taxonID	type	description	language	source
03F261659647FFCDA3B9FA1CFC1BB2F9.taxon	description	(Plate 1, Figs. 1 – 4) Ascomata non-ostiolate, scattered to gregarious, immersed, globose, dark gray to black at reflected light, dark brown at transmitted light, 80 – 110 μm diam., glabrous. Peridium pseudoparenchymatous, membranaceous, formed by an inner layer of flattened, angulated (textura angularis), thin-walled, light brown cells, 5 – 7.5 μm diam., and by an outer layer of angulated to elongated, irregular (textura epidermoidea), thick-walled, light brown cells, up to 18 μm diam., adorned with a reticulated pattern. Asci 8 - spored, globose, evanescent. Ascospores 1 - celled, ellipsoid to fusoid, smooth, light brown to brown, 12.5 – 18 × 8.5 – 9.5 μm, with two terminal germ pores. Conidia globose, with a spinulose ornamentation, hyaline, 9.5 – 11 μm diam.	en	Melo, Roger Fagner Ribeiro, Maia, Leonor Costa, Miller, Andrew Nicholas (2017): Coprophilous ascomycetes with passive ascospore liberation from Brazil. Phytotaxa 295 (2): 159-172, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.295.2.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.295.2.4
03F261659647FFCDA3B9FA1CFC1BB2F9.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: — BRAZIL. Pernambuco, Instituto Agronômico de Pernambuco (IPA), Serra Talhada, on goat dung, 03 Jan 2012, R. F. R. Melo (URM 86691!). Habitat: — Soil and herbivore dung.	en	Melo, Roger Fagner Ribeiro, Maia, Leonor Costa, Miller, Andrew Nicholas (2017): Coprophilous ascomycetes with passive ascospore liberation from Brazil. Phytotaxa 295 (2): 159-172, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.295.2.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.295.2.4
03F261659647FFCDA3B9FA1CFC1BB2F9.taxon	distribution	Distribution: — Africa (Senegal) and Europe (Canary Islands). This is the first record of this species in Brazil. Notes: — This species is remarkable for its cleistothecia, which present a typical peridial pattern of ridged cells, and for the finely spinulose conidia. The material from Pernambuco, analyzed directly from the substrate, showed smaller ascospores and conidia size than the material described from culture.	en	Melo, Roger Fagner Ribeiro, Maia, Leonor Costa, Miller, Andrew Nicholas (2017): Coprophilous ascomycetes with passive ascospore liberation from Brazil. Phytotaxa 295 (2): 159-172, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.295.2.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.295.2.4
03F261659640FFCDA3B9FEE6FEBDB619.taxon	description	(Plate 1, Figs. 5 – 6) Ascomata non-ostiolate, gregarious, rarely scattered, superficial, subglobose, ellipsoid, ovoid or polygonal, dark gray to black, 95 – 290 μm diam. Peridium pseudoparenchymatous, membranaceous, opaque, black, 15 – 20 μm thick, consisting of several layers of cells, the outermost dark, globose to angulated (textura globulosa - angularis), thick-walled, the innermost brown, clearer, thinner, angular (textura angularis). Terminal hairs simple, thick-walled, septate, smooth, dark brown, 3 – 6.5 μm thick at the broadest part, 95 – 600 μm long, arranged in two or three loose tufts of 4 – 10 hairs, attached at two or three parts of the ascoma, usually inclined upwards to form an angle of approximately 45 ° in relation to the substrate, with strongly circinate ends, forming hooks in different directions. Lateral hairs hyphoid, simple, thin-walled, 1.5 – 2 μm thick at the broadest part, usually absent in mature ascomata. Asci 8 - spored, globose to ovoid, 6 – 12.5 μm diam., evanescent. Ascospores 1 - celled, ellipsoid, smooth, light brown to ochraceous, copper colored “ en masse ”, 3.5 – 6 × 2.5 – 4.5 μm, guttulate, with one terminal germ pore.	en	Melo, Roger Fagner Ribeiro, Maia, Leonor Costa, Miller, Andrew Nicholas (2017): Coprophilous ascomycetes with passive ascospore liberation from Brazil. Phytotaxa 295 (2): 159-172, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.295.2.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.295.2.4
03F261659640FFCDA3B9FEE6FEBDB619.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: — BRAZIL. Pernambuco, Instituto Agronômico de Pernambuco (IPA), Caruaru, on goat dung, 27 Dec 2011, R. F. R. Melo (URM 86679!, 86680!); Instituto Agronômico de Pernambuco (IPA), Serra Talhada, on goat dung, 27 Feb 2012, R. F. R. Melo (URM 86681!). Habitat: — Soil, plant material and dung of many herbivores.	en	Melo, Roger Fagner Ribeiro, Maia, Leonor Costa, Miller, Andrew Nicholas (2017): Coprophilous ascomycetes with passive ascospore liberation from Brazil. Phytotaxa 295 (2): 159-172, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.295.2.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.295.2.4
