. M. Halada); 20 km N Madaba, 1.5.1999 (leg. W. Schläfle); Al Salt, Wadi Shu’ayb, 15.3.2001 (leg. S. Zaitoun); 10 km N Jerash, 20.4.2002 (leg. M. Snizek); Al-Shawbak, 18.4.2007 (leg. C. Praz, C. Sedivy, A. Müller); Wadi Mujib, King’s Highway, 19.4.2007 (leg. C. Praz, C. Sedivy, A. Müller); Wadi al Hasa S Al Karak, 20.4.2007 (leg. C. Praz, C. Sedivy, A. Müller).	en	Müller, Andreas (2018): Palaearctic Osmia bees of the subgenus Hoplosmia (Megachilidae, Osmiini): biology, taxonomy and key to species. Zootaxa 4415 (2): 297-329, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4415.2.4
03F3D869FFA7884847D82BDFE5860D8F.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Levant (Syria, Israel and Palestine, Jordan) and northern Egypt. Pollen hosts. Oligolectic on Asteraceae (based on 23 pollen loads from 15 different localities in Israel and Jordan and on field observations). The species exhibits a near exclusive preference for Cichorioideae and Asteroideae as pollen hosts: 17 pollen loads exclusively consisted of pollen of Cichorioideae (n = 11) or Asteroideae (n = 6), while six were mixed loads of pollen of both subfamilies. One load contained a substantial amount of pollen of Carduoideae beside pollen of Cichorioideae and Asteroideae, suggesting that Carduoideae are occasionally also exploited. Flower records: Andryala spec., Crepis aculeata, C. aspera, Anthemis spec., Chrysanthemum coronarium, Senecio vernalis (label records).	en	Müller, Andreas (2018): Palaearctic Osmia bees of the subgenus Hoplosmia (Megachilidae, Osmiini): biology, taxonomy and key to species. Zootaxa 4415 (2): 297-329, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4415.2.4
03F3D869FFA7884847D82BDFE5860D8F.taxon	description	Nesting biology. The nests are built in empty snail shells of small to medium size with a diameter of 13 – 25 mm (Mavromoustakis 1948; A. Müller unpublished data). Twenty-five nests from Jordan contained one (n = 2), two (n = 9) or three (n = 14) brood cells. The brood cells are separated from each other by one-layered partitions consisting of leaf pulp. An additional wall of leaf pulp seals the shell at or shortly behind its opening. Similar to O. spinulosa, the nests are not sealed against their rear end with a basal wall and the outermost cell partition is distinctly more robust than all the other cell partitions and the nest plug, probably acting as a barrier against parasites and predators. In contrast to O. spinulosa, the shells are never turned after they have been sealed. Note. Osmia carbo was treated by Zanden (1994) as a subspecies of O. pinguis Pérez 1895. As the distribution areas of the two taxa are widely separated and the morphological differences are substantial (see Fig. 11 – 15 and key to species), O. pinguis carbo is considered here to be a species of its own, i. e. O. carbo (Zanden 1994), stat. nov.	en	Müller, Andreas (2018): Palaearctic Osmia bees of the subgenus Hoplosmia (Megachilidae, Osmiini): biology, taxonomy and key to species. Zootaxa 4415 (2): 297-329, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4415.2.4
03F3D869FFA5884947D82F26E4770980.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. JORDAN: Wadi Mujib, King’s Highway, 19.4.2007, ♂ (leg. C. Praz, C. Sedivy, A. Müller). Deposited in the Entomological Collection of ETH Zurich. Paratypes. ISRAEL AND PALESTINE: Northern District: Mt. Tabor, 580 m, 28.5.1991, 3 ♀, 3 ♂ (leg. K. Warncke); 15 km E Qiryat Shemona, Foothill of Hermon, 16.5.1996, 1 ♀ (leg. O. Niehuis); Lake Tiberias, 2 km NNE Tiberias, - 70 m, 25.5.2011, 2 ♀, 1 ♂ (leg. S. Risch). JORDAN: Jordan Valley, Mubalath, 18.4.1996, 8 ♀, 2 ♂, 27.4.1996, 9 ♀, 3 ♂ (leg. M. Halada); Jordan Valley, 20 km S North Shuna, Tall al Arbatin, 19.4.1996, 2 ♀, 1 ♂ (leg. M. Halada); Jordan Valley, South Shuna, 25 – 26.4.1996, 1 ♂ (leg. M. Halada); Jordan Valley, Dayr Alla, 27.4.1996, 3 ♀ (leg. M. Halada); Jordan Valley, North Shuna, 29 – 30.4.1996, 6 ♀, 4 ♂ (leg. M. Halada); Wadi Mujib, King’s Highway, 19.4.2007, 10 ♀, 5 ♂ (leg. C. Praz, C. Sedivy, A. Müller); Wadi al Hasa, S Al-Karak, 20.4.2007, 2 ♂ (leg. C. Praz, C. Sedivy, A. Müller); Wadi Shu’ayb, 20 km W Amman, 22.4.2007, 4 ♀, 7 ♂ (leg. C. Praz, C. Sedivy, A. Müller); Jordan Valley, Tabaqat Fahl, 24.4.2007, 1 ♂ (leg. C. Praz, C. Sedivy, A. Müller). Deposited in the Entomological Collection of ETH Zurich, the Oberösterreichische Landesmuseum Linz and the private collections of M. Schwarz (Ansfelden) and the author.	en	Müller, Andreas (2018): Palaearctic Osmia bees of the subgenus Hoplosmia (Megachilidae, Osmiini): biology, taxonomy and key to species. Zootaxa 4415 (2): 297-329, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4415.2.4
03F3D869FFA5884947D82F26E4770980.taxon	description	Other records. ISRAEL AND PALESTINE: Northern District: Dishon, 15.5.1973, 1 ♀ (leg. H. Bytinski- Salz). West Bank: Jericho, Wadi Qilt, 21.4.1990, 1 ♀, 1 ♂ (leg. K. Warncke).	en	Müller, Andreas (2018): Palaearctic Osmia bees of the subgenus Hoplosmia (Megachilidae, Osmiini): biology, taxonomy and key to species. Zootaxa 4415 (2): 297-329, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4415.2.4
03F3D869FFA5884947D82F26E4770980.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Osmia centaureae is in both sexes very similar to O. spinigera (Fig. 16). In contrast to the latter species, its preoccipital margin is not distinctly raised (Fig. 18), the inner margin of the apicalmost part of the fore tibial spur is usually slightly convex rather than concave (Fig. 20), the antenna is partly reddish-brown to orange in its apical half rather than uniformly dark (Fig. 16) and the apical margins of terga 1 – 2 are often more or less reddish-brown rather than entirely black. In addition, the female of O. centaureae differs from O. spinigera by the colour of the scopa and the pilosity of vertex, scutum and scutellum, which is yellowish-white even in fresh specimens rather than yellowish-red to yellowish-brown (Fig. 16). The male of O. centaureae lacks the dense tuft of hairs directed alongside the apicalmost part of the gonoforceps typical of O. spinigera (Fig. 24) and the indistinct and shallow punctation of the shagreened basal part of tergum 6 is almost imperceivable (Fig. 22) and thus even weaker than in O. spinigera.	en	Müller, Andreas (2018): Palaearctic Osmia bees of the subgenus Hoplosmia (Megachilidae, Osmiini): biology, taxonomy and key to species. Zootaxa 4415 (2): 297-329, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4415.2.4
03F3D869FFA5884947D82F26E4770980.taxon	description	Description. FEMALE: Body length 7.5 – 9 mm. Head: Head as long as wide. Distance between lateral ocellus and preoccipital margin 2.5 – 2.75 x as long as ocellar diameter. Second segment of labial palpus about 2.5 x as long as first segment. Maximal width of genal area about 0.6 x as long as maximal width of compound eye. Mandible three-toothed. Preoccipital margin sharp but not distinctly raised (Fig. 18). Punctation of clypeus and supraclypeal area very dense without distinct interspaces; apical third of clypeus with very small punctures, which are about one third as large as the punctures on the basal two thirds of the clypeus and about half as large as the punctures on the supraclypeal area. Face covered with white pilosity, which is rather dense and long on frons, paraocular area and posterior margin of vertex but only sparse and usually short on clypeus, supraclypeal area and vertex. Anterior side of antennal segments 7 – 11 (12) usually more or less reddish-brown (Fig. 16). Mesosoma: Axilla spined. Posterior margin of scutellum flattened, reaching in profile well beyond metanotum. Punctation of scutum and scutellum very dense with interspaces usually not exceeding the diameter of half a puncture except for the lateral part of the scutum where the punctation is often more scattered. Punctation of mesepisternum very dense without distinct interspaces. Scutum moderately densely and scutellum very densely haired, longest hairs on scutum about 5 x as long as the diameter of one puncture. Pilosity of mesepisternum long and rather dense, partly hiding the sculpture of the integument. Pilosity of scutum and scutellum yellowish-white, of mesepisternum white (Fig. 16). Tegula dark reddish-brown to black. Inner margin of apicalmost part of fore tibial spur slightly convex (Fig. 20). Metasoma: Punctation of terga 1 – 3 very dense with interspaces rarely reaching the diameter of one puncture, of terga 4 – 6 even denser with interspaces not exceeding the diameter of half a puncture. Apical margins of terga impunctate and often more or less reddish-brown. Terga 1 – 6 with white apical hair bands, which are medially interrupted on tergum 1 and often also on tergum 2 (Fig. 16). Scopa yellowish-white (Fig. 16). MALE: Body length 7 – 9.5 mm. Head: Head about 0.9 x long as wide. Distance between lateral ocellus and preoccipital margin 2.6 – 2.9 x as long as ocellar diameter. Second segment of labial palpus about 2.6 x as long as first segment. Maximal width of genal area about 0.5 x as long as maximal width of compound eye. Mandible twotoothed. Preoccipital margin sharp but not distinctly raised. Frons, paraocular area, supraclypeal area and clypeus covered with dense white pilosity. Antennal segments (5) 6 – 13 more or less yellowish-brown to orange. Mesosoma: Axilla spined. Posterior margin of scutellum flattened, reaching in profile well beyond metanotum. Punctation of scutum, scutellum and mesepisternum as in the female. Scutum and scutellum covered with dense greyish-white pilosity. Pilosity of mesepisternum long, dense and white. Tegula dark reddish-brown to black. Inner margin of apicalmost part of fore tibial spur straight to slightly convex. Metasoma: Punctation of terga 1 – 5 very dense with interspaces rarely reaching the diameter of one puncture. Tergum 6 basally densely shagreened and with very weak and almost imperceivable punctation (Fig. 22). Preapical margin of tergum 6 with long spines (Fig. 22). Tergum 7 with single median tooth (Fig. 22). Apical margins of terga 1 - 5 impunctate and usually more or less reddish-brown, often very weakly bent upwards. Terga 1 – 5 with white apical hair bands, which are medially interrupted on tergum 1 and often also on tergum 2. Sternum 1 with long bifurcated spine (Fig. 17). Sternum 2 with preapical transverse swelling (Fig. 17). Apical margin of sternum 4 medially very slightly emarginated (Fig. 17). Apical margin of sternum 5 medially with wide and rather deep emargination, which is densely beset with yellowish hairs (Fig. 17). Sternum 6 distinctly concave, its apical margin evenly rounded (Fig. 17). Punctation of sterna 2 – 4 moderately dense, interspaces only rarely exceeding the diameter of two punctures (Fig. 17). Apical margins of sterna 2 - 4 beset with whitish hairs, which are laterally longer and denser than medially (Fig. 17). Apical third of gonoforceps with numerous erect white hairs (Fig. 24).	en	Müller, Andreas (2018): Palaearctic Osmia bees of the subgenus Hoplosmia (Megachilidae, Osmiini): biology, taxonomy and key to species. Zootaxa 4415 (2): 297-329, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4415.2.4
03F3D869FFA5884947D82F26E4770980.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Known only from a restricted area, which extends from the southeastern border of the Dead Sea in Jordan over the Jordan Valley to northernmost Israel. At five localities in Israel and Jordan, O. centaureae was collected together with O. spinigera on the same day indicating syntopic occurrence of these two closely related species within the distribution range of O. centaureae. Pollen hosts. Oligolectic on Asteraceae (based on 28 pollen loads from 9 different localities in Israel and Jordan and on field observations). Twenty-six pollen loads were pure loads of Centaurea pollen, while the other two were mixed loads of Centaurea and thistle pollen, suggesting that O. centaureae probably restricts pollen harvesting to the subfamily Carduoideae.	en	Müller, Andreas (2018): Palaearctic Osmia bees of the subgenus Hoplosmia (Megachilidae, Osmiini): biology, taxonomy and key to species. Zootaxa 4415 (2): 297-329, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4415.2.4
