identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03F487FCF704762C9370FBE8FB0F23E8.text	03F487FCF704762C9370FBE8FB0F23E8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Limnichidae Erichson 1846	<div><p>LIMNICHIDAE</p> <p>THAUMASTODINAE Champion Mexico Spilman, 1972</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F487FCF704762C9370FBE8FB0F23E8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Liu, Zhen-Hua;Jia, Feng-Long	Liu, Zhen-Hua, Jia, Feng-Long (2021): Descriptions of two new species of Mexico Spilman, 1972 from the Oriental region (Coleoptera: Limnichidae). Journal of Natural History 55 (13 - 14): 909-920, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2021.1931516, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2021.1931516
03F487FCF704762B909FFB6EF9C227BC.text	03F487FCF704762B909FFB6EF9C227BC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mexico xiei Liu and Jia 2021	<div><p>Mexico xiei Liu and Jia, sp. nov.</p> <p>(Figures 1 (a–b), 2)</p> <p>Etymology</p> <p>The new species is named after the family name of Professor Qiang Xie, the collector, who donated the specimens to the authors.</p> <p>Type locality</p> <p>China, Sansha Prefecture, Xisha, Yongxing Island.</p> <p>Type material</p> <p>Holotype. ♂, CHINA, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=112.333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=16.833" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 112.333/lat 16.833)">Sansha Prefecture</a>, Xisha, Yongxing Island (中国, 三沙市, 西沙, 永兴 岛), seaside coral reefs. 18 April 2019, 16.833N, 112.333E. Qiang Xie leg (SYSBM). Paratypes: 10 specimens, same data as holotype (SYSBM).</p> <p>Diagnosis</p> <p>This species mostly resembles M. taiwanus, M. masamii, M. ogasawaraensis, M. morrisoni and M. palauensis in the shape of the median lobe, with subapical projections distinctly divided from the apex of the median lobe.It can be distinguished from the first four species by the left subapical projections curved outwardly, and from the last species by the robust apex of the median lobe.</p> <p>Description</p> <p>Colour and form. Body small-sized and ovate, length 1.6–2.0 mm, width 0.8–1.1 mm. Dorsum and venter both black and slightly convex, covered with short, dense brown and silver setae.</p> <p>Head. Strongly hypognathous with mouthparts mostly concealed by labrum and prosternum (Figure 3 (a)), surface with dense microsculptures, occipital incisions absent; genal areas with distinct antennal grooves (Figure 3 (b)), glabrous anteriorly and punctured posteriorly; frontoclypeal suture distinct and straight; clypeus rectangular, with truncate apical margin. Eyes anterolaterally located, large and finely faceted, well separated (Figures 1 (a,b), 3(a)). Antennal insertions exposed, laterally attaching the frontoclypeal suture (Figure 3 (a)). Antennae (Figure 2 (f)) 11-segmented, with 4-segmented and slightly asymmetrical antennal club, covered with relatively long setae on basal and apical segments; scape and pedicel enlarged, antennomere 3 stout, antennomeres 4–7 narrow, antennomeres 8–10 dilated and gradually shortened, last segment fusiform with narrowed apex. Labrum (Figure 3 (a)) large and sub-trapezoid, longer than wide. Mandibles (Figure 2 (c)) stout and sub-triangular, with large basal turbercle on outer edge, apex bidentate; inner edge membranous, with long, dense setae; mola present and large. Maxilla (Figure 2 (e)) slender, maxillary palps 4-sgemented, last segment enlarged and apically acuminate; galea and lacinia both elongate and sub-triangular. Labium (Figure 2 (d)) with 3-segmented labial palps, second segment enlarged and terminal segment narrowed; ligula broad. Mentum rectangular, longer than wide. Ventral side with gular area highly reduced. Cervical sclerites present and large.