taxonID	type	description	language	source
03F78361FFB3FFA5FF4417CEFD89F923.taxon	description	Description: Size: 8 – 9 mm. Colour: Head mostly orange; ocellar triangle black, first flagellomere dark (Figs. 3,4). Thorax entirely orange; fore femur and fore tibia entirely black; fore tarsomere one and base of tarsomere two offwhite, other tarsomeres brown. Mid and hind femora dark brown to black except for a strongly contrasting yellow distal ring (Fig. 3). Katepisternum with a double row of black bristles, anterior row small. Abdominal tergites 1 – 6 reddish brown, syntergite 1 + 2 relatively pale. Upper quarter of female abdominal pleuron black on segments 3 – 6 (all specimens in type series shriveled and obscuring this character); oviscape shining brown except for paler tip. Epandrium brown. Head: Arista long-haired at least over basal 2 / 3, longest hairs ½ scape width. Pedicel with long ventroapical bristles, one almost as long as first flagellomere. Clypeus shining orange. Palpus orange, tapered apically, with short dark bristles on ventral half and apex. Frontal vitta almost parallel sided throughout, slightly raised in front of ocelli, slightly depressed behind ocelli. Thorax: Cervical sclerite convex and shining ventrally in male, convex and dull in female. Postpronotum bulging, with 2 – 3 small indistinct setulae along posteroventral margin. Fore femur with only small ventral setulae. One distinct dorsocentral bristle, 2 very long exclinate suprahumeral bristles. Wing: Anal cell short and microsetulose, wing membrane lightly and evenly infuscated over distal ¾ with a slightly paler portion between discal area and darker apex. Female abdomen: Oviscape 3 times as long as tergite 6, almost as long as preabdomen. Paired spermathecae smooth and oval, on an enormously swollen common duct enlarged in distal half into an oval area 4 times as wide as spermatheca, separate ducts narrow and half as long as spermatheca Fig. 1). Single spermatheca bilobed and wrinkled, on a narrow duct slightly shorter than common duct. Male abdomen: Syntergite 1 + 2 with fine hairs on anterior part of tergite 1 and a transverse row of long bristles on posterior part. Tergites 2 – 6 uniformly setulose. Sternite 8 shining with a few setulae; epandrium about twice as long as wide, microtrichose and setulose distally, basal third bare and shining at least laterally. Sternite 5 with a broad anterior part (base), inner surface of each arm of posterior part (genital fork) with a cluster of 2 – 3 contiguous basal spines and 6 – 7 evenly spaced spines on distal half; sternite 5 not cleft basal to spines of genital fork (Fig. 6). Internal genitalia, examined on one dissected specimen, with simple ovate postgonite; distiphallus slightly shorter than sternite 5 and about as long as epandrium, terminating in a broad swollen section (Fig. 7). Pregonite with only small, inconspicuous ventral setae.	en	Marshall, S. A. (2013): Grallipeza Rondani (Diptera: Micropezidae: Taeniapterinae) of the Caribbean and North America. Zootaxa 3682 (1): 45-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3682.1.2
03F78361FFB3FFA5FF4417CEFD89F923.taxon	materials_examined	Type material: Holotype: Dominican Republic. Pedernales Province. P. N. Sierra de Barouco, Las Abejas, 18 ° 09.11 ’ N, 7 ° 37.342 ’ W, 1150 m, 11. vii. 2004, N. E. Woodley (male, USNM). Paratypes: Same locality as holotype. 19. i. 1989, S. A. Marshall (1 Ƥ, DEBU); 11. vii. 2004, D. Perez (4 3, 1 Ƥ, USNM). Note that 4 of the D. Perez types were knocked off the pins and damaged in shipping; some were dissociated from label data and their collection data is inferred; these specimens now bear only labels reading “ loan from USNMNH 2046396 ”; two of these were used for abdominal dissections.	en	Marshall, S. A. (2013): Grallipeza Rondani (Diptera: Micropezidae: Taeniapterinae) of the Caribbean and North America. Zootaxa 3682 (1): 45-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3682.1.2
03F78361FFB3FFA5FF4417CEFD89F923.taxon	etymology	Etymology: The specific epithet is from the Spanish for “ bee ”, and refers to the type locality, Las Abejas (“ the bees ”).	en	Marshall, S. A. (2013): Grallipeza Rondani (Diptera: Micropezidae: Taeniapterinae) of the Caribbean and North America. Zootaxa 3682 (1): 45-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3682.1.2
03F78361FFB3FFA5FF4417CEFD89F923.taxon	discussion	Comments: Grallipeza abeja and G. p e re z i are known only from Dominican Republic’s remarkable Las Abejas intramontane area. Both species are characterized by a relatively dark hind femur with a pale band (the reverse of the usual pattern), but they differ widely in head colour and characters of the male terminalia. Female terminalia were not examined for G. p e re z i.	en	Marshall, S. A. (2013): Grallipeza Rondani (Diptera: Micropezidae: Taeniapterinae) of the Caribbean and North America. Zootaxa 3682 (1): 45-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3682.1.2
03F78361FFB3FFA7FF4411CAFC71FC42.taxon	description	Description (females only; males unknown): Size: 7 – 8 mm. Colour: Head mostly orange; clypeus dark shining brown, some specimens with a blue-black sheen; frontal vitta velvet black from anterior margin to behind ocelli (Fig. 12). Thorax patterned in reddish brown and black, scutellum, postpronotum and most of postsutural scutum black, pleuron entirely orange. Fore femur black on distal half, tarsomere one and tarsomere two off-white, other tarsomeres brown. Mid and hind femora with longitudinal black patches on basal ¾ and a distinct dark distal ring. Katepisternal bristles black. Abdominal tergites two and three white, contrasting with dark tergite one, tergite two usually with circular black markings. Upper half of female abdominal pleuron black except for a yellow strip that reaches junction of t 2 and t 1, black pigmentation extending around abdomen near apex; oviscape shining black or dark brown (pale brown on one probably teneral type) except for paler tip, tergite 6 shining blue-black (brown on one probably teneral type). Head: Arista long-haired at least over basal 2 / 3, longest hair over ½ scape width. Pedicel with long ventroapical bristles, one distinctly longer than first flagellomere. Interantennal distance equal to scape width. Frontal vitta broadened and raised in front of ocelli; narrowed and depressed behind ocelli. Thorax: Cervical sclerite concave ventrally, concave surface densely covered with distinct circular pits or pores. Postpronotum with scattered long setulae along ventral third. Fore femur with only small ventral setulae. One distinct dorsocentral bristle, 1 – 3 long exclinate suprahumeral bristles. Wing: Anal cell microsetulose, wing membrane lightly and evenly infuscated over distal 2 / 3. Female abdomen: Oviscape strongly constricted at base, about 3 times length of tergite 6 and 2 / 3 as long as preabdomen. Paired spermathecae large and oval, on short, slender single ducts arising from a distally swollen common duct; swelling of common duct occupying distal third of duct and separated from basal two thirds by a marked constriction (Fig. 11). Single spermatheca with a round central part and elongate-oval, strongly tuberculate lateral lobes.	en	Marshall, S. A. (2013): Grallipeza Rondani (Diptera: Micropezidae: Taeniapterinae) of the Caribbean and North America. Zootaxa 3682 (1): 45-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3682.1.2
03F78361FFB3FFA7FF4411CAFC71FC42.taxon	materials_examined	Type material: Holotype (female, CMNH 332 - 790) and two paratypes (Ƥ, CMNH # s 328,444 and 318,557): Dominican Republic. Hato Mayor, Parque los Haitises, 3 km W Cueva de Arena, 19 - 04 N, 69 - 29 W, 20 m, 7 – 9. vii. 1992, R. Davidson et al., mesic lowland forest. Other paratypes: Dominican Republic. La Vega Prov, P. N. Armando Bermudez, La Cienaga de Manabao, 19 ° 04.022 ’ N, 71 ° 51.849 ’ W, 1183 m, 19. viii. 1986, D. Perez, R. Bastardo, B. Hierro (female, USNM); La Cienaga-Los Tablones, 16 – 17. viii. 2006, D. Perez (2 Ƥ, USNM).	en	Marshall, S. A. (2013): Grallipeza Rondani (Diptera: Micropezidae: Taeniapterinae) of the Caribbean and North America. Zootaxa 3682 (1): 45-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3682.1.2
03F78361FFB3FFA7FF4411CAFC71FC42.taxon	description	Variation: One of the specimens from La Cienaga has two strong dorsocentral bristles but is otherwise identical to the type of G. albiterga. Intraspecific variation in dorsocentral number is extremely unusual.	en	Marshall, S. A. (2013): Grallipeza Rondani (Diptera: Micropezidae: Taeniapterinae) of the Caribbean and North America. Zootaxa 3682 (1): 45-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3682.1.2
03F78361FFB3FFA7FF4411CAFC71FC42.taxon	etymology	Etymology: Grallipeza albiterga is named for its pale, almost white, abdominal tergites 2 – 3.	en	Marshall, S. A. (2013): Grallipeza Rondani (Diptera: Micropezidae: Taeniapterinae) of the Caribbean and North America. Zootaxa 3682 (1): 45-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3682.1.2
03F78361FFB3FFA7FF4411CAFC71FC42.taxon	discussion	Comments: This species is part of a species group including G. nigrivitta and G. pleuritica, all of which share desclerotization of tergites 2 – 3, a dark lower vitta, and pigmentation of the scutum. Grallipeza albiterga is most distinctive for its largely black female abdominal pleuron (at least the upper half of the pleuron), with the black area interrupted by a white band reaching the junction of T 2 and 3.	en	Marshall, S. A. (2013): Grallipeza Rondani (Diptera: Micropezidae: Taeniapterinae) of the Caribbean and North America. Zootaxa 3682 (1): 45-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3682.1.2
