identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03EE8795FFDBFFA3FEE07661FC71429A.text	03EE8795FFDBFFA3FEE07661FC71429A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Monacha (Paratheba) claussi Hausdorf 2000	<div><p>Monacha (Paratheba) claussi, sp. n.</p> <p>(®gures 1, 10, 17)</p> <p>Shell (®gure 1). Strongly depressed conical±globular; with 5ì±5× convex whorls; teleoconch with wrinkled growth-ridges and Ô distinct incised spiral striae; whitish; body whorl rounded; aperture almost circular; upper insertion of the peristome slightly descending; peristome sharp, hardly expanded, with a whitish internal rib; umbilicus moderately wide, hardly obscured by the reēcted columellar edge.</p> <p>Measurements. Gorge between Monastyrka and Kepsh (n 5 30): D: 16.4± 20.9 mm, x Å 5 18.6 mm; H: 8.7±11.7 mm, x Å 5 10.4 mm; D/H: 1.60±1.96, x Å 5 1.79.</p> <p>Genitalia (®gure 10). The penial papilla is very long. The long and slender basal section of the appendicula is delimited from the short, hardly expanded apical section by an indistinct narrowing. The two slightly rami®ed glandulae mucosae insert at the proximal end of a distinct muscular swelling of the vagina. The bursa of the bursa copulatrix is oval or Ô rounded triangular. In two specimens examined the right ommatophoral retractor crosses with the penis, in one it crosses only with the penial retractor. The measurements of some sections of the genitalia are compiled in table 1 and the variation of the proportions of some sections of the genitalia is compiled in table 2.</p> <p>Remarks. M. claussi diOEers from all other Caucasian Monacha species in the large, strongly depressed shell with a comparatively wide umbilicus.</p> <p>The shell of M. claussi resembles M. (Metatheba) subcarthusiana (Lindholm) which lives in less steep regions of the gorge between Monastyrka and Kepsh. However, the shell of M. claussi is larger, more depressed and has a slightly wider umbilicus than the shell of M. subcarthusiana.</p> <p>M. (Paratheba) claussi and M. (Metatheba) subcarthusiana are the only Monacha species in which the right ommatophoral retractor crosses with the penis in some specimens. The course of the right ommatophora l retractor has changed often within the Stylommatophora. Nevertheless, there are only a few species which are polymorphic with regard to this character (e.g., Krynickillus urbanskii (Wiktor), see Wiktor 1971). The crossing with the penis is the plesiomorphic character state. There are three possible interpretations of the ®nding that two Monacha species of diOEerent subgenera are polymorphic with regard to the course of the right ommatophoral retractor: (1) the ancestor of Monacha was polymorphic with regard to this character and the free course of the retractor became ®xed independently several times; (2) the crossing in some specimens of M. claussi and of M. subcarthusiana is an atavism; (3) M. claussi and M. subcarthusiana are the most basal Monacha species and the course of the retractor became ®xed only once in the ancestor of all other Monacha species. If (3) were true, Paratheba, of which no autapomorphies are known, would be paraphyletic and Metatheba, which is characterized by the loss of the appendicula, would be polyphyletic. Actually, it has been shown that the appendicula has been reduced several times convergently in Monacha (Hausdorf, in press).</p> <p>Etymology. This species is named in honour of Prof. Dr Eberhard Clauss,</p> <p>Quedlinburg, who discovered it and recognized it as an unknown species. Type locality. Russia: gorge between Monastyrka and Kepsh, EJ82. Distribution and material (®gure 17). M. claussi is known only from the</p> <p>Mzymta valley. Russia. Gorge between Monastyrka and Kepsh, EJ82 (det. anat.; holotype ZMH</p> <p>2765, leg. E. Clauss 28 May 1984, measurements: D 5 19.1 mm, H5 10.4 mm; CLA;</p> <p>ZMH 2766); Gora Aishkha, subalpine zone, FJ23 (det. anat.; ZMUM 19099).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EE8795FFDBFFA3FEE07661FC71429A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Hausdorf, Bernhard	Hausdorf, Bernhard (2000): genus Monacha in the Western Caucasus Gastropoda: Hygromiidae). Journal of Natural History 34: 1575-1594, DOI: 10.1080/00222930050117495