</p> <p>Thorax. Pronotum (Figure 1 (a)) transverse, about 0.4 times as long as wide, widest posteriorly; lateral margins slightly curved, posterior margin slightly sinuate with median lobe; anterior angles broadly acute and forwardly projecting; disc slightly convex with dense and fine punctations, covered with dense brownish setae. Pronotal epipleuron broad and slightly depressed. Prosternum with area before procoxae about 0.8 times as long as the length of coxal cavities; prosternal process wide and parallel-sided, apical margin nearly straight. Notosternal suture complete. Procoxae transverse, trochantins partly exposed (Figure 3 (a)); procoxal cavities widely separated, with a small anterolateral incision, externally broadly opened and internally narrowly opened. Scutellum small and triangular. Elytra slightly elongated, 1.4–1.5 times as long as wide, with about 12 tiny teeth along anterolateral edges and one small apical projection; disc slightly shiny, with dense and fine punctations, covered with dense brownish and silver setae that form four sinuate transverse stripes as in Figure 1 (a); epipleuron (Figures 1 (b), 3(c)) broad at base, extending to the apical projection. Hind wings present. Mesoventrite short and transverse, with large anterior depression to accept prosternal process; mesanepisternum and mesepimeron fused (Figure 3 (b)). Metaventrite strongly transverse at base, apex with deep incision; metendosternite with stalk highly sclerotised, large and fusiform, fused with metaventrite by transverse carinae; lateral arms relatively long, with complicated ventral projections connected with apex of stalk (Figure 2 (a)); metanepisternum highly reduced and only partly exposed from ventral side, triangular (Figure 3 (b)). Mesocoxae slightly transverse, trochantins exposed; mesocoxal cavities laterally open to mesepimeron (Figure 3 (b)), separated by distance greater than width of cavities. Metacoxae strongly transverse and oblique, sub-contiguous; metacoxal plates (Figures 1 (b), 3(d)) large, broad and sharply narrowed to lateral edges. Fore and mid legs with femora slightly enlarged, tibiae slender; mid tarsi with basal three segments relatively short and bearing pair of tiny spines on apex (Figure 3 (d,f)), last tarsomere elongated with small falciform claws. Hind legs (Figure 3 (d)) with large trochanters, femora slightly expanded; tibiae slender with a few short to long spines along the outer and inner edges, apex with a single short spur; tarsi with claws nearly the same length as tibiae, first tarsomere longest, each of basal three segments with pair of apical spines, last tarsomere narrow and slightly elongate with pair of simple claws.</p> <p>Abdomen (Figure 2 (b)) 5-segmented with basal three ventrites connate, lateral edges expanded with narrow flanges, covered with dense depressed yellowish setae. Ventrite 1 long, nearly separated by the oblique metacoxae at middle, intercoxal process reduced; ventrite 2–4 sub-equal in length; last ventrite elongate with pair of small posterolateral projections, surface with three pairs of long and thick bristles laterally and two pairs of thinner bristles on the inner side (Figure 3 (c)).</p> <p>Male genitalia with tergite IX bifurcate, tergite VIII lamellate and asymmetrical as in Figure 2 (g). Aedeagus (Figure 2 (h)) with basal piece sub-annular; lateral lobes short and sub-triangular, freely articulated, bearing two long apical setae on each side; median lobe trifurcate with lateral projections asymmetrical, apex of median lobe broad and subtriangular. Female genitalia with spiculum ventrale (Figure 2 (i)) elongated and bifurcate; ovipositor (Figure 2 (j)) with reduced and scleritized gonocoxite, baculus extremely long, paraproct membranous and stylus absent; spermatheca sclerotised.</p> <p>Sexual dimorphism not distinct, tibiae and basal tarsomeres of fore leg in male with dense and relatively long setae, which are much sparser in females (Figure 3 (e,f)).</p> <p>Habitats</p> <p>Living on wet seaside reefs.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F487FCF704762B909FFB6EF9C227BC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Liu, Zhen-Hua;Jia, Feng-Long	Liu, Zhen-Hua, Jia, Feng-Long (2021): Descriptions of two new species of Mexico Spilman, 1972 from the Oriental region (Coleoptera: Limnichidae). Journal of Natural History 55 (13 - 14): 909-920, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2021.1931516, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2021.1931516