03F261659640FFCDA3B9FEE6FEBDB619.taxon	distribution	Distribution: — Worldwide. Notes: — Ascomata of Kernia nitida were commonly recorded in the studied areas, mainly from goat dung. This species can be distinguished by the peculiar shape of the cleistothecia (subglobose, ellipsoid, ovoid or polygonal) and the long, circinate hairs, originating from two or three opposite points of the ascoma. The material examined from goat dung presented many ascomata covering entire pellets, interspersed with white, cottony tufts forming a hairy surface on the substrate.	en	Melo, Roger Fagner Ribeiro, Maia, Leonor Costa, Miller, Andrew Nicholas (2017): Coprophilous ascomycetes with passive ascospore liberation from Brazil. Phytotaxa 295 (2): 159-172, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.295.2.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.295.2.4
03F261659640FFCDA3B9FB86FB49B4CD.taxon	description	(Plate 1, Figs. 7 – 9) Ascomata non-ostiolate, scattered, immersed to superficial, globose, black at reflected light, dark red at transmitted light, 160 – 210 μm diam., glabrous. Peridium cephalothecoid, coriaceous, opaque, composed of large, polygonal plates consisting of flattened, angular (textura angularis), thick-walled, reddish-brown cells, 7.5 – 22.5 μm wide at the larger axis, separated by well-defined dehiscence lines. Asci 4 - spored, globose to slightly clavate, 9 – 11.5 μm diam., evanescent. Ascospores 1 - celled, mainly ellipsoid, but considerably variable in morphology, rhomboid to doliiform, ornamented by conspicuous, anastomosing ridges, forming an incomplete reticulum, hyaline, 6 – 10 × 3 – 5 μm, lacking germ pores.	en	Melo, Roger Fagner Ribeiro, Maia, Leonor Costa, Miller, Andrew Nicholas (2017): Coprophilous ascomycetes with passive ascospore liberation from Brazil. Phytotaxa 295 (2): 159-172, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.295.2.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.295.2.4
03F261659640FFCDA3B9FB86FB49B4CD.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: — BRAZIL. Pernambuco, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE), Recife, on goat dung, 04 Apr 2012, R. F. R. Melo (URM 86786!). Habitat: — Dung of dog, fox, hedgehog, rabbit, rat and squirrel.	en	Melo, Roger Fagner Ribeiro, Maia, Leonor Costa, Miller, Andrew Nicholas (2017): Coprophilous ascomycetes with passive ascospore liberation from Brazil. Phytotaxa 295 (2): 159-172, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.295.2.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.295.2.4
03F261659640FFCDA3B9FB86FB49B4CD.taxon	distribution	Distribution: — Europe (Denmark, Greece) and North America (Canada). This is the first record of this species in Brazil. Notes: — Leuconeurospora pulcherrima can be distinguished from other cleistothecial, hyaline-spored coprophilous fungi by the dark red ascomata with cephalothecoid wall and by the reticulated ornamentation pattern on the ascospores. Numerous obovoid to pyriform chlamydospores were observed in this material.	en	Melo, Roger Fagner Ribeiro, Maia, Leonor Costa, Miller, Andrew Nicholas (2017): Coprophilous ascomycetes with passive ascospore liberation from Brazil. Phytotaxa 295 (2): 159-172, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.295.2.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.295.2.4
03F261659640FFCCA3B9F8F2FD16B04D.taxon	description	(Plate 1, Figs. 10 – 12) Ascomata ostiolate, scattered to gregarious, immersed to superficial, globose, dark grey to black, 290 – 315 μm diam. Neck papillate, inconspicuous, 30 – 40 μm diam. Peridium pseudoparenchymatous, membranaceous, opaque, with thick-walled (textura angularis) brown cells. Neck hairs simple, thick-walled, septate, smooth, dark brown to black, 3.5 – 4.5 μm thick at the broadest part, narrowing towards the apex, 1.25 – 1.35 mm long, arranged in a single tuft. Lateral hairs hyphoid, simple, thin-walled, hyaline, septate, 135 – 147.5 μm long, 2 – 3 μm diam. at the broadest part, narrowing towards the apex. Asci 8 - spored, clavate to subglobose, with a short stipe, 20 – 35 × 9.5 – 15 μm, evanescent. Ascospores 1 - celled, sublimoniform, non-apiculated, smooth, hyaline when young, then golden to pale brown, copper colored “ en masse ”, 6.5 – 8 × 5 – 6 μm, with two terminal germ pores, early dispersed to form a cirrhus.	en	Melo, Roger Fagner Ribeiro, Maia, Leonor Costa, Miller, Andrew Nicholas (2017): Coprophilous ascomycetes with passive ascospore liberation from Brazil. Phytotaxa 295 (2): 159-172, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.295.2.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.295.2.4