03F3D869FFA5884947D82F26E4770980.taxon	description	Nesting biology. Unknown.	en	Müller, Andreas (2018): Palaearctic Osmia bees of the subgenus Hoplosmia (Megachilidae, Osmiini): biology, taxonomy and key to species. Zootaxa 4415 (2): 297-329, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4415.2.4
03F3D869FFA5884947D82F26E4770980.taxon	etymology	Etymology: The specific name refers to the species’ most important pollen host, Centaurea (Asteraceae, Carduoideae).	en	Müller, Andreas (2018): Palaearctic Osmia bees of the subgenus Hoplosmia (Megachilidae, Osmiini): biology, taxonomy and key to species. Zootaxa 4415 (2): 297-329, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4415.2.4
03F3D869FFA4884647D82B2CE1990914.taxon	description	New records. ITALIA: Toscana: 25 km SSW Volterra, Canneto, 13 – 25.7.1997 (leg. S. Risch); Abruzzo: Forme near Avezzano, 1000 m, 27.8.2002, 31.8.2007 (leg. A. Müller); Molise: Gurdialfiera, 10.6.2007 (leg. G. Pagliano); Puglia: Mte. Gargano, San Marco in Lamis, Macchione, 500 m, 2.7.1994 (leg. M. Bernasconi, A. Müller); Lesina, 17.6.2007 (leg. G. Pagliano). CROATIA: Istria: 10 km N Pula, 25 – 27.8.1998 (leg. J. Halada); 10 km E Rovinj, 16.7.2002 (leg. Z. Pedr); Vodnjan, 18.7.2002 (leg. M. Halada); Laborika, 20.7.2002 (leg. M. Halada); Umag, 5 – 12.7.2009 (leg. P. Pacholatko); Krk, S Stara Baska, 17.7.2014 (leg. C. Schmid-Egger); Split, 2.8.1958 (leg. W. Schläfle); Baska Voda, 7.1972 (leg. K. Polacek); Senj, 13.7.1993 (leg. M. Halada); Makarska, 20.7.2001, 27.6.2011 (leg. J. Linda, Z. Pedr). MONTENEGRO: 10 km W Cetinje, 700 m, 4.9.2014 (leg. J. Halada). GREECE: Ionian Islands: Kefalonia, Mihalitsata, 7.2009 (leg. P. Banar); Central Macedonia: Litochoro, Plaka, 21 – 28.7.1988 (leg. S. Risch); Central Greece: 40 km N Lamia, Domokos, 1.7.1996 (leg. M. Halada); Western Greece: Michas- Erymanthos mountains, 1300 – 1700 m, 10.7.1996 (leg. W. Arens); Olympia, Alfios valley, 24.7.1997 (leg. W. Arens); Andritsena, Vassae, 15.7.2007 (leg. W. Arens); Peloponnese: Kap Tenaro, Mani, 7.6.1996, 29.6.1997 (leg. W. Arens); Kotili, Likeos Oros, 1000 – 1400 m, 22.6.1996, 20.7.1997 (leg. P. Hartmann, W. Arens); Kiparissia, Peristeria, 30.6.1996 (leg. W. Arens); 20 km N Pilos Marathopoli, 8.7.1996 (leg. M. Halada); Alifira, Arkadia, 21.6.1998 (leg. W. Arens); Stymphalia, 8.7.2001 (leg. W. Arens); Aegean Islands: Limnos, Pyrgoi Physinis, 11.6.2012 (leg. A. Chroni). BULGARIA: Varna, Zlatni Pjasecy, 15.7.1957 (leg. Boucek); Slantschev Brjag, 23.7.1968 (leg. M. Kocourek); Kavarna, 5.7.1976 (leg. B. Tkalců); Primorsko, 26.7.1979 (leg. A. Hoffer); Sliven env., 21.7.1987 (leg. V. Bartak); 30 km W Sofia, 12.8.1993 (leg. M. Halada); Plovdiv, 20.7.1996 (leg. Z. Pedr); Stara Zagora, 5.7.2000 (leg. M. Snizek). TURKEY: Istanbul: Sile, 1.8.1965 (leg. K. Warncke); Kütahya: 30 km N Kütahya, 13.6.2000 (leg. M. Halada); Isparta: Karakus Dagi centr., 1460 m, 11.7.2006 (leg. J. Halada); Ankara: 20 km S Ankara, 2.8.1979 (leg. K. Warncke); Konya: Aksehir, 2.8.1991 (leg. K. Warncke); Nevsehir: Nevsehir, 9.8.1972 (leg. K. Warncke); Nigde: Camardi, 1800 m, 10.8.1991 (leg. K. Warncke); Malatya: 5 km E Malatya, 27.6.2000 (leg. M. Halada); Erzincan: 20 km E Tercan, 22.8.1991 (leg. K. Warncke); Artvin: Demirkent / Salekör, 1600 m, 1.9.1995 (leg. P. Hartmann); Bitlis: E Ahlat, 17.8.1991 (leg. K. Warncke); Van: E of Muradiye, 3.7.2000 (leg. M. Halada).	en	Müller, Andreas (2018): Palaearctic Osmia bees of the subgenus Hoplosmia (Megachilidae, Osmiini): biology, taxonomy and key to species. Zootaxa 4415 (2): 297-329, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4415.2.4
03F3D869FFA4884647D82B2CE1990914.taxon	distribution	Distribution. From Italy and Slovenia over the Balkan Peninsula (Croatia, Serbia, Montenegro, Greece, Bulgaria) to easternmost Turkey. The westernmost record is from Volterra in the Italian Toscana province. Pollen hosts. Oligolectic on Asteraceae (based on 30 pollen loads from 14 different localities in Italy, Croatia and Greece, on the pollen content of one brood cell and on field observations). As all pollen loads analysed were pure loads of Centaurea (n = 29) or thistle pollen (n = 1) and the cell provision only contained Centaurea pollen, O. croatica is likely a specialist of Carduoideae.	en	Müller, Andreas (2018): Palaearctic Osmia bees of the subgenus Hoplosmia (Megachilidae, Osmiini): biology, taxonomy and key to species. Zootaxa 4415 (2): 297-329, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4415.2.4
03F3D869FFA4884647D82B2CE1990914.taxon	description	Nesting biology. The nests are built in empty snail shells (A. Müller unpublished data). The only nest discovered contained a single brood cell and was hidden below stones. The nest architecture was found to be the same as in O. spinulosa as was the material used to construct cell partitions and the nest plug (see species account of O. spinulosa). In one case, a female was observed to collect leaf pulp from leaves of Scabiosa. Note. Osmia microgramma Dours 1873 was considered a potential junior synonym of O. croatica by Tkalců (1974 a). As the type material has been destroyed and the original description does not allow one to unambiguously identify the species, O. microgramma was considered a nomen dubium by Ungricht et al. (2008).	en	Müller, Andreas (2018): Palaearctic Osmia bees of the subgenus Hoplosmia (Megachilidae, Osmiini): biology, taxonomy and key to species. Zootaxa 4415 (2): 297-329, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4415.2.4
03F3D869FFAB884647D8289FE7430B91.taxon	description	New records. GREECE: Aegean Islands: Lesbos, 8.9 km SSE Mytilene, 60 m, 27.6.2004 (leg. T. Petanidou); Lesbos, Eresos, 6.6.2012 (leg. G. Nakas). TURKEY: Aydin: Kusadasi, 27 – 29.6.2006 (leg. E. Scheuchl); Aydin, Adnan Menderes University Campus, 11.6.2006, 4.7.2006 (leg. E. Scheuchl); Denizli: 35 km SSE Denizli, 970 m, 5.7.2006 (leg. J. Halada); Mersin: 4 km W Erdemli, 3.7. 1995, 220 m (leg. P. Rasmont); Adana: Cicekli, 25 km N Adana, 50 m, 3 – 5.7.1998 (leg. J. Bezdek). JORDAN: 30 km WWN Ajloun, 30.4.2006 (leg. F. Kantner).	en	Müller, Andreas (2018): Palaearctic Osmia bees of the subgenus Hoplosmia (Megachilidae, Osmiini): biology, taxonomy and key to species. Zootaxa 4415 (2): 297-329, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4415.2.4
03F3D869FFAB884647D8289FE7430B91.taxon	distribution	Distribution. From Lesbos in the Aegean Sea eastwards to central Turkey and from Turkey southwards to northern Jordan. Pollen hosts. The only pollen load available consisted of pollen of Centaurea. Flower record: Centaurea solstitialis (label record).	en	Müller, Andreas (2018): Palaearctic Osmia bees of the subgenus Hoplosmia (Megachilidae, Osmiini): biology, taxonomy and key to species. Zootaxa 4415 (2): 297-329, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4415.2.4
03F3D869FFAB884647D8289FE7430B91.taxon	description	Nesting biology. Unknown.	en	Müller, Andreas (2018): Palaearctic Osmia bees of the subgenus Hoplosmia (Megachilidae, Osmiini): biology, taxonomy and key to species. Zootaxa 4415 (2): 297-329, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4415.2.4
03F3D869FFAA884447D82A4EE05308E0.taxon	description	New records. SPAIN: Valencia: Almenara la Llosa, 12 km N Sagunt, 27.4.2001 (leg. E. Scheuchl); 80 km SW Valencia, Muela de Cortes reserv., 14.5.2003 (leg. M. Halada); Alicante: Xixona, 1.5.2000 (leg. E. Scheuchl); Coll de Rates, between Callosa d’en Sarria and Parcent, 520 m, 3.5.2000 (leg. E. Scheuchl); Murcia: Alahama de Murcia, Monte Muela, 29.4.2000 (leg. E. Scheuchl); Pto. de Jumilla, 800 m, 19.5.2003 (leg. M. Halada); 25 km SW Cartagena, 19.5.2003 (leg. M. Halada); Almeria: 50 km W Almeria, Berja, 21.4.2003 (leg. M. Halada); Granada: Polopos, 5.5.1997 (leg. M. Halada). MOROCCO: Fès-Meknès: Ifrane, 15.6.1962 (leg. W. Schläfle); Ifkern, 25 km E Boulemane, 24 – 25.5.1995 (leg. M. Halada); Ifrane, 1680 m, 10.6.1996 (leg. P. Rasmont); TUNISIA: Kasserine: 10 km NNW Thelepte, 24.3.2001 (leg. C. Saure).	en	Müller, Andreas (2018): Palaearctic Osmia bees of the subgenus Hoplosmia (Megachilidae, Osmiini): biology, taxonomy and key to species. Zootaxa 4415 (2): 297-329, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4415.2.4
03F3D869FFAA884447D82A4EE05308E0.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Western and southern Spain, Maghreb (Morocco, Tunisia). Pollen hosts. Polylectic with a strong preference for Cistaceae (e. g. Helianthemum), additional pollen sources include Brassicaceae, Asteraceae (Asteroideae, Cichorioideae), Echium (Boraginaceae) and Lamiaceae (based on 13 pollen loads from six different localities in Spain and Morocco). Pollen of Cistaceae constituted 93.6 % of the total pollen grain volume and was recorded in all pollen loads, seven of which were pure Cistaceae pollen loads, indicating a very high importance of the flowers of Cistaceae as host plants. Interestingly, the scopal hairs of O. fallax are straight and apically spatulate rather than wavy and apically button-like as in all the other O. (Hoplosmia) species, which are most probably all specialized on Asteraceae. This deviating scopal hair shape might be an adaptation to the need of transporting pollen of different sizes and morphologies or might reflect the relaxed selection for wavy hairs to uptake or transport Asteraceae pollen. Furthermore, in both sexes of O. fallax the first and the second segment of the labial palpus are of roughly the same length, which is in sharp contrast to all the other O. (Hoplosmia) species, where the first segment is distinctly shorter than the second. This difference might be due to different morphological requirements to suck nectar from the host plants of O. fallax and Asteraceae, respectively.	en	Müller, Andreas (2018): Palaearctic Osmia bees of the subgenus Hoplosmia (Megachilidae, Osmiini): biology, taxonomy and key to species. Zootaxa 4415 (2): 297-329, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4415.2.4
03F3D869FFAA884447D82A4EE05308E0.taxon	description	Nesting biology. The nests are built in empty snail shells (e. g. Sphincterochila candidissima) and contain 1 – 4 brood cells per shell (Moreno-Rueda et al. 2008; J. Ortiz-Sanchez personal communication). In southeastern Spain, O. fallax and the cleptoparasitic megachilid bee species Stelis odontopyga Noskiewicz were found at the same localities inhabiting empty snail shells (Moreno-Rueda et al. 2008), suggesting that S. odontopyga, which is known to develop in nests of O. spinulosa (Noskiewicz 1925; Blüthgen 1926), might also parasitize O. fallax.	en	Müller, Andreas (2018): Palaearctic Osmia bees of the subgenus Hoplosmia (Megachilidae, Osmiini): biology, taxonomy and key to species. Zootaxa 4415 (2): 297-329, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4415.2.4
03F3D869FFA9884447D829CCE7430B91.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis of the hitherto unknown Ƌ: The male of O. picena is characterized by an emarginate spine on sternum 1. The only other O. (Hoplosmia) species with this character are O. centaureae and O. spinigera, which differ from O. picena by the distinctly coarser and denser punctation of terga and sterna and by the longer ocellooccipital distance (see Key to species). New records. ITALY: Abruzzo: Rocca di Mezzo, 1500 m, 21.8.2002 (leg. A. Müller); Rovere near Rocca di Mezzo, 1350 – 1400 m, 25.8.2002, 2.8.2010 (leg. A. Müller).	en	Müller, Andreas (2018): Palaearctic Osmia bees of the subgenus Hoplosmia (Megachilidae, Osmiini): biology, taxonomy and key to species. Zootaxa 4415 (2): 297-329, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4415.2.4