03F78361FFB1FFA1FF441326FA63FBD2.taxon	description	Description: Size: Approximately 7 mm. Colour: Head, including frontal vitta and palpus, almost entirely orange with only ocellar triangle black; frontal vitta paler anteriorly and paler than orbital plate; clypeus darker than face, palpus pale, parallel-sided with short dark bristles on ventral half. Legs yellow with most of fore femur and all of fore tibia black, fore tarsomeres 1 – 3 white, fore tarsomeres 4 – 5 dark. Mid and hind femora orange with a distinct distal black ring and with a diffuse longitudinal black mark on anterior surface (Fig. 13). Tarsomere one of hind leg white, contrasting with dark tarsomeres 2 – 5. Thorax almost entirely orange except for silvered or browned patches on katepisternum, posterior half of anepisternum and propleuron. Katepisternum with a double row of golden bristles. Abdominal pleuron of female almost entirely white, with a small yellow patch on ventral half of segments 3 – 4 (Fig. 13). Male with a distinct, round, black microsetulose membranous dome on pleuron of segment 2. Head: Arista bare on distal half, basal half with short hairs only slightly longer than width of basal aristomere. Pedicel with long ventroapical bristles, one almost as long as first flagellomere. Frontal vitta depressed below level of orbital plates and slightly expanded anteriorly and tapered behind ocelli. Thorax: Cervical sclerite not clearly visible on examined material, but female with ventral surface modified and apparently with pits or pores. Postpronotum bare. Fore femur with only small ventral setulae. Two distinct dorsocentral bristles, suprahumeral bristles forming a prominent row of 5 – 6 bristles grading into a continuous row of small dorsocentral setulae. Acrostichal setulae forming regular rows presuturally, scattered postsuturally. Wing: Anal cell short and bare in basal half, membrane otherwise setulose. Membrane without distinct pigmentation. Costal vein yellow, other veins brown. Male abdomen: Genital fork with long, dense apical-ventral setae, mesal face on basal half with 3 widely spaced teeth, distal half with three teeth crowded near apex. Junction between arms of fork forming a U-shape in contrast to the V-shape of the closely related G. nebulosa (but only one damaged genitalic mount examined for G. baracoa). Distiphallus relatively narrow basally, ending in a strikingly swollen distal bulb with a tongue-like distal extension shorter than the bulb (Fig. 14). Female abdomen: Oviscape relatively short, about ½ as long as preabdomen and double length of tergite 6. No dissection available.	en	Marshall, S. A. (2013): Grallipeza Rondani (Diptera: Micropezidae: Taeniapterinae) of the Caribbean and North America. Zootaxa 3682 (1): 45-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3682.1.2
03F78361FFB1FFA1FF441326FA63FBD2.taxon	materials_examined	Type material: Holotype (male, USNM): Cuba, Baracoa, Sept. 1901, A. Busck. Paratypes (2 Ƥ), same as holotype. Other material examined: (female photographs only; see comments, and one male, BIOECO): Cuba, Baracoa, el Yunque, N 20 ° 20.419 ', W 74 ° 33.040 ' S. A. Marshall (photographs) and G. Garcés (specimen, in alcohol).	en	Marshall, S. A. (2013): Grallipeza Rondani (Diptera: Micropezidae: Taeniapterinae) of the Caribbean and North America. Zootaxa 3682 (1): 45-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3682.1.2
03F78361FFB1FFA1FF441326FA63FBD2.taxon	distribution	Distribution: The type specimens are from “ Baracoa ” and recent collections / photographs are all from El Yunque (“ the anvil ”), an isolated mountain close to Baracoa. This contrasts with the only Cuban congener, G. placida, which has been frequently photographed or collected in areas surrounding Barcoa as well as elsewhere in Cuba. Cresson (1930) mentions a specimen of G. b a r a c o a from Cayamas, Cuba but the identity of this specimen needs to be confirmed. A female specimen from San Vincente, Cuba (J. C. Bradley, 14. vii. 1940) in the Cornell University insect collection keys to G. baracoa and is probably this species.	en	Marshall, S. A. (2013): Grallipeza Rondani (Diptera: Micropezidae: Taeniapterinae) of the Caribbean and North America. Zootaxa 3682 (1): 45-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3682.1.2
03F78361FFB1FFA1FF441326FA63FBD2.taxon	discussion	Comments: Grallipeza baracoa is easily distinguishable from the only recognized sympatric species, G. placida, by its banded mid and hind femora, white first hind tarsomere, almost bare arista, prominent suprahumeral bristles and its relatively clear wing membrane. Although no female specimens were available for dissection, there is no doubt about the validity of this species. The live fly shown in the photograph was not collected. Grallipeza baracoa resembles the continental North American G. nebulosa in colour, chaeototaxy and antennal characters but differs in the colour of the fore tarsi. Unfortunately, it was not possible to compare the female genitalia to the very distinctive structures of the latter species. The only available male genitalic mount for G. baracoa has a broken genital fork, but it is more U-shaped than the relatively V-shaped fork of the closely related G. n e b u l o s a. More significantly, the distiphallus bulb of G. baracoa suggests a close relationship to G. nebulosa. Both of these species have a similar, strikingly robust bulb that extends distally as a flat bib. This “ bib ” is shorter than the bulb in G. baracoa (Fig. 14), longer in G. n e b u l o s a (Fig. 40), but this structure is clearly homologous in these species, and unlike congeners other than G. placida. Cresson described this species as a Systellapha in 1926, moved it to the genus Rainieria in 1930, then (1938) decided it was a synonym of Grallipeza nebulosa. Steyskal (1965) followed this synonymy but later (1967) recognized that G. nebulosa and G. baracoa were separate species.	en	Marshall, S. A. (2013): Grallipeza Rondani (Diptera: Micropezidae: Taeniapterinae) of the Caribbean and North America. Zootaxa 3682 (1): 45-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3682.1.2
03F78361FFB7FFA3FF4413DBFBCDFD41.taxon	description	Description: Size: 6 – 8 mm. Colour: Head orange except shining brown clypeus, dark apical third of palpus, and velvet black anterior third of frontal vitta. Thorax orange, scutellum and parts of scutum darkened; katepisternum with a posterodorsal silvery pollinose patch. Fore femur yellow on basal half, black or dark brown on distal half, tarsomere one and tarsomere two off-white, tarsomere three darkened distally, other tarsomeres brown. Mid and hind femur brown in distal third, brown area with a yellow preapical ring. Katepisternal bristles golden. Abdominal tergites 1 – 3 (male) or 1 – 4 (female) pale, contrasting with dark posterior tergites. Female abdominal pleuron cream yellow except for a small dark patch under each lateral margin of tergite 6; tergite 7 shining dark brown, darker along posterior margin, oviscape shining dark brown except for paler tip. Head: Arista conspicuously long-haired at least over basal 3 / 4, hairs as long as scape width (Fig. 16). Pedicel with long ventroapical bristles, one almost as long as first flagellomere. Frontal vitta broadened and raised in front of ocelli; narrow, parallel-sided and depressed behind ocelli (Fig. 19). Thorax: Cervical sclerite flat ventrally, that of female ventrally microtrichose with minute pits (not the distinct field of pores found in some congeners). Fore femur with only small ventral setulae. Two distinct dorsocentral bristles, postpronotum with only small setulae, 3 – 5 suprahumeral bristles forming a row of 3 – 5. Fore femur without ventral bristles. Wing: Anal cell microsetulose along margins only, otherwise bare; wing membrane with a weak, almost straight-edged discal band extending from anterior wing margin to Cu (Fig. 18). Female abdomen (only one poor dissection available): Oviscape short, constricted at base (Fig. 17). Common spermathecal duct almost parallel-sided, slightly expanded but not strikingly swollen before branching into short, thick ducts leading to rounded cone-shaped spermathecae (Fig. 15). Single spermathecal duct slightly thinner than common duct; ending in a small, irregularly formed T-shaped single spermatheca. Male abdomen: No dissection available; this species is known from only one male. Genital fork deeply cleft basally, mesal surface of each arm with a broad basal bulge with about 5 closely packed teeth, remainder of mesal surface with about 10 more widely spaced teeth; outer surface long-haired.	en	Marshall, S. A. (2013): Grallipeza Rondani (Diptera: Micropezidae: Taeniapterinae) of the Caribbean and North America. Zootaxa 3682 (1): 45-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3682.1.2
03F78361FFB7FFA3FF4413DBFBCDFD41.taxon	materials_examined	Type material: Holotype male (USNM): Jamaica. Runaway Bay, ii. 1969, W. W. Wirth, streambed. Paratype female (USNM): Jamaica: St. Andrew Parish, Hardwar Gap, 23. v. 1975, Ashley Gurney.	en	Marshall, S. A. (2013): Grallipeza Rondani (Diptera: Micropezidae: Taeniapterinae) of the Caribbean and North America. Zootaxa 3682 (1): 45-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3682.1.2
03F78361FFB7FFA3FF4413DBFBCDFD41.taxon	discussion	Comments: The desclerotized abdominal tergites suggest a close relationship between G. c l i f f i, G. marleyi, G. nigrivitta and G. albiterga, but female internal structures of these species are strikingly different (Figs. 11, 15, 42). Although no males were dissected and there is only a single poor dissection of a female G. cliffi available, what is known of internal characters suggests that this species is not closely related to any other Caribbean Grallipeza. Grallipeza cliffi is easily recognized by the isolated dark anterior area of the frontal vitta, and the type specimens are apparently distinguished by the apically darkened palpus (like many mainland congeners but unlike other Caribbean species). In addition to the type specimens, one specimen (male, Above Rocks District, Sept 16, 1917 (493), Harold Morrison. USNM) was tentatively identified as this species but has uniformly orange palpi. More specimens are needed from Jamaica to adequately characterize the three currently recognized endemic Jamaican Grallipeza, and to ascertain the true diversity of Grallipeza on the island.	en	Marshall, S. A. (2013): Grallipeza Rondani (Diptera: Micropezidae: Taeniapterinae) of the Caribbean and North America. Zootaxa 3682 (1): 45-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3682.1.2
03F78361FFB7FFA3FF4413DBFBCDFD41.taxon	etymology	Etymology: Grallipeza cliffi is named for the Jamaican musician Jimmy Cliff.	en	Marshall, S. A. (2013): Grallipeza Rondani (Diptera: Micropezidae: Taeniapterinae) of the Caribbean and North America. Zootaxa 3682 (1): 45-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3682.1.2
