taxonID	type	description	language	source
03F43F6CFFE07F3FFE83FED489CE72C6.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Robust, broad, subparallel, elongate-ovoid, flattened dorsoventrally, hirsute, color rather dull black with subdued yellow elytral markings. Holotype Female Size: 12.5 mm long, 4.1 mm wide. Head with long, erect, dense black setae between eyes; clypeus obtusely emarginate, with short silvery setae; punctures between eyes dense, coarse; antennae serrate beginning with 5 th segment. Pronotum twice as wide as long, widest behind middle, slightly wider than widest part of elytra; densely, coarsely punctate, punctures separated by less than half their own diameter; black setae long, erect; median longitudinal triangular depression extending from near midpoint to hind margin. Depressions lateral to midline shallow, subparallel to axis of body, extending forward, diverging slightly toward anterior. Color black, without yellow markings. Side margins at middle obtusely angulate, hind corners reflexed, not visible from above. Setae on anteriolateral margin sparse, shorter than at middle. Elytra widest at base, subparallel from anterior margin to just behind middle, then tapering slightly toward apex; surface clothed with long, erect, black setae. Discal punctures in first three rows outward from suture more or less elongate; Punctures in other rows rounded, not contiguous toward lateral margins. Yellowish markings pale, subdued; largest at middle, oblique, rather truncate nearest elytral midline, not reaching costa at middle of each elytron; lateral elytral spots pale yellow, greatly reduced in size, all behind largest spot. Three other yellow spots, at about posterior one third, one near elytral midline, and two smaller spots closer to suture. Yellow spot present between umbone and lateral margin. Middle elytral costae reduced, not greatly elevated. Lateral elytral margins serrate behind middle. Humeral umbones evenly rounded, longer than wide. Venter black, shining, with erect white setae, most dense along lateral margins. Punctures fine, smaller than on elytra, separated by their own diameter. Genitalia as in Fig. 4. Variation. Except for slight differences in size and shape of elytral markings, the eight specimens comprising the type series are remarkably similar. The paratypes range in size from 11.3 to 13.0 mm long and 4.4 to 4.5 mm in width. Aedeagus as in Fig. 5. Specimens Examined. Holotype female (UNAM): MEXICO, Oaxaca, 41 Km NE Huahuapan de Leon, Hwy 125, X­ 18 ­ 2001, GPS: N 18 ° 04.948 ', W 97 ° 41.511 ', sweeping roadside vegetation, J. M. Davidson and F. W. Skillman; two female paratypes (JJMD and CLBC), same data. Other paratypes: Mexico, Oaxaca, 50 km NE Huajuapan de Leon, X­ 11 ­ 94, E Giesbert (EMEC); Mexico, Oaxaca, km 54.5, Carr. # 125, Al S. de Ecaltepec, GPS: N 18 ° 12 ' 31 ', W 97 ° 37 ' 59 ", 13 ­ IX­ 1966, 1900 m, A. Ayala (EBCG); Tehuacan, Pue. X­ 17 ­ 41, K. 277, DeLong, Good, Caldwell & Plummer (RLWE); Oaxaca, 2.5 km S., S Fco. Huapanapan, GPS: N 18 ° 08 ', W 97 ° 40 ', 1830 m, 29 ­ X­ 90, (RLWE).	en	Davidson, J. M. (2003): Mexican Acmaeodera Eschscholtz, 1829: A new species and checklist, with miscellaneous taxonomic and biological notes on other North American Buprestidae (Coleoptera). Zootaxa 201: 1-18, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.156682
03F43F6CFFE07F3FFE83FED489CE72C6.taxon	etymology	Etymology. This species is named for my wife, Jean, as a small token of my thanks and appreciation for the 40 years of support that she has provided to my many entomological endeavors.	en	Davidson, J. M. (2003): Mexican Acmaeodera Eschscholtz, 1829: A new species and checklist, with miscellaneous taxonomic and biological notes on other North American Buprestidae (Coleoptera). Zootaxa 201: 1-18, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.156682
03F43F6CFFE07F3FFE83FED489CE72C6.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Acmaeodera jeanae most closely resembles A. scapularis Horn, 1894 (Fig. 2) from the cape of Baja California Sur, but can be separated from the latter by the characteristics provided in the comments below and those listed in Table 1. In general terms, A. jeanae is more robust, less shiny, with the elytra more or less subparallel, with a large truncate yellow mark at middle of elytra not extending over middle costa. Acmaeodera scapularis is more slender, the dorsum distinctly shiny, elytral margins cuneate, tapering directly to the apex, without being rounded; middle yellow mark extending over costa toward suture. Acmaeodera scapularis is shinier, especially on the pronotum. The middle elytral markings in A. scapularis are larger, more or less acute toward the middle and extend over the middle costa, in some cases to the suture. In A. jeanae, the largest yellow mark does not pass the middle costa, and is smaller, and truncate toward suture. Setae on the elytra of A. jeanae are