identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03E37C20BF06C57DB46EFA7AFDAEF9E7.text	03E37C20BF06C57DB46EFA7AFDAEF9E7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ero C. L. Koch 1836	<div><p>Genus Ero C.L. Koch, 1836</p><p>Type species</p><p>Ero tuberculata (De Geer, 1778) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E37C20BF06C57DB46EFA7AFDAEF9E7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sherwood, Danniella;Henrard, Arnaud;Peters, Martina;Price, Benjamin W.;Hall, Andie C.;White, Oliver W.;Grignet, Virginie;Wilkins, Vicky	Sherwood, Danniella, Henrard, Arnaud, Peters, Martina, Price, Benjamin W., Hall, Andie C., White, Oliver W., Grignet, Virginie, Wilkins, Vicky (2024): Two new sympatric species of the pirate spider genus Ero C. L. Koch, 1836 from the cloud forest of Saint Helena Island, South Atlantic Ocean (Araneae: Mimetidae). European Journal of Taxonomy 921: 76-97, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2024.921.2417, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2417/10681
03E37C20BF06C573B4AFF942FC94FB32.text	03E37C20BF06C573B4AFF942FC94FB32.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ero lizae Sherwood & Henrard & Peters & Price & Hall & White & Grignet & Wilkins 2024	<div><p>Ero lizae sp. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 8AF98DA2-DF2C-4C55-9823-294E4A99EFAB</p><p>Figs 1–9</p><p>Ero aphana – Unzicker 1977: 127–129 (misidentification).</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Ero lizae sp. nov. can be distinguished from all presently known congeners based on the presence of two large spike-like protuberances on the dorso-posterior opisthosoma (Figs 2, 4A–D, 6A) (dorso-posterior opisthosoma without two large spike-like protuberances in all other known congeners). Further distinguished from the male of E. aphana by palp morphology, with the ventral blade twice the length of the dorsal extensions and lower dorsal extension little more than half the length of upper dorsal extension (Figs 3, 5A–B, 6F, 7) (ventral blade less than twice the length of the dorsal extensions and lower dorsal extension more than half the length of upper dorsal extension in E. aphana). Also distinguished further from males of E. natashae sp. nov. by non-hooked retrolateral cymbial process and the wider and less developed conductor (retrolateral cymbial process hooked and conductor thinner and more developed in E. natashae). The female can be distinguished from that of E. aphana by the presence of spike-like protuberances (see above) and further by epigynal morphology, with a smaller atrium and the scape ending beyond the anterior atrium (Figs 4E–F, 5C–D, 6C–E, 7) (atrium larger and scape ending before the anterior atrium in E. aphana). Further distinguished from those of E. natashae by the wider copulatory openings and anteromedian plate slightly protruding, not medially crossed by a thin septum (copulatory openings narrower and anteromedian plate strongly protruding, medially crossed with a thin septum in E. natashae). Additionally, Ero lizae is genetically distinct from those taxa for which COI barcodes exist on BOLD by a genetic difference of 11.7% (Fig. 1).</p><p>Etymology</p><p>The specific epithet is a matronym honouring Saint Helenian conservationist Liza Fowler (Saint Helena National Trust) in recognition of her more than ten years of service to the protection of endemic invertebrates on the island. The senior author’s expedition to Saint Helena would not have been nearly as successful without her hard work, knowledge, and encouragement.