03F78361FFB5FFA3FF44145BFB0EF91F.taxon	description	Description (female holotype only). Size: Approximately 7 mm. Colour: Head, including frontal vitta and palpus, almost entirely orange; ocellar triangle black, lower half of clypeus dark brown, lower face white, gena and central occiput all or partly silvery, anterior margin of orbital strips slightly darkened. Anterodistal part of fore femur and all of fore tibia brown, fore tarsomeres 1 – 3 white, 4 – 5 slightly darkened. Mid and hind femora orange. Tarsomere one of hind leg white, tarsomeres 2 – 5 pale brown. Thorax entirely orange. Katepisternum with a double row of golden bristles. Female abdomen with tergites 1 – 6 gray, tergite 7 darker, oviscape entirely orange, apparently bare. Abdominal pleuron of female mostly white, dorsal margin black (but type specimen discoloured and hard to interpret). Head: Arista bare on distal half, basal half with long hairs. Head with only one distinct frontal bristle on holotype but otherwise complete, with equal-sized orbital, inner vertical, outer vertical and postocellar bristles. Frontal vitta flat, almost parallel sided. Thorax: Fore femur with only small ventral setulae. Two distinct dorsocentral bristles, 1 large suprahumeral bristle. Postpronotum with sparse small setulae, concentrated near anterior margin. Wing: Anal cell entirely setulose. Membrane with dark longitudinal wing infuscation, entirely filling cell R 4 + 5 and much of cell dm, reaching wing apex. Female abdomen: No dissection available as this species is known only from the type specimen.	en	Marshall, S. A. (2013): Grallipeza Rondani (Diptera: Micropezidae: Taeniapterinae) of the Caribbean and North America. Zootaxa 3682 (1): 45-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3682.1.2
03F78361FFB5FFA3FF44145BFB0EF91F.taxon	materials_examined	Type material: Holotype (female, USNM # 27066 )): “ Montserrat, West Indies ”	en	Marshall, S. A. (2013): Grallipeza Rondani (Diptera: Micropezidae: Taeniapterinae) of the Caribbean and North America. Zootaxa 3682 (1): 45-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3682.1.2
03F78361FFB5FFA3FF44145BFB0EF91F.taxon	discussion	Comments: I have seen no material of this species other than the type. It is clearly distinct from congeners, with a complete longitudinal wing band matched only by that of G. footei, from which it differs most obviously in shape and colour of the fore tarsomeres as well as the orange oviscape reflected in the species name.	en	Marshall, S. A. (2013): Grallipeza Rondani (Diptera: Micropezidae: Taeniapterinae) of the Caribbean and North America. Zootaxa 3682 (1): 45-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3682.1.2
03F78361FFB5FFBDFF44101CFE40F9FB.taxon	materials_examined	Type material: Holotype 3 (USNM # 27064) and three paratypes (1 3, 2 Ƥ, USNM): Dominica, Yale Expedition, H. W. Foote. Other material examined: Dominica. Point Casse. 2 miNW. “ V. 4.1965 ”, D. R. Davis (1 Ƥ, USNM); Freshwater Lake, vi. 9.1965, D. R. Davis (1 Ƥ, USNM); Freshwater Lake, May. 23.1966, G. Steyskal (1 Ƥ, USNM); S. Chiltern Est., 2. ii. 1965, W. W. Wirth (1 Ƥ, USNM); Clarke Hall Est., v. 14.1966, G. Steyskal (1 3, USNM); South Chiltern, 6. ii. 1964, H. Robinson (1 3, USNM).	en	Marshall, S. A. (2013): Grallipeza Rondani (Diptera: Micropezidae: Taeniapterinae) of the Caribbean and North America. Zootaxa 3682 (1): 45-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3682.1.2
03F78361FFB5FFBDFF44101CFE40F9FB.taxon	discussion	Comments: Grallipeza footei is easily distinguished from the generally smaller, much more common Dominican endemic species G. spinuliger by the dark longitudinal wing infuscation, which entirely fills cell R 4 + 5. Similar wing pigmentation is seen in the apparently closely related G. flavicaudata from Montserrat. The swollen apical tarsomere of the foreleg also distinguishes G. footei from all congeners, and both the male and female terminalia are distinctive.	en	Marshall, S. A. (2013): Grallipeza Rondani (Diptera: Micropezidae: Taeniapterinae) of the Caribbean and North America. Zootaxa 3682 (1): 45-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3682.1.2
03F78361FFABFFBFFF441185FBF3FBBE.taxon	description	Description: Size approximately 8 mm. Colour: Head, including frontal vitta, antenna, clypeus and palpus, almost entirely orange with only ocellar triangle black. Fore femur orange to orange-brown; fore tibia dark brown, apex pale with pale setulae; fore tarsomere one yellow-white with pale setulae, tarsomeres 2 – 5 grey-white with black setulae. Hind femur uniformly pale; tarsomere one of hind leg yellow except at apex, distal tarsomeres pale brown. Katepisternal bristles golden, pleuron entirely orange. Halter yellow with knob brown. Wing with infuscated area expanded into a rounded, club-like discal band extending from R 2 + 3 to base of CuA 1. Apex of wing lightly infuscated. Head: Arista long-haired at least over basal ¾, hairs approximately 0.5 times scape width (Fig. 25). Pedicel with long ventroapical bristles, one almost as long as first flagellomere. Lunule subequal to scape width, with small black bristles. Palpus orange, convex ventrally with short dark bristles on ventral half. Frontal vitta broad and parallel-sided (Fig. 26). Only one fronto-orbital bristle (the upper, or orbital; the two lower, or frontal, bristles are absent; Fig. 26). Thorax: Cervical sclerite slightly convex ventrally, microtrichose. Fore femur with an anterior row of about 12 and a posteroventral row of about 10 stout bristles along length. One distinct dorsocentral bristle. Postpronotum prominent, with scattered dark setulae mostly restricted to anteroventral region; one large and 1 – 2 small suprahumeral bristles (Fig. 26). Wing: Anal cell microsetulose except for a narrow longitudinal strip. Male abdomen: (no dissection available) Pleuron mostly black, segment 2 with an elongate-oval pale area (type specimen shriveled but this is presumably eversible as a dome in fresh material). Tergites 1 – 4 dark, pollinose and densely setulose; tergite 5 shining and sparsely setulose; tergite 6 black and shining bare (Fig. 27). Epandrium elongate and yellow, 2.3 times as long as high. Genital fork with arms strongly incurved, almost entirely enclosing a circular area; mesal surface with multiple (about 30) stout black bristles forming a double row.	en	Marshall, S. A. (2013): Grallipeza Rondani (Diptera: Micropezidae: Taeniapterinae) of the Caribbean and North America. Zootaxa 3682 (1): 45-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3682.1.2
03F78361FFABFFBFFF441185FBF3FBBE.taxon	materials_examined	Type material: Holotype (male, USNM): “ Grenada BWI FM Root ” “ Gouyave Grenada 19. vii. 1929 ”. Other material examined: One female labeled “ Tivoli W. I. 11 - 7 - 44, H. Stehle, 44 - 18070 ” “ USN 3 167286 ”, “ Grallipeza nebulosa James (Lw) ” possibly belongs to this species, but it is too badly damaged to treat as a paratype. It is missing the head, the tip of the abdomen, midlegs, the right foreleg and most of the scutum (including the part normally supporting dorsocentral bristles). The fore femur lacks the ventral bristles found on the male holotype of this species; no other species is known to be sexually dimorphic for this character. The abdominal pleuron is pale with the exception of a dark dorsal area adjacent to the tergites.	en	Marshall, S. A. (2013): Grallipeza Rondani (Diptera: Micropezidae: Taeniapterinae) of the Caribbean and North America. Zootaxa 3682 (1): 45-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3682.1.2
03F78361FFABFFBFFF441185FBF3FBBE.taxon	discussion	Comments: Grallipeza grenada is clearly distinct from Caribbean congeners on the basis of thoracic chaetotaxy, leg colour and the male genital fork, and confirms the general pattern of island-level endemism of West Indian Grallipeza. It seems most similar to the St. Vincent species G. m e l l e a, from which it differs in having only a single pair of dorsocentral bristles. These two species are the only Caribbean Grallipeza with ventral femoral bristles and with a double row of mesal teeth on the genital fork.	en	Marshall, S. A. (2013): Grallipeza Rondani (Diptera: Micropezidae: Taeniapterinae) of the Caribbean and North America. Zootaxa 3682 (1): 45-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3682.1.2
03F78361FFABFFBFFF441185FBF3FBBE.taxon	etymology	Etymology: Grallipeza grenada is (obviously) named for its type locality.	en	Marshall, S. A. (2013): Grallipeza Rondani (Diptera: Micropezidae: Taeniapterinae) of the Caribbean and North America. Zootaxa 3682 (1): 45-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3682.1.2
03F78361FFA9FFB9FF44137DFB1DFF59.taxon	description	Description (females only). Size: Approximately 7 mm. Colour: Head orange except shining brown clypeus and apically slightly darkened palpus (Fig. 28). Thorax with notum dark brown and pleuron yellow-orange. Fore femur orange, darkened on distal half, tarsomere one and tarsomere two off-white with white bristles, apex of tarsomere 2 and tarsomeres 3 – 5 brown with brown bristles. Mid and hind femora pale brown with an indistinct dark distal ring. Katepisternal bristles golden. Abdominal tergites two and three pale, tergites 1, 4, 5 pruinose brown, tergite 7 pruinose at base, otherwise shining brown. Upper third of female abdominal pleuron black on segments 3 – 5; oviscape shining brown with scattered setulae. Head: Arista conspicuously long-haired at least over basal 2 / 3, hairs as long as scape width (Fig. 30). Pedicel with long ventroapical bristles, one almost as long as first flagellomere. Frontal vitta broadened and slightly raised in front of ocelli; narrow, parallel-sided and slightly depressed behind ocelli. Thorax: Cervical sclerite concave ventrally, concave surface densely covered with distinct pores. Fore femur with only small ventral setulae. One or two distinct dorsocentral bristles; suprahumeral bristles very large, exclinate, forming a distinct row of 4 – 5 black bristles at anterior end of an inconspicuous row of minute, pale dorsocentral setulae (Fig. 31). Wing: Anal cell microsetulose, wing membrane lightly and evenly infuscated (Fig. 28). Female abdomen: Oviscape elongate, 3 times as long as tergite 6 and almost as long as preabdomen (Fig. 28). Paired spermathecae elongate, three times as long as wide, expanded distally, on short ducts arising from a swollen oval distal part of the common duct, swollen part occupying distal third of common duct and three times as wide as spermatheca. Single spermatheca bilobed, duct uniform with a constriction at base of spermatheca (one of the two female types was dissected but incompletely cleared, spermathecae partially embedded in a hard matrix, Fig. 29).	en	Marshall, S. A. (2013): Grallipeza Rondani (Diptera: Micropezidae: Taeniapterinae) of the Caribbean and North America. Zootaxa 3682 (1): 45-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3682.1.2
03F78361FFA9FFB9FF44137DFB1DFF59.taxon	materials_examined	Type material: Holotype female and one paratype female: Jamaica: Windsor, 15.5 km S Falmouth, path through Cockpit country to Troy, 2. iv. 1983, J. Spott, wet limestone forest, debu 00256921 (2 Ƥ, DEBU).	en	Marshall, S. A. (2013): Grallipeza Rondani (Diptera: Micropezidae: Taeniapterinae) of the Caribbean and North America. Zootaxa 3682 (1): 45-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3682.1.2