black, but are mixed black and white on A. scapularis. The elytra of A. jeanae have a slightly uneven, almost " crinkled " appearance under certain lights, whereas the elytral surface of A. scapularis is smooth in comparison. Elytral costae in A. jeanae are much more reduced than in A. scapularis. Acmaeodera jeanae has a " flatter " appearance. Acmaeodera mixteca Westcott, 1998 (Fig. 3) is considerably larger and much more robust than either A. jeanae or A. scapularis, and the largest elytral marking is very broad along the lateral margins, tapering slightly toward and touching the suture. Distinctly fractured markings are also present near the apex of the elytra in A. mixteca. The elytral punctures on A. mixteca are much larger in comparison to the other two species. It is beyond the scope of this paper to assess the phylogenetic relationships of these species, however, A. jeanae and A. scapularis appear to be closely related. Acmaeodera mixteca appears to be more closely allied to A. mimicomixteca Westcott, 1998 and possibly to A. aeneoflava Westcott, 1998 than to either A. jeanae or A. scapularis. A. jeanae sp. nov. A. scapularis Horn A. mixteca Westcott Size Length: 10.4 ­ 13.0 mm Length: 10.1 ­ 11.2 mm Length: 13.4 mm Width: 3.4 ­ 4.6 mm Width: 3.9 ­ 4.2 mm Width: 5.1 mm	en	Davidson, J. M. (2003): Mexican Acmaeodera Eschscholtz, 1829: A new species and checklist, with miscellaneous taxonomic and biological notes on other North American Buprestidae (Coleoptera). Zootaxa 201: 1-18, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.156682
03F43F6CFFE57F30FE83F9628F0975AB.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Acmaeodera vanduzzei Van Dyke, 1934 (original designation). Nelson (1996) described the genus Squamodera to accommodate four previously described species of A cmaeodera: A. barri Cazier, 1940, A. constricticollis Knull, 1937, A. ephedrae Barr, 1943 and A. vanduzzei Van Dyke, 1934 and its three synonyms (see below). The decision to erect a new genus for these species appears to have been based mainly upon anatomical characteristics which are sometimes found in other species of Acmaeodera as well as in related genera. The squamose setae or scales common to all species of Squamodera are also found on Acmaeodera mimicata Knull, 1938, A. fattigi Knull, 1953 and A. lauta Barr, 1972, as well as a few other species of Acmaeodera and related genera such as Acmaeoderopsis Barr, 1974 and Acmaeoderoides Van Dyke, 1942. The latter genus is placed into a separate subtribe from the other genera discussed herein. The s errate parts of the antennae are indeed somewhat subcylindrical in Squamodera, but this feature is not unique to this small complex of species. The combination of characteristics used to define Squamodera is not sufficient to justify a genus separate from Acmaeodera. Therefore, I propose Squamodera, and the four species and synonyms contained therein, be transferred to Acmaeodera as a subgenus (listed below). Unlike the Palearctic and Afrotropical Acmaeodera faunas, which have been well studied and divided into several subgenera (e. g. Volkovitsh, 1979, Holm, 1978, Holm & Schoeman, 1999), no comprehensive study of Nearctic or Neotropical A cmaeodera has been conducted with the objective of determining whether closely related species or species complexes should be placed in separate subgenera. Except for the four species in the subgenus Acmaeodera (Squamodera), no Acmaeodera species known from the Nearctic or Neotropics have yet been placed into particular subgenera. Bellamy (1995) succinctly illustrated the very difficult task facing researchers who are working on the huge genus Agrilus Curtis, 1815, in trying to divide this group into more manageable segments, i. e. subgenera. In his closing arguments, he suggested that we need to agree upon a " … philosophy that will allow researchers from different regions and backgrounds to approach their studies of Agrilus from some point of agreement, despite the fact that no clear definition or agreement has ever been reached about what constitutes a genus as opposed to a subgenus or species group. " However, Holm & Schoeman (1999) presented " criteria and considerations on erecting genera " [and subgenera], and my approach here appears to coincide with their criteria for purposes of placing Squamodera as a subgenus of Acmaeodera. The fundamental principles espoused by both Bellamy (1995) and Holm & Schoeman (1999) apply not only to Agrilus, but also to Acmaeodera, Anthaxia Eschscholtz, 1829, Chrysobothris Eschscholtz, 1829, and other genera containing large numbers of species. It appears that the four valid species included in Acmaeodera (Squamodera) might comprise a monophyletic group, i. e., are more closely related to one another than to any other species or species group, and are adapted to the hot dry deserts of the southwestern United States and adjacent northern Mexico. These species are