identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03E88792FFE7F232FF3CF888112CF9B4.text	03E88792FFE7F232FF3CF888112CF9B4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chaetopelma Ausserer 1871	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Chaetopelma Ausserer 1871</p>
            <p> Chaetopelma Ausserer 1871: 190 ; Simon 1892: 140; Benoit 1978: 415; Smith 1990: 108. </p>
            <p> Cratorrhagus Simon 1891: 330 ; Simon 1892: 137; Simon 1903: 926; Smith 1990: 116. New synonymy. </p>
            <p> Type species:  Chaetopelma olivaceum (C. L. Koch 1841) by subsequent designation of Simon (1892). </p>
            <p> Diagnosis:  Chaetopelma is distinguished from the other Ischnocolinae genera (except from  Nesiergus ) by the clavate trichobothria in two rows on the tarsi, maxillary serrula absent, paired tarsal claws of both sexes without teeth, and the tibial apophysis of males comprising two branches. Males may be distinguished from those of  Nesiergus by the two branches of the tibial apophysis separated at the base and by the apical row of spines on the retrolateral branch, which is shorter than in  Chaetopelma . Females differ from those of  Nesiergus by their long and thin spermathecal receptacula. </p>
            <p> Description: chelicerae without rastellum. Carapace oval, longer than wide; moderately pilose. Cephalic region slightly raised. Eye tubercle weakly raised, small. Eye group rectangular, anterior eye row procurved, posterior slightly recurved. Fovea deep, ranging from slightly recurved to straight. Maxilla with produced anterior lobe, conical; 60–100 cuspules on inner angle; lyra and serrula absent. Labium nearly as long as wide, with several cuspules restricted to centre of labium (20–60 cuspules). Labiosternal junction moderately deep; sigilla oval, distinct and located near junction. Sternum oval with three pairs of small, rounded sternal sigilla; posterior sigilla one or more than its diameter from sternal margin. Palps and legs slender, moderately pilose. Male tibial apophysis comprising two branches; prolateral branch short with adjacent spine; retrolateral branch long and curved, bearing line or cluster of short apical spines. Male metatarsus I slightly curved, bends over or externally to retrolateral branch of tibial apophysis. Scopulae on ventral surface of metatarsi very dense on legs I, II, less dense on legs III, IV; widening distally. Scopulae on tarsi II–IV divided by band of thick setae, wide on tarsi III and IV. Tarsal and metatarsal scopulae with metallic blue-green iridescence in living material (only live  C. olivaceum examined). Scopula on retrolateral femur IV absent. Stridulatory setae apparently absent, although  Chaetopelma olivaceum possesses opposing lateral scopulae on femora of leg I and palp; scopulae which in  Theraphosa blondi (Latreille 1804) and  Encyocratella olivacea Strand 1907 function as stridulatory setae (Marshall et al. 1995; Gallon pers. obs.). Superior tarsal claws of males and females without teeth; inferior tarsal claws absent; claw tufts well developed. Tarsi with clavate trichobothria in two parallel dorsal rows along segment, separated by longitudinal line of long, thin setae; filiform and clavate trichobothria are interspersed. Filiform trichobothria on metatarsi (single row) and tibiae (two rows); clavate trichobothria in compact group on cymbium. Tarsi without spines. Cymbium longer than wide, bilobed. Palpal bulb with long, thin embolus, without keels. Spermathecae comprising two long, thin receptacles, either single or bi-lobed apically. Abdomen coloration uniformly brown; abdominal markings absent. Urticating hairs absent. Two pairs of spinnerets; posterior median spinnerets very short; posterior lateral spinnerets with all three segments of similar length and bearing spigots; apical article digitiform. </p>
            <p> Species included:  C. olivaceum (C. L. Koch 1841) ;  C. karlamani Vollmer 1997 ;  C. concolor (Simon 1873) n. comb.</p>
            <p> Remarks: when Simon first described  Cratorrhagus , he included a Neotropical species,  Cratorrhagus cervinus Simon 1891 (Simon 1891, 1892). Simon (1903) subsequently removed this species from  Cratorrhagus and established  Cratorrhagus cervinus Simon 1891 as the type species of  Hemirrhagus Simon 1903 . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E88792FFE7F232FF3CF888112CF9B4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Guadanucci, José Paulo L.;Gallon, Richard C.	Guadanucci, José Paulo L., Gallon, Richard C. (2008): A revision of the spider genera Chaetopelma Ausserer 1871 and Nesiergus Simon 1903 (Araneae, Theraphosidae, Ischnocolinae). Zootaxa 1753: 34-48, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.181769
03E88792FFE4F235FF3CF96510FDF9B4.text	03E88792FFE4F235FF3CF96510FDF9B4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chaetopelma olivaceum (C. L. Koch 1841) C. L. Koch 1841	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Chaetopelma olivaceum (C. L. Koch 1841)</p>
            <p>Figures 1–10</p>
            <p> Mygale olivacea C. L. Koch 1841: 34 , fig. 712 (DΨ). </p>
            <p> Ischnocolus gracilis Ausserer 1871: 187 (D imm. Ψ); Smith 1987: 88, not figs. 58b, 58h, 58k (imm. Ψ), 1990: 127, figs. 787–802 (Ψ); Schmidt 1993: 57, fig. 30 (Ψ). New synonymy. </p>
            <p> Ischnocolus syriacus Ausserer 1871: 189 (DΨ). New synonymy. </p>
            <p> Chaetopelma aegyptiaca Ausserer 1871: 191 (D ɗ Ψ) </p>
            <p> Avicularia tetramera Simon 1873: 201 (DΨ). New synonymy. </p>
            <p> Avicularia striatocauda Simon 1873: 203 (D♂Ψ). </p>
