taxonID	type	description	language	source
03E9EC0CFFF39139FD92AC0ECE26FB48.taxon	type_taxon	Type species: Megamerus ovalis Dugés, 1834, by original designation.	en	Khaustov, Alexander A., Kravchenko, Sergey V. (2023): First record of the genus Penthalodes (Acari: Eupodoidea: Penthalodidae) from Russia, with description of a new species. Persian Journal of Acarology 12 (2): 161-172, DOI: 10.22073/pja.v12i2.80042
03E9EC0CFFF3913EFE5CACBBCEC1F7AC.taxon	description	Description (female, n = 6) Idiosoma – Ovate, egg-shaped (Fig. 5 F). Length of idiosoma including epirostrum 480 (445 – 490), greatest width 350 (330 – 370). Dorsum of idiosoma with characteristic Y-shaped impression (Fig. 4 A). Dorsal integument with numerous pointed and hooked distally cuticular projections usually forming polygonal ornamentation (Figs. 4 B, C; 5 A). Naso small, ovate, located far from anterior margin of idiosoma and densely covered by tiny cuticular projections (Figs. 4 B – D); in specimens mounted on slides naso usually hided under anterior part of prodorsum (Fig. 1 A). Eyes ovoid, covered with numerous cuticular projections and located posteromesad setae sc 2 (Fig. 4 B). Epirostrum trilobed, with numerous cuticular projections as on dorsal idiosoma (Fig. 4 E); lateral lobes more than half as long as median one (Fig. 1 A), in some specimens poorly visible; median lobe subtriangular in shape, with rounded distal end. Setae v 1 very small 5 (4 – 6), smooth and pointed, located on naso (Fig. 4 D); their bases widely separated; trichobothria sc 1 59 (59) pilose in basal part and with long sparsely distributed projections in distal part (Fig. 5 A); setae v 2, sc 2, c 1, c 2, d 1, e 1, f 1, f 2, h 1, and h 2 subequal (25 – 30), of complex shape, pilose in basal half and with 3 – 4 long and pointed branches (Figs. 4 B, C, 5 B, C). Lyrifissures ia, im, ip, and ih long, slit-like; ia located posterolaterad setae c 1, im posterolaterad setae d 1, ip anterolaterad f 1, and ih anterolaterad ps 3. Ventral idiosoma with short, simple cuticular projections (Figs. 5 B, E, F). All ventral setae plumose. Genital valves with nine pairs of genital setae, one of which located laterally (Fig. 5 E); 10 pairs of aggenital setae and one pair of pseudanal setae. Primary genital opening with seven pairs of pilose eugenital setae and two pairs of large genital papillae (Fig. 5 E). Epimeral formula: 2 (1 b, 1 с) – 1 (2 b) – 2 (3 b, 3 c) – 2 (4 b, 4 c); three pairs of intercoxal setae (1 a, 3 a, 4 a). Coxisternal fields I with characteristic tubercles. Gnathosoma (Figs. 2, 6 A – C) – Chelicerae without setae; dorsal surface with numerous tiny cuticular projections, ventral surface smooth; fixed digit bifid distally; movable digit (dm) strongly sclerotized and characteristically bent (Figs. 2 A, 6 A). Subcapitulum with short, smooth adoral setae or 1 and or 2, located subterminally on membranous malae (Figs. 6 B, C); subcapitular setae sbc 1 and sbc 2 subequal, plumose. Palp (Figs. 2 B, 6 C) 155 (145 – 160) long; number of setae and solenidia on palp segments: 0 – 2 – 3 – 9 (1); setae p’, p ” and acm of palptarsus pilose in basal half and with spoon-like distal half (Fig. 2 B), other palpal setae plumose; solenidion ω 5 (4 – 5) on palptarsus located in depression (Fig. 6 C); palptarsus about twice longer than its width. Palptibia with spiniform ventrodistal process. Coxal supracoxal seta not evident. Legs (Figs. 3, 6 C – F, 7) – Integument on leg segments with relatively big and tiny cuticular projections (Figs. 6 C – F, 7 A – F). Relative lengths of legs: I> IV> III> II. Lengths of legs: I 350 (345 – 355), II 270 (265 – 275), III 280 (275 – 285), IV 335 (330 – 340). Femora not divided. Leg I (Figs. 3 A, B, 6 C – F, 7 A, F): supracoxal seta el smooth, setiform, hardly visible dorsally posteriad trochanter; setal formula: Tr – 1 (v’), Fe – 9 (d, l’, l ”, v’, v ”, bv ”, d 1, v 1 ’, l 1 ’), Ge – 5 (1 + 1 k) (d, l’, l ”, v’, v ”, 1 σ, 1 k), Ti – 6 (2 + 1) (d, l’, l ”, v’, v ”, v 1 ’, 2 φ, 1 k), Ta – 23 (3 + 1) (pd, ft’, ft ”, tc’, tc ”, it’, it ”, p’, p ”, u’, u ”, pv’, pv ”, pl’, pl ”, v 1 ’, v 1 ”, v 2 ’, v 2 ”, v 3 ’, v 3 ”, v 4 ’, v 4 ”, 3 ω, 1 ε). Famulus ε 4 (3 – 4) smooth, short, blunt-tipped, located in depression anterolaterad setae ft ” (Figs. 6 C, E); famulus k on tibia very small, spiniform, located in depression together with solenidion φ 1 (Fig. 7 A); famulus k on genu very short, spiniform, located dorsally near distal margin of segment; solenidia φ 2 9 (8 – 9) on tibia and σ 12 (11 – 12) on genu short, baculiform. Rhagidial organ I consist of three semierect solenidia arranged in longitudinal line in one shallow depression (Figs. 6 C, D); lengths of solenidia: ω 1 9 (8 – 10), ω 2 10 (8 – 10), ω 3 10 (8 – 10). All setae of trochanter and femur, as well as setae l’ and (v) of genu pointed, plumose in basal half and smooth in distal half (Fig. 7 F); other leg setae plumose with short smooth blunt-ended tip (Fig. 6 C). Leg II (Figs. 3 C, D, 7 B – E): setal formula: Tr – 1 (v’), Fe – 8 (d, l’, l ”, v’, bv ”, d 1, v 1 ’, l 1 ’), Ge – 5 (1 + 1) (d, l’, l ”, v’, v ”, 1 σ, 1 k), Ti – 6 (2) (d, l’, l ”, v’, v ”, v 1 ’, 2 φ), Ta – 16 (3 + 1) (pd, ft’, tc’, tc ”, it’, it ”, p’, p ”, u’, u ”, pv’, pv ”, v 1 ’, v 1 ”, v 2 ’, v 2 ”, 3 ω, 1 ε). Famulus ε 3 (3) smooth, short, blunt-tipped, semierect, located laterad solenidion ω 1 (Figs. 7 B, C); famulus k on genu very short, spiniform, located dorsally near distal margin of segment; solenidion φ 1 on tibia situated in depression (Figs. 7 D, E); solenidia φ 2 9 (8 – 9) on tibia and σ 10 (9 – 10) on genu short, baculiform. Rhagidial organ II consist of three semierect solenidia arranged in longitudinal line in one shallow depression (Figs. 7 B, C); lengths of solenidia: ω 1 10 (8 – 10), ω 2 9 (8 – 19), ω 3 9 (8 – 10). All setae of trochanter and femur, as well as setae l’ and (v) of genu pointed, plumose in basal half and smooth in distal half; other leg setae plumose with short smooth blunt-ended tip (Fig. 6 C). Leg III setal formula: Tr – 1 (v’), Fe – 6 (d, l’, v’, ev’, d 1, l 1 ’), Ge – 5 (1) (d, l’, l ”, v’, v ”, 1 σ), Ti – 6 (1) (d, l’, l ”, v’, v ”, v 1 ’, φ), Ta – 15 (ft’, tc’, tc ”, it’, it ”, p’, p ”, u’, u ”, pv’, pv ”, v 1 ’, v 1 ”, v 2 ’, v 2 ”). Solenidia φ 8 (7 – 9) on tibia and σ 9 (8 – 9) on genu short, baculiform. All setae of trochanter and femur, as well as setae l’ and (v) of genu pointed, plumose in basal half and smooth in distal half; other leg setae plumose with short smooth blunt-ended tip. Leg IV (Figs. 3 G, H): setal formula: Tr – 1 (v’), Fe – 4 (d, v’, ev’, d 1), Ge – 4 (1) (d, l’, v’, v ”, 1 σ), Ti – 6 (1) (d, l’, l ”, v’, v ”, v 1 ’, φ), Ta – 15 (ft’, tc’, tc ”, it’, it ”, p’, p ”, u’, u ”, pv’, pv ”, v 1 ’, v 1 ”, v 2 ’, v 2 ”). Solenidia φ 9 (8 – 9) on tibia and σ 10 (8 – 10) on genu short, baculiform. All setae of trochanter and femur, as well as most setae of genu (except d) pointed, plumose in basal half and smooth in distal half; setae (it), (p) and (u) widened distally, plumose; other leg setae plumose. Male and immatures unknown. Type material Female holotype, slide ZISP T-Eup- 1, Russia, Krasnodar Krai, vicinity of Sochi, Khosta District, moss near the Agura River, 43 ° 32 ' 38 " N, 39 ° 48 ' 26 " E, 3 December 2022, coll. S. V. Kravchenko; paratypes: 16 females, same data. Type deposition The holotype and four female paratypes are deposited in the acarological collection of the Zoological Institute of RAS, Saint Petersburg, Russia; other paratypes are deposited in the collection of the Tyumen State University Museum of Zoology, Tyumen, Russia. Differential diagnosis The new species is most similar to P. polonicus in having all dorsal setae of similar complex shape with 3 – 4 long and pointed branches. In other described species at least setae f 1, f 2 and h 1 pilose, without long branches. The new species differs from P. polonicus in having three solenidia in rhagidial organ I (vs. two in P. polonicus); bases of setae v 1 widely separated (vs. bases of setae v 1 almost contiguous in P. polonicus); and femoral formula 9 – 8 – 6 – 4 (vs. 9 – 7 – 5 – 7 in P. polonicus). The new species is also similar to P. ovalis sensu Kaluz, 2000 in having same chaetotaxy of legs (except tarsi) and similar shape of setae v 2, sc 2 and c 2. The new species differs from P. ovalis by the shape of opisthosomal setae being multibranched (vs. plumose with fine distal filament in P. ovalis as illustrated in Fig. 10 (d) in Baker (1990 )); in having three solenidia in rhagidial organ I (vs. two in P. ovalis); and tarsal formula 23 – 16 – 15 – 15 (vs. 20 – 14 – 14 – 14 in P. ovalis). Etymology The name of the new species refers to its geographical distribution in Caucasus.	en	Khaustov, Alexander A., Kravchenko, Sergey V. (2023): First record of the genus Penthalodes (Acari: Eupodoidea: Penthalodidae) from Russia, with description of a new species. Persian Journal of Acarology 12 (2): 161-172, DOI: 10.22073/pja.v12i2.80042