</p><p>Material examined</p><p>Holotype</p><p>UNITED KINGDOM – Saint Helena, Ascencion and Tristan da Cunha • ♂; Actaeon Peak [= Mt Actaeon], Saint Helena; 16 Dec. 2005 – 9 Mar. 2006; P. Ashmole and M. Ashmole leg.; B3; 6312/C; [NHMUK AQ ZOO-2022-84]; NNHMUK 015134292.</p><p>Paratypes</p><p>UNITED KINGDOM – Saint Helena, Ascencion and Tristan da Cunha • 1 ♀; same collection data as for holotype; [NHMUK AQ ZOO-2022-84]; NNHMUK 015134292 • 1 ♀; Cuckhold’s Point, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-5.703222&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-15.970972" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -5.703222/lat -15.970972)">Saint Helena</a>; 15°58′15.5″ S, 5°42′11.6″ W; alt. 221 m; 9 Feb. 2006; P. Ashmole and M. Ashmole leg.; P. Ashmole and M. Ashmole coll.; night visit; 6298; NHMUK AQ ZOO 2022-84 • 1 imm. ♂; Deep Valley Head, Saint Helena; off Black Scale Fern; 12 Jan. 2006; H. Mendel, P. Ashmole and M. Ashmole leg.; P. Ashmole and M.Ashmole coll.; 6285/C; NHMUK AQ ZOO 2022-84 • 1 ♀; High Central Ridge, Cabbage Tree Road, Saint Helena; alt. 701–792 m; 6 Feb. 1967; J. Decelle and N. Leleup leg.; BE_RMCA_ARA. Ara.133384 • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; Mar. 1967; BE_RMCA_ARA.Ara.133283 • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; 22 Jan. 1967; BE_RMCA_ARA.Ara.133370 • 1 ♂; New Restoration, Diana′s Peak, Saint Helena; 15°58′13.2″ S 5°42′11.5″ W; Malaise trap; SHNT .</p><p>Other material</p><p>UNITED KINGDOM – Saint Helena,Ascencion and Tristan da Cunha • 1 imm.; High Central Ridge, Cabbage Tree Road, Saint Helena; alt. 701–792 m; Mar. 1967; BE_RMCA_ARA.Ara.133286 • 1 imm. Diana’s Peak, Saint Helena; 15°58′ S, 5°42′ W; 9 Feb. 1967; J. Decelle and N. Leleup leg.; Cuvette; BE_RMCA_ARA.Ara.133448 .</p><p>Description</p><p>Male holotype</p><p>MEASUREMENTS. Total length including chelicerae: 4.01. Carapace: 2.06 long, 1.56 wide. Ocular tubercle: 0.23 long, 0.78 wide. PLE distinctly projecting over outer edge of carapace, ALE distinctly projecting over front of ocular tubercle. Chelicerae with 8 peg teeth. Stridulatory ridges absent. Opisthosoma: 1.91 long, 1.78 wide.</p><p>LEGS (femur + patella + tibia + metatarsus + tarsus). I 14.49 (4.13 + 1.05 + 4.31 + 3.37 + 1.63), II 8.51 (2.56 + 0.57 + 2.00 + 2.75 + 0.63), III 5.05 (1.97 + 0.43 + 1.00 + 0.85 + 0.80), IV 6.39 (2.29 + 0.64 + 1.74 + 0.93 + 0.79). Metatarsus I with 5 strong spines.</p><p>OPISTHOSOMA. With two pairs of spike-like protuberances, anterior pair smaller than posterior pair, which are profoundly enlarged (Fig. 2A–D).</p><p>PALP (Figs 3, 5A–B, 6F, 7). Tibia distally with retrolateral circular depression, cymbium medially with blunt retrolateral process (RP), paracymbium with two dorsal extensions and one ventral blade (VB), upper dorsal extension conical, tip rounded (UE), lower dorsal extension triangular (LE), ventral blade elongate (twice the length of dorsal extensions), rounded, embolus emergent proximally, twisted distally, conductor distally rounded (Figs 3, 5A–B).</p><p>COLOUR (in alcohol; Fig. 2). Carapace brown, with brown markings on lateral and posterior edges, brown blotches forming broken line medially behind ocular tubercle, and single, broken longitudinal brown line extending entire length of carapace medially; legs annulated; opisthosoma brown with black and cream blotches in posterior half; opisthosomal spike-like protuberances black on anterior faces and cream on posterior faces.