03F78361FFA9FFB9FF44137DFB1DFF59.taxon	discussion	Comments: Grallipeza marleyi is distinctively coloured and easily distinguished from other Grallipeza species, although the apparent difference in dorsocentral number between the two otherwise identical female type specimens is unusual. The desclerotized tergites 2 – 3 suggest a close relationship to another Jamaican species, G. cliffi, and to the Hispaniolan species G. nigrivitta and G. albiterga. The strongly swollen common spermathecal duct is characteristic of several members of the G. placida group, but the relatively small, elongate, trumpet-like paired spermathecae appear to be unique. The oviscape was removed from both the female holotype and the female paratype, and in both cases the usual clearing process (boiling in potassium hydroxide) left the spermathecae and ducts embedded in opaque tissue that could not be teased away from the spermathecae. This is an unusual problem and it is remarkable that it occurred in two specimens cleared in different stock solution several weeks apart. Figure 29 shows the stained paratype spermathecae in which the distally swollen common duct is clearly visible; the holotype spermathecae are barely distinguishable from the surrounding tissue but appear to match the paratype. Etymology: Grallipeza marleyi is a patronym referring to the Jamaican musician Bob Marley.	en	Marshall, S. A. (2013): Grallipeza Rondani (Diptera: Micropezidae: Taeniapterinae) of the Caribbean and North America. Zootaxa 3682 (1): 45-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3682.1.2
03F78361FFAFFFB9FF441627FB92F85C.taxon	description	Description: Size: Approximately 8 mm. Colour: Head, including frontal vitta and palpus, almost entirely orange with only ocellar triangle black (Fig. 33); gena and central occiput all or partly silvery. Fore femur slightly darkened only on mesal surface or distal fifth, tarsomere one and tarsomere two off-white, tarsomere 3 brown distally, other tarsomeres brown. Hind femur uniformly pale. Katepisternal bristles golden, silvery area of katepisternum indistinct, restricted to posterodorsal third. Postpronotum prominent, with small dark setulae; one large and 1 – 2 small suprahumeral bristles. Wing with infuscated discal area quadrate distally, expanded at level of CuA 1 and extending from base of CuA 1 to apex of R 2 + 3. Apex of wing lightly infuscated. Abdominal pleuron almost entirely pale, darkened along dorsal edge only. Head: Arista conspicuously long-haired at least over basal ¾. Pedicel with long ventroapical bristles, one almost as long as first flagellomere. Supra-antennal shelf small but exposed between lower frons and scape. Lunule with black setulae, face pale setulose, ventral half membranous and microsetulose. Clypeus shining orange. Palpus orange, parallel-sided with short dark bristles on ventral half. Gena with dense silvery setulae. Frontal vitta almost parallel, orange with an indistinctly darkened anterior patch (Fig. 33). Thorax: Cervical sclerite slightly convex ventrally, microtrichose and without distinct pores, female with a differentiated densely microtrichose ventral patch. Postpronotum setulose and with several weak bristles along ventrolateral half. Fore femur with an anterior row of about 12 and a posteroventral row of about 10 stout bristles along length (Fig. 34). Two distinct dorsocentral bristles; 1 distinct suprahumeral bristle at end of a row of small dorsocentral setulae; acrostichal setulae forming 2 distinct presutural rows, scattered postsuturally. Wing: Anal cell microsetulose except for a narrow longitudinal strip, wing membrane with central pigmented area distally rounded, extending from base of vein CuA 1 to apex of R 2 + 3 (or nearly so). Male abdomen: Pleuron of segment 2 with an elongate-oval differentiated area (all specimens shriveled but this is presumably eversible as a dome in fresh material). Tergite one reddish, posterior preabdominal tergites dark, tergite 6 black and shining bare. Epandrium elongate and yellow, 2.3 times as long as high. Genital fork with arms strongly incurved with a distinct inner basal shoulder, almost entirely enclosing a circular area distally, basally deeply cleft such that only the distal half has teeth on the mesal surface; mesal surface of distal half with about 30 black teeth in two loose rows. Distiphallus elongate, sinuate, about twice as long as epandrium, ending in a small but dense bulb (Fig. 37). Female abdomen: Oviscape very long (almost as long as balance of abdomen; Fig. 32), apex orange, otherwise shining dark brown. Abdominal tergite 1 pale, tergites 2 – 5 dull brown; tergite 6 and oviscape dark and shining. Common spermathecal duct of uniform width, about twice as wide as single spermathecal duct; paired spermathecae cup-shaped, striate on main part and with a convoluted and tuberculate base (Fig. 36). Single spermatheca T-shaped with 2 equal narrow lobes.	en	Marshall, S. A. (2013): Grallipeza Rondani (Diptera: Micropezidae: Taeniapterinae) of the Caribbean and North America. Zootaxa 3682 (1): 45-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3682.1.2
03F78361FFAFFFB9FF441627FB92F85C.taxon	materials_examined	Type material: (lectotype female BMNH). St. Vincent. Leeward side St. Vincent, HH Smith, W. Indies 1907 - 66. Non-type material examined: St. Vincent. Kingstown Botanical Garden, 25 – 27. iii. 1989, W. Mathis (2 Ƥ 1 3, USNM); Montreal, 26. iii. 1989, A. Freidberg (3 Ƥ, USNM); Cumberland, 28. iii. 1989, W. Mathis (1 Ƥ, USNM); Mangaroo, 28. iii. 1989, A. Freidberg (1 3, USNM).	en	Marshall, S. A. (2013): Grallipeza Rondani (Diptera: Micropezidae: Taeniapterinae) of the Caribbean and North America. Zootaxa 3682 (1): 45-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3682.1.2
03F78361FFAFFFB9FF441627FB92F85C.taxon	discussion	Comments: As pointed out by Steyskal (1967), Hennig (1934) was in error to synonymize this species with the Cuban species Grallipeza placida, from which it differs in having golden katepisternal bristles, a diffuse discal spot on the wing, a mostly reddish fore femur with distinct ventral bristles, and an entirely pale abdominal pleuron. More importantly, the spermathecae and associated ducts are entirely different in these two species, with G. m e l l e a more closely resembling G. spinuliger and G. placidoides from Dominica and St. Lucia. Grallipeza mellea is most similar to G. grenada, from which it differs in having two pairs of dorsocentral bristles.	en	Marshall, S. A. (2013): Grallipeza Rondani (Diptera: Micropezidae: Taeniapterinae) of the Caribbean and North America. Zootaxa 3682 (1): 45-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3682.1.2
03F78361FFADFFBAFF44178EFB56FF59.taxon	description	Description: Size: Approximately 7 – 8 mm. Colour: Head, including frontal vitta and palpus, almost entirely orange; ocellar triangle black, clypeus shining dark brown, anterior margin of orbital strips sometimes darkened. Most of fore femur (all but base) all of fore tibia brown, fore tarsomere 1 and basal 4 / 5 of tarsomere 2 yellow-white with pale setulae, apex of tarsomere 1 slightly browned with brown setulae, remaining tarsomeres brown with dark setulae. Mid and hind femora orange with a brown apex and usually with an indistinct brown band in distal third. Tarsomere one of hind leg white, tarsomeres 2 – 5 pale brown. Thorax entirely orange, with silvery patch just below anterior spiracle, on anepisternum, and on posterodorsal part of katepisternum. Katepisternum with a double row of golden bristles. Female abdomen with tergite 1 pale reddish brown, tergites 2 – 5 dark reddish brown pollinose and densely setulose, tergite 6 lightly pollinose and sparsely setulose, oviscape heavily pollinose laterally and apically, dorsal part of basal half shining dark brown, sparsely but distinctly setulose. Abdominal pleuron of female entirely cream yellow to white, dorsal margin black. Male abdominal syntergite 1 – 2 light brown, tergites 3 – 5 brown pollinose and densely setulose, tergite 6 darker shining and sparsely setulose, epandrium elongate, covered with fine white setulae except for small ventral area at base, apex long-setose ventrally. Male abdominal pleuron dark laterally with a large circular white ventral area, segment 2 with a distinct, large, round, yellow-brown microsetulose membranous dome. Head: Arista bare on distal third, basal half with short hairs only slightly longer than width of basal aristomere. Pedicel with long ventroapical bristles, one almost as long as first flagellomere. Lunule broad, 2 times scape width. Frontal vitta flat, parallel sided except at anterior margin where it joins the lower orbital margin to form a slightly differentiated transverse strip, lower orbital margins distinctly elevated. Thorax: Cervical sclerite of male evenly convex; cervical sclerite of female ventrally almost flat, with a large dull differentiated area but without conspicuous pits. Fore femur with only small ventral setulae. Two distinct dorsocentral bristles, several small suprahumeral bristles part of a continuous row of dorsocentral setulae, usually only the first 2 – 3 distinctly enlarged. Postpronotum bare or with 1 – 2 small setulae. Wing: Anal cell bare. Discal band diffuse, forming an indistinct patch running from R 4 + 5 to CuA 1; membrane distal to patch evenly and lightly infuscated. Female abdomen: Oviscape long, twice as long as tergite 6 and almost as long as preabdomen. Spermathecae and associated ducts (Fig. 43) extremely distinctive, common duct expanded into a broad, almost parallel-sided distal area that branches into two broad, recumbent, elongate bell-shaped spermathecae; single spermatheca with three large and similar lobes. Male abdomen: Genital fork (Fig. 42) V-shaped at base, mesal surface of arms with widely spaced teeth on basal half and more closely spaced teeth distally, apex with sparse long hairs. Distiphallus short, broad basally, distally expanding into a robust bulb with a distinctive spherical basal part and a coiled distal part leading to a broad, tongue-like distal extension somewhat longer than the bulb itself (Fig. 44).	en	Marshall, S. A. (2013): Grallipeza Rondani (Diptera: Micropezidae: Taeniapterinae) of the Caribbean and North America. Zootaxa 3682 (1): 45-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3682.1.2