            <p> Nemesia concolor Simon 1873: 215 (DΨ). New synonymy. </p>
            <p> Ischnocolus striatocauda: Ausserer 1875: 173 . </p>
            <p> Cratorrhagus tetramera: Simon 1892: 137 . </p>
            <p> Chaetopelma olivaceum: Simon 1892: 140 , fig. 124. </p>
            <p> Cratorrhagus concolor: Simon 1903: 926 ; Schmidt 1986: 40, figs. 3–6 (♂) </p>
            <p> Chaetopelma olivaceum: Strand 1907a: 21 (♂Ψ) syn., 1907b: 217, 1916: 20; Smith 1990: 113, figs. 652–668 (♂Ψ); Schmidt 1993: 56, figs. 18–19 (♂Ψ). </p>
            <p> Cratorrhagus tetramerus: Reimoser 1919: 8 . </p>
            <p> Chaetopelma shabati Hassan 1950: 163 , figs. 1–10 (D♂Ψ); Smith 1990: 114, figs. 669–685 (♂Ψ). New synonymy. </p>
            <p> Cratorrhagus tetrameris: Bonnet 1956: 1247 . </p>
            <p> Chaetopelma adenense: Smith 1990: 109 , figs. 601–607, 609–616 (D♂). Misidentification. </p>
            <p> Chaetopelma aegyptacium (lapsus): Smith 1990: 110, figs. 617–631 (♂). </p>
            <p> Cratorrhagus tetramerus: Smith 1990: 116 . </p>
            <p> Ischnocolus jerusalemensis Smith 1990: 130 , figs. 830–846 (DΨ). New synonymy. </p>
            <p> Chaetopelma aegyptiacum: Schmidt 1993: 56 , fig. 17 (♂). </p>
            <p> Chaetopelma anatolicum Schmidt &amp; Smith 1995: 1 , figs. 1–9 (D♂Ψ) </p>
            <p> Chaetopelma gracilis: Vollmer 1997: 5 , figs. 1–2 (Ψ) syn.; Schmidt 2005: 13, figs. 8 unnumbered, pl. 2 unnumbered (♂Ψ) syn. </p>
            <p> Material examined. Type material: holotype Ψ (repository unknown) of  Chaetopelma olivaceum from Egypt; not examined. Holotype imm. Ψ (NMW 114) of  Ischnocolus gracilis from Cyprus, Dr Kotschy, leg.; examined. Holotype Ψ of  Ischnocolus syriacus (NMW 166) from Syria; examined. Type series (ɗΨ) of  C. aegyptiaca (repository unknown), from Egypt; not examined. Holotype imm. ɗ of  Avicularia tetramera (MNHN 4620) from Liban (= Lebanon), M. Ch. De la Brùlerie leg.; examined. Syntypes ɗΨ (MNHN) of  Avicularia striatocauda from Lebanon, M. Ch. De la Brùlerie, leg.; not examined. Paralectotypes, 8Ψ (MNHN 4623) of  Nemesia concolor from Saïda, Syria, M. Ch. De la Brùlerie leg.; examined. Holotype ɗ of  Chaetopelma shabati (repository unknown) from Egypt, presumably near Fayoum – precise locality not stated; not examined. Holotype Ψ of  Ischnocolus jerusalemensis (BMNH 95.11.9.45–46) from Jerusalem, Israel, Hew Rolle leg.; examined. Holotype ɗ (SMF) of  Chaetopelma anatolicum from the Mediterranean coast, Turkey, 1993, I. Skliba leg.; not examined. </p>
            <p>Additional material examined: SAUDI ARABIA: 1ɗ2Ψ (SMF 2661) E. Rüppell leg.; EGYPT: 4ɗ (ZMB 144); 2ɗ (NMW 103) Phasan leg., 17.III.1878; 1Ψ (NMW 100) 6.I.1852; 1ɗ1Ψ (BMNH 90.7.1.398- 400) Keyserling collection; Alexandria: 2ɗ3Ψ (NMW 102) Kirchner leg., 1.IV.1868; Cairo: 1Ψ (BMNH 1950. 3.7.60) A.G. Biggam leg., 13.IV.1937; 1Ψ (BMNH 14.10.2.1); 1Ψ (BMNH 1948.11.23.19) A.I. Hassan leg., III.1948; 3Ψ (MNHN 4677); 1Ψ (SMF) Dr. E. Bannwarth leg., 10.I.1913; 1ɗ and 1 imm. (ZMB) Dr. Valentinar leg., 1879/80; Mansurah: 1Ψ (ZMUC 631) I. Sorensen leg., 24.IV.86; Thebes: 1Ψ (SMF 8573); Tor: 1Ψ (SMF 4923) E. Rüppell leg.; CYPRUS: 2Ψ (BMNH 09.9.8.1.2) J. Buck leg.; Asprokremnos: 1ɗ (BMNH) 13.VIII.1927, T.R.R. Stebbing leg.; Ayia Napa: 1ɗ (BMNH), hotel reception area, Dave James leg., V.2002; Lapta: 1ɗ 1Ψ (BMNH), stonewalls from houses, Volker von Wirth leg. IV.1996; 1ɗ1Ψ (OUMNH), stonewalls from houses, Volker von Wirth leg. IV.1996; ISRAEL: 1 imm. (ZSM 987) G. Müller leg., 4.IV.1987; Acca (=Acre): 1ɗ1Ψ (CUMZ) J. Cropper leg., 30.VIII.1899 (registration date); Jaffa: 1ɗ3Ψ (NMW 105) Steindachner leg., 15.II.1885; Jerusalem: 1ɗ (BMNH) 29.V.1962, W. Wermuth leg.; 1 imm. (ZMUC 623) I. Sorensen leg., 24.IV.86; 1ɗ and 1 imm. (NMW 108) Rhimoser leg.; 1Ψ (NMW 104) Reitter leg., 30.IV.1882; 1Ψ (ZMB) J. Rotte leg.; 1ɗ (BMNH), captive raised, Yinnon Dolev leg.; 1ɗ (BMNH) Yinnon Dolev leg., 11.XI.2005; Haifa: 1ɗ (SMF 2662); Latrun: 1ɗ (BMNH), missing emboli, Yinnon Dolev leg.; 1ɗ (BMNH) Yinnon Dolev leg., collected 18.IV.2005, matured VI.2005 (died X.2006); Shoham: 1ɗ (BMNH) Yinnon Dolev leg.; JORDAN: Amman: 1ɗ (BMNH) J.B. Philly, 3–19.X.1924; LEBANON: 1ɗ (ZMUH 1003); Amyun: 2ɗ (BMNH 1950.3.30.122.123), H.B. Cott leg., 1944; 2Ψ (BMNH 1950.3.30.125.127), H.B. Cott leg., 1944; 2Ψ (BMNH 1950.3.30.20.21), H.B. Cott leg., 1944; 1ɗ1Ψ (BMNH), H.B. Cott leg., 1944; Beirut: 7ɗ15Ψ and 2 imms. (MNHN 975); 3Ψ and 3 imms. (NMW 106) 2.I.1886; 1 imm. (ZMUH A71/74) U. Lechner leg., 4.XII.1973; 2ɗ1Ψ (ZMUH A71/74) U. Lechner leg., 5.X.1974; Yatar: 2ɗ (RMNH) J. Woluekamp leg., 1979; PALESTINE: 1Ψ (BMNH 1893.11.5.1) A.S. Woodward leg.; 1ɗ (ZMB); SYRIA: 1ɗ (OUMNH) Hensederer leg., 1863 (Hope-Westwood dry tray Arachnida 16); 2ɗ8Ψ and 1 imm. (NMW) Plason leg., 1879; 1ɗ1Ψ and 2 imms. (ZMB 30754), Ehrnbgerg leg.; 1ɗ1Ψ (ZMB 30755) Ehrnbgerg leg.; 1Ψ (ZMB) Dr. Baumgarten leg., 1982; 2ɗ1Ψ and 1 imm. (ZMUH) Sehlüter leg., 1895; Jobet Birkghal: 1Ψ (BMNH) Vladimír Šejna leg., VII.1994; Salahudin temple: 1Ψ (BMNH) Vladimír Šejna leg., collected VII.1994 (died X.1995); SUDAN: Wadi Halfa: 1ɗ1Ψ (MRAC 147161) F.L. Tomkins leg., 1949; TURKEY: Aintab: 1ɗ (BMNH 89.10.16.2) J.H. Leech leg.; Cevlik: 1ɗ (BMNH) Vladimír Šejna leg., 1999; Istanbul: 1ɗ (SMF 2663).</p>
            <p> Diagnosis: Males are distinguished from those of other species by the morphology of the tibial apophysis (Figs. 3–4) and palpal bulb (Figs. 5–7) (except  C. karlamani ). Males differ from those of  C. karlamani , which shows very similar genitalia morphology, by the retrolateral branch of the tibial apophysis being wider at the apical portion and bearing a row of more than 9 spines (Figs. 3–4). Females are distinguished by spermathecal morphology consisting of two long, thin receptacula which curve outwards with bilobed termini (Fig. 8). </p>