03F261659640FFCCA3B9F8F2FD16B04D.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: — BRAZIL. Pernambuco, Instituto Agronômico de Pernambuco (IPA), Caruaru, on goat dung, 03 Jan 2012, R. F. R. Melo (URM 8668!), 08 May 2013 (URM 86683!); Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE), Recife, on goat dung, 05 May 2012, R. F. R. Melo (URM 86684!). Habitat: — On plant material and dung of many herbivores.	en	Melo, Roger Fagner Ribeiro, Maia, Leonor Costa, Miller, Andrew Nicholas (2017): Coprophilous ascomycetes with passive ascospore liberation from Brazil. Phytotaxa 295 (2): 159-172, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.295.2.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.295.2.4
03F261659640FFCCA3B9F8F2FD16B04D.taxon	distribution	Distribution: — Africa (Egypt, Iraq, Nigeria), Asia (India, Japan), Europe (Spain), North America (United States of America), Oceania (Australia) and South America (Brazil, Venezuela). Possibly worldwide. Notes: — Lophotrichus bartlettii, although underrepresented in literature, has been frequently recorded on herbivore dung in Brazil. It was first described by Ames (1961) from a pure culture sent by T. E. Brooks, isolated from rat dung in Kansas, USA. It can be easily identified among representatives of the genus by the presence of short-necked perithecia bearing a tuft of unbranched terminal hairs.	en	Melo, Roger Fagner Ribeiro, Maia, Leonor Costa, Miller, Andrew Nicholas (2017): Coprophilous ascomycetes with passive ascospore liberation from Brazil. Phytotaxa 295 (2): 159-172, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.295.2.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.295.2.4
03F261659641FFCCA3B9FD72FE03B781.taxon	description	(Plate 1, Figs. 13 – 14) Ascomata ostiolate, scattered, immersed to superficial, obpyriform, globose to subglobose, tapering slightly towards the neck, light brown to golden, 220 – 250 × 160 – 185 μm. Neck conical, 75 – 100 × 50 – 60 μm, usually with a mucilaginous mass at the apex composed of mature ascospores. Terminal hairs setose, straight to slightly flexuous, simple, thick-walled, septate, smooth, hyaline to faintly yellowish, 2.5 – 5 μm in diameter at the broadest part, 60 – 130 μm long, forming a crown at the neck apex. Lateral hairs sparse, hyphoid, flexuous, simple, thin-walled, hyaline. Peridium pseudoparenchymatous, membranaceous, translucent, composed mostly of polygonal, (textura angularis), thin-walled, light yellow to yellowish brown cells, 12.5 – 17.5 μm thick, becoming more elongated towards the neck. Asci 8 - spored, clavate, with rounded apex and a short stipe, 35.5 – 40 × 22.5 – 28 μm, evanescent, observable only in young perithecia. Ascospores 1 - celled, rhomboid-ellipsoid to sublimoniform, non-apiculated, smooth, hyaline when young, then dark brown to black, 15 – 22 × 10 – 12.5 μm, with two terminal germ pores, early dispersed to form a dark mass at the neck apex.	en	Melo, Roger Fagner Ribeiro, Maia, Leonor Costa, Miller, Andrew Nicholas (2017): Coprophilous ascomycetes with passive ascospore liberation from Brazil. Phytotaxa 295 (2): 159-172, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.295.2.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.295.2.4
03F261659641FFCCA3B9FD72FE03B781.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: — BRAZIL. Pernambuco, Instituto Agronômico de Pernambuco (IPA), Caruaru, on goat dung, 30 Sep 2011, R. F. R. Melo (URM 86669!). Habitat: — Herbivore dung, twigs and plant material.	en	Melo, Roger Fagner Ribeiro, Maia, Leonor Costa, Miller, Andrew Nicholas (2017): Coprophilous ascomycetes with passive ascospore liberation from Brazil. Phytotaxa 295 (2): 159-172, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.295.2.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.295.2.4
03F261659641FFCCA3B9FD72FE03B781.taxon	distribution	Distribution: — Africa (Tunisia), Asia (Bangladesh), Europe (well distributed), North America (United States), Oceania (Australia, New Zealand) and South America (Argentina). Apparently worldwide. Notes: — Melanospora damnosa resembles M. brevirostris (Fuckel) Höhnel (1914: 94), but in additions to its longer necks, they differs by ascospore shape and size: shorter, ellipsoid to limoniform in the latter and longer, rhomboid-ellipsoid in the former.	en	Melo, Roger Fagner Ribeiro, Maia, Leonor Costa, Miller, Andrew Nicholas (2017): Coprophilous ascomycetes with passive ascospore liberation from Brazil. Phytotaxa 295 (2): 159-172, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.295.2.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.295.2.4