03F3D869FFA9884447D829CCE7430B91.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Osmia picena has a very restricted distribution and is known only from the Sibillini and Abruzzo mountains in the Central Apennines of Italy. At three localities in the Abruzzo mountains, O. picena was observed to fly together with O. spinulosa indicating syntopic occurrence of these two closely related species within the distribution range of O. picena. Pollen hosts. Oligolectic on Asteraceae (based on 21 pollen loads from five different localities in the Abruzzo mountains and on field observations). Eighteen pollen loads exclusively consisted of pollen of Carduoideae (Centaurea and / or thistles), while the other three loads additionally contained pollen of Cichorioideae (n = 2) and Asteroideae (n = 1), suggesting that O. picena exhibits a preference for Carduoideae as pollen hosts, but occasionally also exploits flowers of Cichorioideae and Asteroideae.	en	Müller, Andreas (2018): Palaearctic Osmia bees of the subgenus Hoplosmia (Megachilidae, Osmiini): biology, taxonomy and key to species. Zootaxa 4415 (2): 297-329, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4415.2.4
03F3D869FFA9884447D829CCE7430B91.taxon	description	Nesting biology. Unknown.	en	Müller, Andreas (2018): Palaearctic Osmia bees of the subgenus Hoplosmia (Megachilidae, Osmiini): biology, taxonomy and key to species. Zootaxa 4415 (2): 297-329, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4415.2.4
03F3D869FFA8884547D82DAFE6D709EA.taxon	description	New records. MOROCCO: Fès-Meknès: Ifkern, 25 km E Boulemane, 24 – 25.5.1995 (leg. M. Halada); Oriental: Figuig, Jbel el Klakh, 30.5.1996 (leg. M. Terzo); Casablanca-Settat: El Jadida, 5.1964 (leg. W. Schläfle); Marrakesch-Safi: Sidi-Moktar, 17.3.1992 (leg. H. J. Flügel); Drâa-Tafilalet: 700 m S Tagounite, 17.4.2014 (leg. R. Prosi); Souss-Massa: 31 km SE Ait Baha, 4.3.2003 (leg. Ø. Berg); 20 km N Tafraoute, 14.4.2017 (leg. A. Müller); 33 km SW Sidi-Ifni, 18.4.2017 (leg. A. Müller). ALGERIA: M’Sila: 18 km E Bow-Saada, 25.4.1986 (leg. Gerstmeier); Guelma: Guelma, Campus, 4.5.2008 (leg. S. Aguib); Mila: Thleghma, 5.5.2008 (leg. S. Aguib); Tebessa: Hammamet, 26.4.2002 (leg. N. Benarfa). TUNISIA: Bizerta: 20 km W Mateur, 30.4.2012 (leg. C. Sedivy, A. Müller); Nabeul: 5 km NW Grombalia, 11.4.2000 (leg. P. Hartmann); Kef: 2 km SW El Kef, 28.4.2012 (leg. C. Sedivy, A. Müller); Kairouan: 48 km S Kairouan, 9.4.1994 (leg. M. Schwarz); Kasserine: 10 km NW Thelepte, 27.4.2012 (leg. C. Sedivy, A. Müller); Sidi Bouzid: Sidi Bouzid, 12.4.1999 (leg. K. Denes); Gafsa: Gafsa, 14.4.2001 (leg. M. Halada); Tozeur: Tamerza, 23.3.2001 (leg. C. Schmid-Egger); Gabes: 20 km N Metlaoui, 26.4.2012 (leg. C. Sedivy, A. Müller); Medenine: Djerba, 3.3.2008 (leg. H. Schwenninger); 10 km S Zarzis, 22.4.2012 (leg. C. Sedivy, A. Müller); Tataouine: 56 km S Tataouine, 11.4.1994 (leg. M. Schwarz).	en	Müller, Andreas (2018): Palaearctic Osmia bees of the subgenus Hoplosmia (Megachilidae, Osmiini): biology, taxonomy and key to species. Zootaxa 4415 (2): 297-329, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4415.2.4
03F3D869FFA8884547D82DAFE6D709EA.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Southernmost Spain and Maghreb (Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia). Pollen hosts. Oligolectic on Asteraceae (based on 19 pollen loads from 14 different localities in Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia and on field observations). The species exhibits a near exclusive preference for Cichorioideae and Asteroideae as pollen hosts (Fig. 4): 15 pollen loads exclusively consisted of pollen of Cichorioideae (n = 11) or Asteroideae (n = 4), while four were mixed loads of pollen of both subfamilies. Flower records: Chrysanthemum coronarium, Leontodon spec., Pallenis spinosa (label records).	en	Müller, Andreas (2018): Palaearctic Osmia bees of the subgenus Hoplosmia (Megachilidae, Osmiini): biology, taxonomy and key to species. Zootaxa 4415 (2): 297-329, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4415.2.4
03F3D869FFA8884547D82DAFE6D709EA.taxon	description	Nesting biology. The nests are built in empty snail shells of small to medium size with a diameter of 15 – 30 mm, e. g. Otala lactea (Helicidae); nests were also found in elongate conical shells of Rumina sp. (Subulinidae) with a length of 24 – 32 mm and a diameter of 9 – 12 mm (Ferton 1920, A. Müller unpublished data). Eighteen nests from Morocco (n = 12) and Tunisia (n = 6) contained two (n = 6), three (n = 9) or four (n = 3) brood cells (Fig. 7). The brood cells are separated from each other by one-layered partitions consisting of leaf pulp. An additional wall of leaf pulp seals the shell at or few millimetres behind its opening. The empty vestibule between the outermost cell and the nest plug varies in length from one fourth to five sixth of one shell whorl. As in O. spinulosa, the nests are not sealed against their rear end with a basal wall and the outermost cell partition is distinctly more robust than all the other cell partitions and the nest plug, probably acting as a barrier against parasites and predators. In contrast to O. spinulosa, the shells are never turned after they have been sealed.	en	Müller, Andreas (2018): Palaearctic Osmia bees of the subgenus Hoplosmia (Megachilidae, Osmiini): biology, taxonomy and key to species. Zootaxa 4415 (2): 297-329, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4415.2.4
03F3D869FFA8884247D828C5E71C0AA0.taxon	description	New records. GREECE: Central Macedonia: Litochoro, Plaka, 10 – 28.7.1988 (leg. S. Risch); Attica: Sounion, 3.6.1963, 15.6.1966 (leg. W. Schläfle); Western Greece: Patras, 11.6.1963 (leg. W. Schläfle); Olympia, Alfios valley, 5.7.1996 (leg. W. Arens); Neochori, 6 km S Zacharo, 18.6.1997 (P. Hartmann); Peloponnese: Methoni, Castro, 9.5.1995 (leg. W. Arens); Sparta, Amyklai, 19.5.1995 (leg. W. Arens); Examilia, Korinth, 14.6.1995 (leg. W. Arens); Stymphalia, 15.6.1995 (leg. W. Arens); Kap Tenaro, Mani, 7.6.1996 (leg. W. Arens); Voidokilia near Pylos, 30.6.1996 (leg. W. Arens); 40 km N Tripoli, Scotini, 3.7.1996 (leg. M. Halada); 20 km W Kalamata, Peialidi, 6.7.1996 (leg. M. Halada); Mantinea, 7.7.2000 (leg. W. Arens); Ghialova, 5.5.2007 (leg. J. Smit); Aegean Islands: Chios, Managros, 16.5.2012 (leg. P. Toutziarakis); Kea, Poisses-Koundouros, 27.6.2013 (leg. T. Petanidou); Lesbos, Sigri, 29.5.2005 (leg. A. Grace); Limnos, Phalakros, 12.6.2012 (leg. A. Chroni, T. Tscheulin); Naxos, Sagri, 13.6.2012 (leg. I. Vavitsas). BULGARIA: Stara Zagora, 21.6.1963 (leg. Z. Pedr); Slantschev Brjag ,, 10.6.1972 (leg. M. Kocourek); Albena, 14.7.1976 (leg. B. Tkalců); Kardzali, Balabanovo, 350 m, 22.6.2007 (leg. M. Halada). TURKEY: Istanbul: Istanbul, 29.7.1965 (leg. K. Warncke); Mugla: Knidos, 18.4.1981 (leg. K. Warncke); Baffa lake, 19.4.1996 (leg. P. Hartmann); 4 km ENE Ortaca, 400 m, 25.5.2000 (leg. J. Smit); Eskisehir: Inönü, 1.8.1991 (leg. K. Warncke); Isparta: Karakus Dagi centr., 1460 m, 11.7.2006 (leg. M. Halada); Antalya: Side, 8 – 20.6.1985 (leg. N. Mohr); Ankara: Ankara, 16.6.2006 (leg. E. Scheuchl); Mersin: Kiskalesi bei Silifke, 9 – 13.5.1988 (leg. N. Mohr); between Sarikaya and Sarikayak, 920 m, 22.5.2005 (leg. E. Scheuchl); Limonlu, 23.5.2005 (leg. E. Scheuchl); Erzurum: Ispir, 28.6.2008 (leg. J. Rozen). SYRIA: Tartus, 25.5.1996 (leg. M. Halada). ISRAEL AND PALESTINE: Northern District: Golan, 2 km NW Hamat Gader, 3.5.2010 (leg. C. Sedivy, C. Praz); Upper Galilee, Nahal Ga´ton, 2 km N Ga´ton, 240 m, 20.5.2011 (leg. S. Risch); Lake Tiberias, 2 km NNE Tiberias, - 70 m, 25.5.2011 (leg. S. Risch); Jordan Valley, Tel Qazir, - 158 m, 26.5.2011 (leg. A. Dorchin); Lower Galilee, W Moreshet, 250 m, 28.5.2011 (leg. S. Risch); W Moreshet, 255 m, 28.5.2011 (leg. A. Dorchin); Lower Galilee, 1.3 km N Tiv'on, 209 m, 7.6.2011 (leg. A. Dorchin); Hermon, Majdal Shams, 9.7.2011 (leg. G. Pisanty). Haifa District: 22 km S Haifa, Nasholim, 18.5.1996 (leg. M. Hauser); Northern Coastal Plain, Ma'agan Mikhael, 7 m, 4.6.2011 (leg. A. Dorchin); Central District: Nes Tsiyona, 31.3.2009 (leg. A. Dorchin); Beit Hanan, 26.4.2009 (leg. A. Dorchin); Tel Yizhaq NR, 20 m, 13.4.2010 (leg. A. Dorchin); 1.75 km SW of Gan Soreq, 18 m, 6.5.2010 (leg. A. Dorchin); Tel Aviv District: Tel Aviv, 3 – 10.4.1988 (leg. Guichard); Tel Yizhaq, 20 m, 21.5.2011 (leg. A. Dorchin); Jerusalem District: Judean Foothills, Neve Shalom, 14.5.2009 (leg. G. Bartana); Judean Foothills, Tal Shahar, 26.4.2010 (leg. L. Gal); Jerusalem, Emek HaArazim, 1.5.2010 (leg. C. Sedivy, C. Praz); West Bank: Geva'ot, HaKhurkhar NP, 50 m, 1.4.2010 (leg. A. Dorchin); Yehuda mountains, En Perat, 630 m E Anatot, 1.5.2013 (leg. A. Dorchin, D. Bénon, V. Trunz); Southern District: Iris Yeroham NR, 555 m, 28.3.2010 (leg. A. Dorchin); Negev Mountains, 16 km SE Mizpe Ramon, 815 m, 3.5.2011 (leg. A. Dorchin); Negev Mt., Nahal Nizana, 10 km WSW Mizpe Ramon, 29.4.2013 (leg. A. Dorchin, D. Bénon, V. Trunz). JORDAN: Jordan Valley, Mubalath, 18.4 – 27.4.1996 (leg. M. Halada); Jordan Valley, 20 km S North Shuna, Tall Al Arbatin, 19.4.1996 (leg. M. Halada); Jordan Valley, South Shuna, 25 – 26.4.1996 (leg. M. Halada); Jordan Valley, Dayr Alla, 27.4.1996 (leg. M. Halada); 10 km N Jerash, 20.4.2002 (leg. M. Snizek); Al-Shawbak, 18.4.2007 (leg. C. Praz, C. Sedivy, A. Müller); Wadi al Hasa S of Al-Karak, 20.4.2007 (leg. C. Praz, C. Sedivy, A. Müller); Jordan Valley, Tabaqat Fahl, 24.4.2007, 1 m (leg. C. Praz, C. Sedivy, A. Müller); 20 km SW Madaba, 400 m, 26.5.2007 (leg. Z. Kejval).	en	Müller, Andreas (2018): Palaearctic Osmia bees of the subgenus Hoplosmia (Megachilidae, Osmiini): biology, taxonomy and key to species. Zootaxa 4415 (2): 297-329, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4415.2.4
03F3D869FFA8884247D828C5E71C0AA0.taxon	distribution	Distribution. From the Balkan Peninsula (Macedonia, Greece, Bulgaria) eastwards to eastern Turkey and from Turkey southwards to the Levant (Syria, Lebanon, Israel and Palestine, Jordan) and northern Egypt. Pollen hosts. Oligolectic on Asteraceae (based on 29 pollen loads from 23 different localities in Greece, Israel, Jordan and Syria and on field observations). Twenty-seven pollen loads exclusively consisted of pollen of Carduoideae (Centaurea and / or thistles), while the other two loads also contained pollen of Asteroideae (n = 1) and Cichorioideae (n = 1), suggesting that O. spinigera exhibits a strong preference for Carduoideae as pollen hosts (Fig. 2), but occasionally also exploits flowers of Asteroideae and Cichorioideae. Flower records: Pallenis spinosa (Mavromoustakis 1959), Centaurea crocodylium, C. hyalolepis, C. iberica, C. pallescens, C. procurrens, C. spinosa, Glebionis coronaria, Silybum marianum (label records).	en	Müller, Andreas (2018): Palaearctic Osmia bees of the subgenus Hoplosmia (Megachilidae, Osmiini): biology, taxonomy and key to species. Zootaxa 4415 (2): 297-329, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4415.2.4
03F3D869FFA8884247D828C5E71C0AA0.taxon	description	Nesting biology. The nests are built in empty snail shells of medium size, e. g. Theba pisana (H. Wiesbauer personal communication). In sand dune areas in Western Greece near Patras, where the temperature of the soil surface reaches 50 – 60 ° C on sunny days, the females preferentially nested in shells lying in the shade of small shrubs; if the shells lay openly on the hot sandy ground, the females rolled their nests to sun-protected places under shrubs, probably to protect them from overheating (H. Wiesbauer personal communication). Cell partitions and nest plug are constructed from leaf pulp.	en	Müller, Andreas (2018): Palaearctic Osmia bees of the subgenus Hoplosmia (Megachilidae, Osmiini): biology, taxonomy and key to species. Zootaxa 4415 (2): 297-329, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4415.2.4