03F78361FFADFFBAFF44178EFB56FF59.taxon	materials_examined	Type material: Holotype (unique male, MCZ; photographs online http: // insects. oeb. harvard. edu / mcz): “ Type 13328 ” “ Loew Coll. ” “ Fa ”. Material examined (over 100 specimens including the following): Alabama. Baldwin Co, Bon Secour, Malaise, 19. ix. 2004, E. Benton. Florida. Archbold Biological Station 4. xii. 1985, S. A. Marshall; Highlands Hammock St. Pk, 17. iv. 1989, S. A. Marshall; Pt. Charlotte, 20 – 25. xii. 1997, S. A. Marshall; Sarasota, 20. xii. 1999, S. A. Marshall. Georgia. Chatham Co., 27 – 31. viii. 1951, H. Dodge. North Carolina. Greensboro, 22. xii. ??, C. Gardener. South Carolina. Georgetown Co., Hobcaw Barony, 25. iv – 8. v. 2004, J. Klymko; Charleston Co., Cape Romain N. W. R., Bull Island, 3. v. 2004, S. A. Marshall.	en	Marshall, S. A. (2013): Grallipeza Rondani (Diptera: Micropezidae: Taeniapterinae) of the Caribbean and North America. Zootaxa 3682 (1): 45-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3682.1.2
03F78361FFADFFBAFF44178EFB56FF59.taxon	discussion	Comments: This is the only Grallipeza species known from the United States, and it is distinctive from all sympatric Diptera. The combination of wing pigmentation, leg pigmentation and thoracic chaetotaxy render it distinctive from Caribbean congeners other than the Cuban endemic G. b a r a c o a. These species can be separated on the basis of fore tarsal colour and the pigmentation of the wing veins; details of the important female abdominal characters are not available for G. b a r a c o a. Male genitalia of these two species (as well as the other Cuban endemic, G. placida) are strikingly similar and suggest a close relationship although the apex of the distiphallus is slightly different in each species (see Figs. 14, 63 and 92). Cresson (1938) and Steyskal (1965) treated G. b a r a c o a and G. n e b u l o s a as synonyms, but Steyskal later (1967) recognized them as separate species.	en	Marshall, S. A. (2013): Grallipeza Rondani (Diptera: Micropezidae: Taeniapterinae) of the Caribbean and North America. Zootaxa 3682 (1): 45-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3682.1.2
03F78361FFA3FFB4FF4411DAFBBBFB49.taxon	description	Description: Size: Approximately 8 mm. Colour: Head orange except shining reddish brown clypeus and velvet black frontal vitta (black extending to behind ocelli; Fig 47). Thorax indistinctly patterned, scutellum and posterior half of scutum dark brown, anterior half yellow-brown except for two narrow longitudinal brown dorsocentral strips; postpronotum brown, pleuron entirely orange. Fore femur black on distal half, tarsomere one and tarsomere two off-white, other tarsomeres brown. Mid and hind femur femora brown on basal half, fading to yellow on distal half, apex very pale. Katepisternal bristles black. Abdominal tergites two and three pale, contrasting with dark tergite one. Female abdominal pleuron apparently unpigmented; oviscape and tergite 6 shining pale brown. Head: Arista conspicuously long-haired at least over basal half. Pedicel with long ventroapical bristles, one distinctly longer than first flagellomere. Supraantennal shelf small, covered or barely exposed as a triangular piece between lower frons and scape. Lunule with black setulae, face pale setulose. Clypeus shining brown. Palpus tapered apically, with short dark bristles on ventral half and apex. Gena with dense silvery setulae. Frontal vitta broadened and slightly raised in front of ocelli; narrow, parallel-sided and depressed behind ocelli. Thorax: Cervical sclerite of male smooth with a broad transverse groove; cervical sclerite of female convex ventrally, most of ventral surface densely covered with distinct pores. Prosternum with 5 – 6 small setulae on each side; mesosternum with a transverse row of 4 long bristles on each side. Fore femur with only small ventral setulae. Two distinct dorsocentral bristles, 5 long exclinate suprahumeral bristles. Postpronotum with only a few minute, indistinct setulae. Wing: Anal cell microsetulose, wing membrane lightly and evenly infuscated over distal ¾ (Fig. 45). Female abdomen: Oviscape relatively broad and short, just under twice as long as tergite 6 and less than half as long as preabdomen. Common spermathecal duct gradually expanded to a broad apex, paired spermatheca not visible on available dissection (apex of common duct fused with hindgut; Fig. 46). Single spermathecae unusually large, broader than apex of common spermathecal duct and comprising a dense, wrinkled mass; single spermathecal duct uniformly narrow, half as long as common duct and twice as long as single spermatheca. Male abdomen: Sternite 5 narrow, genital fork equal in length to base, inner surface of arms with a single basal tooth, two teeth near middle, and 2 – 4 clustered near apex; all surfaces sparsely long setose. Epandrium entirely microtrichose and sparsely setulose, 1.5 times as long as wide, slightly longer than the entirely bare and shining sternite 8. The only available males (2 paratypes) were not dissected and the phallus is largely hidden.	en	Marshall, S. A. (2013): Grallipeza Rondani (Diptera: Micropezidae: Taeniapterinae) of the Caribbean and North America. Zootaxa 3682 (1): 45-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3682.1.2
03F78361FFA3FFB4FF4411DAFBBBFB49.taxon	materials_examined	Type material: Holotype (female, CMNH 332,741) and four paratypes (2 3, 2 Ƥ, CMHH 329,284; 328,780; 317,840; 331,682): Dominican Republic. Pedernales. Upper Las Abejas. 38 kmNNW Cabo Rojo, 18 - 09 N, 78 - 38 W, 1350 m, 22. vii. 1990, sweeping, L. Masner. Other paratypes: Dominican Republic. RD- 266, Las Abejas, P. N. Sierra de Bahoruco, D. Perez (1 Ƥ, USNM).	en	Marshall, S. A. (2013): Grallipeza Rondani (Diptera: Micropezidae: Taeniapterinae) of the Caribbean and North America. Zootaxa 3682 (1): 45-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3682.1.2
03F78361FFA3FFB4FF4411DAFBBBFB49.taxon	discussion	Comments: This species is part of a species group including Grallipeza albiterga and G. pleuritica, characterized by desclerotization of tergites 2 – 3, a dark lower vitta, and pigmentation of the scutum. The huge, wrinkled single spermatheca and the gradually widened common spermathecal duct are unlike any other known Grallipeza female.	en	Marshall, S. A. (2013): Grallipeza Rondani (Diptera: Micropezidae: Taeniapterinae) of the Caribbean and North America. Zootaxa 3682 (1): 45-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3682.1.2
03F78361FFA3FFB4FF4411DAFBBBFB49.taxon	etymology	Etymology: Grallipeza nigrivitta is named for its extensively black frontal vitta.	en	Marshall, S. A. (2013): Grallipeza Rondani (Diptera: Micropezidae: Taeniapterinae) of the Caribbean and North America. Zootaxa 3682 (1): 45-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3682.1.2
03F78361FFA2FFB6FF441237FE27FC66.taxon	description	Description: Size: Approximately 7 mm. Colour: Head, including frontal vitta and palpus, almost entirely orange; ocellar triangle black (Fig. 49), clypeus shining brown. Fore femur dark dorsally in female, only distal part of fore femur dark distally in male. Tibia brown, fore tibia with a patch of white apicoventral setulae; fore tarsomeres 1 – 2 white with white setulae except apicoventral tip of tarsomere 2, tarsomeres 3 – 5 brown with dark setulae. Mid and hind femora, tibia and tarsi uniformly pale brown. Thorax almost entirely orange, katepisternal bristles black, posterodorsal part of katepisternum and posterior anepisternum silvery pollinose. Female abdomen with tergites 1 – 5 pale reddish brown, pollinose and setulose; tergite 6 shining and sparsely setulose; oviscape shining brown dorsally with sparse small setulae; pollinose laterally and apically, apex pale. Abdominal pleuron of female mostly white, dorsal margin blackish (Fig. 50 and inset). Male abdominal syntergite 1 – 5 brown, pollinose and setulose; tergite 6 and sternite 8 darker and shining but with setulosity similar to tergites 1 – 5; epandrium elongate yellow and entirely densely microsetulose and setulose. Male abdomen with a distinct, large, round, yellow-brown microsetulose membranous dome on pleuron of segment 2, pleuron otherwise darker on dorsal half, white ventrally. Head: Arista with sparse long hairs almost to apex, hairs as long as or longer than scape width (Fig. 49). Pedicel with long ventroapical bristles, one as long as first flagellomere. Supraantennal shelf small but exposed between lower frons and scape. Frontal vitta flat, expanded in front of ocelli but narrowed and depressed behind, lower orbital margins distinctly elevated. Thorax: Cervical sclerite strongly sexually dimorphic; female sclerite convex with dense covering of pits and pores, male without pores and with a broad transverse furrow. Fore femur with only small ventral setulae. Two distinct dorsocentral bristles, 1 – 2 small suprahumeral bristles continuous with but distinctly larger that the complete row of dorsocentral setulae. Postpronotum microsetulose but with few or no setulae. Wing: Anal cell mostly bare, setulose near margins. Membrane lightly infuscated over anterior 2 / 3, infuscation slightly darker in middle (discal) area. Female abdomen: Spermathecae with a pair of large, recumbent and bell-like spermathecae on a long common duct with an elongate and gradually expanded swelling preceding the split into separate stems for the two spermathecae; single spermatheca small, wrinkled and transverse, on a thin duct about half as long as the duct leading to the large spermathecae (Fig. 51). Male abdomen: Genital fork pale, strongly curved, V-shaped and deeply cleft basally; mesal surface with short quadrate basal lobe with a tightly packed row of teeth, and a double row of about 12 stout distal teeth; outer surface with a conspicuously long apico-lateral tuft of black bristles (Fig. 52). Distiphallus short, slightly longer than epandrium; basal part relatively broad and parallel-sided with a sinuate duct; bulb broad and dense, with a broad, flat distal extension about half as long as bulb (Fig. 53).	en	Marshall, S. A. (2013): Grallipeza Rondani (Diptera: Micropezidae: Taeniapterinae) of the Caribbean and North America. Zootaxa 3682 (1): 45-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3682.1.2
03F78361FFA2FFB6FF441237FE27FC66.taxon	materials_examined	Type material: Holotype (female, CMNH # 329.104 )): Dominican Republic. Hato Mayor, Parque los Haitises, 3 kmW Cueva de Arena, 19 - 04 N, 16 - 29 W, 20 m, 7 – 9. vii. 1992, R. Davidson et al, mesic lowland forest). Paratypes: Dominican Republic. Puerto Plata, beach / forest edge, 20 – 27. xii. 2003, S. M. Paiero, (2 Ƥ, 2 3 DEBU, debu 00241793, 94, 96, 97,); La Vega Prov, Parque Nac. A. Bermudez, La Cienaga-Los Tablones, 16. vii. 2006, D. Perez (1 Ƥ, USNM); Santiago Prov., Juncalito, 1,000 m, 3 – 4. xi. 2007, D. Perez (1 3, USNM); Bonao, sweep cacao plantation, 14.1.199, J. E. Swann (1 Ƥ, DEBU); Puerto Plata, rural area near city, 20 – 22. xii. 2003, S. M. Paiero (1 3, DEBU, debu 00241852).	en	Marshall, S. A. (2013): Grallipeza Rondani (Diptera: Micropezidae: Taeniapterinae) of the Caribbean and North America. Zootaxa 3682 (1): 45-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3682.1.2