03F261659641FFCEA3B9FA3EFCF9B2F9.taxon	description	(Plate 1, Figs. 15 – 16) Ascomata ostiolate, usually scattered, semi immersed to superficial, globose to subglobose with a long, cylindrical neck, light brown to golden, 650 – 750 × 290 – 350 μm. Neck long, straight to slightly curved, 150 – 370 × 70 – 85 μm, with a mucilaginous mass of mature ascospores at the apex. Terminal hairs setose, straight to slightly flexuous, simple, thick-walled, septate, smooth, hyaline to faintly yellowish, 2.5 – 5 (– 7.5) μm in diameter at the broadest part, up to 225 μ m long, crowning the neck. Lateral hairs sparse, hyphoid, simple, thin-walled, hyaline. Peridium pseudoparenchymatous, membranaceous, translucent, fragile, polygonal a textura angularis of thin-walled, light yellow to yellowish brown cells, 15 – 17.5 μm diam., becoming more elongated towards the neck. Asci 8 - spored, clavate, with rounded apex and a short stipe, 35.5 – 50 × 20 – 25 μm, evanescent. Ascospores 1 - celled, ellipsoidal to limoniform, smooth, hyaline when young, then clear brown and finally dark brown, 15 – 20 (– 22.5) × 12.5 – 15 μm, with two terminal germ pores early dispersed to form a dark mass at the neck apex.	en	Melo, Roger Fagner Ribeiro, Maia, Leonor Costa, Miller, Andrew Nicholas (2017): Coprophilous ascomycetes with passive ascospore liberation from Brazil. Phytotaxa 295 (2): 159-172, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.295.2.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.295.2.4
03F261659641FFCEA3B9FA3EFCF9B2F9.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: — BRAZIL. Pernambuco, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE), Recife, on goat dung, 9 Jul 2011, R. F. R. Melo (URM 86670!). Habitat: — Plant material, paper and deer dung. Parasitic on some fungi.	en	Melo, Roger Fagner Ribeiro, Maia, Leonor Costa, Miller, Andrew Nicholas (2017): Coprophilous ascomycetes with passive ascospore liberation from Brazil. Phytotaxa 295 (2): 159-172, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.295.2.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.295.2.4
03F261659641FFCEA3B9FA3EFCF9B2F9.taxon	distribution	Distribution: — Africa (Egypt, Libya, Sierra Leone, Zambia), Asia (India, Israel), Europe (Germany, United Kingdom), North America (Canada, Martinique and United States), Oceania (Australia and New Zealand) and South America (Argentina). Notes: — This species can be identified by its long neck (150 – 370 μm long), glabrous to slightly pilose perithecia and predominantly limoniform ascospores, not flattened.	en	Melo, Roger Fagner Ribeiro, Maia, Leonor Costa, Miller, Andrew Nicholas (2017): Coprophilous ascomycetes with passive ascospore liberation from Brazil. Phytotaxa 295 (2): 159-172, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.295.2.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.295.2.4
03F261659643FFCEA3B9FEE6FBC3B1DC.taxon	description	(Plate 1, Fig. 17) Colonies in CYA 25 with fast growth, 25 – 35 mm diam. in seven days, appressed, velutinous to floccose, with fimbriated margin, initially white, then light brown, progressively darker with cleistothecia maturation, occasionally reddish. Reverse brown to dark brown, smooth. Mycelium abundant, consisting of hyaline, slender, branched, smooth-walled hyphae, 4 – 5.5 μm diam. Ascomata non-ostiolate, gregarious, superficial, usually globose, occasionally subglobose, flattened horizontally, light brown to amber, 25 – 45 (– 57.5) μm diam., each supported by a stalk-like hypha. Ascomatal wall two-layered, prosenchymatous, translucent, composed of an outer layer with often merging hyphae, covering an inner semitransparent vesicle, thick-walled, with light brown to amber cells, major axis 2.5 – 5 μm, collapsing or not when mounted. Asci 8 - spored, globose, strongly evanescent. Ascospores 1 - celled, ellipsoid, smooth, hyaline, 5 – 7.5 × 3.5 – 4.5 μm. Conidia single or in short chains, globose to pyriform thick-walled, hyaline, smooth, 9.5 – 15.5 μm diam. or 10 – 17.5 × 8.5 – 15 μm.	en	Melo, Roger Fagner Ribeiro, Maia, Leonor Costa, Miller, Andrew Nicholas (2017): Coprophilous ascomycetes with passive ascospore liberation from Brazil. Phytotaxa 295 (2): 159-172, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.295.2.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.295.2.4
03F261659643FFCEA3B9FEE6FBC3B1DC.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: — BRAZIL. Pernambuco, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE), Recife, on cattle dung, 15 Mar 2013, R. F. R. Melo (URM 86638 a!, 86638 b!, 86638 c!, 86638 d!). Habitat: — Recorded on plant material, in rumen contents of herbivores, industrial waste,. It is uncommon on herbivore dung.	en	Melo, Roger Fagner Ribeiro, Maia, Leonor Costa, Miller, Andrew Nicholas (2017): Coprophilous ascomycetes with passive ascospore liberation from Brazil. Phytotaxa 295 (2): 159-172, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.295.2.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.295.2.4
