identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03E3EC44B0381712FFD7C305EA94CC64.text	03E3EC44B0381712FFD7C305EA94CC64.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Achyranthemum N. G. Bergh 2019	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> 3.1. Characters of  Achyranthemum</p>
            <p> Habit: Species of  Achyranthemum are usually sparsely branched, but sometimes bushy, softly woody subshrubs with erect stems, rarely prostrate and clump-forming (Figs. 3C, 4A, 8A). The branches are woody below, with the leaves clustered towards the branch apices. The synflorescences are borne at the tips of the flowering shoots, and the following year’ s growth commences from below the synflorescence. </p>
            <p> Foliage: The leaves are alternate or rarely alternate-decussate, and usually imbricate, generally firm-textured to rigid, linear-subulate to narrowly oblanceolate, sessile and sometimes decurrent on the stem, basally appressed to erect, and frequently apically recurved or with hooked apices. The lamina is either flat, rolled around the adaxial surface or weakly to strongly conduplicate. Leaf length ranges from ± 8 mm to over 30 mm, rarely up to 65 mm, and leaf width varies from ±0.8 up to 5 mm. Margins are somewhat involute. The midrib and sometimes lateral veins are prominent and visible on the abaxial surface if the tomentum is not too thick, or on drying. All species have leaves with an indumentum of extremely long, slender, antrorse hairs. In most species, these hairs cohere to form a reticulating sheath-like covering to the leaf, this covering being especially thick and well-developed in  A. paniculatum ,  A. mucronatum and on the abaxial leaf surface in  A. recurvatum (Figs. 3A, 4C &amp; 5D), and so obscuring the leaf surface. In the first two species, the bases of the hairs form a finer arachnoid layer closer to the leaf surface.  Achyranthemum recurvatum (Fig. 5D) lacks this arachnoid layer but the hairs in this species cohere strongly, forming very thick ropy silvery strands that project off the leaf margin like soft curling spines. In  A. argenteum (Fig. 6B) and A. af fi ne (Fig. 7B), the reticulating sheath is very thin and fine, closely following the contours of the leaf surface so that the shapes of the leaf veins are discernable. </p>
            <p> In  A. sordescens , the hairs cohere basally very strongly to the epidermis, forming a thin but very strong layer above which the long free ends of the hairs are tangled but not cohering, forming a loose tangled villous layer (Fig. 8D).  Achyranthemum striatum is the only species that completely lacks the sheathing hair-layer. In this species (Fig. 9B, D) the long antrorse hairs are free and more-or-less straight, not tangled or cohering, and usually much sparser than in the aforementioned taxa, so that the glabrous leaf surface is visible beneath the hairs. </p>
            <p> Syn fl orescence: The arrangement of multiple capitula at the end of a single flowering shoot is termed a synflorescence. One species,  A. recurvatum , has strictly solitary capitula, while the remainder have corymbiform synflorescences. Rarely, one of these corymbiform species may have a stem with a solitary capitulum, but then usually on the same plant synflorescences can be found comprising at least 2 and up to12, or rarely up to 40, capitula. Capitula or synflorescences are borne at the branch apices on short felted flowering stalks, on peduncles that are always woolly or variously pubescent, and are between 2 and 60 mm long. The peduncles usually bear one or two widely spaced bracteoles that are similar to the involucral bracts in structure. </p>
            <p>Capitula: The capitula are globose or rarely cylindrical in shape, varying in size between 7 and 18 × 4 and 18 mm, with 40–120 involucral bracts. The individual involucral bracts comprise a thickened, cartilaginous basal stereome and a thinner, papery apical lamina (Fig. 2C). The lamina also flanks the stereome marginally. The stereome is unfenestrated, strongly convex or curved basally, often coloured plum-purple apically, is usually villous or bears a villous patch on the abaxial side, and is glabrous adaxially. The size of the stereome relative to the lamina increases from the outer to the inner bracts.The outer and middle bracts are large and lanceolate, longer than the flowers and ± squarrose, while the inner bracts are generally narrower with the stereome