            <p>Description: Male (BMNH 1950.3.30.122-123). Total length 35.3. Carapace: length 16.1, width 13.7. Eye tubercle: length 1.6, width 2.0; anterior row procurved, posterior row slightly recurved, clypeus very narrow. Labium: length 2.0, width 2.6. Sternum: length 6.7; width 5.9. Chelicerae with 12 teeth of similar size on promarginal groove. Labium as wide as long with ca.55 cuspules. Maxillae with ca.110 cuspules on inner angle. Sternum oval. Fovea slightly recurved. Palp: femur 9.0/ patella 5.3/ tibia 6.7/ cymbium 2.7/ total 23.7. Legs I: femur 14.1/ patella 7.6/ tibia 11.1/ metatarsus 9.7/ tarsus 5.5/ total 48.0. II: 12.5/ 7.1/ 9.2/ 8.8/ 5.4/ 43.0. III: 11.0/ 6.1/ 7.7/ 9.4/ 5.4/ 39.6 IV: 14.2/ 6.7/ 11.1/ 13.5/ 6.2/ 51.7. Spines. Palp: tibia (p) 0–2–0. Legs: I: tibia (v) 0–1–1, (p) 0–1–1, metatarsus (v) ap 1. II: tibia (v) 1–1–ap3, (p) 0–0–1, metatarsus (v) ap 1. III: tibia (v) 2–3–ap2, (p) 0–0–1, (r) 1–0–1, metatarsus (v) 2–2–ap3, (p) 1–1–1, (r) 0–1– 1. IV: tibia (v) 2–2–ap2, (p) 0– 0–1, (r) 1–0–2, metatarsus (v) 2–2–ap3, (p) 1–1–1, (r) 0–2–2. Palpal bulb with long very thin embolus, with helicoid torsion (Figs. 5–7). Tibial apophysis comprising two branches: prolateral branch short, with one adjacent spine inserted at base of branch; retrolateral branch long and curved, wider at distal portion, with apical row of 12 spines (Figs. 3–4). Metatarsus I curved, bends over retrolateral branch of apophysis. Metatarsal scopulae extent (ventral surfaces only): I–II along entire length; III on distal half; IV on distal third. Tarsal scopulae (ventral surfaces only): I entire with longitudinal band of setae; II–IV divided.</p>
            <p>Female (BMNH 1950.3.30.125–127). Total length 43.3. Carapace: length 16.3, width 14.3. Eye tubercle: length 1.5, width 2.2; anterior row procurved, posterior recurved, clypeus very narrow. Labium: length 2.1, width 2.7. Sternum: length 6.7, width 5.8. Chelicerae with 13 teeth of similar size on promargin. Labium as wide as long with ca.56 cuspules. Maxillae with ca.100 cuspules on inner angle. Sternum oval. Fovea transverse. Palp: femur 8.3/ patella 5.2/ tibia 5.4/ tarsus 5.8/ total 24.7. Legs I: femur 11.7/ patella 7.3/ tibia 8.4/ metatarsus 7.1/ tarsus 4.8/ total 39.3. II: 10.6/ 6.6/ 7.1/ 6.7/ 4.4/ 35.4. III: 9.3/ 5.7/ 6.1/ 7.3/ 4.5/ 32.9. IV: 12.1/ 6.4/ 9.3/ 10.8/ 5.5/ 44.1. Spines. Palp: tibia (v) 0–1–ap3, (p) 0–1–0. Legs: I: tibia (v) ap1, metatarsus (v) ap 1. II: tibia (v) ap2, (p) 0–0–1, metatarsus (v) 1–0–ap 1. III: patella (p) 1, tibia (v) 2–2–ap2, (p) 0–0–1, (r)1–0–1, metatarsus (v) 2–2–ap3, (p) 1–1–1, (r) 0–1– 1. IV: tibia (v) 2–3–ap2, (r) 1–0–1, metatarsus (v) 3–2–ap3, (p) 1– 1–1, (r) 0–1–1. Spermathecae comprising two receptacula, each longer than wide, very thin in apical quarter, terminally bilobed and outward facing (Fig. 8). Metatarsal scopulae extent (ventral surfaces only): I–II along entire length; III on slightly more than distal half; IV on slightly less than distal half. Tarsal scopulae (ventral surfaces only): I entire with longitudinal band of setae; II–IV divided.</p>
            <p>Distribution: Known from Cyprus, Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria and Turkey. Hassan (1950) also notes that this species occurs in Iraq.</p>
            <p> Ecology: Spiders were found under stones and boulders in open and lightly wooded areas and also in gardens (Simon 1873; Smith 1990; Pedersen 2006; V. von Wirth pers. comm.). They do not appear to construct separate burrows, instead excavating a silk-lined chamber beneath rocks. In both Israel and Cyprus, the spiders are associated with dry stone walls (V. von Wirth &amp; Y. Dolev pers. comm.). They also occur in dark damp places, such as drains, lavatories, ruins and old wells within towns (Hassan 1950, 1988).  C. olivaceum occurs sympatrically with  C. karlamani in Cyprus (V. von Wirth pers. comm.). Males are mature between February and May, and also in August and October. </p>
            <p>Remarks: Concerning the synonyms proposed here, examination of the genitalia of all the types showed no significant structural differences. Distribution records are those of the senior synonym.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E88792FFE4F235FF3CF96510FDF9B4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Guadanucci, José Paulo L.;Gallon, Richard C.	Guadanucci, José Paulo L., Gallon, Richard C. (2008): A revision of the spider genera Chaetopelma Ausserer 1871 and Nesiergus Simon 1903 (Araneae, Theraphosidae, Ischnocolinae). Zootaxa 1753: 34-48, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.181769
03E88792FFE3F237FF3CF9651637FC94.text	03E88792FFE3F237FF3CF9651637FC94.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chaetopelma karlamani Vollmer 1997	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Chaetopelma karlamani Vollmer 1997</p>
            <p>Figures 11–18</p>
            <p> Chaetopelma karlamani Vollmer 1997: 5 , figs. 3–13, pl. 1–7 (D♂Ψ). </p>
            <p>Material examined. Type material: Holotype ɗ (NMW 18253) from Lapta, northern Cyprus, 28.III.1995, R. Karlaman leg.; examined. Paratype Ψ (NMW 18254) from Karaman, Cyprus, 3.I.1995, P. Vollmer leg.; examined. Paratypes 1ɗ1Ψ (ZMB 31464, 31465) from Lapithos, Besparmak Mountain, northern Cyprus, P. Vollmer leg.; male examined, female ZMB paratype not at museum yet, J. Dunlop pers. comm. Paratypes 1ɗ1Ψ (AMNH); not examined. Paratypes 1ɗ1Ψ (BMNH); not examined. Paratypes 1ɗ1Ψ (Güzelyurt Museum of Archeology &amp; Natural History, Northern Cyprus); not examined. Paratypes 2 (private collection of Patrick Vollmer); not examined. Paratypes 1ɗ1Ψ (Phyllodrom zoo collection, Leipzig, Germany); not examined.</p>