03F261659643FFCEA3B9FEE6FBC3B1DC.taxon	distribution	Distribution: — Worldwide. Notes: — Monascus ruber is a common cleistothecial ascomycete, primarily known for its application in food industry, particularly in China and Japan. It differs from M. sanguineus P. F. Cannon, Abdullah & B. A. Abbas (1995: 661) mainly by the soluble pigment production, usually absent, brown when present.	en	Melo, Roger Fagner Ribeiro, Maia, Leonor Costa, Miller, Andrew Nicholas (2017): Coprophilous ascomycetes with passive ascospore liberation from Brazil. Phytotaxa 295 (2): 159-172, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.295.2.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.295.2.4
03F261659643FFCEA3B9FBCDFBBCB4EC.taxon	description	(Plate 1, Figs. 18 – 21) Ascomata non-ostiolate, scattered, semi immersed to superficial, globose to subglobose, dark green to black, 110 – 215 μm diam., glabrous, with a metallic appearance at reflected light, formed directly on dung or on wet paper in incubation. Peridium pseudoparenchymatous, membranaceous, opaque, with two distinct layers, the outermost composed of one to four inflated globose, angular or elongated, thin-walled, hyaline cells, 5 – 20 μm diam., the innermost composed of flattened, angular (textura angularis), dark brown, thick-walled cells, 5 – 17.5 μm diam. Asci 8 - spored, globose to subglobose, 5 – 10 μm diam., evanescent. Ascospores 2 - celled, peanut-shaped, with a marked constriction at the central septum dividing them into two globose cells, smooth, hyaline, 3 – 5 × 2 – 2.5 μm, lacking conspicuous germ pores.	en	Melo, Roger Fagner Ribeiro, Maia, Leonor Costa, Miller, Andrew Nicholas (2017): Coprophilous ascomycetes with passive ascospore liberation from Brazil. Phytotaxa 295 (2): 159-172, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.295.2.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.295.2.4
03F261659643FFCEA3B9FBCDFBBCB4EC.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: — BRAZIL. Pernambuco, Instituto Agronômico de Pernambuco (IPA), Caruaru, on cattle dung, 12 Dec 2012, R. F. R. Melo (URM 86655 a!, 86655 b!); Serra Talhada, on cattle dung, 30. May 2012, R. F. R. Melo (URM 86656!), 15 Oct, R. F. R. Melo 2012 (URM 86657 a!, 86657 b!). Habitat: — Elephant and cattle dung, as well as on dung of unknown origin.	en	Melo, Roger Fagner Ribeiro, Maia, Leonor Costa, Miller, Andrew Nicholas (2017): Coprophilous ascomycetes with passive ascospore liberation from Brazil. Phytotaxa 295 (2): 159-172, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.295.2.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.295.2.4
03F261659643FFCEA3B9FBCDFBBCB4EC.taxon	distribution	Distribution: — Africa (Tanzania, Uganda) and North America (United States). This is the first record for Brazil. Notes: — Mycoarachis inversa, which until 1988 was the only representative of Mycoarachis, can be easily recognized by the small cleistothecia presenting a thick layer of hyaline cells in the outer peridium, as if the peridium were turned inside out, “ reverse ”, as suggested by the epithet’s etymology, and by the shape of ascospores. It differs from M. tetraspora Valldosera & Guarro (1988: 231) mainly by having 8 - spored asci.	en	Melo, Roger Fagner Ribeiro, Maia, Leonor Costa, Miller, Andrew Nicholas (2017): Coprophilous ascomycetes with passive ascospore liberation from Brazil. Phytotaxa 295 (2): 159-172, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.295.2.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.295.2.4
03F261659643FFC1A3B9F91DFAE2B095.taxon	description	(Plate 1, Figs. 22 – 24) Ascomata non-ostiolate, gregarious, superficial, globose, black or dark brown, 150 – 250 μm diam., glabrous to sparsely hairy. Hairs hyphoid, simple to rarely branched, thin-walled, septate, smooth to finely roughened, hyaline, 2 – 2.5 μm thick at the broadest part, narrowing towards the apex. Peridium pseudoparenchymatous, membranaceous, 33 – 35 μm thick, formed by angular to elongated (textura epidermoidea), light brown to golden cells, 5 – 15 μm, thin-walled. Asci 8 - spored, saccate, 15 – 16 μm long, “ pars sporifera ” 7 – 8.5 μm, evanescent. Ascospores 1 - celled, ellipsoid to slightly fusoid, smooth, light yellow to pale golden, copper colored “ en masse ”, 5 – 6.5 × 3 – 4 μm, with two terminal germ pores.	en	Melo, Roger Fagner Ribeiro, Maia, Leonor Costa, Miller, Andrew Nicholas (2017): Coprophilous ascomycetes with passive ascospore liberation from Brazil. Phytotaxa 295 (2): 159-172, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.295.2.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.295.2.4