03F78361FFA2FFB6FF441237FE27FC66.taxon	etymology	Etymology: Grallipeza paraplacida is named for its similarity to the Cuban species G. placida. Both species have quadrate, toothed basal lobes on the male genital fork, but they differ widely in structure of the female common spermathecal duct.	en	Marshall, S. A. (2013): Grallipeza Rondani (Diptera: Micropezidae: Taeniapterinae) of the Caribbean and North America. Zootaxa 3682 (1): 45-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3682.1.2
03F78361FFA0FFB0FF441305FD20FE61.taxon	description	Description: Size: Approximately 7 mm. Colour: Head orange except for the broad velvety black anterior part of the frontal vitta extending from anterior margin to behind ocelli (Fig. 55); clypeus shining orange-brown, paler anteriorly. Fore femur pale brown at base, dark brown in distal 3 / 4. Tibia brown, fore tibia with a patch of white apicoventral setulae. Fore tarsomere 1 and basal half of tarsomere 2 white with white setulae; distal half of tarsomere 2 and tarsomeres 3 – 5 brown with dark setulae. Mid femur uniformly pale brown; hind femur brown with a contrasting distal yellow ring (on some specimens the contrast between the background colour and the ring is indistinct); hind tarsus all dark. Thorax almost entirely orange, katepisternal bristles black. Female abdomen with tergites 1 – 5 pale reddish brown, pollinose and setulose; tergite 6 sparsely setulose, pollinose on basal fifth, with a sharp line of demarcation between pollinose strip and shining distal 4 / 5; oviscape missing from only female type. Abdominal pleuron of female mostly white, with a black area extending up the middle of the pleuron from segment 1 to the end of segment 3. Male abdominal syntergite 1 – 5 brown, pollinose and setulose; tergite 6 darker, slightly less pollinose but with setulosity similar to tergites 1 – 5; sternite 8 bare, shining and unusually large relative to epandrium; epandrium shorter than sternite 8, densely microsetulose and setulose. Male abdomen with a distinct, large, dark black, microsetulose membranous dome on pleuron of segment 2, pleuron otherwise irregularly discoloured on all types; genital fork pale. Head: Arista with sparse long hairs on basal 2 / 3, hairs almost as long as scape width. Pedicel with long ventroapical bristles, one as long as first flagellomere. Frontal vitta distinctly raised and expanded in front of ocelli but narrowed and depressed behind, lower orbital margins lower than vitta. Thorax: Cervical sclerite strongly sexually dimorphic; female convex with dense covering of pits and pores, male without pores and with a broad transverse furrow. Fore femur with only small ventral setulae. Two distinct dorsocentral bristles, 4 – 5 very long suprahumeral bristles, dorsocentral setulae minute and irregular. Postpronotum microsetulose with 6 – 8 long black setulae. Wing: Anal cell entirely setulose. Membrane entirely, evenly and lightly infuscated. Male abdomen: Genital fork strongly curved, with a single row of 4 – 5 widely spaced short stout mesal bristles; outer surface with long bristles (Fig. 58). Distiphallus longer than epandrium, basal part relatively broad and parallel-sided with a sinuate duct; bulb broad and rounded (Fig. 57).	en	Marshall, S. A. (2013): Grallipeza Rondani (Diptera: Micropezidae: Taeniapterinae) of the Caribbean and North America. Zootaxa 3682 (1): 45-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3682.1.2
03F78361FFA0FFB0FF441305FD20FE61.taxon	materials_examined	Type material: Holotype (male, USNM) and two paratypes (males, USNM): Dominican Republic. RD- 266 Las Abejas, P. N. Sierra de Bahoruco, Pedernales Prov., 1,310 m, 18 09.011 ’ N 71 37.342 ’ W, 11. vii. 2004, D. Perez. Paratypes. Dominican Republic. Las Abejas, 1300 m, cloud forest, 19. i. 1989, S. A. Marshall (2 3, DEBU); Las Abejas, Pedernales Prov., Sra. de Bahoruco, 17. i. 1989, L. Masner (1 Ƥ, DEBU).	en	Marshall, S. A. (2013): Grallipeza Rondani (Diptera: Micropezidae: Taeniapterinae) of the Caribbean and North America. Zootaxa 3682 (1): 45-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3682.1.2
03F78361FFA0FFB0FF441305FD20FE61.taxon	etymology	Etymology: This species is named for Daniel Perez-Gelabert in recognition of the importance of his collections of flies from the Dominican Republic.	en	Marshall, S. A. (2013): Grallipeza Rondani (Diptera: Micropezidae: Taeniapterinae) of the Caribbean and North America. Zootaxa 3682 (1): 45-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3682.1.2
03F78361FFA0FFB0FF441305FD20FE61.taxon	discussion	Comments: Grallipeza abeja and G. p e re z i appear to be endemic to the remarkable Las Abejas intramontane forest in the Sierra de Bahoruco. Both species are characterized by a relatively dark hind femur with a pale band (the reverse of the usual pattern), but they differ widely in head colour and characters of the male terminalia. Female terminalia were not examined for G. p e re z i.	en	Marshall, S. A. (2013): Grallipeza Rondani (Diptera: Micropezidae: Taeniapterinae) of the Caribbean and North America. Zootaxa 3682 (1): 45-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3682.1.2
03F78361FFA6FFB3FF44153DFA9AF840.taxon	description	Description. Size: Approximately 8 mm. Colour: Head, including frontal vitta and palpus, almost entirely orange with only ocellar triangle black; gena and central occiput all or partly silvery. Distal half of fore femur and all of fore tibia black, first two fore tarsomeres white. Thorax almost entirely orange, sometimes with silvered or browned patches on the pleuron. Katepisternum with a double row of black bristles, anterior row small. Abdominal pleuron white on at least ventral ¾. Head: Arista conspicuously long-haired at least over basal ¾. Pedicel with long ventroapical bristles, one almost as long as first flagellomere. Supraantennal shelf small but exposed between lower frons and scape. Lunule dark setulose, upper half of face setulose with dark setulae above and pale setulae below. Clypeus shining orange. Gena with dense silvery setulae. Frontal vitta slightly tapered anteriorly and slightly expanded behind ocelli. Thorax: Cervical sclerite sexually dimorphic, ventral surface in female with a prominent bulge covered with pores or pits, in male unmodified with fine setulae. Postpronotum bare. Fore femur with only small ventral setulae. Two distinct dorsocentral bristles, 1 small suprahumeral bristle and a row of small acrostichal bristles on each side. Wing: Anal cell bare, membrane otherwise setulose, membrane with a dark central spot extending almost from margin to margin. Male abdomen: Pleuron of segment 2 with a large, semispherical membranous dome differing in pigmentation from surrounding membrane. Anterior tergites slightly paler than posterior tergites in some specimens, posterior tergites dark. Epandrium small, similar in size to the genital fork on sternite 5, densely setose on posteroventral angle. Genital fork with long, dense apical setae; mesal surface with a quadrate basal lobe with 3 teeth, other teeth (5 – 6) spread out along inner surface of lobe (Fig. 65). Distiphallus broad, ending in a broad distally trilobed portion as wide and long as genital bulb, genital bulb about twice as wide as basal portion of distiphallus (Fig. 64). Female abdomen: Pleuron mostly pale with dark pigmentation dorsally. Spermathecae with a pair of large, recumbent and bell-like spermathecae on a long common duct with a ball-like spherical swelling before splitting into separate stems for the two spermathecae; single spermatheca small and T-shaped, on a thin duct about half as long as the duct leading to the large spermathecae (Fig. 59). Variation: Specimens from Santiago and Baracoa differ slightly in femoral colour, colour of abdominal tergites (anterior tergites paler in Baracoa specimens) and in the colour of the female pleuron (the dorsal dark area is more extensive on segments 5 – 6 on Baracoa specimens). In the absence of a larger collection of specimens to compare, and in the absence of females available for dissection, this variation is treated as intraspecific.	en	Marshall, S. A. (2013): Grallipeza Rondani (Diptera: Micropezidae: Taeniapterinae) of the Caribbean and North America. Zootaxa 3682 (1): 45-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3682.1.2
03F78361FFA6FFB3FF44153DFA9AF840.taxon	materials_examined	Type material: Holotype female: West Indies, " Cuba ”, Gundlach (not seen). Material examined: Cuba, Santiago de Cuba, El Cañon, 24. xi. 2005, S. A. Marshall, 600 m, coffee plantation (1 3, 1 Ƥ, DEBU); Baracoa Cuba, P. N. Humboldt west section, N 20 ° 21.253 ' W 74 ° 38.833 ', 09. vi. 2012, S. A. Marshall 1 3, DEBU). Cuba, Parque Nacional Alexander Humboldt N 20 ° 30.6 ' W 74 ° 41.025 ', 6. vi. 2012, S. A. Marshall (1 Ƥ, DEBU).	en	Marshall, S. A. (2013): Grallipeza Rondani (Diptera: Micropezidae: Taeniapterinae) of the Caribbean and North America. Zootaxa 3682 (1): 45-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3682.1.2
03F78361FFA6FFB3FF44153DFA9AF840.taxon	discussion	Comments: Although I have not seen the type, there seems to be only two Grallipeza species in Cuba and this is apparently the only species with an unbanded hind femur, plumose arista, and black first tarsomere on the hind leg. Hennig (1934) treated Calobata mellea Williston, from St. Vincent, as a synonym of G. placida, and also listed specimens of G. placida from Costa Rica and Hispaniola. Steyskal (1967, 1968) treated these species as separate. There are no confirmed records of G. placida from outside Cuba, although one of the species here described as new from Hispaniola would key to G. placida in Hennig (1934) and may be the species he referred to as G. placida.	en	Marshall, S. A. (2013): Grallipeza Rondani (Diptera: Micropezidae: Taeniapterinae) of the Caribbean and North America. Zootaxa 3682 (1): 45-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3682.1.2