03F487FCF703762490B3FEDEFC9626A7.text	03F487FCF703762490B3FEDEFC9626A7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mexico lawrencei Liu & Jia 2021	<div><p>Mexico lawrencei sp. nov.</p> <p>(Figures 1 (c–d), 3, 4)</p> <p>Etymology</p> <p>The new species is named after John Lawrence, a coleopterist who collected these specimens from Christmas Island.</p> <p>Type locality</p> <p>Christmas Island, Australia.</p> <p>Type material</p> <p>Holotype. ♂, Christmas Island, 10.31S 105.37E nr. The Blowholes 12–24 April 1989. J.F. Lawrence /mud beneath limestones pinnacles (ANIC). Paratypes: 9 specimens, with the same labels (ANIC).</p> <p>Diagnosis</p> <p>This species is similar to M. papuanus, M. litoralis, M. borneensis and M. baliensis in terms of the very simple median lobe without divided subapical projections. It can be easily distinguished from those species by median lobe distinctly expanded subapically. It can be further distinguished from M. papuanus and M. litoralis by the long apical setae on the lateral lobes and lateral lobes being shorter than half of median lobe, and from M. borneensis and M. baliensis by the more acuminate apex.</p> <p>Description</p> <p>Colour and form. Body (Figure 1 (c,d)) small-sized, broadly elliptical, length 1.9–2.1 mm, width 1.0– 1.1 mm. Dorsal side black, covered with short, dense golden and whitish setae; ventral side more or less brownish.</p> <p>Head (Figures 1 (d), 4(g)) strongly hypognathous, with mouthparts mostly concealed by labrum and prosternum when retracted, surface with dense microsculptures, occipital incisions absent; genal areas with distinct antennal grooves, margined by distinct carinae both anteriorly and posteriorly, with anterior half glabrous and posterior half microsculptured; frontoclypeal suture well developed and straight, clypeus rectangular and slightly protruding. Eyes anterolaterally located, large and finely faceted, well separated. Antennal insertions exposed, well separated from eyes. Antennae (Figure 4 (f)) 11-segmented, with 4-segmented club; scape and pedicel enlarged, antennomere 3 stout, antennomeres 4–7 narrow, last segment subulate. Labrum large and sub-trapezoid, wider than long. Mandibles (Figure 4 (d)) small and sub-triangular, dorsal side distinctly elevated, apex slender; inner edge membranous, with a membranous apical projection; mola well developed. Maxilla (Figure 4 (e)) slender, with 4-segmented palps, last segment enlarged and acuminate apically; lacinia elongated with apical hook and short subapical spine; galea subequal in length with lacinia, apex acuminate. Labium (Figure 4 (c)) with 3-segmented labial palps, second segment enlarged, last segment small; ligula well developed. Mentum rectangular, longer than wide. Gular area highly reduced. Cervical sclerites present and large.</p> <p>Thorax. Pronotum transverse, about 0.4 times as long as wide, widest posteriorly; lateral margins slightly curved, posterior margin sinuate with distinct median lobe; anterior angles broadly acute and forwardly projecting; disc weakly convex, with dense microsculptures. Pronotal epipleuron broad and slightly depressed. Prosternum narrow, prosternal process broad and parallel-sided. Notosternal suture complete. Procoxae strongly transverse, protrochantins small and exposed; procoxal cavities well separated, with small anterolateral incisions, externally broadly opened and internally narrowly opened. Scutellum small and triangular. Elytra about 1.4 times as long as wide, with about 10 tiny teeth along anterolateral edges and one small apical projection on either side; disc slightly convex, with dense microsculptures; epipleuron broad at base, extending to apical projection. Hing wings well developed. Mesoventrite (Figure 4 (a)) shortened, with large median concavity fitting to prosternal process. Mesanepisternum and mesepimeron fused (Figure 4 (a)). Metaventrite subtriangular, strongly transverse at base, with deep and narrow apical incision; metendosternite with basal strut highly sclerotised, large and fusiform, fused with metaventrite by transverse carinae; lateral arms relatively long, with complicated ventral projections connected with apex of basal strut; metanepisternum highly reduced, partly exposed from ventral side which is triangular. Mesocoxae (Figure 4 (a)) slightly transverse, trochantins exposed; mesocoxal cavities widely separated, laterally open to mesepimeron. Metacoxae large and transverse, strongly oblique, narrowly separated; metacoxal plates large, sharply narrowed to lateral edges. Legs with femora slightly enlarged, tibiae slender, tarsi slightly shorter than tibiae, claws small; tarsal formula 4-4-4, basal three tarsomeres with pair of short apical spines. Hind leg distinctly longer than others, tibiae with long spines along outer edges.