03F261659643FFC1A3B9F91DFAE2B095.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: — BRAZIL. Pernambuco, Instituto Agronômico de Pernambuco (IPA), Caruaru, on goat dung, 03 Jan 2013, R. F. R. Melo (URM 86685 a!, 86685 b!, 86685 c!, URM 86688 a!, 86 688 b!, 86688 c!). Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE), Recife, on cattle dung, 20. Mar 2012, R. F. R. Melo (URM 86686!), 26 Mar 2012, R. F. R. Melo (URM 86687!). Habitat: — Occasionally recorded in clinical samples and commonly on soil and dung of various animals, especially domestic herbivores.	en	Melo, Roger Fagner Ribeiro, Maia, Leonor Costa, Miller, Andrew Nicholas (2017): Coprophilous ascomycetes with passive ascospore liberation from Brazil. Phytotaxa 295 (2): 159-172, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.295.2.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.295.2.4
03F261659643FFC1A3B9F91DFAE2B095.taxon	distribution	Distribution: — Worldwide. Notes: — Pseudallescheria boydii has similar morphology to P. fusoidea (Arx) McGinnis, A. A. Padhye & Ajello (1973: 98), which differs by having broader ascospores (3 – 4 μm) and to P. africana (Arx & G. Franz) McGinnis, A. A. Padhye & Ajello (1982: 97), which differs mainly by its smaller ascomata. Isolates identified as P. boydii were agents of mycosis in humans, associated with some degree of immunosuppression. The material analyzed here has shorter ascospores than the average for this species. However, the slightly fusoid shape differs from P. minutispora Gilgado, Gené, Cano & Guarro (2005: 4938), with ellipsoidal ascospores, with rounded ends (Guarro et al. 2012).	en	Melo, Roger Fagner Ribeiro, Maia, Leonor Costa, Miller, Andrew Nicholas (2017): Coprophilous ascomycetes with passive ascospore liberation from Brazil. Phytotaxa 295 (2): 159-172, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.295.2.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.295.2.4
03F26165964CFFC1A3B9FD0AFEA3B71D.taxon	description	(Plate 1, Fig. 25 – 26) Ascomata non-ostiolate, gregarious, rarely scattered, semi immersed to superficial, subglobose to globose, dark brown to black, 175 – 200 μm diam., glabrous. Peridium pseudoparenchymatous, membranaceous, opaque, composed of large, elongated (textura epidermoidea), thin-walled, dark brown cells. Asci 8 - spored, ovoid to irregularly clavate, 15 – 22.5 × 2 – 4 μm, evanescent. Ascospores 1 - celled, ovoid, non-apiculated, smooth, hyaline to brown, copper colored “ en masse ”, 3.5 – 4.5 × 3 – 4 μm, with a single apical germ pore.	en	Melo, Roger Fagner Ribeiro, Maia, Leonor Costa, Miller, Andrew Nicholas (2017): Coprophilous ascomycetes with passive ascospore liberation from Brazil. Phytotaxa 295 (2): 159-172, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.295.2.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.295.2.4
03F26165964CFFC1A3B9FD0AFEA3B71D.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: — BRAZIL. Pernambuco, Instituto Agronômico de Pernambuco (IPA), Caruaru, on cattle dung, 27 Oct 2012, R. F. R. Melo (URM 86717!). Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE), Recife, on cattle dung, 27 Jun 2012, R. F. R. Melo (URM 86718 a!, 86718 b!). Habitat: — Recorded on soil, plant material and herbivore dung.	en	Melo, Roger Fagner Ribeiro, Maia, Leonor Costa, Miller, Andrew Nicholas (2017): Coprophilous ascomycetes with passive ascospore liberation from Brazil. Phytotaxa 295 (2): 159-172, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.295.2.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.295.2.4
03F26165964CFFC1A3B9FD0AFEA3B71D.taxon	distribution	Distribution: — Worldwide. Notes: — Representatives of Thielavia can be found forming dark-colored, glabrous to hairy cleistothecia, usually with pigmented ascospores, commonly found on soil and plant material. Thielavia terrestris can be easily recognized by its glabrous cleistothecia and uncommonly small ascospores (3.5 – 4.5 × 3 – 4 μm) that are ovoid and hyaline to weakly pigmented.	en	Melo, Roger Fagner Ribeiro, Maia, Leonor Costa, Miller, Andrew Nicholas (2017): Coprophilous ascomycetes with passive ascospore liberation from Brazil. Phytotaxa 295 (2): 159-172, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.295.2.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.295.2.4