03F3D869FFAF884047D82A1EE664084F.taxon	description	New records. SPAIN: Girona: 30 km NW Ripoll, 1750 m, 22.7.2011 (leg. J. Halada); Lleida: Cataluña, Balaguer, Canal d'Urgell, 41 ° 47 ' 01 " N 0 ° 49 ' 48 " E, 6.8.2009 (leg. J. Smit). ANDORRA: La Massana, 20.7.1999 (leg. J. Smit). ITALY: Sardinia: Muravera, 2.7.2000 (leg. J. Halada). BULGARIA: Slantschev Brjag, 7.1966 (leg. Z. Padr); Primorsko env., 6.8.1988 (leg. P. Tyrner); 30 km W Sofia, 12.8.1993 (leg. M. Halada); Trakia, Plovdiv, 20.7.1996 (leg. A. Zaykov); Rodopi, Galabovo, 1.8.1997 (leg. Z. Pedr); Stara Zagora, 5.7.2000 (leg. M. Snizek). MOLDOVA: Lozova, 15.7.2009 (leg. A. Lozan). TURKEY: Eskisehir: Inönü, 800 m, 1.8.1991 (leg. K. Warncke); Konya: Güneysinir, Güragaç, 28.7.2000 (leg. M. Kesdek); Nevsehir: Göreme, 1100 m, 25.8.1991 (leg. K. Warncke); Erzurum: Agziacik, 20.7.2003 (leg. J. G. Rozen, H. Özbek). RUSSIA: Altai: Chemal, 21.7.2007 (leg. S. Belokobylskij); Tigirek, 11.7.2012 (leg. M. Shcherbakov); Khakassia: Shira lake, 28.6.2011 (leg. K. Tomkovich). KAZAKHSTAN: Alma Ata, Medeo, 27.6.1995 (leg. J. Halada); Dshungarskij-Alatau, Rudnitschnij, 44 ° 40 ' 20 '' N 78 ° 55 ' 38 '' E, 1200 m, 25.7.2002 (leg. M. Kuhlmann). KYRGYZSTAN: Afleatum env., 41.6 ° N / 71.6 ° E, 1 – 3.6.1995 (leg. M. Mücka); southern shore of Issy-Kul lake, Teplokljutschinka, 1650 m, 19.6.1995 (leg. W. Dolin); Ala Archa, Uzum-Bulat, 5.2000 (leg. V. Gurko); Ala Archa, Kashka-Suu, 1650 m, 7.2000 (leg. V. Gurko); Alai mountain range, Katla, Karakol, 7.2000 (leg. V. Gurko); Tchatkal mountain range, Khodza-Ata, 41 ° 50 ' N 71 ° 56 ' E, 5.7.2000 (leg. Makogonova): Ferghan mountain range, Alash-Too mountains, Alash forest, 8.2000 (leg. V. Gurko); Osh, Gultcha Ravine, 50 km SSW Gultcha, 39 ° 52 ' 17 '' N 73 ° 21 ' 26 '' E, 2530 m, 7.7.2000 (leg. M. Engel).	en	Müller, Andreas (2018): Palaearctic Osmia bees of the subgenus Hoplosmia (Megachilidae, Osmiini): biology, taxonomy and key to species. Zootaxa 4415 (2): 297-329, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4415.2.4
03F3D869FFAF884047D82A1EE664084F.taxon	distribution	Distribution. From southern Europe (northern Spain, Andorra, southern France, Italy including Sardinia and Sicilia) over southeastern Europe (Croatia, Macedonia, Bulgaria, Romania, Moldova) to eastern Turkey and the Caucasus (Armenia); from western Europe (southernmost United Kingdom, France, Belgium, Netherlands) over central Europe (Luxembourg, Germany, Poland, Czech Republique, Slovakia, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Austria, Slovenia, Hungary), northern Europe (southernmost Norway, southernmost Sweden) and eastern Europe (Ukraine, Russia) to central Asia (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan) and the Russian Khakassia republic of eastern Siberia. The species seems to be absent from most of the Iberian Peninsula as well as from Greece. There is a single male from Crete (Pass near Pinakino, 19.4.1986, leg. W. Vöth, Oberösterreichisches Landesmuseum Linz), which might have been mislabelled as no other specimens have ever been recorded from this well explored Greek island. The westernmost record is from Pembrokeshire in southwestern Wales, the northernmost from Oslo province in southern Norway, the southernmost from Güragaç in southern Konya province of Turkey and the easternmost from Shira lake in the Khakassia republic of Russia. Pollen hosts. Oligolectic on Asteraceae (Westrich 1989; Müller 1994). Among the Asteraceae, species of the Asteroideae (e. g. Anthemis, Aster, Buphthalmum, Inula, Senecio), Carduoideae (e. g. Carduus, Centaurea, Cirsium) and Cichorioideae (e. g. Cichorium, Crepis, Hieracium, Leontodon, Picris, Tragopogon) are exploited for pollen. On the Asteroideae, which is probably the most important pollen host taxon among the Asteraceae subfamilies (Fig. 1), the females take up pollen from the surface of the capitulum directly into their scopa by rapidly moving the metasoma up and down (“ abdominal drumming ” sensu Cane 2017). On Carduoideae und Cichorioideae, they use their hind legs to direct the pollen-bearing flower structures under the seesawing metasoma. To provision one brood cell, the entire pollen content of about four flower heads of Buphthalmum salicifolium is needed (Müller et al. 2006).	en	Müller, Andreas (2018): Palaearctic Osmia bees of the subgenus Hoplosmia (Megachilidae, Osmiini): biology, taxonomy and key to species. Zootaxa 4415 (2): 297-329, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4415.2.4
03F3D869FFAF884047D82A1EE664084F.taxon	description	Nesting biology. Nesting site: The nests are built in empty snail shells of small to medium size (Fig. 5, 6) e. g. Cepaea, Cernuella, Fruticicola, Helicella, Pomatias, Xerolenta, Zebrina and occasionally also young shells of Helix (Müller 1994). Nest architecture: The nests contain 1 – 3, mostly 2 brood cells, which are separated from each other by partitions consisting of leaf pulp, e. g. from Potentilla or Sanguisorba (Müller 1994). There is no basal wall that seals the innermost brood cell against the rear end of the nest. The shells are sealed at their opening with an additional wall of leaf pulp. There is an empty vestibule of varying length between nest plug and outermost cell partition. The latter probably acts as main barrier against predators or parasites as it is distinctly more robust than the other cell partitions and the nest plug, needing more than 30 flights with leaf pulp for its construction. Nesting cycle: On average, about 30 foraging bouts are needed to provision one brood cell, which takes about 12.5 h under good weather conditions (Müller 1994). After having sealed the shell, the female crawls upside down under her nest and turns it with her legs so that the shell opening is directed tightly towards the ground (Fig. 6), which might possibly provide some protection against inclement weather. Under good conditions, a female constructs up to 20 brood cells during her flight period, which lasts maximally 10 – 11 weeks. Interestingly, the females regularly control their nests up to four weeks after they have sealed them to repair holes and cracks in the nest plug with newly collected leaf pulp. Osmia spinulosa overwinters as a prepupa in a self-spun cocoon within the brood cell. It has one generation per year. However, it seems to be a parsivoltine species since about half of all larvae that emerged from the brood cells were found to undergo metamorphosis only after the second hibernation. Brood parasites: The megachilid bee species Stelis odontopyga develops as cleptoparasite in the nests of O. spinulosa (Noskiewicz 1925; Blüthgen 1926). Additional confirmed brood parasites are Chrysura cuprea (Rossi) and C. trimaculata (Förster) (Chrysididae), Anthrax aethiops (Fabricius) (Bombyliidae), Melittobia acasta (Walker) (Eulophidae), Pteromalus apum (Retzius) and P. venustus Statz (Pteromalidae) (Kunz 1994; Müller 1994; BWARS 2013). Behaviour. Male mating behaviour: The males occupy small home ranges, to which they adhere during their entire flight period, which lasts maximally 5 – 6 weeks (Müller 1994). Within these home ranges, they search for females by patrolling Asteraceae flower heads along more or less fixed circular flight routes in a rapid flight, which is interrupted by short resting periods on the ground. Home ranges and flight routes are never defended against conspecifics but instead often widely overlap. Sleeping places: The males sleep singly or in small groups within empty snail shells as do females that have not yet started their nesting activities (Müller 1994). Nesting females pass the night or periods of bad weather within their nests.	en	Müller, Andreas (2018): Palaearctic Osmia bees of the subgenus Hoplosmia (Megachilidae, Osmiini): biology, taxonomy and key to species. Zootaxa 4415 (2): 297-329, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4415.2.4
03F3D869FFAD884047D8296EE4480A86.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Known only from the sourroundings of Tashkent in eastern Uzbekistan. Nesting biology. Unknown.	en	Müller, Andreas (2018): Palaearctic Osmia bees of the subgenus Hoplosmia (Megachilidae, Osmiini): biology, taxonomy and key to species. Zootaxa 4415 (2): 297-329, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4415.2.4
03F3D869FFAD884047D8296EE4480A86.taxon	description	Pollen hosts. Unknown. Notes. Female unknown. B. Tkalců erroneously labelled the specimen that was designated as holotype in his original publication as a paratype, which is deposited in the Oberösterreichische Landesmuseum Linz. Thus, Linz is actually the holotype depository of O. tyrneri and not the Tyrner Collection in Litvinov as stated in Tkalců (1992). The males of O. tyrneri and O. spinulosa differ only slightly, e. g. in the shape of the sternal spine, the punctation of the integument and the colour of the body pilosity (see Key to species), suggesting conspecificity. However, these separating characters do not seem to clinally change from west to east, since males of O. spinulosa from both northern Kyrgyzstan and southeastern Kazakhstan are morphologically almost identical to those from Europe. Therefore, O. tyrneri is regarded here as a species of its own in spite of its very close resemblance to O. spinulosa.	en	Müller, Andreas (2018): Palaearctic Osmia bees of the subgenus Hoplosmia (Megachilidae, Osmiini): biology, taxonomy and key to species. Zootaxa 4415 (2): 297-329, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4415.2.4
03F3D869FFAC884147D82DAFE0280BC3.taxon	description	New records. SWITZERLAND: Valais: Zeneggen, 28.6.1987, 13.6.1993 (leg. A. Müller); Hohtenn, 29.6.1990 (leg. A. Müller); Baltschieder, Lengmüra, 700 – 800 m, 27.7.1997 (leg. A. Müller); Visperterminen, 14.8.1997 (leg. W. Arens); Erschmatt, 1300 – 1500 m, 8.6.2003 (leg. A. Müller). FRANCE: Drôme: Bollène, Rochegude, 2.7.2005 (leg. J. Smit); Alpes-de-Haute-Provence: Riez, 3.9.1977 (leg. G. Le Goff); Gréoux-les-Bains, 18.6.1978 (leg. G. Le Goff); 30 km S Digne-les-Bains, 570 m, 18.7.2011 (leg. J. Halada); Vaucluse: Avignon, 2.8.1957 (leg. W. Schläfle); Robion, 28.8.1974 (leg. G. Le Goff); Saumane, 1.7.1997 (leg. G. Le Goff); Bédoin, 13 km NE Carpentras, 18.7.2002 (leg. J. van der Smissen); Var: W Grasse, Lac de St. Cassien, 1.7.1999 (leg. S. Risch); Bouches-du- Rhône: Salon-de-Provence, Lamanon, 20.7.2000 (leg. J. Smit); Pyrénées-Orientales: Le Barcarès, 13.7.1992 (leg. G. Le Goff); Saillagouse, 1345 m, 22.7.2001 (leg. M. Vandenbergh); 10 km S Prades, 20.7.2011 (leg. J. Halada); Corsica: Verghia, 2.6.2001 (leg. G. Le Goff). SPAIN: Girona: Puigcerdà, 14.7.1963 (leg. H. Hamann); Tarragona: Ginestar, 50 km N Tortosa, 4.5.2000 (leg. E. Scheuchl); Huesca: Loarre, 12.6.1994 (leg. F. Amiet); Burgos: Lerma, rio Arlanza, 5.7.2006, 9.7.2007 (leg. J. Smit); Segovia: Hontanares Eresma, Sierra de Guadarrama, 920 m, 29.7.2008 (leg. F. J. Ortiz-Sanchez); Alicante: Guardamar del Segura, 16.5.2001 (leg. G. Le Goff); Huelva: Galaroza, Jabugo, 650 m, 17.6.2015 (leg. J. Smit); Almeria: La Aldeilla, El Ejido, 60 m, 27.5.2005 (leg. F. J. Ortiz- Sanchez); Berja, Sierra de Gádor, 500 m, 10.5.2006 (leg. F. J. Ortiz-Sanchez). MOROCCO: Fès-Meknès: Ifkern, 25 km E Boulemane, 25.5.1995 (leg. M. Halada); Achlouj, Jnane, 16.6.2013 (leg. L. Castro, A. Francois); Casablanca-Settat: between Boulaouane and Tizi Ouchen, 900 m, 20.5.1998 (leg. P. Rasmont); Marrakech-Safi: El Garma, Kebdana-Marrakech, 5.1972 (leg. A. Pardo); Marrakech, Takatert, 870 m, 6.7.1996 (leg. P. Rasmont); Marrakech, El Caid Omar, 600 m, 7.6.1996 (leg. P. Rasmont); Drâa-Tafilalet: SE Tazenakht, 12.5.2003 (leg. M. Snizek); Souss-Massa: 30 km SWW Tata, Imitek, 13.4.2015 (leg. C. Schmid-Egger). ALGERIA: Constantine: Cons, Ben badis, 15.5 – 4.6.2008 (leg. S. Aguib); Mila: Ouledbazer, 28.4 – 26.5.2013 (leg. S. Aguib); Guelma: Guelma, Campus, 17.5 – 10.6.2008 (leg. S. Aguib). TUNISIA: Tunis: Tunis, 4.1930 (leg. R. Meyer).	en	Müller, Andreas (2018): Palaearctic Osmia bees of the subgenus Hoplosmia (Megachilidae, Osmiini): biology, taxonomy and key to species. Zootaxa 4415 (2): 297-329, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4415.2.4