            <p>Additional material examined: CYPRUS: 3Ψ (ZMB); 1ɗ (ZMB 47179); 1ɗ (ZMB 47180); 1Ψ (BMNH) 17.XII.1952; 3ɗ1Ψ and 1 imm. (NMW 101) Katschy leg., 5.I.1862; 4ɗ4Ψ (ZMB 32236); Larnaca: 4Ψ (BMNH) C. Glasznes leg.; 2Ψ (HNHM) Glaszer leg.; Nicosia: 2ɗ2Ψ and 2 imms. (BMNH) Dept. Agriculture; 2ɗ1Ψ (BMNH) H. Guillermand leg.</p>
            <p> Diagnosis: Males differ from those of  C. concolor by the morphology of the tibial apophysis (Figs. 13– 14) and palpal bulb (Figs. 15–17) and from those of  C. olivaceum by the retrolateral branch of tibial apophysis being narrower, shorter and bearing 10 spines or fewer (Figs. 13–14). Females are distinguished by spermathecal morphology which comprise two very long, thin receptacula surmounted by a single terminal lobe (Fig. 18). </p>
            <p>Description: Male (holotype, NMW 18253). Total length 11.4. Carapace length 5.1, width 4.4. Eye tubercle length 0.6, width 0.8; anterior row procurved, posterior recurved, clypeus absent. Labium length 0.6, width 1.0. Sternum length 2.5, width 1.4. Chelicerae with 9 teeth of similar size on promargin. Labium as wide as long with 27 cuspules. Maxillae with ca. 80 cuspules on inner angle. Sternum oval, slightly longer than wide. Fovea transverse. Palp: femur 2.9/ patella 1.8/ tibia 2.3/ cymbium 0.9/ total 7.9. Legs I: femur 4.3/ patella 2.8/ tibia 3.4/ metatarsus 2.6/ tarsus 1.8/ total 14.9. II: 3.9/ 2.4/ 2.7/ 2.5/ 1.8/ 13.3. III: 3.4/ 1.9/ 2.2/ 2.8/ 1.8/ 12.1. IV: 4.5/ 2.3/ 3.6/ 4.1/ 2.3/ 16.8. Spines. Palp: tibia (p) 0–2–1. Legs: I: tibia (v) 1–2–1, (p) 0–0– 1, metatarsus (v) 0–0–ap 1. II: tibia (v) 2–1–ap3, (p) 0–0–1, metatarsus (v) 0–2–ap1, (p) 0–1–0. III: patella (p) 1, tibia (v) 3–3–ap2, (p) 0–1–0, (r) 1–1–0, metatarsus (v) 3–2–ap3, (p) 1–1–1, (r) 0–1– 1. IV: tibia (v) 2–3–ap2, (r) 1–1–0, metatarsus (v) 2–2–ap3, (p) 0–1–1, (r) 0–1–1. Palpal bulb with long, thin embolus, inserted proximaly on tegulum (Figs. 15–17). Tibial apophysis (Figs. 13–14) comprising two branches: prolateral branch short with adjacent spine; retrolateral branch slightly curved, distal and proximal portion same width. Metatarsus I slightly curved, bends over retrolateral branch. Metatarsal scopulae extent (ventral surfaces only): I on distal three-quarters; II on slightly more than distal half; III on distal half; IV on distal third. Tarsal scopulae (ventral surfaces only): I–IV divided by longitudinal band of thick setae.</p>
            <p>Female (paratype, NMW 18254). Total length 23.5. Carapace length 8.0, width 6.4. Eye tubercle length 0.9, width 1.3; anterior row procurved, posterior recurved, clypeus absent. Labium length 1.0, width 1.8. Sternum length 3.8, width 3.3. Chelicerae with 10 teeth of similar size on promargin. Labium as wide as long with ca.40 cuspules. Maxillae with ca.100 cuspules on inner angle. Sternum oval, slightly longer than wide. Fovea transverse. Palp: femur 4.2/ patella 2.6/ tibia 2.4/ tarsus 2.2/ total 11.4. Legs I: femur 5.5/ patella 3.7/ tibia 3.7/ metatarsus 2.8/ tarsus 2.0/ total 17.7. II: 4.7/ 3.2/ 2.9/ 2.5/ 1.8/ 15.1. III: 4.2/ 2.6/ 2.1/ 2.9/ 1.7/ 13.5. IV: 5.5/ 3.2/ 3.8/ 4.2/ 2.1/ 18.8. Spines. Palp: tibia (v) ap2. Legs: I: metatarsus (v) ap 1. II: metatarsus (v) 1–0–ap 1. III: patella (p) 1, tibia (v) 1–2–ap2, (p) 0–1–0, (r) 0–1–0, metatarsus (v) 2–1–ap3, (p) 0–1–1, (r) 0–1– 1. IV: tibia (v) 2–2–ap2, (r) 1–1–0, metatarsus (v) 2–1–ap3, (p) 0–1–1, (r) 0–1–1. Spermathecae comprising two straight receptacula with single apical termini (Fig. 18). Metatarsal scopulae extent (ventral surfaces only): I–II along entire length; III on slightly more than distal half; IV on slightly less than distal half. Tarsal scopulae (ventral surfaces only): I–IV divided by longitudinal band of thick setae.</p>
            <p>Distribution: Known only from Cyprus.</p>
            <p> Ecology: Spiders were found in gardens under rocks, logs and leaf litter where they construct a silk-lined tubular burrow.  C. karlamani occurs sympatrically with  C. olivaceum in Cyprus (V. von Wirth pers. comm.). Males are mature from January to March. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E88792FFE3F237FF3CF9651637FC94	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Guadanucci, José Paulo L.;Gallon, Richard C.	Guadanucci, José Paulo L., Gallon, Richard C. (2008): A revision of the spider genera Chaetopelma Ausserer 1871 and Nesiergus Simon 1903 (Araneae, Theraphosidae, Ischnocolinae). Zootaxa 1753: 34-48, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.181769
03E88792FFE1F238FF3CFC8510B3F86B.text	03E88792FFE1F238FF3CFC8510B3F86B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chaetopelma concolor (Simon 1873) Simon 1873	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Chaetopelma concolor (Simon 1873) n. comb.</p>
            <p>Figures 19–25</p>
            <p> Nemesia concolor Simon 1873: 215 (D♂). </p>
            <p> Cratorrhagus concolor: Simon 1891: 330 ; Simon 1903: 926, figs. 1073D, 1074E, 1075F (♂); Schmidt 1986: 40, figs. 3– 6 (♂); Smith 1990: 116, figs. 702–705 (♂); Schmidt 1993: 56, figs. 20–23 (♂). </p>
            <p>Material examined. Type material: Lectotype ɗ (MNHN 2848) from Saïda, Syria. Paralectotypes: 4ɗ (MNHN 2848) from Saïda, Syria, M. Ch. De la Brùlerie leg. All examined.</p>