</p><p>Female paratype (specimen from same tube as holotype)</p><p>MEASUREMENTS. Total length including chelicerae: 5.68. Carapace: 2.44 long, 1.77 wide. Ocular tubercle: 0.40 long, 1.04 wide. PLE projecting over outer edge of carapace, ALE slightly projecting over front of ocular tubercle. Chelicerae with 8 peg teeth. Stridulatory ridges absent. Opisthosoma: 2.78 long, 2.63 wide.</p><p>LEGS. I 14.75 (4.47 + 1.14 + 4.10 + 4.16 + 0.88), II 11.67 (3.00 + 0.92 + 2.63 + 3.41 + 1.71), III 6.55 (2.29 + 0.37 + 1.83 + 1.48 + 0.58), IV 7.78 (2.63 + 0.82 + 2.13 + 1.37 + 0.83). Metatarsus I with 5 strong spines.</p><p>OPISTHOSOMA. With two pairs of spike-like protuberances, anterior pair smaller than posterior pair (Fig. 4A–D).</p><p>EPIGYNE AND VULVA (Figs 4E–F, 5C–D, 6C–E, 8). Epigyne with thin median septum, outer edges of septum sclerotised, longitudinally concave, anteriorly outstripping copulatory openings, copulatory openings circular, with thick and strongly sclerotized anterior margins; vulva with two globular spermathecal receptacles (SR), each dorsally with antero-medial groove (Fig. 4E–F).</p><p>COLOUR (in alcohol; Fig. 4A–D). Carapace brown, with brown markings on lateral and posterior edges, brown blotches forming broken line medially behind ocular tubercle, and single, broken longitudinal brown line extending entire length of carapace medially; legs annulated; opisthosoma brown with black and cream blotches in posterior half; opisthosomal spike-like protuberances black on anterior faces and cream on posterior faces.</p><p>COLOUR IN VIVO (Fig. 9A–C). Carapace olive yellow, with black markings on lateral and posterior edges, two black blotches forming broken line medially behind ocular tubercle, and single, broken longitudinal black line extending entire length of carapace medially; legs annulated; opisthosoma olive yellow with black and white blotches in posterior half; opisthosomal spike-like protuberances black on anterior faces and white on posterior faces.</p><p>Distribution</p><p>Known only from the Peaks National Park, Saint Helena (Fig. 9D–E).</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Ero lizae sp. nov. has been found only in the cloud forest (Fig. 9D–E) and is presently only recorded from one specific plant, the endemic Black Scale Fern ( Diplazium filamentosum). It is, however, likely to occur on other ferns, but this will require confirmation through future fieldwork. Diet, behaviour, and other aspects of its ecology are largely unknown presently and need to be studied in the future. Initial fieldwork efforts by DS have failed to find this species in non-cloud forest habitat, but future research is needed. Since we have multiple samples, we present additional plates of paratypes in RMCA, which show low intraspecific genitalic variation (Figs 5C–D, 6–8).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E37C20BF06C573B4AFF942FC94FB32	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sherwood, Danniella;Henrard, Arnaud;Peters, Martina;Price, Benjamin W.;Hall, Andie C.;White, Oliver W.;Grignet, Virginie;Wilkins, Vicky	Sherwood, Danniella, Henrard, Arnaud, Peters, Martina, Price, Benjamin W., Hall, Andie C., White, Oliver W., Grignet, Virginie, Wilkins, Vicky (2024): Two new sympatric species of the pirate spider genus Ero C. L. Koch, 1836 from the cloud forest of Saint Helena Island, South Atlantic Ocean (Araneae: Mimetidae). European Journal of Taxonomy 921: 76-97, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2024.921.2417, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2417/10681