</p> <p>Abdomen (Figure 4 (b)) 5-segmented with basal three ventrites connate, lateral edges expanded with narrow flanges.Ventrite 1nearly divided by metacoxae,with intercoxal process short and acute; ventrites 2–4 sub-equal in length; last ventrite elongate and subtriangular, with pair of small posterolateral projections, bearing clustered sub-lateral long setae.</p> <p>Male genitalia with tergite VIII as in Figure 4 (h). Aedeagus (Figure 4 (i)) with lateral lobes about half length of penis, bearing two long apical setae; basal piece sub-annular; median lobe elongate and simple, slightly constricted at about middle, apex acuminate. Female genitalia with spiculum ventrale (Figure 4 (k)) elongated and bifurcate; ovipositor (Figure 4 (j)) heavily sclerotised, without stylus, baculus extremely long; spermatheca well sclerotised.</p> <p>Sexual dimorphism not distinct, ventral side of apical tibiae and basal tarsomeres of fore legs with denser setae in male.</p> <p>Habitats</p> <p>Living in mud under seaside reefs.</p> <p>Key to species of Mexico Spilman from the Oriental region, derived from Yoshitomi (2019)</p> <p>1. Median lobe with distinct subapical projections laterally, separated from ventral part................................................................................................................................ 2</p> <p>- Median lobe simple, without subapical projections laterally.......................6</p> <p>2. Subapical projections of median lobe distinctly curved outwardly.................. 3</p> <p>- Subapical projections of median lobe curved interiorly or ventrally................ 4</p> <p>3. Subapical projections of median lobe nearly equal in length, apex of median lobe slender and gradually acuminate; Palau................................ M. palauensis</p> <p>- Subapical projections of median lobe with left part distinctly longer than right, apex of median lobe robust and sharply acuminate; Yongxing Island............. M. xiei</p> <p>4. Subapical projections of median lobe of same length, ventrally curved; apex of median lobe slender; Ogasawara Island........................... M. ogasawaraensis</p> <p>- Subapical projections of median lobe with left part distinctly longer than right, interiorly curved; apex of median lobe robust.......................................5</p> <p>5. Subapical projections of median lobe short and small, widely separated from each other; Taiwan........................................................................................................... M. taiwanus</p> <p>- Subapical projections of median lobe large, nearly attached to each other at middle; Honshu to Ishigakijima................................................................. M. masamii</p> <p>6. Lateral lobes long, exceeding proximal half of median lobe, apex of lateral lobes with short setae; Papua New Guinea.................................................... M. papuanus</p> <p>- Lateral lobes shorter than half of median lobe, apex with long setae...............7</p> <p>7. Median lobe distinctly expanded subapically; Christmas Island........................................................................................................................................................................... M. lawrencei</p> <p>- Median lobe not distinctly expanded subapically...................................8</p> <p>8. Apex of median lobe nipple-like; Borneo........................... M. borneensis</p> <p>- Apex of median lobe simply pointed; Bali.............................. M. baliensis</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F487FCF703762490B3FEDEFC9626A7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Liu, Zhen-Hua;Jia, Feng-Long	Liu, Zhen-Hua, Jia, Feng-Long (2021): Descriptions of two new species of Mexico Spilman, 1972 from the Oriental region (Coleoptera: Limnichidae). Journal of Natural History 55 (13 - 14): 909-920, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2021.1931516, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2021.1931516