            <p>Additional material examined: EGYPT: El Giza: 1ɗ (MRAC 130698) P.L.G. Benoit leg., VI.1959; SYRIA: 1Ψ (ZMB 47174); 1Ψ (ZMB 47175) W. Kurbishar leg.; TURKEY: Cilicien: 1Ψ (ZMB 47177) Holtz leg.; Nemrut Dag: 1Ψ (BMNH) Vladimír Šejna leg., collected VII.1993, died 1998; Tarsus: 1Ψ (ZMB 47179); Asia Minor: 1Ψ (ZMB 47176) Holtz leg., 1897.</p>
            <p> Diagnosis: Males differ from those of their congeners by the palpal bulb morphology (Figs. 22–24). In males of  C. concolor , the embolus is short and attached to the tegulum medially but, in males of  C. olivaceum and  C. karlamani , the embolus is long and attached to the tegulum basally. Females are distinguished by their spermathecae which comprise two long, narrow receptacula, facing each other and bearing double, or partially double, termini (Fig. 25). </p>
            <p>Description: Male (paralectotype). Total length 12.0. Carapace length 4.6, width 4.2. Eye tubercle length 0.6, width 0.8; anterior row slightly procurved, posterior row slightly recurved, clypeus absent. Labium length 0.6, width 0.9. Sternum length 2.2, width 2.1. Chelicerae with 10–11 teeth of similar size on promargin. Labium as long as wide with 20 cuspules. Maxillae with ca.50 cuspules on inner angle. Sternum oval, slightly longer than wide. Fovea narrow, transverse. Palp: femur 2.8/ patella 1.7/ tibia 2.1/ cymbium 1.0/ total 7.6. Legs I: femur 4.1/ patella 2.4/ tibia 3.0/ metatarsus 2.3/ tarsus 1.6/ total 13.4. II: 3.7/ 2.1/ 2.4/ 2.2/ 1.6/ 12.0. III: 3.2/ 1.7/ 1.9/ 2.4/ 1.6/ 10.8. IV: 4.2/ 2.0/ 3.3/ 3.7/ 2.0/ 15.2. Spines. Palp: tibia (p) 0–1–2. Legs: I: tibia (v) 1–1–ap1, (p) 0–0–1, metatarsus (v) 0–0–ap 1. II: tibia (v) 1–1–ap3, (p) 0–1–0, metatarsus (v) 0–1–ap1, (p) 0– 1–0. III: patella (p) 1, tibia (v) 1–2–ap2, (p) 1–2–0, (r) 1–2–0, metatarsus (v) 0–1–ap1, (p) 2–2–2, (r) 0–2– ap 2. IV: tibia (v) 2–2–ap2, (p) 0–0–1, (r) 1–1–0, metatarsus (v) 1–1–ap2, (p) 2–2–ap1, (r) 0–1–1. Palpal bulb with short embolus slightly curved distally, inserted medially on tegulum (Figs. 22–24). Tibial apophysis (Fig. 21) comprising two branches: prolateral branch short with adjacent spine; retrolateral branch with apical cluster of spines. Metatarsus I slightly curved, bends externally to retrolateral branch. Metatarsal scopulae extent (ventral surfaces only): I on distal half; II–III on slightly less than distal half; IV on distal third. Tarsal scopulae (ventral surfaces only): I–IV divided by longitudinal band of thick setae.</p>
            <p>Female (ZMB 47174). Total length 20.5. Carapace length 6.5, width 5.5. Eye tubercle length 0.8, width 1.1; anterior row procurved, posterior slightly recurved, clypeus absent. Labium length 0.8, width 1.2. Sternum length 3.1, width 2.8. Chelicerae with 10 teeth of similar size on promargin. Labium as long as wide with 60 cuspules. Maxillae with ca.100 cuspules. Sternum rounded. Fovea transverse. Palp: femur 3.1/ patella 2.1/ tibia 1.7/ cymbium 2.1/ total 9.0. Legs I: femur 4.2/ patella 3.1/ tibia 2.7/ metatarsus 2.2/ tarsus 1.8/ total 14.0. II: 3.7/ 2.7/ 2.2/ 2.1/ 1.6/ 12.3. III: 3.3/ 2.2/ 1.9/ 2.5/ 1.6/ 11.5. IV: 4.7/ 2.6/ 3.4/ 3.6/ 2.0/ 16.3. Spines. Palp: tibia (p) 0–0–ap2. Legs: I: metatarsus (v) 0–0–ap 1. II: metatarsus (v) 0–0–ap 1. III: patella (p) 1, tibia (v) 0– 1–ap2, (p) 0–2–0, (r) 0–1–0, metatarsus (v) 0–2–ap3, (p) 0–1–1, (r) 0–0– 1. IV: tibia (v) 2–2–ap2, (r) 1–0–1, metatarsus (v) 2–1–ap3, (p) 0–1–0, (r) 0–1–1. Spermathecae comprising two long inwardly curved receptacula, bent apically (Fig. 25). Metatarsal scopulae extent (ventral surfaces only): I along entire length; II on distal three-quarters; III–IV on distal half. Tarsal scopulae (ventral surfaces only): I–IV divided by longitudinal band of thick setae.</p>
            <p>Distribution: Known from Egypt, Syria and Turkey.</p>
            <p>Ecology: Unknown; presumably fossorial. Males are mature in June.</p>
            <p>Misplaced species and further notes</p>
            <p> The taxonomic placement of both  Chaetopelma webborum Smith 1990 and  Chaetopelma arabicum (Strand 1908) will be dealt with elsewhere (Gallon &amp; Guadanucci in prep., Gallon, in press respectively), neither species belong in  Chaetopelma . </p>
            <p> Chaetopelma adenense Simon 1890 (holotype female, MHNH, from Yemen, Goldmore-Valley, Aden, March 1889, Eugène Simon leg.; examined) is here transferred to  Ischnocolus and made a junior synonym of  Ischnocolus jickelii L. Koch 1875 (holotype female, BMNH 19–9–18 –5698–99, from Hamazen, Ethiopia, Jickeli leg.; examined) because they share the same spermathecal morphology. New synonymy. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E88792FFE1F238FF3CFC8510B3F86B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Guadanucci, José Paulo L.;Gallon, Richard C.	Guadanucci, José Paulo L., Gallon, Richard C. (2008): A revision of the spider genera Chaetopelma Ausserer 1871 and Nesiergus Simon 1903 (Araneae, Theraphosidae, Ischnocolinae). Zootaxa 1753: 34-48, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.181769
03E88792FFEFF239FF3CFF751491FACA.text	03E88792FFEFF239FF3CFF751491FACA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Nesiergus Simon 1903	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Nesiergus Simon 1903</p>
            <p> Nesiergus Simon 1903: 927 ; Benoit 1978: 410; Smith 1990: 132. </p>
            <p> Type species:  Nesiergus insulanus Simon 1903 , by original designation. </p>
            <p> Diagnosis: Males differ from those of  Chaetopelma by their tibial apophysis branches being strongly fused basally, with the retrolateral branch being short and wide, rather than being longer than wide. Females differ from those of  Chaetopelma by their short spermathecae receptacula, which are nearly as wide apically as basally. </p>