03EE8795FFD0FFAEFED671DCFE6445B7.text	03EE8795FFD0FFAEFED671DCFE6445B7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Monacha (Paratheba) kuznetsovi Hausdorf 2000	<div><p>Monacha (Paratheba) kuznetsovi, sp. n.</p> <p>(®gures 2, 11, 17)</p> <p>Helix frequens, Mousson 1863: 318 [partim, non Mousson, 1859].</p> <p>Helix frequens, Rosen 1911: 101 [partim, non Mousson, 1859].</p> <p>Shell (®gure 2). Depressed conical±globular; with 5 ½ ±5× convex whorls; teleoconch with wrinkled growth-ridges and Ô indistinct incised spiral striae; light corneous; body whorl rounded; aperture almost circular; upper insertion of the peristome slightly descending; peristome sharp, not expanded, with a whitish internal rib; umbilicus narrow, partly obscured by the reēcted columellar edge.</p> <p>Measurements. SW slope of the Markotkh Gora (n 5 7): D: 12.1±13.7 mm, x Å 5 12.8 mm; H: 8.4 ±9.8 mm, x Å 5 9.1 mm; D/H: 1.37±1.49, x Å 5 1.41.</p> <p>Genitalia (®gure 11). The short penial papilla is Ô conical. The long and slender basal section of the appendicula is delimited from the short, hardly expanded apical section by a distinct narrowing. The two glandulae mucosae are slightly rami®ed. The bursa of the bursa copulatrix is Ô rounded triangular. The right ommatophoral retractor crosses with the penial retractor. The measurements of some sections of the genitalia are compiled in table 1 and the variation of the proportions of some sections of the genitalia is compiled in table 2.</p> <p>Remarks. M. kuznetsovi diOEers from M. roseni (Hesse) in the lower epiphallus: penis, ¯agellum and appendicula ratios (see table 2). The two species can hardly be distinguished by shell characters. The shell of M. kuznetsovi is light corneous, whereas the shell of M. roseni is usually whitish, and the umbilicus of M. kuznetsovi is on average slightly narrower than that of M. roseni.</p> <p>Monacha (Monacha) species (in mm). Abbreviations: ap 5 appendicula; ep5</p> <p>epiphallus; ¯ 5 ¯agellum; p 5 penis; v 5 vagina up to the base of the appendicula;</p> <p>ap</p> <p>v 5 vagina up to the glandulae mucosae; v 5 total length of the vagina.</p> <p>gm t</p> <p>(Paratheba) and Monacha (Monacha) species. Abbreviations: ap5 appendicula; ep5</p> <p>epiphallus; ¯ 5 ¯agellum; p 5 penis; v 5 vagina up to the base of the appendicula;</p> <p>ap</p> <p>v 5 vagina up to the glandulae mucosae; v 5 total length of the vagina.</p> <p>gm t</p> <p>M. kuznetsovi is di cult to distinguish from the sympatric M. (Metatheba) subcarthusiana. In M. subcarthusiana the shell is usually whitish, whereas it is light corneous in M. kuznetsovi and the umbilicus of M. subcarthusiana is usually wider than that of M. kuznetsovi. However, these diOEerences are probably insu cient for reliable determinations.</p> <p>Etymology. This species is named in honour of Dr Andrey G. Kuznetsov, Moscow, who discovered it.</p> <p>Type locality. Russia: SW slope of the Markotkh Gora NE of Gelendzhik, DK23.</p> <p>Distribution and material (®gure 17). M. kuznetsovi is known only from the type locality, but is probably more widespread in the westernmost foot-hills of the Caucasus.</p> <p>Russia. SW slope of the Markotkh Gora NE of Gelendzhik, DK23 (det. anat.; holotype ZMH 2767, leg. A. G. Kuznetsov 17 October 1992, measurements: D 5 12.6 mm, H5 9.2 mm; ZMH 2768).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EE8795FFD0FFAEFED671DCFE6445B7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Hausdorf, Bernhard	Hausdorf, Bernhard (2000): genus Monacha in the Western Caucasus Gastropoda: Hygromiidae). Journal of Natural History 34: 1575-1594, DOI: 10.1080/00222930050117495
03EE8795FFD2FFA8FEC873C4FD9A44D0.text	03EE8795FFD2FFA8FEC873C4FD9A44D0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Monacha (Paratheba) roseni (Hesse 1914)	<div><p>Monacha (Paratheba) roseni (Hesse, 1914)</p> <p>(®gures 3, 12, 17)</p> <p>Helix (Carthusiana) carascaloides, O. Boettger 1884: 149 [partim, non Bourguignat, 1855].</p> <p>Helix carascaloides, Westerlund 1889: 76 [partim, non Bourguignat, 1855].</p> <p>Helix carthusiana ± carascaloides [sic], Rosen 1911: 101 [partim, non Bourguignat, 1855].</p> <p>Helix carthusiana ± carascaloides [sic] f. elevata Rosen, 1911: 102. Locus typicus:`in der NaÈhe der Eisenbahnstation Ssuworowskaja’, Russia.</p> <p>Theba orientalis roseni, Hesse 1914: 263 [partim]. Locus typicus (restrictus nov.):`Suvorovka’, Russia.</p> <p>Helix (Theba) orientalis var. roseni, Retowski 1914: 285 [partim].</p> <p>Theba (Paratheba) elevata Hesse, 1931: 41, pl. 6 ®g. 52. Locus typicus:`Suworowka’, Russia.</p> <p>Monacha (Paratheba) caucasicola, Schileyko 1978: 283, text-®g. 370±371, pl. 16, ®g. 155 [non Lindholm, 1913].</p> <p>Monacha tschegemica Schileyko, 1988: 1311, ®g. 5. Locus typicus:`ushchel’ye r. Chegem, naprotiv s. Khushtosyrt’, Russia.</p> <p>Shell (®gure 3). Depressed conical±globular; with 4× ±6 convex whorls; teleoconch with wrinkled growth-ridges and Ô distinct incised spiral striae; whitish or light corneous; body whorl rounded; aperture elliptical or almost circular; upper insertion of the peristome usually slightly descending; peristome sharp, hardly expanded, with a whitish internal rib; umbilicus narrow, slightly obscured by the reēcted columellar edge.</p> <p>Measurements. Middle Bzyb’ valley, above branch towards Gega valley (n 5 30): D: 13.5±17.7 mm, x Å 5 15.8 mm; H: 9.0± 11.5 mm, x Å 5 10.2 mm; D/H: 1.39±1.68, x Å 5 1.55. Summit of the Gora Mamdzyshkha near Gagra, 1974 m alt. (n 5 30): D: 9.8±14.1 mm, x Å 5 12.0 mm; H: 6.6±8.9 mm, x Å 5 8.0 mm; D/H: 1.42±1.62, x Å 5 1.50.