03F3D869FFAC884147D82DAFE0280BC3.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Switzerland (Valais), southern France (including Corsica), Iberian Peninsula (Spain, Portugal), Maghreb (Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia). Osmia anceyi seems to be entirely absent from Italy, even in the country’s westernmost parts (G. Pagliano personal communication). Subspecific classification. The apical margin of the clypeus of females occurring in Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia is slightly less emarginate than in females from southwestern Europe. Based on this difference, Zanden (1994) established two subspecies, i. e. Osmia anceyi anceyi Pérez 1879 distributed in southwestern Europe and O. anceyi biarmica (Zanden 1994) ranging from Morocco to Tunisia.	en	Müller, Andreas (2018): Palaearctic Osmia bees of the subgenus Hoplosmia (Megachilidae, Osmiini): biology, taxonomy and key to species. Zootaxa 4415 (2): 297-329, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4415.2.4
03F3D869FFAC884147D82DAFE0280BC3.taxon	description	Pollen hosts. Oligolectic on Asteraceae (based on 26 pollen loads from 18 different localities in Switzerland, France, Spain, Morocco and Algeria and on field observations). All 26 pollen loads exclusively consisted of pollen of Carduoideae (Centaurea and / or thistles), suggesting that O. anceyi restricts pollen harvesting to this subfamily. Flower records: Carduus nutans, Centaurea algeriensis, C. calcitrapa, C. jacea, C. paniculata, C. solstitialis, C. sphaerocephala, Onopordum illyricum (label records). Nesting biology. The nests are built in various preexisting cavities: insect burrows in dead wood, dead hollow plant stems, burrows in the pith of dead stems (e. g. Asphodelus) excavated by other aculeates (e. g. Ceratina) or abandoned nests of aculeate hymenopterans in clay walls (Alfken 1928; Torres et al. 1997; Amiet et al. 2004; G. Le Goff personal communication; A. Müller unpublished data). The nests contain up to nine linearly arranged brood cells, which are separated from each other by partitions constructed from mud, which is sometimes mixed with small particles of pith. Coelioxys osmiae Alfken is assumed to be a brood parasite of O. anceyi (Alfken 1928).	en	Müller, Andreas (2018): Palaearctic Osmia bees of the subgenus Hoplosmia (Megachilidae, Osmiini): biology, taxonomy and key to species. Zootaxa 4415 (2): 297-329, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4415.2.4
03F3D869FFB3885F47D82D84E6820B0C.taxon	description	New records. AUSTRIA: Lower Austria: Mistelbach, 17.7.1995 (leg. K. Dollfuss); Burgenland: Winden am See, 14.8.1984 (leg. M. Schwarz). HUNGARY: Buda, 7.7.1886 (leg. H. Friese). ITALY: Toscana: Massa Marittima, 600 m, 27.7.2005 (leg. A. Müller); Abruzzo: Massa d’Alba, 900 m, 23.8.2002 (leg. A. Müller); Puglia: Mte. Gargano, Monte Sant’Angelo, 530 m, 30.6.1994 (leg. A. Müller). CROATIA: Makarska, 27.6.2011 (leg. Z. Pedr). SERBIA: Pristina, 20.6.2000 (leg. Ø. Berg). MACEDONIA: Ohrid, 24.7.1958 (leg. W. Schläfle). GREECE: Western Macedonia: Kozani, Proastio, 620 m, 18.6.1990 (leg. J. Tiefenthaler); Central Macedonia: Saloniki, 6.1960 (leg. W. Schläfle); Central Greece: Orchomenos, Arkadia, 25.6.1996 (leg. W. Arens); Western Greece: Patras, Panahaikon mountains, 800 – 1700 m, 25.6.1998 (leg. W. Arens); Peloponnese: Epidauros, Limera, 9.6.1996 (leg. W. Arens); Crete: Kato Horio NE Ierapetra, 15.4.1986 (leg. W. Vöth); Aegean Islands: Lesbos, Polichitos, 24.6.2008 (leg. C. Sedivy); Thasos, Astris, 21.6.2012 (leg. M. de Courcy); Syros, Komito, 11.6.2013 (leg. I. Vavitsas); Kea, Poisses-Koundouros, 27.6.2013 (leg. T. Petanidou). BULGARIA: Kresna-Piria, 5.1967 (leg. M. Kocourek); Arkutino, 7.1968 (leg. A. Görtier); Slantschev Brjag, 6.1972 (leg. M. Kocourek); Neseban, 7.1986 (leg. Z. Pedr); Szozopol, 8.7.1986 (leg. Kolacek); Primorsko env., 6.8.1988 (leg. P. Tyrner); SW Razlog, 16.8.1993 (leg. Z. Pedr); Sandanski, 6.1994 (leg. M. Kocourek); Trakia, Plovdiv, 20.7.1996 (leg. A. Zaykov); Rodopi, Studenec, 25.7.1997 (leg. Z. Pedr); Dervinska Mogila, 25 km NE Svilengrad, 500 m, 20.6.2008 (leg. M. Halada). TURKEY: Canakkale: 6 km N Ezine, 35 m, 27.7.2006 (leg. M. Halada); Izmir: 10 km NE Odemis, 1200 m, 3.7.2006 (leg. M. Halada); Aydin: Adnan Menderes University, Campus, 4.7.2006 (leg. E. Scheuchl); Manisa: 15 km SEE Salihli, 170 m, 2.7.2006 (leg. M. Halada); Denizli: around Denizli, 14.6.2006 (leg. E. Scheuchl); Eskisehir: Porsuk Baraji Sebran, 8.7.1993 (leg. K. Denes); Burdur: 20 km SW Burdur, 940 m, 7.7.2006 (leg. J. Halada); Isparta: Egirdir Gölu, 5 km N Akkecili, 920 m, 10.7.2006 (leg. M. Halada); Konya: Çumra, 1020 m, 12.8.2000 (leg. M. Kesdek); Aksaray: Esmekaya, 52 km W Aksaray, 16.7.1998 (leg. C. Schmid-Egger); Nevsehir: Göreme, 23.6.1993 (leg. M. Halada); Nigde: Camardi, 13.7.1997 (leg. M. Halada); Kayseri: Burhaniye, 1320 m, 13.7.1996 (leg. P. Rasmont); Sivas: Karagöl, 1260 m, 14.7.1996 (leg. P. Rasmont); Malatya: Erkenek, 80 km SW Malatya, 9.7.1997 (leg. M. Halada); Adiyaman: Nemrut Dagi Karadut, 2.7.1993 (leg. K. Denes); Erzincan: Erzincan, 18.7.1997 (leg. E. Yildirim); Elazig: Hazar Gölü SE Elazig, 29.6.2000 (leg. M. Halada); Sanliurfa: Caylarbasi, 70 km N Urfa, 2.6.1998 (leg. M. Halada); Erzurum: Eskipalat, 1810 m, 20.7.1997 (leg. P. Rasmont); Bingöl: Solhan-Baglan, 2120 m, 25.6.2004 (leg. M. Kesdek); Mardin: 20 km N Mardin, 21.6.1997 (leg. M. Halada); Bitlis: 20 km SW Bitlis, 23.6.1997 (leg. M. Halada); Igdir: 20 km NW Igdir, 29.6.1997 (leg. M. Halada); Agri: Gökoglu, 1680 m, 22.7.1997 (leg. P. Rasmont); Van: Tevekli, 1740 m, 23.7.1997 (leg. P. Rasmont). ARMENIA: Armawir: Vanand, 1120 m, 18.6.2006 (leg. Ø. Berg). IRAN: East Azerbaijan: Sis, 10 km E Shabestar, 1540 m, 19.6.2012 (leg. Z. Pedr); Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province: Kuh Go near Sisakht, 2500 m, 9.6.2010 (leg. M. Halada); Fars: Komehr, 2380 m, 9.6.2010 (leg. M. Halada); Lorestan: 10 km SW Dorud, 1520 m, 27.5.2014 (leg. J. Halada). SYRIA: Khabab, 60 km S Damascus, 14.5.1996 (leg. M. Halada); 30 km S Suwayda, 15 – 17.5.1996 (leg. M. Halada); Dara Nawa, 18.5.1996 (leg. M. Halada); 40 km NE Damascus, 22.5.1996 (leg. M. Halada); Dibbin, 30 km W Damascus, 19.6.2000 (leg. M. Halada); Kafr, Suwayda, 21.6.2000 (leg. M. Halada). ISRAEL AND PALESTINE: Northern District: Golan, 1 km S Ein Kinya, 600 m, 5.5.2010 (leg. C. Sedivy, C. Praz); Mt. Hermon, 2180 m, 27.6.2010 (leg. A. Dorchin); Upper Galilee, Nahal Ga'ton 1.4 km N Ga'ton, 240 m, 30.5.2011 (leg. A. Dorchin); Upper Galilee, Har Meron, 14.6.2013 (leg. G. Pisanty); West Bank: Wadi Og, - 10 m, 7.4.2012 (leg. J. S. Ascher, A. Payne); Nahal Perat, 14.3.2015 (leg. G. Pisanty). JORDAN: Jordan Valley, Tall al Arbatin, 20 km S North Shuna, 19.4.1996 (leg. M. Halada); Jordan Valley, South Shuna, 25 – 26.4.1996 (leg. M. Halada); Jordan Valley, Dayr Alla, 27.4.1996 (leg. M. Halada); 30 km N Tafila, 2.5.1996 (leg. M. Halada); N Zarga, 26.4.2002 (leg. M. Snizek); 15 km S of Madaba, 28.4.2006 (leg. F. Kantner); Dead Sea, road Al-Tafila-Feifa, 18.4.2007 (leg. C. Praz, C. Sedivy, A. Müller); Wadi Mujib, King’s Highway, 19.4.2007 (leg. C. Praz, C. Sedivy, A. Müller).	en	Müller, Andreas (2018): Palaearctic Osmia bees of the subgenus Hoplosmia (Megachilidae, Osmiini): biology, taxonomy and key to species. Zootaxa 4415 (2): 297-329, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4415.2.4
03F3D869FFB3885F47D82D84E6820B0C.taxon	distribution	Distribution. From eastern Austria, southern Czech Republique, Slovakia and Hungary over southeastern Poland and Romania to southern Ukraine and southern European Russia; from Italy and Slovenia over the Balkan peninsula (Croatia, Serbia, Montenegro, Macedonia, Albania, Greece including Crete, Bulgaria) and Turkey to the Caucasus (Armenia) and central Iran; from Turkey over the Levant (Syria, Israel and Palestine, Jordan) to northern Egypt. The westernmost record is from Mondovi in Italian Piemonte province (G. Pagliano personal communication), the northernmost from Uherské Hradiště in southern Moravia, the southernmost from Cairo in northern Egypt and the easternmost from Komehr in Iranian Fars province. The species’ occurrence in Turkmenistan, Mongolia and the Russian Far East as reported by Romankova (1995) appears to be doubtful and needs verification. Osmia bidentata seems to be entirely absent from France, the Iberian Peninsula and the Maghreb, where it is replaced by O. anceyi as already assumed by Tkalců (1979). Subspecific classification. The metasomal scopa of females occurring on Lesbos, in Turkey, Iran, the Levant and Egypt is whitish rather than yellowish-red as in females of the more western populations and of the Caucasus. Based on this difference, Tkalců (1979) established two subspecies, i. e. Osmia bidentata bidentata Morawitz 1876 distributed mainly in Europe and O. bidentata pallens (Tkalců 1979) ranging from easternmost Europe over Turkey eastwards to Iran and southwards to northern Egypt.	en	Müller, Andreas (2018): Palaearctic Osmia bees of the subgenus Hoplosmia (Megachilidae, Osmiini): biology, taxonomy and key to species. Zootaxa 4415 (2): 297-329, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4415.2.4
03F3D869FFB3885F47D82D84E6820B0C.taxon	description	Pollen hosts. Oligolectic on Asteraceae (based on 62 pollen loads from 27 different localities in Italy, Austria, Hungary, Macedonia, Greece, Turkey, Syria, Israel and Jordan and on field observations). All loads exclusively consisted of Centaurea pollen except for two loads that additionally contained moderate quantities of thistle pollen, indicating that O. bidentata most probably restricts pollen harvesting to the subfamily Carduoideae (Fig. 3). One load contained small amounts of Onobrychis pollen (Fabaceae) beside Centaurea pollen, suggesting that the females very rarely also exploit pollen hosts other than the Asteraceae. These findings are in contrast to Güler & Sorkun (2007), who assume O. bidentata to be polylectic, harvesting pollen from flowers of eleven plant families. Flower records: Carduus spec., Centaurea stoebe (Tkalců 1974 a); Arctium, Carduus spec., Centaurea iberica, C. spinosa, Cirsium spec., Onopordum spec. (label records). Nesting biology. The nests are built in various preexisting cavities, such as insect burrows in dead wood, dead hollow plant stems (e. g. Phragmites) or cavities in the soil (Popovici-Baznosanu 1909; Banaszak & Romasenko 2001; A. Müller unpublished data), possibly also in abandoned nests of aculeates in loess scarps (H. Wiesbauer personal communication). They contain 1 – 11 linearly arranged brood cells, which are separated from each other by partitions made of mud. In Phragmites stems, the entire brood cells including their walls may be constructed from mud. The nest is sealed by a one-layered wall of mud at its opening. The space between the outermost cell and the nest plug is 1.5 – 5 cm long and usually empty, but is occasionally divided up by an additional wall of mud. Osmia bidentata overwinters in the prepupal stage (Popovici-Baznosanu 1909).	en	Müller, Andreas (2018): Palaearctic Osmia bees of the subgenus Hoplosmia (Megachilidae, Osmiini): biology, taxonomy and key to species. Zootaxa 4415 (2): 297-329, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4415.2.4