            <p> Description: Chelicerae without rastellum. Carapace oval, longer than wide; sparsely pilose. Cephalic region slightly raised. Eye tubercle weakly raised, small. Eye group rectangular, anterior eye row procurved, posterior row recurved. Fovea transverse. Maxilla with produced anterior lobe, conical; 60–100 cuspules on inner angle; lyra and serrula absent. Labium nearly as long as wide, with 30–50 cuspules restricted to centre of labium. Labiosternal junction moderately deep; sigilla oval, distinct and located near junction. Sternum oval with three pairs of small, rounded sternal sigilla; posterior sternal sigilla one or less than one diameter from sternal margin. Palps and legs slender, sparsely pilose. Male tibial apophysis comprising two branches strongly fused at base; prolateral branch short and rounded, with adjacent spine; retrolateral branch slightly longer, bearing line of short apical spines. Male metatarsus I straight, bends externally to retrolateral branch of tibial apophysis. Scopulae on ventral surface of metatarsi very dense on anterior legs, less dense on posterior legs. Scopulae on tarsi I–II entire, III–IV divided by band of thick setae. Scopula on retrolateral femur IV absent. Stridulatory setae absent. Superior tarsal claws of both sexes without teeth, inferior tarsal claws absent, claw tufts well developed. Tarsi with clavate trichobothria in two parallel dorsal rows along segment, separated by longitudinal line of long, thin setae; filiform and clavate trichobothria are interspersed. Filiform trichobothria on metatarsi (single row) and tibiae (two rows); clavate trichobothria in compact group on cymbium. Tarsi without spines. Cymbium longer than wide, bilobed. Palpal bulb with long, thin embolus. Spermathecae comprising two long receptacles without lobes. Abdomen coloration uniformly brown, abdominal markings absent. Urticating hairs absent. Two pairs of spinnerets; posterior median spinnerets very short; posterior lateral spinnerets elongated, all three segments of similar length and bearing spigots, apical article digitiform or triangular (as in  N. insulanus ). </p>
            <p> Species included:  N. gardineri (Hirst 1911) n. comb. ;  N. halophilus Benoit 1978 ;  N. insulanus Simon 1903 . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E88792FFEFF239FF3CFF751491FACA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Guadanucci, José Paulo L.;Gallon, Richard C.	Guadanucci, José Paulo L., Gallon, Richard C. (2008): A revision of the spider genera Chaetopelma Ausserer 1871 and Nesiergus Simon 1903 (Araneae, Theraphosidae, Ischnocolinae). Zootaxa 1753: 34-48, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.181769
03E88792FFEFF23AFF3CFA5015FDFE6C.text	03E88792FFEFF23AFF3CFA5015FDFE6C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Nesiergus insulanus Simon 1903	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Nesiergus insulanus Simon 1903</p>
            <p>Figures 26–28</p>
            <p> Nesiergus insulanus Simon 1903: 928 (DΨ); Benoit 1978: 412, figs. 3a–e (Ψ); Smith 1990: 134, figs. 878–882 (Ψ). </p>
            <p>Material examined. Type material: Holotype Ψ (MNHN 14090) from the Seychelles (without precise locality); examined.</p>
            <p>Diagnosis: Females differ from those of their congeners by the apical segment of the posterior lateral spinnerets being triangular rather than digitiform. Males unknown.</p>
            <p>Description: Female (holotype). Total length 27.1. Carapace length 11.0, width 9.2. Eye tubercle length 1.5, width 1.9; anterior row procurved, posterior row recurved, clypeus absent. Labium length 1.4, width 1.9. Sternum length 4.7, width 4.6. Chelicerae with 12 teeth of similar size on promargin. Labium as long as wide, with ca.50 cuspules. Maxillae with ca.70 cuspules. Sternum rounded. Fovea wide, transverse. Palp: femur 5.9/ patella 3.7/ tibia 3.7/ tarsus 3.3/ total 16.6. Legs I: femur 8.3/ patella 5.4/ tibia 6.1/ metatarsus 5.3/ tarsus 2.6/ total 27.7. II: 7.4/ 4.7/ 5.0/ 4.9/ 2.6/ 24.6. III: 6.4/ 3.7/ 3.8/ 5.1/ 2.4/ 21.4. IV: 8.8/ 4.5/ 6.6/ 8.0/ 3.1/ 31.0.</p>
            <p>Spines. Palp without spines. Legs: some spiniform thick setae on dorsal surface of all femora. I: metatarsus (v) 0–0–ap 1. II: metatarsus (v) 0–0–p 1. III: patella (p) 1, tibia (v) 0–1–ap2, (p) 0–2–0, (r) 0–1–0, metatarsus (v) 2–2–ap3, (p)0–1–1, (r) 0–1– 1. IV: tibia (v) 0–1–ap3, (r) 1–1–1, metatarsus (v) 1–3–ap3, (p) 0–1–1, (r) 0– 1–1. Spermathecae comprising two receptacula, longer than wide, swollen distally (Fig. 28). Metatarsal scopulae extent (ventral surfaces only): I–II along entire length; III on slightly less than distal half; IV on distal third. Tarsal scopulae (ventral surfaces only): I–II undivided; III–IV divided by longitudinal band of thick setae.</p>
            <p>Distribution: Known from an unspecified island in the Seychelles.</p>
            <p>Ecology: Unknown.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E88792FFEFF23AFF3CFA5015FDFE6C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Guadanucci, José Paulo L.;Gallon, Richard C.	Guadanucci, José Paulo L., Gallon, Richard C. (2008): A revision of the spider genera Chaetopelma Ausserer 1871 and Nesiergus Simon 1903 (Araneae, Theraphosidae, Ischnocolinae). Zootaxa 1753: 34-48, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.181769