</p> <p>Genitalia (®gure 12). The penial papilla is Ô conical or almost cylindrical. The basal section of the appendicula narrows gradually towards the top. The shorter apical section is slightly expanded. The two glandulae mucosae are slightly rami®ed. The bursa of the bursa copulatrix is oval or Ô rounded triangular. The right ommatophoral retractor crosses with the penial retractor. The measurements of some sections of the genitalia are compiled in table 1 and the variation of the proportions of some sections of the genitalia is compiled in table 2.</p> <p>Remarks. The umbilicus of M. roseni is wider than the umbilicus of M. (Metatheba) perfrequens (Hesse), which sometimes occurs sympatrically. The umbilicus of M. roseni is slightly narrower than the umbilicus of M. (Metatheba) subcarthusiana, but it is di cult to distinguish the two species conchologically. Monacha roseni cannot be distinguished from M. (Metatheba) ciscaucasica, sp. n. solely by shell characters. Further remarks see under M. kuznetsovi, sp. n.</p> <p>Theba orientalis roseni Hesse, 1914 includes at least three species: the specimens from Suvorovskay a (SMF 6606), Yessentuki and Akhali Af ’oni (SMF 69951) belong to M. roseni, the specimen from Sochi (var. sotschensis) belongs to M. (Metatheba) subcarthusiana and the specimens from Pyatigorsk (SMF 6605; ZMZ 505714) belong to M. (Metatheba) ciscaucasica, sp. n. The identity of the specimens from Khadyzhenskaya (SMF 69948) and from the Oshten-Fisht mountains (SMF 6607) is unclear. They may belong to M. roseni. The identity of the specimens from Gagra which have not been found in the Hesse collection in Philadelphia (G. Rosenberg, pers. comm.) is also unclear. Hesse (1931: pl. 7 ®g. 56a) ®gured the genitalia of a specimen from Gagra. It belongs to Metatheba, but it does not perfectly ®t any of the Caucasian Metatheba species. The short epiphallus in relation to the penis might indicate that it belongs to M. perfrequens. However, the very short vagina indicates that it might be a M. subcarthusiana. It is very unlikely that Hesse (1914) included specimens of M. perfrequens in M. roseni, because he listed the wider umbilicus as a diagnostic character of M. roseni. Moreover, he stated that the specimens from Gagra belong to a depressed form. These facts indicate that the specimens from Gagra were M. subcarthusiana. However, M. subcarthusiana has not subsequently been found in the surroundings of Gagra.</p> <p>A syntype from Suvorovskaya (SMF 6606a) is designated as lectotype of Theba orientalis roseni Hesse, 1914. Thus, the name M. roseni is restricted to the species to which most of the syntypes belong. The name Helix carthusiana ± carascaloides [sic] f. elevata Rosen, 1911 is infrasubspeci®c (Art. 45f (iii) ICZN), but was made available by Hesse (1931).</p> <p>Distribution and material (®gure 17). Monacha roseni is widespread in the Western Caucasus. It crosses the main ridge of the Caucasus and is known from Northwestern Georgia to the Lagonakskiy Khrebet, Suvorovskaya and the Chegem valley in Ciscaucasia. It lives from sea level to about 2000 m altitude.</p> <p>Russia. Lagonakskiy Khrebet, EJ78 (det. anat.; ZIRAN); Mount Dzhemagat near Teberda, GJ 21 (det. anat.; CLA); Teberda, GJ21 (ZMUM 8458); valley near the Narsan springs near Teberda (CLA); Krasnogorskaya, GJ36 (ZIRAN); Chernyye Gory (5 Pastbishchnyy Khrebet), 1200 m alt., KP87 (det. anat.; CLA; ZIRAN); Krasnovostochnyy, KP87 (CLA); El ¾ brus, LN09 (Schileyko 1978); Baksan valley, slope above Itkol, LN 09 (CLA); Kislovodsk, LP16 (CLA; SMF 630, 71461; ZIRAN); Alikanovka valley near Kislovodsk, LP16 (CLA); Berezovaya valley near Kislovodsk, LP16 (CLA); Borgustan Khrebet near Kislovodsk, LP17 (det. anat.; CLA); Suvorovskaya, LP19 (lectotype of roseni (design. nov.): SMF 6606 a, measurements: D 5 14.3 mm, H5 11.0 mm; paralectotype: SMF 6606 b; SMF 98981); Yessentuki, LP27 (det. anat.; ZIRAN; ZMUM 8423); gorge Shashbavat below Tyrnyauz, LP30 (det. anat.; CLA); gorge Chegemskoye Ushchel’ye opposite to Khushto-Syrt, LP51 (Schileyko 1978).</p> <p>Georgia. Rocks at the shore NW of Gagra, EH99 (det. anat.; CLA); 5.3 km NW of Gagra, EH99 (ZIRAN); Gantiadi, EJ80 (det. anat.; ZMUM 19101); Mountain Ferma near Khashupsa, EJ90 (CLA); Pitsunda, FH18 (det. anat.; CLA); Bzyb’ valley, Bzyb’ 2 km towards Goluboye Ozero, FH18 (det. anat.; CLA); summit of the Gora Mamdzyshkha near Gagra, 1974 m alt., FH19 (det. anat.; CLA); Zolotoy Bereg near Gudauta, FH27 (det. anat.; CLA); Akhali Af ’oni (5 Novyy Afon 5 Psirsk), FH47 (paralectotypes of roseni: SMF 69951 (also specimens to O. Boettger 1884); SMF 71457 partim; SMF 100045; ZIRAN); Akhali Af ’oni, Monastir (SMF 69944, 100047; ZIRAN); Akhali Af ’oni, Iberian mountain (ZIRAN); Gumista valley near Sukhumi, FH66 (CLA); between Shroma and Akhalsheni, FH67 (det. anat.; CLA); N of Vyshka, S of Gora Arabika, FJ10 (det. anat.; CLA); Bzyb’ valley, Goluboye Ozero, FJ 10 (det. anat.; CLA); middle Bzyb’ valley (above branch towards Gega valley), FJ20 (det. anat.; CLA).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EE8795FFD2FFA8FEC873C4FD9A44D0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Hausdorf, Bernhard	Hausdorf, Bernhard (2000): genus Monacha in the Western Caucasus Gastropoda: Hygromiidae). Journal of Natural History 34: 1575-1594, DOI: 10.1080/00222930050117495