03F3D869FFB1885C47D82CAAE743081F.taxon	description	New records. MOROCCO: Fès-Meknès: 15 km SE Sefrou, 26 – 27.5.1995 (leg. M. Halada); Bhalil, 10 km NW Sefrou, 28.5.1995 (leg. M. Halada); SW of Sefrou, 16.5.2003 (leg. M. Halada). ALGERIA: Biskra: El Kantara, 17.5.2008 (leg. S. Aguib). TUNISIA: Bizerta: Ghar El Melh E Bizerta, 26.5.1999 (leg. O. Niehuis); Zaghouan: 30 km SE Zaghouan, 19.4.1981 (leg. M. Schwarz); Kef: 5 km N El Kef, 22.6.1994 (leg. M. Hauser); Sfax: 30 km SW Sfax, 18.4.1981 (leg. M. Schwarz).	en	Müller, Andreas (2018): Palaearctic Osmia bees of the subgenus Hoplosmia (Megachilidae, Osmiini): biology, taxonomy and key to species. Zootaxa 4415 (2): 297-329, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4415.2.4
03F3D869FFB1885C47D82CAAE743081F.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Maghreb (Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia). Pollen hosts. Probably oligolectic on Asteraceae (based on eight pollen samples from two different localities in Morocco). As all pollen loads analysed were either pure loads of Centaurea (n = 6) or contained pollen of both Centaurea and thistles (n = 2), O. dido is likely a specialist of Carduoideae. Flower record: Centaurea nicaeensis (label record).	en	Müller, Andreas (2018): Palaearctic Osmia bees of the subgenus Hoplosmia (Megachilidae, Osmiini): biology, taxonomy and key to species. Zootaxa 4415 (2): 297-329, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4415.2.4
03F3D869FFB1885C47D82CAAE743081F.taxon	description	Nesting biology. Unknown.	en	Müller, Andreas (2018): Palaearctic Osmia bees of the subgenus Hoplosmia (Megachilidae, Osmiini): biology, taxonomy and key to species. Zootaxa 4415 (2): 297-329, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4415.2.4
03F3D869FFB1885D47D8298AE17E0850.taxon	description	New records. GREECE: Western Greece: Patras, Panachaiko mountains, 800 – 1700 m, 25.6.1998 (leg. W. Arens); Peloponnese: Cape Tenaro, Mani, 20 m, 16.5.1995, 4.5.2000 (leg. W. Arens), 23.4.2001 (leg. A. Müller); TURKEY: Denizli: 35 km SSE Denizli, 970 m, 5.7.2006 (J. Halada); Kütahya: 20 km NEE Kütahya, 13.7.2006 (leg. J. Halada); Isparta: Karakus Dagi centr., 1460 m, 11.7.2006 (leg. J. Halada); Eskisehir: Porsuk Baraji Sebran, 8.7.1993 (leg. M. Halada); Mersin: Kiskalesi near Silifke, 9 – 13.5.1988 (leg. N. Mohr); Sivas: 20 km E Gurun, Mezikiran Gecidi, 10.7.1997 (leg. M. Halada); Kahramanmaras: Kahramanmaras env., 601 m, 18.5.2006 (leg. Hazir, Cobanoglu); Gaziantep: 10 km W Gaziantep, 20.6.1997 (leg. M. Halada); Adiyaman: Nemrut Dagi, Karadut, 2.7.1993 (leg. M. Halada); Sanliurfa: Birecik S Halfeti, 30.5.1998 (leg. M. Snizek); Mardin: 20 km N Mardin, 21.6.1997 (leg. M. Halada); Erzurum: Umudum Yavl., 2800 m, 8.8.1991 (leg. H. Özbek); Bitlis: Kokabsu, 27.7.1978 (leg. H. Özbek); Kars: Pasli, 50 km S Kars, 1.7.1997 (leg. M. Halada); Van: 10 km N Muradiye, 27.6.1993 (leg. M. Halada). ARMENIA: Armavir: Vanand, 1120 m, 18.6.2006 (leg. Ø. Berg). SYRIA: Khabab, 60 km S Damascus, 14.5.1996 (leg. M. Halada); Dibbin, 30 km S Suwayda, 15 – 17.5.1996 (leg. M. Halada); 30 km N Dara Nawa, 18.5.1996 (leg. M. Halada); Anata, 50 km S Suwayda, 20 – 21.5.1996 (leg. M. Halada); 40 km NE Damascus, 22.5.1996 (leg. M. Halada); 50 km S Homs, 24.5.1996 (leg. M. Halada); Tartus, Oal at al-Hisn, 8.6.2000 (leg. K. Denes); 30 km W Damascus, 19.6.2000 (leg. M. Halada). ISRAEL AND PALESTINE: Northern District: Golan, 1 km S Ein Kinya, 5.5.2010 (leg. C. Sedivy, C. Praz); Mt. Hermon, 2180 m, 28.06.2010 (leg. A. Dorchin); Lake Tiberias, 2 km NNE Tiberias, 70 m, 25.5.2011 (leg. S. Risch); Lower Galilee, W Moreshet, 250 m, 28.5.2011 (leg. S. Risch); Upper Galilee, 1.8 km SE Bet Rimon, 220 m, 28.5.2011 (leg. A. Dorchin, S. Risch); 1 km SW Ziv'on, 15.5.2015 (leg. G. Pisanty); Nabi Hazuri, 26.6.2015 (leg. G. Pisanty); Haifa District: 40 km NE Haifa, 1 km E Hurfeish, 15.5.1996 (leg. C. Schmid-Egger); Mt. Carmel, Hai Bar, 29.5.2000, 12.6.2000 (leg. M. Török); Jerusalem District: Judean Foothills, Har'el, 22.5.2009 (leg. G. Pisanty); Judean Foothills, Beit Govrin, 28.3.2010 (leg. G. Pisanty); Judean Foothills, Ya'ar Yish'I, 21.4.2010 (leg. T. Koznichki); Judean Mountains, Nataf, 16.5.2012 (leg. Y. Berner); Judean Foothills, Park Britannia, 12.4.2013 (leg. Y. Berner), 7.5.2015 (leg. T. Chaprazaro); 1 km N Nahshon, 30.5.2015 (leg. G. Pisanty); Westbank: Judean Desert, Za’tara, 5.5.2014 (leg. I. Arar). Southern District: Judean Foothills, Lakhish, 6.5.2012 (leg. Y. Berner); JORDAN: Jordan Valley, South Shuna, 25 – 26.4.1996 (leg. M. Halada); Jordan Valley, Mubalath, 27.4.1996 (leg. M. Halada); 30 km N Tafila, 2.5.1996 (leg. M. Halada); 10 km N Petra, 3.5.1996 (leg. M. Halada); Jordan Valley, 20 km S North Shuna, Tall Al Arbatin, 19.6.1996 (leg. M. Halada); Kafr, Suwayda, 21.6.2000 (leg. M. Halada); Al Karak env., 16.4.2002 (leg. M. Snizek); 10 km N Jerash, 20.4.2002 (leg. M. Snizek); 30 km NW Ajlun, 600 m, 29.4.2006 (leg. K. Denes); NW Pella env., - 80 m, 29.4.2006 (leg. K. Denes).	en	Müller, Andreas (2018): Palaearctic Osmia bees of the subgenus Hoplosmia (Megachilidae, Osmiini): biology, taxonomy and key to species. Zootaxa 4415 (2): 297-329, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4415.2.4
03F3D869FFB1885D47D8298AE17E0850.taxon	distribution	Distribution. From the Peloponnese peninsula eastwards to eastern Turkey and Armenia and from Turkey southwards to the Levant (Syria, Israel and Palestine, Jordan). Pollen hosts. Oligolectic on Asteraceae (based on 34 pollen samples from 19 different localities in Greece, Turkey, Syria, Israel and Jordan and on field observations). As all pollen loads analysed were either pure loads of Centaurea (n = 23) and thistle pollen (n = 5) or contained pollen of both Centaurea and thistles (n = 6), O. distinguenda probably restricts pollen harvesting to the Carduoideae. Flower records: Centaurea crocodylium, C. hyalolepis, C. iberica (label records).	en	Müller, Andreas (2018): Palaearctic Osmia bees of the subgenus Hoplosmia (Megachilidae, Osmiini): biology, taxonomy and key to species. Zootaxa 4415 (2): 297-329, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4415.2.4
03F3D869FFB1885D47D8298AE17E0850.taxon	description	Nesting biology. Observations from both Israel and southern Greece indicate that the brood cells are built singly or in small groups within small cavities of rocks and stones (G. Pisanty and H. Wiesbauer personal communication; A. Müller unpublished data; Fig. 8). They consist of leaf pulp with the rock surface usually forming part of the cell walls. The nest cavity is closed by a wall made of leaf pulp.	en	Müller, Andreas (2018): Palaearctic Osmia bees of the subgenus Hoplosmia (Megachilidae, Osmiini): biology, taxonomy and key to species. Zootaxa 4415 (2): 297-329, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4415.2.4
03F3D869FFB0885D47D8295CE49909D0.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Only known from the type series collected at Mount Hermon in northernmost Israel. Pollen hosts. Unknown. Nesting biology. Unknown.	en	Müller, Andreas (2018): Palaearctic Osmia bees of the subgenus Hoplosmia (Megachilidae, Osmiini): biology, taxonomy and key to species. Zootaxa 4415 (2): 297-329, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4415.2.4
03F3D869FFB0885D47D8295CE49909D0.taxon	description	Note: Female unknown.	en	Müller, Andreas (2018): Palaearctic Osmia bees of the subgenus Hoplosmia (Megachilidae, Osmiini): biology, taxonomy and key to species. Zootaxa 4415 (2): 297-329, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4415.2.4
03F3D869FFB0885D47D828DCE7430B85.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis of the hitherto unknown Ƌ: The male of O. larochei is morphologically very close to O. olgae and O. scutellaris. It differs from O. olgae by the distinctly longer pilosity of the mesepisternum, the wider scutellum and the dark rather than reddish-brown tergum 7 (see Key to species). Characters distinguishing it from O. scutellaris are the shape of the preapical lobes of tergum 6, the form of the labrum and the shape of sternum 4 (see Key to species). New records: SPAIN: Canary Islands: Gran Canaria, Los Pechos, 18.3.1988 (leg. Scaramozzino). Distribution. Restricted to the Canary Islands and known only from Gran Canaria. Pollen hosts. Unknown. Flower record: Andryala pinnatifida (Hohmann et al. 1993). Nesting biology. Unknown.	en	Müller, Andreas (2018): Palaearctic Osmia bees of the subgenus Hoplosmia (Megachilidae, Osmiini): biology, taxonomy and key to species. Zootaxa 4415 (2): 297-329, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4415.2.4
03F3D869FFB7885847D82DAFE49A0D23.taxon	description	New records. MOROCCO: Tanger-Tétouan-Al HoceÏma: Chefchaouen, 730 m, 4.5.2002 (H. J. Flügel); Fès- Meknès: El-Menzel, 30 km E Sefrou, 29.5.1995 (leg. M. Halada). PORTUGAL: Braga: Fafe, San Jorge, 25.5.1991 (leg. M. Schwarz); Castelo Branco: Serra Estrella, 1450 m, 16.7.2009 (leg. V. Bartak); Lisbon: Sobreda, 5.5 – 24.5.1985 (leg. S. Risch); Faro: Carrapateira, 20 km SSW Aljezur, 13.5.1995 (leg. J. Gusenleitner). SPAIN: Girona: Pirineos Orientales, 30 km NW Ripolli, 1750 m, 22.7.2011 (leg. J. Halada); Barcelona: Parc Natural del Garraf, 19.5.2010 (leg. J. Bosch); Tarragona: Ginestar, 50 km N Tortosa, 4.5.2000 (leg. E. Scheuchl); Castellon: Castellon env., 6.1997 (leg. Kadlecova); Valencia: Valencia env., 1.5.1997 (P. Stary); Alicante: Moraira, 15 km SSW Xabla, 3.5.2001 (leg. E. Scheuchl); Murcia: 25 km SW Cartagena, 12.5.2003 (leg. M. Halada); Jaén: Sierra Pozo, Mt. Palomas, 1450 m, 11.6.2003 (leg. M. Kafka); Sevilla: W Villamanrique de la Condesa, 10.5.2013 (leg. J. Smit); Huelva: E El Rocio, Coto Donana, National Park, Arroyo de Partido, 19.4.2003 (leg. S. Roberts); Almeria: Sierra Filabres, 9 km E Albanchez, 23.4.2003 (leg. M. Halada); Granada: Sierra de Tejeda, Punte de Salina, 700 m, 5.2003 (leg. F. Kantner); Malaga: Parauta 13 km S Ronda, 800 m, 5.10.2004 (leg. S. Risch); Cadiz: Chiclana 23 km S Cadiz, 8.4.2010 (leg. C. Schmid-Egger); Menorca: 2007 (leg. P. Mendez). FRANCE: Drôme: Plateau du Coiron, Sceautres-Taverner, 16 km NW Montélimar, 12.7.2002 (leg. J. van der Smissen); Vaucluse: 5 km N Roussillon, Lioux, 9.6.1997 (leg. O. Niehuis); Alpes Maritimes: La Bollène-Vésuble, 630 m, 12.7.2010 (leg. C. Schmid-Egger); Var: Le Muy, L'Endre, 50 m, 15.5.2006 (leg. Hendrichx); Gard: Nîmes, Marguerittes, 7.5.2000 (leg. E. Scheuchl); Aude: 10 km S Carcassone, 85 km SW Toulouse, 18.5.2003 (leg. M. Halada). ROMANIA: Moldova Noua, 27.5.2002 (leg. M. Halada). ITALY: Friuli Venezia Giulia: Gemona di Friule, 230 m, 19.6.2006 (leg. H. J. Flügel); Valle d'Aosta: Parleaz, 1250 m, 2.6.1999 (leg. E. Scheuchl); Emilia Romagna: Berceto, 15.7.1988 (leg. Zinnert); Liguria: Levanto, 31.5 – 5.6.1999 (leg. M. Herrmann); Toscana: Monte Argenario, 40 km S Grosseto, 5.5.1995 (leg. C. Schmid-Egger); Puglia: San Giovanni, Mte. Gargano, 15.5.1990 (leg. A. Müller); Sardinia: Lanusei env., 29.6.2000 (leg. J. Halada); Brunella env., 70 m, 28.5.2013 (leg. J. Halada); Sicilia: 35 km SW Ragusa, 18 – 22.6.2002 (leg. J. Halda). CROATIA: Buzet, 15.5.1993 (leg. Z. Pedr); Dvenik, 16.6.2000 (leg. M. Kafka); 30 km SE Knin, 450 m, 25.5.2005 (leg. Z. Pedr); 40 km N Split, 370 m, 29.5.2005 (leg. Z. Pedr). GREECE: Ionian Islands: Korfu, Mandouki, 19.5.1984 (leg. L. Norén); Epirus: 10 km E Parga, 14.6.1997 (leg. P. Thomas); Thessaly: Mt. Ossa, Kokino Nero, 40 km NE Larissa, 13.5.2005 (leg. J. Halada); Central Greece: Euböä, Xero mountains NE Drimona, 700 m, 26.5.2009 (leg. H. Rausch); Western Greece: Olympia, Alfios valley, 4.6.1995 (leg. W. Arens); Peloponnese: Mani, Agios Dimitrios, 25 