identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03F787F2B97C91703F2797EDF39B5FBD.text	03F787F2B97C91703F2797EDF39B5FBD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cladosporium herbarum	<div><p>4.8. Evaluation of antifungal activity using Cladosporium herbarum</p> <p>The antifungal activity against Cladosporium herbarum (AHU9262) was tested using the paper disk method. A water-suspended spore solution of C. herbarum (500 μL) was aseptically added to potato dextrose agar medium at approximately 35 ◦ C (PDA; 2% agar in 10 mL) in a plate. Five different dosages (6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, and 100 μg per disk) in ethyl acetate and the control (ethyl acetate) were aseptically loaded onto paper disks (8 mm i. d.), which were then dried to remove the solvent and placed on the PDA plate. The plate was incubated at 23 ◦ C for 36 h in the dark and the growth inhibition zones at right angles were measured. The results were obtained in triplicate and reported as their average value, and the standard errors were calculated.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F787F2B97C91703F2797EDF39B5FBD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Doyama, Kohei;Haruma, Toshikatsu;Hishiyama, Shojiro;Kato, Atsushi;Masuya, Hayato;Yamaji, Keiko	Doyama, Kohei, Haruma, Toshikatsu, Hishiyama, Shojiro, Kato, Atsushi, Masuya, Hayato, Yamaji, Keiko (2023): Isoavenaciol and 7 - hydroxy-isoavenaciol: Zn-chelating metallophores produced by root-endophytic Pezicula ericae in a Zn-accumulating plant, Aucuba japonica. Phytochemistry (113547) 206: 1-7, DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2022.113547, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2022.113547
03F787F2B97C91703C719667F21C5A6F.text	03F787F2B97C91703C719667F21C5A6F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pezicula ericae	<div><p>4.5. Cultivation of P. ericae w12-25 and isolation of Zn-chelating metallophores</p> <p>The fungal mycelia of P. ericae w12-25 were cultured in a 300-mL Erlenmeyer flask containing 200 mL of 1% malt extract (Difco) liquid media. 10 flasks were prepared and each flask was inoculated with 10 mycelial disks (5.5 mm i. d.) of P. ericae w12-25 freshly grown in 1% MA. The flasks were cultured for 31 d at 23 ◦ C with shaking at 150 rpm. After incubation, the culture filtrate (1850 mL) was extracted with ethyl acetate (617 mL × 3). The combined ethyl acetate extract was washed twice with a saturated solution of NaCl, dried over Na 2 SO 4, and evaporated to obtain 343 mg of a brown oily residue. For Zn-chelating metallophore detection, CAS-Zn agar media was prepared according to the procedure described by Alexander and Zuberer (1991), with the exception that ZnCl 2 (10 μmol L 1) was used instead of FeCl 3 ⋅6H 2 O (10 μmol L 1). For the culture filtrate and water layer, 200 μL of the concentrated samples (equivalent to 2000 μL of culture filtrate) were filtered through a 0.22-μm filter and aseptically applied to a sterile ring (stainless steel, 8 mm in diameter) placed on CAS-Zn media. For the ethyl acetate extract, 20 μL of the concentrated ethyl acetate layer (equivalent to 2000 μL of culture filtrate) was aseptically applied to a paper disk (8 mm in diameter), which was dried to remove the solvent and placed on CAS-Zn media. After 24 h of incubation under dark conditions at 23 ◦ C, the clear zone diameter (mm) was measured. Each test was conducted three times and the values were averaged.</p> <p>Zn-chelating metallophores were isolated using column chromatography and preparative HPLC in combination with the CAS-Zn assay. Zn-chelating activity was mainly detected in the ethyl acetate layer; therefore, a portion of the crude extract (295 mg) was applied to a silica gel column (Wako sil C-200, 22 g, Wako, Osaka, Japan) and eluted with ethyl acetate-hexane (1:1) to separate the compounds (1 mL each). Each fraction was applied to a silica gel thin-layer chromatography (TLC) plate (TLC Silica gel 60 F 254, Merck, Frankfurt, Germany) and the TLC plate placed onto CAS-Zn media to detect the Zn-chelating metallophores. We also used UV light (254 nm) and 5% sulfuric acid in ethanol to confirm the presence of the metallophores in each fraction. Fractions 31–43, which exhibit Zn-chelating activities, were combined (150.6 mg, fraction B). Fractions 1–30 and 44–100 were combined as fractions A (1.4 mg) and C (38.2 mg), respectively. The Zn-chelating activities of fractions A, B, and C were also studied using paper disks, as described beforehand. A portion of fraction B (23.5 mg) was separated into three fractions (fraction a, 0.3 mg; fraction b, 11.7 mg; fraction c, 9.15 mg) using preparative HPLC (Prominence UFLC series: Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan; Fraction collector: FRC 10A, Shimadzu) equipped with a diode array detector (SPD-M20A, Shimadzu) under the following conditions: Column, Inertsustain C18 (4.6 mm i. d. × 250 mm; GLSciences, Tokyo, Japan); eluent, water (A) and acetonitrile (B); flow rate, 1.0 mL/ min; temperature, 40 ◦ C; detection wavelength, 210 nm. The following gradient was used for the eluent system: 0 min, 50% A and 50% B; 0–20 min, 0% A and 100% B; 20–30 min, 0% A and 100% B. We collected three fractions (fraction a, RT 3.0–4.0 min; fraction b, RT 10.5–11.5 min; fraction c, RT 13.0–14.0 min). The Zn-chelating activities of fractions a, b, and c were evaluated using CAS-Zn media using paper disks as described beforehand. As fractions b and c exhibited Zn-chelating activities, we analyzed fraction c (compound 1) and fraction b (compound 2). The other small peaks did not exhibit Zn-chelating activities. In each step, we confirmed that the Zn-chelating activity returned to the same level as the original culture filtrate by mixing each fraction.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F787F2B97C91703C719667F21C5A6F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Doyama, Kohei;Haruma, Toshikatsu;Hishiyama, Shojiro;Kato, Atsushi;Masuya, Hayato;Yamaji, Keiko	Doyama, Kohei, Haruma, Toshikatsu, Hishiyama, Shojiro, Kato, Atsushi, Masuya, Hayato, Yamaji, Keiko (2023): Isoavenaciol and 7 - hydroxy-isoavenaciol: Zn-chelating metallophores produced by root-endophytic Pezicula ericae in a Zn-accumulating plant, Aucuba japonica. Phytochemistry (113547) 206: 1-7, DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2022.113547, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2022.113547