03EE8795FFD4FFA9FE837329FB954055.text	03EE8795FFD4FFA9FE837329FB954055.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Monacha (Monacha) cartusiana (O. F. MuEller 1774)	<div><p>Monacha (Monacha) cartusiana (O. F. MuÈller, 1774)</p> <p>(®gures 4, 13, 18)</p> <p>Helix cartusiana O. F. MuÈller, 1774: 15. Locus typicus:`Gallia’, France.</p> <p>Theba (Theba) carthusiana [sic], Likharev and Rammelmeier 1952: 432 [partim].</p> <p>Monacha (Monacha) carthusiana [sic], Schileyko 1978: 286 [partim].</p> <p>Shell (®gure 4). Depressed conical±globular; with 4×±5 ½ convex whorls; teleoconch with ®ne growth-ridges; upper whorls with indistinct hair-scars; lower whorls with irregular impressions; whitish or light-brownish corneous; body whorl with a slight blunt edge at the beginning, which disappears towards the aperture, or rounded; aperture elliptical; upper insertion of the peristome usually slightly descending; peristome sharp, hardly expanded, basally almost straight, often brownish, with a strong whitish internal rib; umbilicus very narrow at the beginning, but distinctly enlarged by the last whorl, slightly obscured by the reēcted columellar edge.</p> <p>Measurements. Rimini (Italy) (n 5 30): D: 8.1±15.1 mm, x Å 5 12.1 mm; H: 4.7±8.6 mm, x Å 5 7.0 mm; D/H: 1.57±1.89, x Å 5 1.74.</p> <p>Genitalia (®gure 13). The penial papilla is cylindrical. The shorter, broader basal section of the appendicula is rather well delimited against the long, narrow apical section. There is a distinct bulge at the vagina. The two glandulae mucosae are slightly rami®ed. The bursa of the bursa copulatrix is Ô rounded triangular. The right ommatophoral retractor passes to the left of the genitalia. The measurements of some sections of the genitalia are compiled in table 1 and the variation of the proportions of some sections of the genitalia is compiled in table 2.</p> <p>Remarks. Monacha cartusiana diOEers from the other Caucasian Monacha species especially in the very narrow umbilicus which is distinctly enlarged by the last whorl.</p> <p>Monacha cartusiana is most closely related to M. claustralis (Menke, 1828), from which it cannot be distinguished by shell characters. It diOEers from M. claustralis in the presence of a lateral bulge at the vagina, in the higher epiphallus: penis ratio (1.9±3.5 in M. cartusiana; 1.0± 2.3 in M. claustralis) and in the shorter vagina (epiphallus: vagina5 1.5±2.6 in M. cartusiana, epiphallus: vagina5 0.6±1.8 in M. claustralis).</p> <p>Distribution and material (®gure 18). Monacha cartusiana is widespread in Southern and Central Europe from the Iberian Peninsula, France and England in the west and the Netherlands in the north to the Balkan Peninsula and the western Caucasus region in the east. Its south-eastern distributional limit is insu ciently known because of confusion with M. claustralis. Monacha cartusiana especially occurs synanthropically. In the Caucasus region it has probably been introduced by man.</p> <p>Because M. claustralis has not been recorded from the Caucasus region thus far and because all anatomically examined cartusiana -like specimens proved to be M. cartusiana, all shell samples are listed here. However, it cannot be ruled out that M. claustralis has also been introduced into the Caucasus region and that some of the samples that are not anatomically determined actually belong to that species.</p> <p>Russia. Abrau-Dyurso, CK85 (det. anat.; ZIRAN); Gora Koldun (5 Gora Maskhak) near Novorossiyka, CK94 (ZMUM 13191); Novorossiyka, DK05 (det. anat; ZIRAN, specimens to Likharev and Rammelmeier 1952; ZMUM 19114); Gelendzhik, DK23 (ZMUM 13195, 13219); Tuapse, EJ 08 (det. anat.; ZIRAN); Lazarevskoye, EJ 26 (det. anat.; ZIRAN).</p> <p>Georgia. Akhali Af ’oni (5 Novyy Afon 5 Psirsk), FH 47 (SMF 71457 partim).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EE8795FFD4FFA9FE837329FB954055	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Hausdorf, Bernhard	Hausdorf, Bernhard (2000): genus Monacha in the Western Caucasus Gastropoda: Hygromiidae). Journal of Natural History 34: 1575-1594, DOI: 10.1080/00222930050117495