m, 3.5.2001 (leg. A. Müller); Crete: Prina env., 7 km S Istro, 12.6.2002 (leg. K. Denes); Aegean Islands: Lesbos, 2.7 km SSE Agiasos, 700 m, 21.6.2004 (leg. A. Kyriakopoulos); Rhodos, Malonas, 150 m, 14.5.2005 (leg. A. Müller); Kos, 26.5.2008 (leg. G. Reder); Ikaria, Glaredo, 20.4.2012 (leg. I. Vavitsas); Limnos, Phalakros, 13.5.2012 (J. Devalez); Naxos, Panagia Drosiani, 16.5.2012 (leg. I. Vavitsas); Thasos, Melissourgos, 22.5.2012 (leg. M. de Courcy); Samothrace, Alonia, 29.5.2012 (M. de Courcy); Chios, Aghio Gala, 7.6.2012 (P. Toutziarakis); Aegina, Sfentouri, 10.5.2013 (leg. S. Margaroni); Santorini, Panagia Kalou, 11.5.2013 (leg. T. Petanidou); Kea, Dihala Sklavou, 26.5.2013 (leg. T. Petanidou). BULGARIA: Kresna, 5.1980 (leg. M. Kocourek); Nessebar, 29.6.1982 (leg. M. Kocourek); Rodopi, Hrabrino, 15.6.1997 (leg. A. Zaykov); Trakia, Proslav, 10.7.1997 (leg. Z. Pedr); Plovdiv, 15.8.1997 (leg. Z. Pedr); SE Lozenec, 16.6.2008 (leg. M. Halada). TURKEY: Canakkale: Gelibou env., 18.6.1998 (leg. J. Halada); Izmir: beween Ödmis and Bozdag, 1020 m, 28.5.2006 (leg. E. Scheuchl); Aydin: Kusadasi, 27.6.2006 (leg. E. Scheuchl); Kütahya: 20 km NEE Kütahya, 13.7.2006 (leg. M. Halada); Burdur: around Dirimli mountainpass, 1350 m, 6.6.2006 (leg. E. Scheuchl); Antalya: Seklik Mevkli, 3.6.2009 (leg. J. S. Ascher, J. Rozen, H. Özbek); Ankara: between Peçenek and Camlidere, 1140 m, 17.6.2006 (leg. E. Scheuchl); Aksaray: Ihara valley, 13.6.2008 (leg. M. Kafka); Mersin: Kuzucubelen, 28.5.1998 (leg. M. Halada); Nevsehir: Göreme, 18.5.1988 (leg. N. Mohr); Adana: Seyhan, 110 m, 22.5.2005 (leg. E. Scheuchl); Sivas: 45 km E Yarhisar, 24.6.1993 (leg. Jirousek); Hatay: Yayladagi, 11.6.1998 (leg. M. Halada); Malatya: Erkenek, 80 km SW Malatya, 9.7.1997 (leg. M. Halada); Adiyaman: E Fidanlik, 800 m, 12.5.2006 (leg. H. Özbek); Sanliurfa: Caylarbasi, 70 km N Urfa, 2.6.1998 (leg. M. Halada); Erzurum: Erzurum, Oltu Basakli, 1850 m, 5.6.2008 (leg. H. Özbek); Bitlis: 50 km E Tatvan, 7.7.1997 (leg. M. Halada); Kars: Pasli, 50 km S Kars, 1.7.1997 (leg. M. Halada); Agri: Agri env., 27.6.1993 (leg. M. Halada). CYPRUS: between Coral Bay and Agios Georgios, 15 km NNW Paphos, 5.5.2003 (leg. E. Scheuchl); Mesaoria, Gaziköy W Vadili, 100 m, 26.4.2011 (leg. C. Sedivy, A. Müller); Karpaz peninsula, 29.4.2011 (leg. C. Sedivy, A. Müller). ARMENIA: Aragatsotn: Parpi, 1600 m, 31.5.1973 (leg. A. Svozil); Mt. Aragats south slope, 3 km N Byurakan, 1830 m, 22.6.2006 (leg. Ø. Berg); Yerevan: Yerevan, 1250 m, 12.6.2004 (leg. Ø. Berg). GEORGIA: Ghvevi, 30 km W Tbilisi, 13.6.2015 (leg. M. Snizek). IRAN: Gilan: 5 km E Rudbar, 400 m, 8.6.2014 (leg. J. Halada). TURKMENISTAN: Firyuza, 40 km W Aschabat, 6.6.1993 (leg. J. Halada). SYRIA: Marbij env., 9.5.1996 (leg. M. Halada); Jisr ash Shughur, 26.5.1996 (leg. M. Halada); Hamah / Masyaf env., 9.6.2000 (leg. K. Denes); 50 km W Homs, 12.5.2002 (leg. M. Halada). ISRAEL AND PALESTINE: Northern District: Golan heights, En Fit, 2.9 km ESE Senir, 4.5.2013 (A. Dorchin, D. Bénon, V. Trunz); Haifa District: 10 km S Haifa, Har Karmel / Bet Oren, 14.5.1996 (leg. C. Schmid-Egger); Central District: 0.75 km N Yaqum, 12 m, 9.4.2010 (leg. A. Dorchin); Tel Aviv District: Tel Aviv, Botanical Garden, 5.4.2013 (leg. J. S. Ascher); Jerusalem District: Judean foothills, Park Britannia, 24.4.2011 (leg. T. Koznichki); Southern District: 3 km N Lakhish, 1.4.2016 (leg. G. Pisanty). JORDAN: Tall Al Arbatin, 20 km S North Shuna, 19.4.1996 (leg. M. Halada); 20 km NNW Al Karak, 27.4.2005 (leg. F. Kantner); Dibbin, 15 km W Jerash, 2.5.2006 (leg. K. Denes); Wadi al Hasa S Al Karak, 20.4.2007 (leg. C. Praz, C. Sedivy, A. Müller).	en	Müller, Andreas (2018): Palaearctic Osmia bees of the subgenus Hoplosmia (Megachilidae, Osmiini): biology, taxonomy and key to species. Zootaxa 4415 (2): 297-329, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4415.2.4
03F3D869FFB7885847D82DAFE49A0D23.taxon	distribution	Distribution. From northernmost Morocco over Iberia (Portugal, Spain, Balearic Islands) and southern France (including Corsica) to southwesternmost Switzerland; from eastern Austria, southern Slovakia and Hungary to Romania; from Italy (including Sardinia and Sicily), Slovenia and the Balkan peninsula (Croatia, Montenegro, Macedonia, Albania, Greece including Crete, Bulgaria) over Turkey and Cyprus to the Caucasus (Armenia, Georgia), central Iran and southwestern Turkmenistan; from Turkey southwards to the Levant (Syria, Israel and Palestine, Jordan). The westernmost record is from Sobreda near Lisbon in western Portugal, the northernmost from Turňa nad Bodvou in southeastern Slovakia, the southernmost from Nurabad in Iranian Fars province and the easternmost from Firyuza in southwestern Turkmenistan. Pollen hosts. Oligolectic on Asteraceae (based on 50 pollen loads from 43 different localities in Bulgaria, Cyprus, Greece, Israel and Palestine, Italy, Jordan, Morocco, Portugal, Spain, Turkey and Turkmenistan and on field observations). Among the Asteraceae, O. ligurica only exploits the flowers of Asteroideae and Cichorioideae with a preference for the former subfamily: 36 pollen loads were pure loads of Asteroideae pollen and four were pure loads of Cichorioideae pollen, while seven were mixed loads consisting of the pollen of both subfamilies. Three pollen loads contained small amounts of Brassicaceae, Campanulaceae or Resedaceae pollen beside Asteroideae pollen, suggesting that the females very rarely also exploit pollen hosts other than the Asteraceae. On the Asteroideae, the females take up pollen from the surface of the capitulum directly into their scopa by rapidly moving the metasoma up and down (“ abdominal drumming ” sensu Cane 2017). Flower records: Hieracium bauhinii (Tkalců 1994); Achillea spec., Anthemis tinctoria, Buphthalmum salicifolium, Calendula arvensis, Crepis aculeata, Glebionis coronaria, Hypochaeris achyrophorus, Inula spec., Leontodon spec., Pallenis spinosa, Pulicaria dysenterica, Reichardia picroides (label records).	en	Müller, Andreas (2018): Palaearctic Osmia bees of the subgenus Hoplosmia (Megachilidae, Osmiini): biology, taxonomy and key to species. Zootaxa 4415 (2): 297-329, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4415.2.4
03F3D869FFB7885847D82DAFE49A0D23.taxon	description	Nesting biology. The nests are built in 3 – 4 mm wide burrows in the pith of dead plant stems excavated by other aculeates (e. g. Ceratina) or in dead hollow stems (Friese 1893; Benoist 1931; Mavromoustakis 1939; Grandi 1961; G. Le Goff personal communication; A. Müller unpublished data; Fig. 9, 10). The most important nesting sites are dead tendrils of Rubus; further nesting sites include dead stems of Artemisia, Foeniculum and Scolymus. The nests contain up to eight linearly arranged brood cells, which are separated from each other by partitions constructed from leaf pulp. Leaf pulp is also used to seal the nest at its opening. Leucospis dorsigera Fabricius (Leucospidae) was reared from the nests of O. ligurica (Baur & Amiet 2000). Note. In the male, the lower half of the paraocular area is covered with a very short, appressed and plumose pilosity. This specialized pilosity is hypothesized to be involved in the mating behaviour as it is often soaked with a fluid of unknown origin, which might serve to mark home ranges or territories or to communicate with the female during courtship and mating.	en	Müller, Andreas (2018): Palaearctic Osmia bees of the subgenus Hoplosmia (Megachilidae, Osmiini): biology, taxonomy and key to species. Zootaxa 4415 (2): 297-329, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4415.2.4
03F3D869FFB5885847D82C8EE7430867.taxon	description	New records. TURKEY: Kütahya: 20 km NNE Kütahya, 13.7.2006 (leg. M. Halada); Isparta: Karakus Dagi centr., 1460 m, 11.7.2006 (leg. J. Halada); Karaman: Madensehir, 7.8.1972 (leg. K. Warncke); Nigde: Camardi, 13.7.1997 (leg. M. Halada); Nevsehir: 50 km E Ürgüp, 1100 m, 24.8.1991 (leg. K. Warncke); Ürgüp, 11.7.1997 (leg. M. Halada); Erzincan: 15 km W Refahye, W Erzincan, 1600 m, 7.7.2000 (leg. M. Halada); Artvin: Demirkent, Yusufeli, 1650 m, 14.8.1991 (leg. E. Yildirim); Bitlis: Tatvan, 1720 m, 16.8.1991 (leg. K. Warncke).	en	Müller, Andreas (2018): Palaearctic Osmia bees of the subgenus Hoplosmia (Megachilidae, Osmiini): biology, taxonomy and key to species. Zootaxa 4415 (2): 297-329, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4415.2.4
03F3D869FFB5885847D82C8EE7430867.taxon	distribution	Distribution. From the Black Sea coast of Bulgaria to eastern and southern Turkey. Pollen hosts. The only two pollen loads available (from two different localities) consisted of pollen of Asteroideae. Flower records: Centaurea arenaria, Melilotus albus (Tkalců 1978).	en	Müller, Andreas (2018): Palaearctic Osmia bees of the subgenus Hoplosmia (Megachilidae, Osmiini): biology, taxonomy and key to species. Zootaxa 4415 (2): 297-329, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4415.2.4
03F3D869FFB5885847D82C8EE7430867.taxon	description	Nesting biology. Unknown.	en	Müller, Andreas (2018): Palaearctic Osmia bees of the subgenus Hoplosmia (Megachilidae, Osmiini): biology, taxonomy and key to species. Zootaxa 4415 (2): 297-329, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4415.2.4
03F3D869FFB5885947D82942E5BB0E20.taxon	description	New records. CROATIA: Istria, Vodnjan env., 7.7.1999 (leg. Z. Pedr); Makarska, 27 – 30.6.2011 (leg. M. Kadlecova). GREECE: Central Macedonia: Litochoro, Plaka, 10 – 28.7.1988 (leg. S. Risch); Attica: Sounion, 15.6.1966 (leg. W. Schläfle); Western Greece: Samikon, 23.7.1997 (leg. W. Arens); Michas – Erymanthos mountains, 1300 – 1700 m, 27.7.1997 (leg. W. Arens); NW Niforeika-Kato, Achaia env., SW Patras, 3 – 17.7.2005 (leg. P. Bulirsch); Achaia near Chekali, 6.7.2006 (leg. W. Arens); Peloponnese: Mavromati, Ithome, 26.6.1996 (leg. W. Arens); Kalamata, Avia, 26.6.1996 (leg. W. Arens); Atsiholos, Gortis, 19.7.1997 (leg. W. Arens); Hosiari, Ageranos, 1.7.1997 (leg. W. Arens); Lira, Lakonia, 3.7.1997 (leg. W. Arens); Arkadia, Orchomenos, 2.7.2001 (leg. W. Arens); Aegean Islands: Lesbos, 1.6 km NW Parakoila, 100 m, 23.6.2004 (leg. O. Messinger); Thasos, Potos, 17.6.2012 (leg. M. de Courcy). BULGARIA: Sandanski, 7.1967 (leg. M. Kocourek); Kresna-Pirin, 15.8.1982 (leg. M. Kocourek); Primorsko env., 4 – 6.7.1988 (leg. P. Tyrner); SW Melnik, 13.8.1993 (leg. M. Halada); Stara Zagora, 5.7.2000 (leg. M. Snizek); SW Kresna, 150 m, 24.6.2008 (leg. M. Halada). TURKEY: Canakkale: 6 km N Ezine, 35 m, 27.06.2006 (leg. J. Halada); Aydin: Aydin, 4.7.2006 (leg. E. Scheuchl); Manisa: 40 km NW Salihli, 150 m, 26.6.2006 (leg. J. Halada); 30 km SEE Salihli, 430 m, 29.6.2006 (leg. J. Halada); Denizli: 35 km SSE Denizli, 970 m, 5.7.2006 (leg. J. Halada); Burdur: 20 km SW Burdur, 1350 m, 8.7.2006 (leg. M. Halada); Antalya: 20 km E Alanya, 16.6.1997 (leg. M. Halada); Isparta: 6 km E Egirdir, 15.7.1998 (leg. C. Schmid-Egger); 8 km NE Isparta, 1020 m, 9.7.2006 (leg. J. Halada); Egidir Gölü, 5 km N Akkecili, 920 m, 10.07.2006 (leg. J. Halada); Nevsehir: 10 km W Ürgüp, 15.6.1998 (leg. M. Halada); Adana: Aladag, 780 m, 2.7.1995 (leg. P. Rasmont); Feke env., 21 – 24.7.2000 (leg. M. Oboril); Sivas: 45 km E Yarhisar, 24.6.1993 (leg. M. Halada); Malatya: 15 km E Malatya, 27.6.2000 (leg. M. Halada); Elazig: SE Elazig, Hazar Gölü, 29.6.2000 (leg. M. Halada); Erzincan: Avcilar, 1250 m, 4.8.2003 (leg. S. Coruh); Mardin: 20 km N Mardin, 21.6.1997 (leg. M. Halada). SYRIA: Damascus, 22.5.1996 (leg. M. Halada); 40 km NE Damascus, 22.5.1996 (leg. M. Halada).	en	Müller, Andreas (2018): Palaearctic Osmia bees of the subgenus Hoplosmia (Megachilidae, Osmiini): biology, taxonomy and key to species. Zootaxa 4415 (2): 297-329, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4415.2.4