03F78361FF9BFF8DFF44178EFC11F922.taxon	description	Description: Size: Approximately 8 mm. Colour: Head, including frontal vitta and palpus, almost entirely orange, only ocellar triangle black; gena and central occiput all or partly silvery. Leg pigmentation sexually dimorphic, female with dorsal part and distal half of fore femur and all of fore tibia black, all fore tarsomeres white; male with fore femur and fore tibia mostly brown and basal fore tarsomere pale brown, darker dorsally. Both sexes with first tarsomere of hind leg white, contrasting with other tarsomeres. Thorax almost entirely orange, sometimes with silvered or browned patches on the pleuron. Abdominal pleuron black along dorsal margin, white on at least ventral ¾. Katepisternal bristles golden. Head: Arista conspicuously long-haired at least over basal ¾. Pedicel with long ventroapical bristles, one almost as long as first flagellomere. Supraantennal shelf small but exposed between lower frons and scape. Lunule and face with a few small pale setulae. Clypus shining orange. Frontal vitta slightly tapered anteriorly and almost parallel-sided behind ocelli (Fig. 75). Thorax: Cervical sclerite glabrous, unmodified. Postpronotum microtrichose, but with only a few small setae. One small suprahumeral bristle, at end of a complete row of minute dorsocentral setulae. Fore femur with only small ventral setulae. Two distinct dorsocentral bristles. Wing: Anal cell setulose, wing membrane with an elongate dark central spot widely separated from margins. Male abdomen: Pleuron of segment 2 with a very large, semispherical membranous dome occupying most of segment, not differing in pigmentation from surrounding pale membrane. Tergite 5 shining black, preabdominal tergites dull brown, epandrium shining brown on basal half, distally setulose; cerci yellow. Epandrium markedly small, similar in size to the genital fork on sternite 5. Genital fork deeply V-shaped at base; apex of each arm with long, dense golden setae; mesal surface with 3 stout teeth spread out along inner surface of lobe. Phallus elongate, phallic bulb compact oval (Fig. 71). Female abdomen: Tergites 1 – 5 dull, microtrichose, tergite 6 and oviscape black and shining (apex of oviscape orange). Spermathecae with a pair of large, recumbent and oval spermathecae on a long common duct without conspicuous swelling before splitting into separate stems for the two spermathecae; single spermatheca small and transverse, on a thin duct about half as long as the duct leading to the large spermathecae (Fig. 72).	en	Marshall, S. A. (2013): Grallipeza Rondani (Diptera: Micropezidae: Taeniapterinae) of the Caribbean and North America. Zootaxa 3682 (1): 45-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3682.1.2
03F78361FF9BFF8DFF44178EFC11F922.taxon	materials_examined	Type material: Holotype female, CUIC: West Indies, St. Lucia, Castries, September 1919, J. C. Bradley. Non-type material examined: St. Lucia, Descartiers Trail, and Saltibus trail, 24 and 25. xii. 2002, S. A. Marshall (50 specimens); Anse La Raya, Anse Galet, 1 km SSW, 50 m, 21 – 30. vi. 1991, Rawlins, Thompson (4 Ƥ, 1 3, CMNH); Micoud District Scap Community, 45 m, small stream, dry forest, 2. v. 2009, J. B. Runyon (1 3, MTEC). Distribution: Hennig lists a specimen (from the AMNH) of this species from Cuba, but this is likely to be a misidentification of S. placida.	en	Marshall, S. A. (2013): Grallipeza Rondani (Diptera: Micropezidae: Taeniapterinae) of the Caribbean and North America. Zootaxa 3682 (1): 45-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3682.1.2
03F78361FF9BFF8DFF44178EFC11F922.taxon	discussion	Comments: Cresson described this species from a single female, diagnosing it in part on the “ entirely white fore tarsi ”. In the same paper he described G. spinuliger from a single male, characterizing it in part by the dark “ base of fore tarsi ”. Hennig (1934) used this same character to distinguish these species in his key, which would thus key out males and females of G. placidoides to G. spinuliger and G. placidoides, respectively. These two species are endemic to different islands, and differ in other characters as keyed here. Grallipeza placidoides seems to be common in St. Lucia, often abounding in disturbed but forested areas.	en	Marshall, S. A. (2013): Grallipeza Rondani (Diptera: Micropezidae: Taeniapterinae) of the Caribbean and North America. Zootaxa 3682 (1): 45-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3682.1.2
03F78361FF9BFF8CFF4411C6FC8BFCBA.taxon	description	Description (from type photographs and original description): Colour: Head, including frontal vitta and palpus, almost entirely orange, only ocellar triangle black; clypeus shining dark brown, darker laterally. Fore femur yellowish brown, darker distally; fore tibia black, basal fore tarsomeres white, distal tarsomeres brown (not seen; from original description). Hind tarsomeres uniformly brown. Thorax with notum blue-black, shining; pleuron reddish. Katepisternal bristles golden. Abdomen black. Head: Arista conspicuously long haired at least over basal half. Frontal vitta broadest in front of ocelli, slightly tapered anteriorly, slightly narrowed behind ocelli and and slightly expanded at posterior margin. Thorax: Fore femur with only small ventral setulae. One dorsocentral bristle. Wing: Anal cell setulose, wing membrane with a diffuse discal band extending from M to C. Male abdomen: Epandrium small, narrow, about 2.5 times as long as broad, shorter than T 6.	en	Marshall, S. A. (2013): Grallipeza Rondani (Diptera: Micropezidae: Taeniapterinae) of the Caribbean and North America. Zootaxa 3682 (1): 45-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3682.1.2
03F78361FF9BFF8CFF4411C6FC8BFCBA.taxon	materials_examined	Type material: Johnson indicates a type series of “ upwards of thirty specimens ” including males and females. Photographs on the Museum of Comparative Zoology web site illustrate one of the male syntypes (http: // insects. oeb. harvard. edu / mcz). This specimen, bearing the labels “ Type 13324 ” “ JAMAICA ”, Type C. W. Johnson ” and “ pleuritica ”, is here designated lectotype of Calobata pleuritica Johnson.	en	Marshall, S. A. (2013): Grallipeza Rondani (Diptera: Micropezidae: Taeniapterinae) of the Caribbean and North America. Zootaxa 3682 (1): 45-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3682.1.2
03F78361FF9BFF8CFF4411C6FC8BFCBA.taxon	discussion	Comments: Johnson describes this species on the basis of “ upwards of thirty specimens ” from Port Antonio, Jamaica. Grallipeza pleuritica is distinctive in colour and the type photographs posted by MCZ are excellent, so there seems to be no problem with either diagnosing or defining this species. Only four Jamaican Grallipeza specimens were available for study, and none correspond to G. pleuritica. These specimens represent two species that differ widely from one another, and from G. pleuritica, in head colour, chaetotaxy, abdominal tergites and other features; they are described as new here as G. cliffi and G. marleyi.	en	Marshall, S. A. (2013): Grallipeza Rondani (Diptera: Micropezidae: Taeniapterinae) of the Caribbean and North America. Zootaxa 3682 (1): 45-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3682.1.2
03F78361FF9AFF8FFF44147EFA63F83A.taxon	description	Description: Size: Approximately 8 mm. Colour: Head orange except black ocellar triangle (Fig. 78). Thorax with notum and pleuron entirely orange (pleuron of some specimens with slightly darkened areas); fore femur and fore tibia entirely black; fore tarsomere 1 – 2 and the base of tarsomere 3 off-white, 3 – 5 otherwise pale brown. Mid femur dark brown except for a strongly contrasting narrow yellow distal ring; hind femur strikingly bicolored, with basal third yellow-white and distal 2 / 3 dark brown except for a narrow yellow distal ring. Katepisternal bristles black. Abdominal tergites 1 – 6 pollinose black, T 1 and anterior part of T 3 with extensive grey pollinosity; T 7 and oviscape shining black except pale oviscape apex. Female abdominal pleuron entirely black on all specimens examined; male pleuron apparently gray but no fresh specimens were available for study. Head: Arista conspicuously long-haired at least over basal 1 / 2, hairs as long as pedicel (Fig. 78). Pedicel with long ventroapical bristles, 0.7 X as long as first flagellomere. Supraantennal shelf small but exposed as a triangular piece between lower frons and scape. Lunule with black setulae, face pale setulose. Clypeus shining orange. Palpus orange, tapered apically, with short dark bristles on ventral half and apex. Gena with dense silvery setulae. Frontal vitta slightly expanded and raised in front of ocelli, slightly depressed and narrowed behind ocelli, expanding again at back. Thorax: Cervical sclerite flat, unmodified, microsetulose ventrally. Postpronotum bulging, with a few small indistinct setulae along posteroventral margin. Fore femur with only small ventral setulae. One distinct dorsocentral bristle, 1 small suprahumeral bristles. Wing: Anal cell bare, wing membrane darkly and distinctly banded, with a broadly quadrate discal band, a distinct apical infuscation, and a diffuse dark spot over CuA 1 (Fig. 77). Female abdomen: Paired spermathecae on an elongate, long duct branching at a small spherical bulb; each branch expanding into a sinuate bulbous spermathecal base, distal part of each spermatheca small and spherical (Fig. 76). Single spermathecae on a shorter, slightly wider duct; body of spermatheca elongate, transverse and irregular in shape. Male abdomen: Genital fork brown at base, arms white and strongly curved near middle, inner surface with about 20 short stout bristles, outer surface with a group of long hairs before apex (Fig. 79). Epandrium elongate, hypandrium and anterior part of phallapodeme as long as epandrium. Distiphallus slightly longer than epandrium, ending in a complex structure strikingly different from the “ genital bulb ” of congeners; distal area with a cylindrical base, a flat trilobed distal lobe and a sinuate whip-like apical piece that tapers to a fine thread (Fig. 81).	en	Marshall, S. A. (2013): Grallipeza Rondani (Diptera: Micropezidae: Taeniapterinae) of the Caribbean and North America. Zootaxa 3682 (1): 45-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3682.1.2
03F78361FF9AFF8FFF44147EFA63F83A.taxon	materials_examined	Type material: Three syntypes (2 3, 1 Ƥ) in the Zoological Museum of the Humboldt University of Berlin were examined and photographed in 2002. This species is unmistakable and a lectotype was not designated. Type locality: Moritz, Puerto Rico. Non-type specimens examined: Puerto Rico. El Verde Res. Stn., 400 – 500 m, Tabanuco – palm forest, 31. i. 1989, S. A. Marshall (2 Ƥ, DEBU); El Yunque Rec. Area, BigTreeTrail, Tabonuco forest, 4. ii. 1989, S. A. Marshall (1 female, DEBU); El Yunque, 1000 m, sweeps, 7. viii. 1981, L. Masner (1 Ƥ, DEBU 00256972); San Germain, 16. iv. 1967, J. W. Boyes (3 3, 1 Ƥ, CNCI, all labelled “ Grallipeza spinuliger (Cresson) det. L. Albuquerque ”); Caribbean National Forest, La Mina Area, 650 m, 8. ii. 1990, O. S. Flint Jr., U. V. light (1 Ƥ, 1 3, USNM); Verde Field Station, Quebrada below Sta, Malaise trap, 370 m, 8 – 10. ii. 1990, O. S. Flint Jr. (1 Ƥ, USNM); Toro Negro For., Dona Juana, 23 – 24. v. 1969, O. S. Flint Jr. (1 Ƥ, USNM). El Verde Res. Sta., 27 – 31. xii. 2002, M. A. Ivie et al (1 Ƥ, MTEC); Orocovis, Bosque Estatal del Toro Negro, 1.2 kmWCerro Dona Juana, Cordillera Central, 8. vi. 1996, 600 m, R. Davidson et al (1 3, CMNH); Rio Grande, El Verde Station, 3.1 km WNW Pico ElYunque, Sierra de Luquillo, 3 – 5. vi. 1996, C. Young et al (1 Ƥ, CMNH).	en	Marshall, S. A. (2013): Grallipeza Rondani (Diptera: Micropezidae: Taeniapterinae) of the Caribbean and North America. Zootaxa 3682 (1): 45-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3682.1.2