03EE8795FFD5FFB4FEC276BCFF6244EB.text	03EE8795FFD5FFB4FEC276BCFF6244EB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Monacha (Metatheba) ciscaucasica Hausdorf 2000	<div><p>Monacha (Metatheba) ciscaucasica, sp. n.</p> <p>(®gures 5, 14, 19)</p> <p>Helix carthusiana [sic], Kaleniczenko 1853: 83 [partim, non O. F. MuÈller, 1774].</p> <p>Helix frequens, Mousson 1863: 318 [partim, non Mousson, 1859].</p> <p>Helix frequens, Rosen 1911: 101 [partim, non Mousson, 1859].</p> <p>Theba orientalis roseni Hesse, 1914: 263 [partim, non Hesse, 1914].</p> <p>Shell (®gure 5). Depressed conical±globular; with 4×±5× convex whorls; teleoconch with wrinkled growth-ridges and Ô distinct incised spiral striae; whitish or light corneous, then a whitish peripheral band might be discerned; body whorl rounded; aperture elliptical or almost circular; upper insertion of the peristome usually slightly descending; peristome sharp, not expanded, with a whitish internal rib; umbilicus narrow, slightly obscured by the reēcted columellar edge.</p> <p>Measurements. Pyatigorsk, Mashuk Gora (n 5 20): D: 8.3±13.9 mm, x Å 5 11.4 mm; H: 5.7±9.4 mm, x Å 5 7.6 mm; D/H: 1.43±1.58, x Å 5 1.50.</p> <p>Genitalia (®gure 14). The penial papilla is Ô conical or almost cylindrical. The two glandulae mucosae are simple or little rami®ed. The bursa of the bursa copulatrix is Ô oval. The right ommatophoral retractor crosses with the penial retractor. The measurements of some sections of the genitalia are compiled in table 3 and the variation of the proportions of some sections of the genitalia is compiled in table 4.</p> <p>Remarks. Monacha ciscaucasica cannot be distinguished from M. (Paratheba) roseni by shell characters. The umbilicus of M. ciscaucasica is narrower than the umbilicus of M. subcarthusiana, but wider than the umbilicus of M. perfrequens.</p> <p>The genitalia of M. ciscaucasica diOEer from the other Caucasian Metatheba species, e.g., in the length of the penial papilla which is in relation to the epiphallus longer than in M. subcarthusiana, but shorter than in M. perfrequens.</p> <p>Etymology. Because of the occurrence in Ciscaucasia.</p> <p>Type locality. Russia: Pyatigorsk, Mashuk Gora, LP47.</p> <p>Distribution and material (®gure 19). So far M. ciscaucasica is only known from the surroundings of Pyatigorsk in the Northern Caucasus. Only the specimens from the Mashuk Gora are paratypes.</p> <p>Russia. Pyatigorsk, Mashuk Gora, LP47 (det. anat.; holotype ZMH 2771, leg. E. Clauss, measurements: D 5 12.9 mm, H 5 8.8 mm; CLA; SMF 278702; ZMH 2770); Pyatigorsk, LP47 (paralectotype s of roseni: SMF 6605; ZMZ 505714 (partim?) specimens to Mousson 1863; SMF 69919, 69927, 98770; ZIRAN; ZMUM 4519, 8424).</p> <p>(Metatheba) species. Abbreviations: ep5 epiphallus; ¯ 5 ¯agellum; p 5 penis; pp5</p> <p>penial papilla; v 5 vagina up to the glandulae mucosae; v 5 total length of the</p> <p>gm t</p> <p>vagina.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EE8795FFD5FFB4FEC276BCFF6244EB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Hausdorf, Bernhard	Hausdorf, Bernhard (2000): genus Monacha in the Western Caucasus Gastropoda: Hygromiidae). Journal of Natural History 34: 1575-1594, DOI: 10.1080/00222930050117495
03EE8795FFC8FFB5FEAB7067FCA7429A.text	03EE8795FFC8FFB5FEAB7067FCA7429A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Monacha (Metatheba) perfrequens (Hesse 1914)	<div><p>Monacha (Metatheba) perfrequens (Hesse, 1914)</p> <p>(®gures 6, 15, 18)</p> <p>Helix frequens, Mousson 1863: 318 [partim, non Mousson, 1859].</p> <p>Helix frequens var. obscura Mousson, 1863: 318 [non O. F. MuÈller, 1774]. Locus typicus:`ReÂduktaleh’, Georgia.</p> <p>Helix (Carthusiana) frequens, O. Boettger 1881: 206 [non Mousson, 1859].</p> <p>Helix (Carthusiana) frequens f. minor O. Boettger, 1881: 206 [non C. B. Adams, 1851]. Locus typicus:`Gordi’, Georgia.</p> <p>Helix (Carthusiana) frequens, O. Boettger 1883: 158 [non Mousson, 1859].</p> <p>Helix (Carthusiana) frequens f. minor, O. Boettger 1884: 149.</p> <p>Helix perfrequens O. Boettger, 1891: 83 [nomen nudum]. Locus typicus:`Kutais’, Georgia.</p> <p>Helix frequens, Klika 1893: 5 [non Mousson, 1859].</p> <p>Theba samsunensis, Hesse 1914: 257, ®g. 7±9 [partim, non L. PfeiOEer, 1868].</p> <p>Theba samsunensis perfrequens Hesse, 1914: 259 [partim]. Locus typicus (restrictus, Hausdorf, in press):`Kutais’, Georgia.</p> <p>Theba samsunensis obscura, Hesse 1914: 259.</p> <p>Helix (Theba) samsunensis var. perfrequens, Retowski 1914: 285.</p> <p>Metatheba samsunensis, Hesse 1931: 43, pl. 6, ®g. 55 [non L. PfeiOEer, 1868].</p> <p>Theba (Metatheba) samsunensis, Likharev and Rammelmeier 1952: 433, ®g. 358 [partim, non L. PfeiOEer, 1868].</p> <p>Theba (Metatheba) samsunensis var. perfrequens, Likharev and Rammelmeier 1952: 434.</p> <p>Metatheba (Metatheba) samsunensis, Hudec and Lezhawa 1969: 125, text-®g. 22, pl. 10, ®g. 25 [non L. PfeiOEer, 1868].</p> <p>Monacha (Metatheba) samsunensis, Schileyko 1978: 288, text-®g. 377±378, pl. 16, ®g. 159 [partim, non L. PfeiOEer, 1868].</p> <p>Monacha samsunensis, Clauss 1990: 64 [non L. PfeiOEer, 1868].