03F3D869FFB5885947D82942E5BB0E20.taxon	distribution	Distribution: From the Balkan Peninsula (Croatia, Montenegro, Macedonia, Greece, Bulgaria) eastwards to eastern Turkey and from Turkey southwards to southern Syria. Pollen hosts. Oligolectic on Asteraceae (based on 30 pollen samples from 22 different localities in Croatia, Greece, Turkey and Syria). As all pollen loads analysed were pure loads of Centaurea, O. padri is likely a specialist of Carduoideae. Flower records: Carduus spec. (Zanden, 1983), Centaurea arenaria (Tkalců 1979), Centaurea solstitialis (Tkalců 1979, label record).	en	Müller, Andreas (2018): Palaearctic Osmia bees of the subgenus Hoplosmia (Megachilidae, Osmiini): biology, taxonomy and key to species. Zootaxa 4415 (2): 297-329, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4415.2.4
03F3D869FFB5885947D82942E5BB0E20.taxon	description	Nesting biology. The nests are built in dead wood (Tkalců 1974 a), most probably in preexisting insect burrows.	en	Müller, Andreas (2018): Palaearctic Osmia bees of the subgenus Hoplosmia (Megachilidae, Osmiini): biology, taxonomy and key to species. Zootaxa 4415 (2): 297-329, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4415.2.4
03F3D869FFB4885647D82F8CE0DD0B9C.taxon	description	New records. MOROCCO: Oriental: Taforalt, 660 m, 9.5.2002 (leg. H. J. Flügel); Fès-Meknès: SW Sefrou, 16.5.2003 (leg. J. Halada); Rabat-Salé-Kénitra: Pilote near Khemisset, 19.5.1997 (leg. Prudek); Souss-Massa: Imouzzer NNW Agadir, 11.4.1988 (leg. J. Gusenleitner); Taroudant, 18.4.1990 (leg. M. Halada); Tamzergoute, 10 km N Agadir, 8.4.2015 (leg. C. Schmid-Egger). TUNISIA: Jendouba: Tabarka, Khathairia, 15.5.1993 (leg. M. Hauser); 17 km N Tabarka, 16.4.2001 (leg. M. Snizek). PORTUGAL: Faro: Hortas do Tabual, 5 km SE Vila do Bispo, 18.5.1995 (leg. J. Gusenleitner). SPAIN: Girona: Puigcerda, 18.7.1963 (leg. H. Hamann); Barcelona: Papiol, 15.5.2010 (leg. J. Bosch); Tarragona: Montroig-Badia, 5 km WSW Cambrils, 14.5.2003 (leg. J. Smith); Castellon: Castellon env., 6.1997 (leg. Kadlecova); Granada: Atalbeitar, 1250 m, 16.5.2014 (leg. J. Smith); Malaga: Parauta, 13 km S Ronda, 800 m, 10.8.2004 (leg. S. Risch); Cadiz: Puerto Real, 19.4.2012 (leg. J. Smith). FRANCE, Drôme: St. Thomé, 12 km SW Montélimar, 21.5.2000 (leg. J. van der Smissen); Vaucluse: Le Beaucet- Venasque, 10 km SE Carpentras, 1.6.2000 (leg. J. van der Smissen); Var: Gonfaron, les Ribas, 180 m, 13.5.1997 (leg. Flagothier); Hérault: Marseillan, Agde, 7.5.1994 (leg. W. Arens); Aude: Carcassonne, Caunes-Minervois, 14.7.2002 (leg. J. Smith); Pyrénées-Orientales: 25 km S Prades, 990 m, 21.7.2011 (leg. J. Halada); Corsica: Zonza, 19.6.1996 (leg. K. Denes). SWITZERLAND: Valais: Visperterminen, Niederhäusern, 2.8.1997 (leg. W. Arens). ROMANIA: Orsova, Svinita, 23.5.2002 (leg. J. Halada); Cozla, W of Turnu Severin, 26.5.2002 (leg. J. Halada). UKRAINE: Krya, Jalta, Crimea, 8 – 10.7.1985 (leg. K. Denes); Stany env., Crimea, 27.5 – 2.6.2003 (leg. Andreeva). ITALY: Liguria: Alassio, 7.7.1996 (leg. J. Tiefenthaler); Toscana: Canneto, 25 km SSW Volterra, 13.7.1997 (leg. S. Risch); Umbria: Aquasparta, Lo Scoppi, 5.6.1992 (leg. G. Zinnert); Lazio: Albano, 1.6.1987 (leg. G. G. M. Schulten); Puglia: Mte. Gargano, San Giovanni, 5.7.1994 (leg. A. Müller); Sicily: Cammarata, 60 km N Agrigento, 1.6.2002 (leg. J. Halada). CROATIA: 30 km SE Knin, 450 m, 24.5.2005 (leg. Z. Pedr); 20 km W Neum, 25.5.2005 (leg. Z. Pedr). SERBIA: Bieb Polje, 10 km NE Petrovac, 750 m, 19.6.2008 (leg. P. Banar). MACEDONIA: Dorjan, 4.6.1973 (leg. M. Kocourek); Galicica National Park, 600 – 1500 m, 26.6.2014 (leg. J. Halada, M. Fabianová). GREECE: Ionian Islands: Corfu, Linia, 10.5.1984 (leg. L. Norén); Epirus: Ori Pargas, Sivota, 5.2000 (leg. F. Kantner); Thessaly: 40 km NE Larissa, Mt. Ossa, Kokino Nero, 13.5.2005 (leg. M. Kadlecova); Western Greece: Olympia, Alfios valley, 4.6.1995 (leg. W. Arens); Central Greece: Xerovouni-Geb., SE Pendagi, 1100 m, 8.6.2005 (leg. H. Rausch); Peloponnese: Mani, Agios Dimitrios, 20 m, 18.4.2001 (leg. A. Müller); Crete: Sougia, 8.4.2002 (leg. A. Müller); Aegean Islands: Chios, Diefcha, 16.5.2012 (leg. P. Toutziarakis); Ikaria, Glaredo, 28.5.2012 (leg. I. Vavitsas); Karpathos, Olympos, 2.5.2012 (leg. I. Vavitsas); Lesbos, 2 km SSE Agiasos, 600 m, 21.6.2004 (leg. A. Kyriakopoulos); Naxos, Moutsouna, 20.5.2012 (leg. I. Vavitsas); Rhodos, Stegna, 20 m, 4.5.2005 (leg. A. Müller); Samothrace, Alonia, 30.5.2012 (M. de Courcy); Thasos, Melissourgos, 23.5.2012 (M. de Courcy). BULGARIA: Nessebar, 3.6.1982 (leg. M. Kocourek); Rodopi, Hrabrino, 5.7.1997 (leg. Z. Pedr); Trakia, Proslav, 10.7.1997 (leg. Z. Pedr); Harmandli, 200 m, 14.6.2008 (leg. M. Halada). TURKEY: Canakkale: Canakkale, 9.6.1991 (leg. M. Kocourek); Aydin: between Cayir and Ödemis, 705 m, 28.5.2006 (leg. E. Scheuchl); Kütahya: Porsuk Baraji, 30 km N Kütahya, 22.5.1998 (leg. M. Halada); Isparta: Dere mahallesi, 1150 m, 24.5.2004 (leg. H. Özbek); Antalya: 60 km E Antalya, Side-Kumköy, 4 – 17.4.2004 (leg. M. Herrmann); Kastamonu: between Toysa and Iskilip, 1170 m, 19.6.2006 (leg. E. Scheuchl); Ankara: between Kizlicahamam and Gerede, 1000 m, 17.6.2006 (leg. E. Scheuchl); Konya: 10 km W Aksehir, 25.6.1998 (leg. J. Halada); Mersin: Aslanli, 30 km N Erdemli, 17.6.1998 (leg. M. Halada); Nevsehir: Ürgüp, 30 km E Nevsehir, 1400 m, 30.5.2001 (leg. K. Denes); Hatay: Samandagi, 20.5.1995 (leg. K. Denes); Adiyaman: Kuyucak env., 10.6.2001 (leg. M. Snizek); Sanliurfa: 80 km E Birecik, 2.5.1995 (leg. K. Denes); Artvin: Yusufeli Darica, 895 m, 16.6.2010 (leg. H. Özbek); Erzurum: Camlibel, Oltu, 1600 m, 26.6.2000 (leg. H. Özbek); Bitlis: Tatvan, 30.6.1993 (leg. K. Denes). CYPRUS: Paphos, Kato Paphos, 16.5.2009 (leg. D. Dauber); Karpaz Peninsula, 29.4.2011 (leg. C. Sedivy, A. Müller). GEORGIA: Ghvevi, 30 km W Tbilisi, 13.6.2015 (leg. M. Snizek). IRAN: Mazandaran: 10 km N Gashar, 2300 – 2700 m, 7.6.2014 (leg. J. Halada); Gilan: 5 km E Rudbar, 400 m, 8.6.2014 (leg. J. Halada). SYRIA: Jisr ash Shughur, 26.5.1996 (leg. M. Halada); 50 km W Homs, 12.5.2002 (leg. M. Halada); Daraa, Wadi Al Marir, 20.5.1995 (leg. V. Nemec). ISRAEL AND PALESTINE: Northern District: Golan, 2 km W Mas'ada, 900 m, 5.5.2010 (leg. C. Sedivy, C. Praz); Haifa District: 10 km S Haifa, Har Karmel / Bet Oren, 14.5.1996 (leg. O. Niehuis); Central District: Beit Hanan, 26.4.2009 (leg. A. Dorchin); Tel Aviv District: Tel Aviv, Botanical Garden, 5.4.2013 (leg. J. S. Ascher); Jerusalem District: Judean foothills, Ya'ar Yish'I, 26.4.2011 (leg. T. Koznichki); Southern District: Judean Foothills, Beit Nir, 28.3.2010 (leg. G. Pisanty). JORDAN: Aljun, 5.5.1995 (leg. K. Denes); Jordan Valey, Dayr Alla, 27.4.1996 (leg. M. Halada); Saham, Irbid reg., 300 m, 19.4.2003 (leg. I. Plijushtch); Pella, 29.4.2007 (leg. K. Denes).	en	Müller, Andreas (2018): Palaearctic Osmia bees of the subgenus Hoplosmia (Megachilidae, Osmiini): biology, taxonomy and key to species. Zootaxa 4415 (2): 297-329, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4415.2.4
03F3D869FFB4885647D82F8CE0DD0B9C.taxon	distribution	Distribution. From the Maghreb (Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia) over the Iberian Peninsula (Portugal, Spain, Andorra) and southern France (including Corsica) to southern Switzerland; from southernmost Slovakia and Hungary over Romania and southernmost Ukraine to southern European Russia; from Italy (including Sicily), Slovenia and the Balkan Peninsula (Croatia, Serbia, Macedonia, Albania, Greece including Crete, Bulgaria) over Turkey and Cyprus to the Caucasus (Georgia) and northern Iran; from Turkey southwards to the Levant (Syria, Israel and Palestine, Jordan). The westernmost record is from Agadir in western Morocco, the northernmost from Kováčov near Štúrovo in southernmost Slovakia, the southernmost from Beit Nir in Central Israel and the easternmost from near Chalus in Iranian Mazandaran province. Pollen hosts. Oligolectic on Asteraceae (based on 50 pollen loads from 42 different localities in Cyprus, France, Greece, Israel and Palestine, Italy, Jordan, Morocco, Romania, Syria and Turkey and on field observations). Among the Asteraceae, O. scutellaris only exploits species of Asteroideae and Cichorioideae with a preference for the latter subfamily: 35 pollen loads were pure loads of Cichorioideae pollen and eight were pure loads of Asteroideae pollen, while seven were mixed loads consisting of the pollen of both subfamilies. On the Asteroideae, the females take up pollen from the surface of the capitulum directly into their scopa by rapidly moving the metasoma up and down (“ abdominal drumming ” sensu Cane 2017). Flower records: Anthemis chia, Chrysanthemum coronarium, Crepis aculeata, Inula spec., Pallenis spinosa, Picris spec., Sonchus asper, Thrincia spec., Urospermum picroides (label records).	en	Müller, Andreas (2018): Palaearctic Osmia bees of the subgenus Hoplosmia (Megachilidae, Osmiini): biology, taxonomy and key to species. Zootaxa 4415 (2): 297-329, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4415.2.4
03F3D869FFB4885647D82F8CE0DD0B9C.taxon	description	Nesting biology. The nests are built in burrows in the pith of dead plant stems excavated by other aculeates (e. g. Ceratina) or in dead hollow stems (Friese 1893; Graeffe 1902; Benoist 1931; A. Gogala personal communication). The most important nesting sites are dead tendrils of Rubus. The material to construct cell partitions and nest plugs is still unknown, but is probably leaf pulp as in closely related species such as O. ligurica.	en	Müller, Andreas (2018): Palaearctic Osmia bees of the subgenus Hoplosmia (Megachilidae, Osmiini): biology, taxonomy and key to species. Zootaxa 4415 (2): 297-329, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4415.2.4
03F3D869FFBA885747D82DAFE7430E80.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis of the hitherto unknown ♀: Osmia warnckei belongs to those O. (Hoplosmia) species, which have their metanotum not hidden by the scutellum when seen from above and whose proboscis is not longer than the mesosoma. Among these species, the female of O. warnckei is easily recognisable by the very coarse punctation of head and mesosoma, the very sharp preooccipital margin and the comparably long proboscis, which is of about the same length as the mesosoma (see Key to species). Literature records. TURKEY: Sirnak: E of Sirnak, 5.6.1977 (Tkalců 1992).	en	Müller, Andreas (2018): Palaearctic Osmia bees of the subgenus Hoplosmia (Megachilidae, Osmiini): biology, taxonomy and key to species. Zootaxa 4415 (2): 297-329, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4415.2.4
03F3D869FFBA885747D82DAFE7430E80.taxon	description	New records. IRAN: Fars: Tangetamoradi near Yasouj, 4.6.2010 (leg. A. Monfared); Kalus near Yasouj, 30.5.2009 (leg. C. Sedivy, C. Praz, A. Monfared); Lorestan: 10 km SW Dorud, 1520 m, 27.5.2014 (leg. J. Halada).	en	Müller, Andreas (2018): Palaearctic Osmia bees of the subgenus Hoplosmia (Megachilidae, Osmiini): biology, taxonomy and key to species. Zootaxa 4415 (2): 297-329, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4415.2.4
03F3D869FFBA885747D82DAFE7430E80.taxon	distribution	Distribution. From southeastern Turkey to central Iran. Pollen hosts. The only pollen load available consisted of pollen of Centaurea (Asteraceae, Carduoideae).	en	Müller, Andreas (2018): Palaearctic Osmia bees of the subgenus Hoplosmia (Megachilidae, Osmiini): biology, taxonomy and key to species. Zootaxa 4415 (2): 297-329, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4415.2.4
03F3D869FFBA885747D82DAFE7430E80.taxon	description	Nesting biology. Unknown.	en	Müller, Andreas (2018): Palaearctic Osmia bees of the subgenus Hoplosmia (Megachilidae, Osmiini): biology, taxonomy and key to species. Zootaxa 4415 (2): 297-329, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4415.2.4