very closely related and occasionally are difficult to separate from one another, especially A. (Squamodera) vanduzzei from A. (Squamodera) ephedrae. The latter species appears to be restricted to a relatively small sandy area in southern California. The former species occupies a considerably larger distributional range, at least as far north as the lower end of the Owens Valley and is sometimes found in environments with somewhat reduced amounts of sand. It seems to be most frequently associated with plants of the genus Eriogonum (Polygonaceae). Acmaeodera (Squamodera) barri appears to have adapted to the southwestern deserts and occurs mainly on smokebush or smoketree, Dalea spinosa Gray (Fabaceae), but sometimes utilizes other species of Dalea as well. This is a rather whitish or pale, smoky colored plant, and because A. (S.) barri is completely covered in silvery­white scales, may have found protection from predators by using this as an adult host or perch. Knull (1950) recorded Dalea as a larval host, and small oval emergence holes in Dalea spinosa I observed while collecting this species might indicate that A. (S.) barri uses this plant as a larval host as well. Acmaeodera (Squamodera) barri is found in western Arizona as well as in southern California. Acmaeodera (Squamodera) constricticollis appears to occupy a more restricted distribution in southeastern California, and appears to be allopatric with A. (S.) ephedrae, but partially sympatric with A. (S.) barri and A. (S.) vanduzzei. It occurs in areas where flowering arrow weed, Pluchea sericia (Nutt.) Coville (Asteraceae) is found, and it is evident this is at least one of its adult host plants. Thus, species of Acmaeodera (Squamodera) have radiated not only in differences in form and scale structure, but also to different geographic areas and adult (and perhaps larval) hosts, insuring that they do not compete with one another for resources. In the recent past, approximately 5,000 to 10,000 years ago, the area in which these species are now found was much wetter than it is today, and the host plants that occur today did not exist at that time (Betancourt, et. al, 1990). Many desert shrubs and small trees that exist in the southwestern deserts today originated much further south and invaded northward as temperatures warmed and the land became more arid. Whether these beetles are recently derived from a species or species complex from that period and adapted to gradual climatic and changes in plants, or whether these are merely invaders from Mexico cannot be determined with certainty. A similar situation is known from extreme southern Europe and North Africa, where the climate was more mesic over the same time period. Where the Sahara Desert now exists, a savanna with trees, shrubs and grasses occurred. Species of Buprestidae extant in North Africa are adapted to a much more xerophytic environment than in the previous ten millennia. Species of Acmaeodera (Squamodera) are slightly elongate, with white scales on various or all body parts. However, as previously mentioned, scales are not unique to A. (Squamodera) spp., and neither is their somewhat elongate body form. The species of the A cmaeodera faceta, A. bivulnera, A. acanthicola complex are elongate but all are without scales. Clearly, scales are a type of setae, almost always flattened, exhibited in various shapes and sizes, and are likely used as a mechanism of reflecting heat from the body parts as well as possibly " hiding " them from predators on similarly colored plants. The elongate body form is found in many genera of Buprestidae, from all parts of the world, and its derivation and particular function is not understood. Whether understood or not, the elongate ' morphotype' has adaptive survival value because it is found in so many unrelated taxa throughout so much of the world. (e. g. Agrilus spp., Coraebus spp., Dinocephalia spp., Iridotaenia spp., Mixochlorus spp., Philandia spp., Phrixia spp., Ptosima spp., Synechocera spp.) The species of Acmaeodera (Squamodera) are:	en	Davidson, J. M. (2003): Mexican Acmaeodera Eschscholtz, 1829: A new species and checklist, with miscellaneous taxonomic and biological notes on other North American Buprestidae (Coleoptera). Zootaxa 201: 1-18, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.156682
03F43F6CFFE57F30FE83F9628F0975AB.taxon	description	A. (S.) ephedrae Barr, 1943	en	Davidson, J. M. (2003): Mexican Acmaeodera Eschscholtz, 1829: A new species and checklist, with miscellaneous taxonomic and biological notes on other North American Buprestidae (Coleoptera). Zootaxa 201: 1-18, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.156682
03F43F6CFFE57F30FE83F9628F0975AB.taxon	description	aquila Nelson, 1994: 279 aurantiofasciata Westcott and Noguera, 1995: 39 aurantiomarginata Westcott, 1997: 98 aurora Fall, 1922: 88	en	Davidson, J. M. (2003): Mexican Acmaeodera Eschscholtz, 1829: A new species and checklist, with miscellaneous taxonomic and biological notes on other North American Buprestidae (Coleoptera). Zootaxa 201: 1-18, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.156682