</p> <p>Shell (®gure 6). Depressed conical±globular; with 4×±5× convex whorls; teleoconch with wrinkled growth-ridges; upper whorls often, sometimes also lower whorls, with hair-scars (or very short hairs); especially lower whorls with Ô distinct incised spiral striae; whitish or light corneous, then a whitish peripheral band might be discerned; body whorl rounded or with a slight blunt edge at the beginning, which disappears towards the aperture; aperture elliptical; upper insertion of the peristome slightly descending; peristome sharp, hardly expanded, with a whitish internal rib; umbilicus very narrow, partly or almost completely obscured by the reēcted columellar edge.</p> <p>Measurements. Golovinka (n 5 20): D: 8.5±11.6 mm, x Å 5 9.6 mm; H: 5.8 ± 7.6 mm, x Å 5 6.4 mm; D/H: 1.42±1.55, x Å 5 1.49. Cap Pitsunda (n 5 30): D: 9.8±15.0 mm, x Å 5 12.8 mm; H: 6.6±10.1 mm, x Å 5 8.8 mm; D/H: 1.34±1.57, x Å 5 1.46.</p> <p>Genitalia (®gure 15). The penial papilla is cylindrical or club-shaped. The two glandulae mucosae are little rami®ed. The bursa of the bursa copulatrix is oval or Ô rounded triangular. The right ommatophoral retractor passes to the left of the genitalia. The measurements of some sections of the genitalia are compiled in table 3 and the variation of the proportions of some sections of the genitalia is compiled in table 4.</p> <p>Remarks. Monacha perfrequens diOEers from all other Caucasian Monacha species in the very narrow, partly or almost completely obscured umbilicus.</p> <p>M. perfrequens diOEers from M. samsunensis in the lower epiphallus: penial papilla ratio and the on average longer vagina. It cannot be reliably distinguished from M. samsunensis by shell characters, however the umbilicus of M. samsunensis is usually wider.</p> <p>The proportions of the genitalia of M. perfrequens are very similar to those of a new Central Anatolian Metatheba species. It diOEers from that species in the course of the right ommatophoral retractor which crosses with the penial retractor in the Central Anatolian species and in the narrower umbilicus.</p> <p>Distribution and material (®gure 18). Monacha perfrequens is widespread in the Western Caucasus. It is known from Golovinka in the north to Batumi and Kutaisi in the south and east.</p> <p>Russia. Golovinka, EJ 34 (det. anat.; CLA); Sochi, EJ 52 (det. anat.; SMF 278694; ZIRAN).</p> <p>Georgia. Zhove Kvara valley near Gagra, EH99 (det. anat.; IZPAN); rocks at the shore W of Gagra, EH99 (CLA); bank of the Malaya Khosta, EJ 72 (ZMUM 8421, 19104); Kheivani (5 Yermolovka), EJ 80 (ZMUM 8451); Mys Pitsunda, FH 07 (det. anat.; CLA); Bzyb’ valley, Bzyb’, FH 08 (CLA); Gagra, FH 09 (det. anat.; CLA; IZPAN; SMF 208905; ZIRAN); Gagryps valley near Gagra, FH 09 (det. anat.; CLA); Pitsunda, FH 18 (det. anat.; CLA; IZPAN; ZMH 2772); Khip’st’a (5 Belaya) valley W of Gudauta, FH 27 (CLA); Akhali Af ’oni (5 Novyy Afon), FH 47 (paralectotype s of perfrequens: ZIRAN; ZMH 2773); Akhali Af ’ oni, Monastir (paralectotypes of perfrequens: SMF 69914 (also specimens to O. Boettger 1883); SMF 100051); Akhali Af ’oni, Iberian mountain (ZIRAN); Gumista valley near Sukhumi, FH 66 (CLA); Sukhumi, FH 66 (SMF 69906, 69923, specimens to O. Boettger 1884); Kelasuri valley NE of Sukhumi, FH 76 (CLA); headwaters of the Macara NE of Sukhumi, FH 76 (CLA); Bzyb’ valley, Goluboye Ozero, FJ10 (CLA); middle Bzyb’ valley (above branch towards Gega valley), FJ20 (CLA); Qulevi (5 Redut-Kale), GG18 (lectotype of obscura (design. nov.): ZMZ 545882a, measurements: D5 11.8 mm, H5 8.9 mm; paralectotypes: ZMZ 505716, 545882b); Batumi, mountain with vantage point, GG21 (det. anat.; CLA, specimens to Clauss 1990); Ch’ak’vi, tea-plantation, GG22 (det. anat.; CLA, specimens to Clauss 1990); Ts’ikhisdziri, ruins, GG22 (CLA, specimens to Clauss 1990); P’ot’i (Kulumbar), GG27 (ZMUM 8449); Kobuleti, GG33 (Hudec and Lezhawa 1969); Och’amch’ ire, GH03 (Hudec and Lezhawa 1969); Senaki (5 Tskhakaya), KM 58 (ZMUM 8418); Nakalakevi, KM 69 (ZIRAN); Gordi, KN90 (lectotype of minor (design. nov.): SMF 69922, measurements: D 5 7.8 mm, H5 5.4 mm); national park Sat’ap’liis Nakrdzali, LM08 (ZMUM 8427); Kutaisi, LM18 (lectotype of perfrequens (design. Hausdorf in press): SMF 6572 (also specimen to O. Boettger 1881); paralectotypes of perfrequens: SMF 6573, 6574 and 100015 (also specimens to O. Boettger 1881); SMF 69903, 287038; ZIRAN; ZMH 2774; ZMZ 505713, 545884 specimens to Mousson 1863); Gelat’i near Kutaisi, LM18 (det. anat.; CLA).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EE8795FFC8FFB5FEAB7067FCA7429A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Hausdorf, Bernhard	Hausdorf, Bernhard (2000): genus Monacha in the Western Caucasus Gastropoda: Hygromiidae). Journal of Natural History 34: 1575-1594, DOI: 10.1080/00222930050117495