03E88792FFECF23CFF3CFB1B1703FE9C.text	03E88792FFECF23CFF3CFB1B1703FE9C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Nesiergus halophilus Benoit 1978	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Nesiergus halophilus Benoit 1978</p>
            <p>Figures 29–34</p>
            <p> Nesiergus insulanus: Hirst 1911: 383 (Ψ). Misidentification. </p>
            <p> Nesiergus halophilus Benoit 1978: 412 , figs. 4a–e (D♂Ψ); Smith 1990: 133, figs. 861–877 (♂Ψ); Schmidt 1993: 57, figs. 31–32 (♂Ψ). </p>
            <p>Material examined. Type material: Holotype Ψ (MRAC 145439) from Frégate, Seychelles, 10.VIII.1972; Paratypes 1ɗ (MRAC 143293), 2Ψ 1 imm. (MRAC 143297) from Frégate, Seychelles, 10.VIII.1972; Paratypes 3Ψ, 3 imms. (MRAC 143272) from Laraie Bay, Curieuse, Seychelles, 3 and 17.VIII.1972. All examined.</p>
            <p>Additional material examined: 1Ψ, (BMNH 10.5.1.4), from the Seychelles, Percy Sladen Trust Expedition leg.</p>
            <p> Diagnosis: Males differ from those of  N. gardineri by the presence of a distinct embolic keel (Figs. 30– 32), by the prolateral branch of the tibial apophysis being wide and rounded (Figs. 33) and by metatarsus IV being curved laterally. Females differ from those of  N. gardineri by spermathecal morphology (Fig. 34). </p>
            <p> Note: very likely to be a junior synonym of  N. insulanus ; however the species should remain valid pending examination of additional material. </p>
            <p> Description: Female (holotype). Total length 13.6. Carapace length 5.2, width 3.7. Eye tubercle: length 0.8, width 1.0; anterior row procurved, posterior row slightly recurved, clypeus absent. Labium length 0.7, width 1.0. Sternum length 2.2, width 2.2. Chelicerae with 8 teeth of similar size on promargin. Labium as long as wide with ca.50 cuspules. Maxillae with ca. 60 cuspules. Sternum rounded. Fovea transverse. Palp: femur 2.6/ patella 1.8/ tibia 1.6/ tarsus 1.7/ total 7.7. Legs I: femur 3.8/ patella 2.5/ tibia 2.7/ metatarsus 2.2/ tarsus 1.6/ total 12.8. II: 3.2/ 2.2/ 2.1/ 2.0/ 1.3/ 10.8. III: 2.8/ 1.7/ 1.6/ 2.2/ 1.5/ 9.8. IV: 4.2/ 2.2/ 3.2/ 3.6/ 1.9/ 15.1. Spines. Palpal and leg femora with medial row of thick setae. Palp: tibia (v) 0–0–ap1. Legs I: metatarsus (v) 0–0–ap 1. II: metatarsus (v) 0–0–ap 1. III: patella (p) 1, tibia (r) 1–1–0, (p) 0–2–0, (v) 2–0–ap2, metatarsus (r) 0–1–1, (p) 0–2–1, (v) 2–0ap 3. IV: tibia (r) 1–1–0, (v) 2–0–ap3, metatarsus (r) 0–1–1, (p) 0–1–1, (v) 1–3–ap3. Spermathecae comprising two receptacula, each longer than wide and broader than in  N. insulanus (Fig. 34). Metatarsal scopulae extent (ventral surfaces only): I–II along entire length; III on slightly less than distal half; IV on distal third. Tarsal scopulae (ventral surfaces only): I–II undivided; III–IV divided by longitudinal band of thick setae. </p>
            <p>Male (paratype MRAC 143.293). Total length 17.0. Carapace length 7.2, width 5.2. Eye tubercle length 0.9, width 1.1; anterior row procurved, posterior row slightly recurved, clypeus absent. Labium length 0.7, width 1.1. Sternum length 2.9, width 2.6. Chelicerae with 10–12 teeth of similar size on promargin. Labium as long as wide with ca. 50 cuspules. Maxillae with ca. 60 cuspules. Sternum rounded. Fovea transverse. Palp: femur 3.6/ patella 2.3/ tibia 2.7/ cymbium 1.4/ total 10.0. Legs I: femur 5.6/ patella 3.8/ tibia 5.1/ metatarsus 4.6/ tarsus 3.0/ total 22.1. II: 5.1/ 3.3/ 4.1/ 4.7/ 3.0/ 20.2. III: 4.9/ 2.6/ 3.3/ 5.1/ 2.7/ 18.6. IV: 6.3/ 2.9/ 5.1/ 5.4/ 3.1/ 22.8. Spines. Palpal and leg femora with medial row of thick setae. Palp without spines. Legs I: femur (d) 0–0–2, tibia (p) 0–1–1, (v) 0–1–0, metatarsus (v) ap 1. II: femur (d) 0–1–1, patella (p) 1, tibia (p) 0–1–1, (v) 1– 0–ap2, metatarsus (v) 1–0–ap 2. III: femur (d) 0–2–2, patella (p) 1, (r) 1, tibia (p) 1–1–0, (r) 1–1–0, (v) 2–2– ap3, metatarsus (p) 0–1–1, (r) 0–1–1, (v) 4–2–ap 3. IV: femur (d) 0–2–2, (r) 1, tibia (p) 1–1–0, (r) 1–1–0, (v) 3–3–ap3, metatarsus (p) 1–1–1, (r) 1–1–1, (v) 3–3–ap3. Palpal bulb with tapering embolus, slightly spiralled, bearing keel along embolus (Figs. 30–32). Tibial apophysis comprising two branches, strongly fused basally (Fig. 33). Prolateral branch short, wide, apically rounded, with adjacent strong, short spine. Retrolateral branch long, thin, with apical row of 5–6 short spines, and short curved spine on inner side. Metatarsus I straight, bends externally to tibial apophysis. Metatarsi I–IV laterally curved. Metatarsal scopulae extent (ventral surfaces only): I along entire length; II on distal three-quarters; III on distal half; IV on distal quarter. Tarsal scopulae (ventral surfaces only): I–II undivided; III–IV divided by longitudinal band of thick setae.</p>
            <p>Distribution: Known from Frégate, Silhouette, Récif and Curieuse, Seychelles.</p>
            <p>Ecology: Spiders inhabit sandy beaches where they construct vertical burrows in the sand, beneath rocks and coral fragments. The burrows were situated just above the mean spring tide level, at the upper limit of the crab-hole zone (Benoit 1978). Males are mature in August.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E88792FFECF23CFF3CFB1B1703FE9C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Guadanucci, José Paulo L.;Gallon, Richard C.	Guadanucci, José Paulo L., Gallon, Richard C. (2008): A revision of the spider genera Chaetopelma Ausserer 1871 and Nesiergus Simon 1903 (Araneae, Theraphosidae, Ischnocolinae). Zootaxa 1753: 34-48, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.181769
03E88792FFEAF23DFF3CFEB81120FA8C.text	03E88792FFEAF23DFF3CFEB81120FA8C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Nesiergus gardineri (Hirst 1911) Hirst 1911	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Nesiergus gardineri (Hirst 1911) n. comb.</p>