03F78361FF9AFF8FFF44147EFA63F83A.taxon	discussion	Comments: This Puerto Rican endemic is an exceptionally distinctive species, readily separated from other Caribbean Grallipeza by leg colour, wing banding, and several derived features of the male and female terminalia.	en	Marshall, S. A. (2013): Grallipeza Rondani (Diptera: Micropezidae: Taeniapterinae) of the Caribbean and North America. Zootaxa 3682 (1): 45-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3682.1.2
03F78361FF98FF8EFF44178EFE7AF8EE.taxon	description	Description: Size: Approximately 8 mm. Colour: Head, including frontal vitta, clypeus, antenna and palpus, almost entirely orange, only ocellar triangle black; gena silvery. Leg pigmentation sexually dimorphic, female with dorsal part and distal half of fore femur and all of fore tibia black, all fore tarsomeres white; male with fore femur and fore tibia mostly brown and first fore tarsomere pale brown, darker dorsally. Mid and hind femora uniformly brown. Both sexes with first tarsomere of hind leg white, contrasting with other tarsomeres. Katepisternal bristles golden. Thorax almost entirely orange, sometimes with silvered or browned patches on the pleuron. Abdominal pleuron darkened along dorsal margin, white to cream yellow on at least ventral ¾ (Fig. 84). Male pleuron sometimes darkened around the prominent white pleural dome. Head: Arista conspicuously long-haired at least over basal 4 / 5. Pedicel with long golden ventroapical bristles, one almost as long as first flagellomere. Supraantennal shelf small but exposed between lower frons and scape. Lunule and face with a few small setulae. Frontal vitta slightly swollen anteriorly then narrowed and depressed near anterior margin, slightly tapered and depressed behind ocelli (Fig. 83). Thorax: Cervical sclerite convex and smooth in both sexes, sometimes with a weak transverse furrow. Postpronotum with few, indistinct small setulae. Fore femur with only small ventral setulae. Two distinct dorsocentral bristles. Two suprahumeral setae, anterior one distinct and posterior one minute. Wing: Anal cell setulose, wing membrane almost uniformly indistinctly infuscate, slightly darker at tip. Male abdomen: Preabdominal tergites dull brown, tergite 5 pale brown and sparsely setose, tergite 6 shining bare brown-black, epandrium shining brown and mostly bare except for sparse setae, posterodorsal patch densely setulose; cercus yellow. Epandrium small, slightly shorter than sternite 6, similar in size to the genital fork. Genital fork white, with long, sparse golden apical and lateral setae; mesal surface with 3 – 4 stout teeth, one near base, one near middle and 1 – 2 near apex of lobe (Fig. 86). Distiphallus approximately twice as long as epandrium, ending in a dense phallic bulb (Figs. 85, 87). Female abdomen: Tergite 1 pale, 2 – 5 dull black-brown, microtrichose, tergite 6 and oviscape brown and shining (apex of oviscape orange). Paired spermathecae large, recumbent and oval on a long common duct without conspicuous swelling before splitting into separate stems for the two spermathecae; single spermatheca small and transverse, on a thin duct slightly shorter than the duct leading to the large spermathecae (Fig. 82). Larva: Anterior spiracular lobe with a broad, distinct base with about 20 small, closely spaced branches. Posterior spiracular disk with a prominent, pointed dorsolateral process on outer rim and with a deep notch on inner rim; surface with multiple small pores. Ventral creeping welts inconspicuous, in double or triple rows. Mandibles short, strongly bent; remainder of cephalopharyngeal skeleton weakly sclerotized.	en	Marshall, S. A. (2013): Grallipeza Rondani (Diptera: Micropezidae: Taeniapterinae) of the Caribbean and North America. Zootaxa 3682 (1): 45-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3682.1.2
03F78361FF98FF8EFF44178EFE7AF8EE.taxon	materials_examined	Type material: Holotype (male, USN 327069) Dominica, vi – vii. 1913, H. W. Foote. Non-type material examined: Adults (over 300 specimens from the following localities): Dominica. St. Joseph, Springfield estate; West area experimental station; Parish of St Mark, 4 km N Soufriere; Clarke Hall Est, Toucari, Cabrit Swamp, Layou Valley, Pont Casse. Some specimens were taken on human feces, and specimens were taken in the months of March, April, June, July, August and December. Immatures (several larvae and puparia along with associated adults): St. Paul Parish, Springfield Plantation, ex coconut Cocos mucifera, 21. May. 2005, J. A. Korecki, P. Adler.	en	Marshall, S. A. (2013): Grallipeza Rondani (Diptera: Micropezidae: Taeniapterinae) of the Caribbean and North America. Zootaxa 3682 (1): 45-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3682.1.2
03F78361FF98FF8EFF44178EFE7AF8EE.taxon	discussion	Comments: This apparently common Dominican species shows sexual dimorphism in the differently pigmented abdominal pleura and differently pigmented fore first tarsomeres of the male and female. It is easily distinguished from the less common Grallipeza footei by the lightly pigmented wings and unmodified fore tarsomeres. Grallipeza footei has been collected at the same places as G. spinuliger (Pont Casse, Clarke Hall) but not on the same dates.	en	Marshall, S. A. (2013): Grallipeza Rondani (Diptera: Micropezidae: Taeniapterinae) of the Caribbean and North America. Zootaxa 3682 (1): 45-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3682.1.2
03F78361FF9FFF8BFF44118BFB47FB0D.taxon	description	Description: Size: Approximately 7 mm. Colour: Head, including clypeus, frontal vitta and palpus, almost entirely orange with only ocellar triangle black; anterior part of vitta darkened, corresponding lower parts of orbital strips yellow; gena and central occiput all or partly silvery. Distal quarter or less of fore femur and all of fore tibia black, first fore tarsomere almost all white, apex of first tarsomere and distal four tarsomeres brown. Hind femur pale with a dark apex. Thorax almost entirely orange, except for distinct silvered patch covering dorsal half of katepisternum. Katepisternum with a double row of golden bristles, anterior row small. Abdominal pleuron white, without dark areas in female but crossed by diagonal black stripe in male. Head: Arista with medium-length hairs (slightly longer than basal aristomere width) over basal half, with short hairs up to ¾. Pedicel with long ventroapical bristles, one as long as first flagellomere. Supraantennal shelf small, barely exposed between lower frons and scape. Lunule and dorsal half of face setulose with dark setulae above and pale setulae below. Frontal vitta slightly expanded anteriorly and parallel-sided from fronto-orbital bristles to back (Fig. 91). Thorax: Cervical sclerite in male glabrous, ventral surface convex with a weak transverse suture; cervical sclerite of female with most of ventral surface flat, pale and dull but without distinct pits or pores. Postpronotum with small, sparse black bristles. Fore femur with only small ventral setulae. Two distinct dorsocentral bristles, 1 very small suprahumeral bristle and a row of small acrostichal bristles on each side. Wing: Anal cell setulose, membrane with central infuscation diffuse, distal part barely extending across R 4 + 5. Apex of wing indistinctly infuscated (Figs 88, 89). Male abdomen: Pleuron of segment 2 with a very large, elongate oval membranous dome occupying most of segment, pigmentation much darker than surrounding membrane; pleuron otherwise mostly pale. Genital fork (sternite 5) with about 12 dark teeth on mesal surface, those on basal part widely spaced, those in distal quarter densely packed (Fig. 93). Distiphallus as long as the epandrium with its long anteroventral epandrial arm, ending in a complex internally coiled phallic bulb (Fig. 92). Female abdomen: Pleuron pale. Tergite one pale, posterior tergites dark, tergites 2 – 5 dull, tergite 6 shining. Paired spermathecae large, recumbent and U-shaped on a long common duct with distal half very strongly swollen before splitting into separate stems for the two spermathecae; single spermatheca small and T-shaped, on a very slightly swollen duct about 4 / 5 as long as the duct leading to the larger paired spermathecae (Fig. 90).	en	Marshall, S. A. (2013): Grallipeza Rondani (Diptera: Micropezidae: Taeniapterinae) of the Caribbean and North America. Zootaxa 3682 (1): 45-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3682.1.2
03F78361FF9FFF8BFF44118BFB47FB0D.taxon	materials_examined	Type material: Holotype female (USNM): Dominica, Clarke Hall Est., 19. iv. 1966, R. Gagne, Bredin- Archbold Smithsonian Bio. Surv. Dominica. Paratypes. Dominica. Pont Casse, 23. iii. 1989, A. Freidberg (1 3, USNM); Fond Figues R., 400 ’. 12. iv and 29. v. 1966, R. Gagne (2 Ƥ, USNM); Fond Figues R., rain forest, 3. ii. 1965 W. W. Wirth (1 Ƥ, USNM).	en	Marshall, S. A. (2013): Grallipeza Rondani (Diptera: Micropezidae: Taeniapterinae) of the Caribbean and North America. Zootaxa 3682 (1): 45-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3682.1.2
03F78361FF9FFF8BFF44118BFB47FB0D.taxon	discussion	Comments: The contrasting dark lower vitta and flanking yellow lower orbits are distinctive, as is the apically dark hind femur and the diffuse central wing infuscation.	en	Marshall, S. A. (2013): Grallipeza Rondani (Diptera: Micropezidae: Taeniapterinae) of the Caribbean and North America. Zootaxa 3682 (1): 45-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3682.1.2
03F78361FF9FFF8BFF44118BFB47FB0D.taxon	etymology	Etymology: The specific epithet is from the Greek turba, for “ tumult or disorder ”, referring to the consternation caused when these specimens turned up amongst a large series of the common Dominican species G. spinuliger. Grallipeza turba appears to be most closely related to G. baracoa and G. nebulosa.	en	Marshall, S. A. (2013): Grallipeza Rondani (Diptera: Micropezidae: Taeniapterinae) of the Caribbean and North America. Zootaxa 3682 (1): 45-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3682.1.2