03EE8795FFCAFFB7FE8672AEFEE244B0.text	03EE8795FFCAFFB7FE8672AEFEE244B0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Monacha (Metatheba) samsunensis , Clauss 1990	<div><p>Monacha (Metatheba) samsunensis (L. PfeiOEer, 1868)</p> <p>(®gures 7, 8)</p> <p>Helix samsunensis L. PfeiOEer, 1868: 480. Locus typicus:`Samsun’, Turkey.</p> <p>Helix (Carthusiana) frequens, Retowski 1889: 237 [partim, non Mousson, 1859].</p> <p>Theba orientalis Hesse, 1914: 261 [partim]. Locus typicus (restrictus, Baker 1963):`Tokat’, Turkey.</p> <p>Theba scrobiculosa Lindholm, 1922: 360. Locus typicus:`Kordsul (Gouv. Batum) auf der landwirtschaftlichen Station ``Kardsweli ’’ ’.</p> <p>Theba scrobiculosa var. perforata Lindholm, 1922: 360. Locus typicus:`Kordsul (Gouv. Batum) auf der landwirtschaftlichen Station ``Kardsweli ’’ ’.</p> <p>Theba (Metatheba) orientalis subcarthusiana var. scrobiculosa, Likharev and Rammelmeier 1952: 434.</p> <p>Monacha (Metatheba) subcarthusiana scrobiculosa, Schileyko 1978: 291.</p> <p>Shell (®gure 7, 8). Depressed conical±globular; with 5±6 convex whorls; teleoconch with wrinkled growth-ridges; upper whorls usually, rarely also lower whorls, with hair-scars (or very short hairs); especially lower whorls with Ô distinct incised spiral striae; whitish or light corneous, then a whitish peripheral band might be discerned; body whorl rounded; aperture elliptical; upper insertion of the peristome usually distinctly descending; peristome sharp, hardly expanded, with a whitish internal rib; umbilicus narrow or very narrow, partly or almost completely obscured by the reēcted columellar edge.</p> <p>Measurements. Various localities (n 5 30): D: 11.0± 19.1 mm, x Å 5 14.4 mm; H: 6.7±13.0 mm, x Å 5 9.7 mm; D/H: 1.37±1.65, x Å 5 1.49.</p> <p>Genitalia. The penial papilla is conical or cylindrical. The two little rami®ed glandulae mucosae insert near the proximal end of the vagina. The bursa of the bursa copulatrix is Ô rounded triangular or oval. The right ommatophora l retractor passes to the left of the genitalia. The variation of the proportions of some sections of the genitalia is compiled in table 4.</p> <p>Remarks. The types of T. scrobiculosa Lindholm correspond with M. samsunensis. Lindholm (1922) compared his species with`Th. samsunensis ’ from Gagra. However, the specimens from Gagra do not belong to M. samsunensis but to M. perfrequens. As Lindholm (1922) already recognized, the types of T. scrobiculosa Lindholm (the true M. samsunensis) diOEer from M. perfrequens in the wider umbilicus. The identity of T. scrobiculosa with M. samsunensis should be checked anatomically; T. scrobiculosa is certainly not closely related to M. subcarthusiana as supposed by Likharev and Rammelmeier (1952) and Schileyko (1978). It diOEers from M. subcarthusian a in the corneous shell with distinct hair-scars.</p> <p>The type locality of T. scrobiculosa in the former district of Batum could not be localized. Some parts of the former district of Batum belong to the Turkish Vilayet Artvin today. Because there are no other known localities of M. samsunensis in Georgia, it is not clear whether this species occurs in Georgia. M. samsunensis is known from the Vilayet Artvin (Hausdorf, in press).</p> <p>The specimens from the debris of the Chorokh from Batumi (SMF 69925, 69926) recorded by Retowski (1889) probably also belong to M. samsunensis.</p> <p>Distribution and material. Monacha samsunensis is distributed in northern and central Turkey from the Vilayet Bilecik in the west to the Vilayet Artvin in the east. Its occurrence in Adzhariya is questionable.</p> <p>Kordsul at the agricultural station Kardsveli (lectotype of scrobiculosa (design. Schileyko 1978): ZIRAN; lectotype of scrobiculosa var. perforata (design. nov.):</p> <p>ZIRAN, measurements: D5 11.4 mm, H5 7.4 mm; paralectotypes of scrobiculosa var. perforata: ZIRAN).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EE8795FFCAFFB7FE8672AEFEE244B0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Hausdorf, Bernhard	Hausdorf, Bernhard (2000): genus Monacha in the Western Caucasus Gastropoda: Hygromiidae). Journal of Natural History 34: 1575-1594, DOI: 10.1080/00222930050117495
03EE8795FFCBFFB0FF7472C0FCB74755.text	03EE8795FFCBFFB0FF7472C0FCB74755.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Monacha (Metatheba) subcarthusiana (Lindholm 1913)	<div><p>Monacha (Metatheba) subcarthusiana (Lindholm, 1913)</p> <p>(®gures 9, 16, 19)</p> <p>Helix (Carthusiana) carascaloides, O. Boettger 1884: 149 [partim, non Bourguignat, 1855].</p> <p>Helix carascaloides, Westerlund 1889: 76 [partim, non Bourguignat,1855].</p> <p>Helix carthusiana ± carascaloides [sic], Rosen 1911: 101 [partim, non Bourguignat, 1855].</p> <p>Helix (Theba) subcarthusiana Lindholm, 1913: 139. Locus typicus:`Westliches Transkaukasien: in der Stadt Ssotschi am Abhang des Berges mit dem Leuchtturme’, Russia.</p> <p>? Theba orientalis roseni, Hesse 1914: 263 [partim, non Hesse, 1914].</p> <p>Theba orientalis roseni var. sotschensis Hesse, 1914: 263. Locus typicus:`Soci’, Russia.