03E37C20BF08C56CB48AFB17FC2AFAFB.text	03E37C20BF08C56CB48AFB17FC2AFAFB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ero natashae Sherwood & Henrard & Peters & Price & Hall & White & Grignet & Wilkins 2024	<div><p>Ero natashae sp. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: DC475BB8-DEBF-41C2-AC9F-9476840FB9B5</p><p>Figs 10–13</p><p>Ero aphana – Unzicker 1977: 127–129 (misidentification).</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Ero natashae sp. nov. can be distinguished from the male of E. lizae sp. nov. by smaller abdominal tubercles (Figs 10A–D) and by the shape of palpal structure, namely: 1) retrolateral cymbial process hooked, thinner and more developed conductor (retrolateral cymbial process non-hooked and conductor wider and less developed in E. lizae), and 2) lower dorsal triangular extension of paracymbium much smaller (lower dorsal triangular extension significantly larger in E. lizae). Ero natashae sp. nov. can be differentiated from E. aphana by the blunt hooked retrolateral cymbial process (retrolateral cymbial process more prominently hooked in E. aphana), and the different shape of the paracymbium and conductor (cf. Figs 10E–F, 11, 13A–B). Females can be distinguished from both species by its epigyne (Figs 12, 13C–D) with narrow copulatory openings and a strongly protruding anteromedian plate medially crossed by a thin septum (copulatory openings wider and anteromedian plate slightly protruding and not medially crossed by a thin septum in E. aphana and E. lizae). Both sexes appear to be smaller in body size and have comparatively longer legs than E. lizae, which serve as secondary taxonomic characteristics that may further separate them, also possibly indicating E. natashae inhabits darker habitats.</p><p>Etymology</p><p>The specific epithet is a matronym honouring the Saint Helenian conservationist Natasha Stevens (Saint Helena National Trust) who has spent many years studying and conserving the invertebrates of Saint Helena, and who provided great help and kindness to the senior author during her expedition to the island.</p><p>Material examined</p><p>Holotype</p><p>UNITED KINGDOM – Saint Helena, Ascencion and Tristan da Cunha • ♂; High Central Ridge, Mt Actaeon, Saint Helena; alt. 792–822 m; 11 Dec. 1965; P.L.G. Benoit, P. Basilewsky and N. Leleup leg.; BE_RMCA_ARA.Ara.129326.</p><p>Paratypes</p><p>UNITED KINGDOM – Saint Helena, Ascencion and Tristan da Cunha • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; High Central Ridge, Cabbage Tree Road, Saint Helena; alt. 701–822 m; 6 Feb. 1967; J. Decelle and N. Leleup leg.; in rotten trunk; BE_RMCA_ARA.Ara.133379 • 1 ♂, 1 imm.; same collection data as for preceding; Mar. 1967; BE_RMCA_ARA.Ara.133305 • 1 ♂; SW of Thompsons Wood, Saint Helena; alt. 518–548 m; 23 Nov. 1965; P.L.G. Benoit, P. Basilewsky and N. Leleup leg.; BE_RMCA_ARA.Ara.129109 • 1 ♂; High Peak, Saint Helena; 15°58′ S, 5°42′ W; alt. 731–792 m; Mar. 1967; J. Decelle and N. Leleup leg.; BE_RMCA_ARA.Ara.133333 .</p><p>Description</p><p>Male holotype</p><p>MEASUREMENTS. Total length including chelicerae: 2.92. Carapace: 1.48 long, 1.28 wide. Ocular tubercle: 0.26 long, 0.70 wide. PLE distinctly projecting over the outer edge of carapace, ALE distinctly projecting over the front of ocular tubercle. Chelicerae with 7 peg teeth. Stridulatory ridges absent. Opisthosoma: 1.45 long, 1.26 wide.</p><p>LEGS (femur + patella + tibia + metatarsus + tarsus). I 11.81 (3.59 + 0.80 + 3.56 + 2.56 + 1.30), II 7.49 (2.34 + 0.55 + 2.00 + 1.56 + 1.04), III 4.83 (1.66 + 0.50 + 1.15 + 0.85 + 0.67), IV 6.09 (2.21 + 0.53 + 1.56 + 1.13 + 0.66). Metatarsus I with 5 strong spines.</p><p>OPISTHOSOMA. With two pairs of tubercles, anterior pair smaller than posterior pair (Fig. 10 A–D).