03F26165964CFFC0A3B9FA82FD6BB3D9.taxon	description	(Plate 1, Figs. 27 – 29) Ascomata non-ostiolate, scattered, semi immersed to superficial, globose, dark gray to black in stereomicroscopy, light brown to dark brown in mounting, 350 – 400 μm diam., hairy. Hairs sparse, hyphoid, simple or branched, thick-walled, septate, smooth, light brown to golden, becoming less pigmented towards the tip, with a bulbous base and rounded to tapered tip, 2.5 – 3 μm diam. at the broadest part, narrowing towards the apex, very scarce in some ascomata. Peridium pseudoparenchymatous, membranaceous, opaque, composed of angular to slightly subglobose (textura angularis), thin-walled, light brown cells, 5 – 10 μm diam. at the inner layers, becoming more thick-walled and less angular at the outermost layer. Asci 8 - spored, cylindrical-clavate, with a long stipe and a tapered apex, 215 – 255 × 20 – 25 μm, persistent, with subapical globule smooth to finely verrucose, globose to subglobose, 3 – 5 μm diam. (5.5 – 6 × 3 – 5 μm when subglobose), irregularly biseriate or triseriate. Ascospores 1 - celled, cylindrical to sigmoid and hyaline when young, with rows of oil droplets, usually geniculate at the base, smooth, 55 – 60 × 5 – 7.5 μm, becoming swollen at the apical part to finally two-celled with the formation of a transverse septum. Head cell ellipsoid, apex umbonate, base strongly tapered, smooth, brown, 19.5 – 22.5 × 10 – 12.5 μm, with a subapical germ pore, guttulate. Pedicel cylindrical, hyaline, occasionally geniculate near the base, occasionally collapsing, 35 – 39 × 5 – 7.5 μm. Apical caudae lashlike, hyaline, 10 – 20 (– 25) × 1 – 2.5 μm, usually collapsing in mounting. Basal caudae similar to the apical caudae in morphology, usually collapsing in mounting.	en	Melo, Roger Fagner Ribeiro, Maia, Leonor Costa, Miller, Andrew Nicholas (2017): Coprophilous ascomycetes with passive ascospore liberation from Brazil. Phytotaxa 295 (2): 159-172, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.295.2.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.295.2.4
03F26165964CFFC0A3B9FA82FD6BB3D9.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: — BRAZIL. Pernambuco, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE), Recife, on cattle dung, 25 Apr 2012, R. F. R. Melo (URM 86756 a!, 86756 b!). Habitat: — Herbivore dung.	en	Melo, Roger Fagner Ribeiro, Maia, Leonor Costa, Miller, Andrew Nicholas (2017): Coprophilous ascomycetes with passive ascospore liberation from Brazil. Phytotaxa 295 (2): 159-172, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.295.2.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.295.2.4
03F26165964CFFC0A3B9FA82FD6BB3D9.taxon	distribution	Distribution: — Asia (Pakistan) and Europe (Italy). This is the first record from Brazil. Notes: — Representatives of this genus have sparsely pilose cleistothecia, formed superficially on dung, differing from most genera with similar habit by the presence of cylindrical-clavate, unitunicate asci with a distinct apical ring. Tripterosporella pakistani was named after the place where it was first described by Mirza, from horse dung in Pakistan in 1968, from material under the name Cleistobombardia pakistani J. H. Mirza. along with T. coprophila Subramanian & Lodha (1968: 246), type species of the genus, which was described by Subramanian & Lodha (1968). Both circumscriptions were recombined by Malloch & Cain (1971), under the name Tripterosporella pakistani (J. H. Mirza) Malloch & Cain. It differs from T. coprophila by the smaller ascospore head cells (19.5 – 22.5 × 10 – 12.5 μm) and shorter apical and basal gelatinous caudae.	en	Melo, Roger Fagner Ribeiro, Maia, Leonor Costa, Miller, Andrew Nicholas (2017): Coprophilous ascomycetes with passive ascospore liberation from Brazil. Phytotaxa 295 (2): 159-172, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.295.2.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.295.2.4
03F26165964DFFC0A3B9FDC6FA75B7A5.taxon	description	(Plate 1, Fig. 30) Ascomata non-ostiolate, scattered to gregarious, semi immersed to superficial, globose, metallic black in stereomicroscopy, dark brown to black in mounting, 300 – 450 μm diam. Hairs setose, simple, thick-walled, septate, smooth, dark brown to black, becoming less pigmented to near hyaline towards the apex, 4.8 – 6 μm diam. at the broadest part. Peridium pseudoparenchymatous, membranaceous, opaque, composed of angular (textura angularis), brown to dark brown, thick-walled cells. Asci 8 - spored, clavate, evanescent, irregularly biseriate, only observable in young cleistothecia. Ascospores 1 - celled, lageniform to clavate and hyaline and when young, smooth, becoming swollen and forming a transversal septum to delimit a head and pedicel. Head cell subglobose, ovoid or lageniform, with umbonate apex and truncated base, smooth, brown to dark brown, 7.5 – 12.5 × 6 – 8.5 μm, guttulate, with a subapical germ pore. Pedicel cylindrical, thin-walled, occasionally collapsing, with rounded base, 6 – 10 × 2.5 – 5 μm. Apical caudae absent. Basal caudae absent.	en	Melo, Roger Fagner Ribeiro, Maia, Leonor Costa, Miller, Andrew Nicholas (2017): Coprophilous ascomycetes with passive ascospore liberation from Brazil. Phytotaxa 295 (2): 159-172, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.295.2.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.295.2.4