</p> <p>Helix (Theba) orientalis var. subcarthusiana, Retowski 1914: 285.</p> <p>Metatheba subcarthusiana, Hesse 1931: 44, pl. 7, ®g. 57.</p> <p>? Metatheba orientalis, Hesse 1931: 44, pl. 7, ®g. 56a [partim, non Hesse, 1914].</p> <p>Theba (Metatheba) orientalis subcarthusiana, Likharev and Rammelmeier 1952: 434.</p> <p>Monacha (Boemica) subcarthusiana, Schileyko 1978: 289, text-®g. 379±381, pl. 17, ®g. 161.</p> <p>Shell (®gure 9). Depressed conical±globular; with 5±5× convex whorls; teleoconch with wrinkled growth-ridges and Ô distinct incised spiral striae; whitish; body whorl rounded or with a slight blunt edge at the beginning, which disappears towards the aperture; aperture elliptical or almost circular; upper insertion of the peristome usually slightly descending; peristome sharp, hardly expanded, with a whitish internal rib; umbilicus moderately wide or narrow, hardly obscured by the reēcted columellar edge.</p> <p>Measurements. Sochi (n 5 30): D: 11.8±16.0 mm, x Å 5 14.1 mm; H: 6.7±10.3 mm, x Å 5 8.6 mm; D/H: 1.50±1.76, x Å 5 1.65.</p> <p>Genitalia (®gure 16). The penial papilla is very short. The glandulae mucosae are missing or there are one or two simple or bi®d tubes. The bursa of the bursa copulatrix is oval or Ô rounded triangular. The right ommatophoral retractor usually crosses only with the penial retractor, but in one examined specimen it crosses with the penis (see discussion under M. (Paratheba) claussi, sp. n.). The measurements of some sections of the genitalia are compiled in table 3 and the variation of the proportions of some sections of the genitalia is compiled in table 4.</p> <p>Remarks. The umbilicus of M. subcarthusiana is usually wider than that of the other Caucasian Monacha species except M. (Paratheba) claussi, sp. n. (see there). However, specimens of M. subcarthusiana with a narrow umbilicus can hardly be distinguished conchologically from M. (Paratheba) roseni and M. (Paratheba) kuznetsovi, sp. n.</p> <p>The few specimens which were available from Ashe and from the Markotkh Gora distinctly diOEer in the proportions of the genitalia from the other populations. In two specimens from Ashe with a wide umbilicus the epiphallus: penis ratio and the epiphallus: ¯agellum ratio are extraordinarily low (1.6±1.8 respectively 0.6±0.7) (see tables 3 and 4). The specimen from Lazarevskoye ®gured by Schileyko (1978) is also characterized by extraordinarily low epiphallus: penis and epiphallus: ¯agellum ratios. The specimen from the Markotkh Gora with a narrow umbilicus resembles these specimens in the extraordinarily low epiphallus: penis ratio (1.6), but its epiphallus: ¯agellum ratio is within the usual range (1.4). On the other hand, the third specimen from Ashe, has a narrow umbilicus and an extraordinarily high epiphallus: ¯agellum ratio (1.9), whereas the epiphallus: penis ratio is within the usual range of variation (3.0). More material from the north-western part of the</p> <p>distribution area of M. subcarthusiana is necessary to investigate whether the examined specimens represent only individual deviations within the breadth of variation of M. subcarthusiana or whether they represent a complex of closely related, but distinct species.</p> <p>Distribution and material (®gure 19). Monacha subcarthusiana is spread along the coast of the Black sea between Gelendzhik in the north-west and the Psou valley in the south-east.</p> <p>Russia. SW slope of the Markotkh Gora NE of Gelendzhik, DK23 (det. anat.; ZMH 2776); Tuapse, EJ08 (det. anat.; ZIRAN); Makopse, EJ17 (det. anat.; Schileyko 1978); Ashe, EJ26 (det. anat.; ZIRAN); Psezuapse valley 4 km NE of Lazarevskoye, EJ26 (det. anat.; CLA); Lazarevskoye, EJ26 (det. anat.; ZIRAN); Golovinka, EJ34 (CLA); Soloniki, EJ35 (ZMUM 8419); Sochi, at the slope of the mountain with the lighthouse, EJ52 (lectotype of subcarthusiana (design. Schileyko 1978): ZIRAN); Sochi, EJ52 (det. anat.; CLA; SMF 286795; ZIRAN; ZMH 2775); Sergey-Pole, EJ53 (det. anat.; CLA); Dagomys, EJ53 (det. anat.; CLA); Verkhneye Uchdere, EJ53 (ZIRAN); Gora Akhun near Sochi, EJ62 (det. anat.; CLA); Agura valley near Sochi, EJ62 (det. anat.; CLA); Zmeyka valley, by-valley of the Matsesta valley, EJ62 (det. anat.; CLA); Staraya Matsesta, EJ62 (det. anat.; Hesse 1931); Verkhne Yurt, EJ63 (det. anat.; CLA); Khosta, EJ71 (det. anat.; CLA; ZIRAN; ZMUM 19103); bank of the Malaya Khosta, EJ72 (det. anat.; ZMUM 19102); Galitsino, EJ72 (det. anat.; CLA); gorge between Monastyrka and Kepsh, EJ82 (det. anat.; CLA).</p> <p>Georgia. Mikelrypsh, Psou valley, EJ 81 (det. anat.; CLA).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EE8795FFCBFFB0FF7472C0FCB74755	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Hausdorf, Bernhard	Hausdorf, Bernhard (2000): genus Monacha in the Western Caucasus Gastropoda: Hygromiidae). Journal of Natural History 34: 1575-1594, DOI: 10.1080/00222930050117495