</p><p>PALP. Embolus emergent proximally, twisted distally, conductor distally rounded, cymbium with retrolateral process (RP), paracymbium with two dorsal extensions and one ventral blade (VB), upper dorsal extension (UE) with apex somewhat triangular, lower dorsal extension (LE) rounded, ventral blade longer than lower dorsal extension and shorter than upper dorsal extension, apex somewhat triangular (Figs 10E–F, 11, 13A–B).</p><p>COLOUR (in alcohol; Figs 10A–D). Carapace brown, with brown markings on lateral and posterior edges, brown blotches forming broken line medially behind ocular tubercle, and single, broken longitudinal brown line extending entire length of carapace medially; legs annulated; opisthosoma brown with black and cream blotches in posterior half.</p><p>Female paratype (BE_ RMCA _ARA.Ara.133379)</p><p>MEASUREMENTS. Total length including chelicerae: 3.05. Carapace: 1.72 long, 1.35 wide. Ocular tubercle: 0.30 long, 0.73 wide. PLE distinctly projecting over the outer edge of carapace, ALE distinctly projecting over the ocular tubercle. Chelicerae with 7 peg teeth. Stridulatory ridges absent. Opisthosoma: 2.32 long, 1.87 wide.</p><p>LEGS (femur + patella + tibia + metatarsus + tarsus). I 10.17 (3.62 + 0.75 + 2.34 + 2.41 + 1.05), II 7.40 (2.14 + 0.65 + 2.03 + 1.56 + 1.02), III 3.59 (0.85 + 0.56 + 1.21 + 0.54 + 0.43), IV 4.75 (1.58 + 0.59 + 1.53 + 0.72 + 0.33). Metatarsus I with 5 strong spines.</p><p>OPISTHOSOMA. With two pairs of tubercles, anterior pair smaller than posterior pair (Fig. 10D).</p><p>EPIGYNE AND VULVA. Epigyne with very small septum, outer edges of septum weakly sclerotised, curved in anterior two thirds, copulatory openings circular, vulva with two globular spermathecal receptacles (Figs 12, 13C–D).</p><p>COLOUR (in alcohol; Fig. 10D). Carapace brown, with brown markings on lateral and posterior edges, brown blotches forming broken line medially behind ocular tubercle, and single, broken longitudinal brown line extending entire length of carapace medially; legs annulated; opisthosoma brown with black and cream blotches in posterior half.</p><p>Distribution</p><p>Known only from the Peaks National Park, and southwest of Thompson's Wood, Saint Helena (see Fig. 9D–E).</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Ero natashae sp. nov. is sympatric with E. lizae sp. nov. (see above) but is easily distinguished by the absence of large spike-like tubercles and by divergent genital organ morphology. Unlike the latter species, it has never been photographed, and no new specimens have been recorded since 1977. Further fieldwork is required to ascertain the population status of this species, and its habitat preference. Unfortunately, it was impossible to sequence this species molecularly within the timeframe and funding of the present work, especially as no fresh material was available.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E37C20BF08C56CB48AFB17FC2AFAFB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sherwood, Danniella;Henrard, Arnaud;Peters, Martina;Price, Benjamin W.;Hall, Andie C.;White, Oliver W.;Grignet, Virginie;Wilkins, Vicky	Sherwood, Danniella, Henrard, Arnaud, Peters, Martina, Price, Benjamin W., Hall, Andie C., White, Oliver W., Grignet, Virginie, Wilkins, Vicky (2024): Two new sympatric species of the pirate spider genus Ero C. L. Koch, 1836 from the cloud forest of Saint Helena Island, South Atlantic Ocean (Araneae: Mimetidae). European Journal of Taxonomy 921: 76-97, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2024.921.2417, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2417/10681