03F43F6CFFE57F30FE83F9628F0975AB.taxon	description	chemsaki Barr, 1992: 75 clausa Horn, 1894: 374	en	Davidson, J. M. (2003): Mexican Acmaeodera Eschscholtz, 1829: A new species and checklist, with miscellaneous taxonomic and biological notes on other North American Buprestidae (Coleoptera). Zootaxa 201: 1-18, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.156682
03F43F6CFFE57F30FE83F9628F0975AB.taxon	description	crotonae Westcott & Noguera, 1995: 41 cuprina Spinola, 1838: 367 davidsoni Barr, 1972: 179	en	Davidson, J. M. (2003): Mexican Acmaeodera Eschscholtz, 1829: A new species and checklist, with miscellaneous taxonomic and biological notes on other North American Buprestidae (Coleoptera). Zootaxa 201: 1-18, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.156682
03F43F6CFFE57F30FE83F9628F0975AB.taxon	description	kaupii Thomson, 1878: 58 knabi Fisher, 1949: 337	en	Davidson, J. M. (2003): Mexican Acmaeodera Eschscholtz, 1829: A new species and checklist, with miscellaneous taxonomic and biological notes on other North American Buprestidae (Coleoptera). Zootaxa 201: 1-18, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.156682
03F43F6CFFE57F30FE83F9628F0975AB.taxon	description	mima Gory, 1840: 29	en	Davidson, J. M. (2003): Mexican Acmaeodera Eschscholtz, 1829: A new species and checklist, with miscellaneous taxonomic and biological notes on other North American Buprestidae (Coleoptera). Zootaxa 201: 1-18, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.156682
03F43F6CFFE57F30FE83F9628F0975AB.taxon	description	thoracica Kerremans, 1910: 268 tildenorum Nelson & Westcott, 1995: 85 transversa Van Dyke, 1945: 105 trizonalis trizonalis Kerremans, 1892: 181 trizonalis islamariae Westcott, 1998: 14 turnbowi Westcott, 1996: 25 unica Kerremans, 1897: 41	en	Davidson, J. M. (2003): Mexican Acmaeodera Eschscholtz, 1829: A new species and checklist, with miscellaneous taxonomic and biological notes on other North American Buprestidae (Coleoptera). Zootaxa 201: 1-18, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.156682
03F43F6CFFEA7F37FE83FB308EC3740B.taxon	description	In early July of 1971 north of Blythe, Riverside Co., California, large numbers of Chrysobothris biramosa calida Knull, 1958 and Gyascutus planicosta were observed on leaves and branches of mature Atriplex lentiformis (Torr.) Wats. (Chenopodiaceae) plants. A number of predatory wasps, Cerceris grandis, were observed attacking adult Gyascutus and then flying or dragging them back to their nests. Cerceris grandis is only about onefifth the size of the Gyascutus, but they were successful in stinging the beetles in the prosternal area and injecting venom to paralyze them during most attacks. During the attack, the beetles became noticeably agitated and tried to escape, but they were much less agile than the wasps and would merely drop to a lower branch on the plant only to be rediscovered by the wasps moments later. When the venom took effect, the beetles would usually fall to the ground where the wasps would adjust their position and carry them in a venter to venter, head forward position. The wasps always flapped their wings in a burst of energy, carrying the beetles in an arc of a few meters before the weight of their prey pulled them back to the ground. The wasps would then again adjust their hold on their prey, fly off again only to fall to the ground once more. This process was repeated many times until the Cerceris females reached their ground nests, sometimes as much as 100 meters or more away from the capture site. Occasionally, the wasps would appear to become fatigued and would drag their prey along the ground rather than continue to fly with it. Sometimes the wasps would be successful in stinging their prey while the beetle was on a leaf or stem, the wasp clinging to its prey. In a few cases, when the wasp did not drop the beetle, she would attempt to adjust the beetle while both were on a leaf and then take flight. Usually this was not successful and she would drop the beetle into the plant and not find it again. Cerceris grandis was not observed preying on any specimens of C. biramosa calida on Atriplex plants. The reasons for this are unclear, but it seems that because the Gyascutus are so much larger and less agile than the Chrysobothris, it was simply more efficient to attack and capture larger prey. The C. biramosa calida were much more agile than the G. planicosta and therefore, very likely more difficult to capture.	en	Davidson, J. M. (2003): Mexican Acmaeodera Eschscholtz, 1829: A new species and checklist, with miscellaneous taxonomic and biological notes on other North American Buprestidae (Coleoptera). Zootaxa 201: 1-18, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.156682