03F26165964DFFC0A3B9FDC6FA75B7A5.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: — BRAZIL. Pernambuco, Instituto Agronômico de Pernambuco (IPA), Caruaru, on cattle dung, 06 Oct 2011, R. F. R. Melo (URM 86757!), Serra Talhada, on horse dung, 13. Sep 2011, R. F. R. Melo (URM 86758!). Habitat: — On dung of many herbivores.	en	Melo, Roger Fagner Ribeiro, Maia, Leonor Costa, Miller, Andrew Nicholas (2017): Coprophilous ascomycetes with passive ascospore liberation from Brazil. Phytotaxa 295 (2): 159-172, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.295.2.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.295.2.4
03F26165964DFFC0A3B9FDC6FA75B7A5.taxon	distribution	Distribution: — Worldwide. Notes: — Zopfiella can be distinguished from other coprophilous lasiosphaeriaceous, which share similar ascospore morphology, due the presence of non-ostiolate ascomata with ascospores forming a head and a tail, occasionally with septate heads (previously allocated to Tripterospora Cain). Zopfiella erostrata is a common representative of this genus on herbivore dung. The material from Pernambuco had a limited number of mature cleistothecia on the substrates, which were identified based on key characters such as ascomata with long dark brown to black, thick-walled hairs and ascospores with symmetrical head cells, differing from Z. longicaudata by the shorter pedicel, (6 – 10 × 2.5 – 5 μm.)	en	Melo, Roger Fagner Ribeiro, Maia, Leonor Costa, Miller, Andrew Nicholas (2017): Coprophilous ascomycetes with passive ascospore liberation from Brazil. Phytotaxa 295 (2): 159-172, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.295.2.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.295.2.4
03F26165964DFFC3A3B9FA5AFD94B301.taxon	description	(Plate 1, Fig. 31) Ascomata non-ostiolate, scattered to gregarious, immersed to superficial, globose, metallic black in stereomicroscopy, dark brown to black in mounting, 300 – 360 μm diam. Hairs hyphoid, simple, thin-walled, septate, smooth, flexuous. Peridium pseudoparenchymatous, membranaceous, opaque, composed angular (textura angularis), dark red to dark brown, thick-walled cells. Asci 8 - spored, clavate, 25 – 35 × 10 – 15 μm, evanescent, irregularly biseriate, only observable in young cleistothecia. Ascospores 1 - celled, lageniform to clavate and hyaline when young, smooth, becoming swollen at the apical part to forma transversal septum delimiting a head and pedicel. Head cell ellipsoid to lageniform, usually symmetrical, with umbonate apex and truncated base, smooth, light brown to chestnut brown, 7.5 – 12.5 × 6 – 8.5 μm, guttulate, with a subapical germ pore. Pedicel cylindrical, thin-walled, occasionally collapsing, with rounded base, 6 – 15 × 2 – 5 μm. Apical caudae absent. Basal caudae absent.	en	Melo, Roger Fagner Ribeiro, Maia, Leonor Costa, Miller, Andrew Nicholas (2017): Coprophilous ascomycetes with passive ascospore liberation from Brazil. Phytotaxa 295 (2): 159-172, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.295.2.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.295.2.4
03F26165964DFFC3A3B9FA5AFD94B301.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: — BRAZIL. Pernambuco, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE), Recife, on horse dung, 09 Nov 2012, R. F. R. Melo (URM 86759 a!, 86759 b!). Habitat: — Soil and dung of many herbivores.	en	Melo, Roger Fagner Ribeiro, Maia, Leonor Costa, Miller, Andrew Nicholas (2017): Coprophilous ascomycetes with passive ascospore liberation from Brazil. Phytotaxa 295 (2): 159-172, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.295.2.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.295.2.4
03F26165964DFFC3A3B9FA5AFD94B301.taxon	distribution	Distribution: — Worldwide. Notes: — Zopfiella longicaudata has similar morphological features as Z. marina Furuya & Udagawa (1975: 249), which can be distinguished by its smaller ascospores. Characteristics features are the non-ostiolate ascomata, usually glabrous, with clavate asci bearing ascospores composed of an ellipsoid to landform head cell and a long cylindrical pedicel, up to 15 μm long. The material from Pernambuco presented ascospores with shorter pedicels than the ones described by Guarro et al. (1991). However, considering the other characters, this difference did not justify the proposition of a new species or variety.	en	Melo, Roger Fagner Ribeiro, Maia, Leonor Costa, Miller, Andrew Nicholas (2017): Coprophilous ascomycetes with passive ascospore liberation from Brazil. Phytotaxa 295 (2): 159-172, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.295.2.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.295.2.4