            <p>Figures 35–40</p>
            <p> Chaetopelma gardineri Hirst 1911: 383 , fig. 1 (D♂Ψ); Benoit 1978: 417, figs. 5a–f (♂Ψ).  Chaetopelma gardinieri (lapsus): Smith 1990: 112, figs. 632–651 (♂Ψ). </p>
            <p>Material examined. Type material: Holotype ɗ (BMNH 10.5.1.5–6); Paratype 6Ψ (BMNH 10.5.1.5–6) from Silhouette, 1905; Paratype 1Ψ (BMNH 10.5.1.5–6) from Cascade; Paratype 1Ψ (BMNH 10.5.1.5–6) from Félicité; Paratype 1Ψ (BMNH 10.5.1.5–9) from Mahé; Paratypes 2Ψ 2 imms. (BMNH 10.5.7–9) from Praslin. All from the Seychelles islands, collected by the Percy Sladen Expedition. All examined.</p>
            <p>Additional material examined: SEYCHELLES: 1Ψ (BMNH 10.5.1.5–6) Percy Sladen Expedition leg.; Big Sister: 1ɗ (MRAC 177120) Mühlenberg leg., 17.IX.1975; 1ɗ (MRAC 177140) Mühlenberg leg., 17.IX.1975; 2Ψ (MRAC 177118) Mühlenberg leg., 17.IX.1975; Silhouette 1Ψ (ZMB 32337); Mahé: 1Ψ (MRAC 145699), Benoit leg., 16.VIII.1972.</p>
            <p> Diagnosis: Males are distinguished from those of  N. halophilus by the absence of a keel on the palpal bulb embolus (Figs. 38–39), by the tibial apophysis (Fig. 37) not being as wide and developed as in  N. halophilus , and by metatarsus IV not being curved laterally. Females differ from those of  N. halophilus by their spermathecal receptacula being even in width throughout their length (Fig. 40). </p>
            <p>Description: Male (holotype). Total length 15.7 (note: only chelicera and carapace – abdomen missing). Carapace: length 11.3, width 8.6. Eye tubercle: length 1.2, width 1.6; anterior row procurved, posterior row slightly recurved, clypeus very narrow, nearly absent. Chelicerae with 14 teeth of similar size on promargin. Labium as long as wide with ca.30 cuspules (Smith 1990 – specimen now with labium and part of sternum damaged). Maxillae with ca.100 cuspules. Sternum oval. Fovea transverse. Palp: femur 5.3/ patella 3.5/ tibia 4.4/ cymbium 1.9/ total 15.1. Legs I: femur 8.5/ patella 5.5/ tibia 7.2/ metatarsus 5.9/ tarsus 3.6/ total 30.7. II: 7.6/ 4.7/ 5.8/ 5.7/ 3.3/ 27.1. III: 7.3/ 3.9/ 5.2/ 7.1/ 3.5/ 27.0. IV: 9.8/ 4.5/ 8.1/ 11.0/ 4.3/ 37.7. Spines. Palp: tibia (v) 0–0–1, (p) 0–1–0. Legs: I: femur (d) 0–0–p1, metatarsus (v) 0–0–ap 1. II: femur (d) 0–0–p1, tibia (v) 2–0– ap3, (p) 0–0–1, metatarsus (v) ap 1. III: femur (d) 0–r1–4, patella (p) 1, tibia (v) 1–2–ap3, (p) 1–1–1, (r) 1–0– 1, metatarsus (v) 2–3–ap3, (p) 0–1–1, (r) 0–1– 1. IV: femur (d) 0–0–r2, patella (p) 1, tibia (v) 2–2–ap4, (p) 0– 0–1, (r) 1–1–1, metatarsus (v) 2–1–2+ap3, (p)1–1–1, (r) 1–0–1. Palpal bulb with long thin embolus, slightly helicoid (Figs. 38–39). Tibial apophysis comprising two branches, strongly fused basally (Fig. 37). Prolateral branch short, wide with adjacent spine. Retrolateral branch slightly longer than prolateral, bearing apical row of short spines. Metatarsus I straight, bends externally to apophysis. Metatarsal scopulae extent (ventral surfaces only): I along entire length; II on distal three-quarters; III on slightly more than distal half; IV on slightly less than distal half. Tarsal scopulae (ventral surfaces only): I–II undivided; III–IV divided by longitudinal band of thick setae.</p>
            <p>Female (paratype BMNH 10.5.1.5–6). Total length 23.0. Carapace length 8.2, width 6.6. Eye tubercle length 1.1, width 1.3; anterior row strongly procurved, posterior row recurved, clypeus very narrow. Labium: length 0.9, width 1.4. Sternum: length 3.3, width 3.2. Chelicerae with 14 teeth of similar size on promargin. Labium as long as wide with 31 cuspules. Maxillae with ca.100 cuspules. Sternum rounded. Fovea transverse. Palp: femur 3.8/ patella 2.5/ tibia 3.2/ tarsus 2.2/ total 11.7. Legs I: femur 5.9/ patella 3.9/ tibia 4.5/ metatarsus 3.6/ tarsus 2.3/ total 20.2. II: 5.0/ 3.4/ 3.7/ 3.3/ 2.1/ 17.5. III: 4.8/ 2.8/ 3.2/ 4.3/ 2.3/ 17.4. IV: 6.8/ 3.4/ 5.7/ 7.1/ 3.0/ 26.0. Spines. Palp: tibia (v) 0–0–ap1. Legs: I: metatarsus 0–0–ap 1. II: metatarsus (v) 0–0–ap 1. III: femur (d) 0–0–r1, patella (p) 1, tibia (v) 0–1–ap2, (p) 1–2–ap1, (r) 1–1–0, metatarsus (v) 2–2–ap3, (p) 0–1–1, (r) 0– 1– 1. IV: femur (d) 0–0–r1, tibia (v) 1–1–ap3, (p) 1–1–0, (r) 1–0–1, metatarsus (v) 3–2–ap3, (p) 1–1–1, (r) 0– 1–1. Spermathecae comprising two receptacula, each slightly longer than wide, distal portion swollen and more sclerotised (Fig. 40). Metatarsal scopulae extent (ventral surfaces only): I–II along entire length; III on slightly more than distal half; IV on slightly less than distal half. Tarsal scopulae (ventral surfaces only): I undivided; II–IV divided by longitudinal band of thick setae.</p>
            <p>Distribution: Known from the islands of Silhouette, Mahé, Félicité, Praslin and The Sisters, Seychelles.</p>
            <p>Ecology: Spiders inhabit endemic forests, presumably fossorial. Males are mature in September.</p>
            <p> Remarks: Males of  N. gardineri have the branches of their tibial apophysis strongly fused basally and the prolateral branch is as long as wide. For these reasons  Chaetopelma gardineri is transferred to  Nesiergus . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E88792FFEAF23DFF3CFEB81120FA8C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Guadanucci, José Paulo L.;Gallon, Richard C.	Guadanucci, José Paulo L., Gallon, Richard C. (2008): A revision of the spider genera Chaetopelma Ausserer 1871 and Nesiergus Simon 1903 (Araneae, Theraphosidae, Ischnocolinae). Zootaxa 1753: 34-48, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.181769