comprising most of their length, topped with a small obtuse lamina, and ±as long as the florets. These inner bracts are hidden by the outer bracts and held erect to form a palisade or wall surrounding and protecting the florets. The outer bracts are larger and showy, the recurved laminas often forming a ‘landing platform’ for pollinators. All involucral bract laminas are smooth and shiny, with colours ranging from bright white to cream to pale yellow or dark yellow. In several species, the laminas are flushed pink when immature, and in two species the pink colour persists to maturity. Bract colour is another important character for species discrimination. The involucral bracts tend to close up when the heads are placed in a moist environment (e.g. inside a collecting bag) and open again on drying.</p>
            <p> Receptacles: Receptacles are epaleate in all species of  Achyranthemum , being tubercled or honeycombed and flat. </p>
            <p> Florets: Only hermaphrodite florets are present in the capitula of  Achyranthemum , with the number of florets in a capitulum varying from ±30 (in  A.sordescens and in small-headed forms of  A.paniculatum ) to over 100 (in  A. argenteum and in large-headed forms of  A. paniculatum ). The corolla is obconic to funnel-shaped, widening apically (Fig. 2F). Corolla lobes are small, deltoid and recurved at maturity, and bear globose trichomes abaxially. The florets can be as small as 3.5 mm long (in  A. mucronatum ) and up to 7 mm long (in  A. striatum and  A. sordescens ). </p>
            <p> Anthers: The anthers are ecalcarate and minutely tailed; the endothecial tissue is polarised, as in most other  Gnaphalieae , and the apical anther appendages are mucronate, caudiculate or acuminate. </p>
            <p>Cypselae: The cypselae are small, 0.8–3.0 mm long, ovoid or cylindrical, generally reddish-brown at maturity, and are sparsely covered with hemispherical myxogenic twin hairs (Fig. 2D), that according to Hilliard and Burtt (1981b) lack a basal swelling cushion. When wetted, these produce copious amounts of clear mucilage, making the cypselae extremely sticky.</p>
            <p>Pappus: The pappus comprises a single series of bristles (Fig. 2A, B) that are fused at the base into a smooth ring. The bristles are basally scabrid to barbellate, generally with larger barbs towards the apex, where the cells are larger, acute and generally more tightly appressed.</p>
            <p> Flowering time: All members of  Achyranthemum have their main flowering time in the austral spring, September to December, but it is not uncommon to find flowering specimens in the winter months. </p>
            <p> Geographic distribution:   The genus is almost restricted to the Core CFR (sensu Manning and Goldblatt, 2012), with one species extending further east to Grahamstown. The centre of diversity is in the Algoa Bay area around Port Elizabeth, where five of the species are endemic or nearly endemic, mostly in coastal plain or true coastal dune habitats, and only one species,  A. paniculatum , has colonised the Cape  Fold mountains . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E3EC44B0381712FFD7C305EA94CC64	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Bergh, N. G.;Manning, J. C.	Bergh, N. G., Manning, J. C. (2019): Achyranthemum N. G. Bergh, a new genus segregated from Syncarpha DC. (Asteraceae, Gnaphalieae) *. South African Journal of Botany 125: 434-456, DOI: 10.1016/j.sajb.2019.08.015, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2019.08.015
03E3EC44B03B1712FFDCC6EFE9F6C9A1.text	03E3EC44B03B1712FFDCC6EFE9F6C9A1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Achyranthemum N. G. Bergh 2019	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Achyranthemum N.G.Bergh ,  gen. nov.</p>
            <p> Type species:  Achyranthemum paniculatum (L.) N.G.Bergh </p>
            <p> Helichrysum [unranked] Paniculatae [as  ‘ Paniculata ’] Harv. in Fl. Cap. 3: 225 (1865). Type:  H. paniculatum (L.) Willd. =  A. paniculatum (L.) N.G.Bergh, lecto., designated here. </p>
            <p>Diagnosis: Perennial shrublets; abaxial or both leaf surfaces with a grey-white, usually dense and sheathing indumentum of hairs; capitula homogamous, discoid; involucral bract stereomes undivided, laminae papery and shiny; receptacles epaleate; apical anther appendages mucronate to caudiculate, cypsela twin hairs ± hemispherical and without a swelling cushion; pappus bristles fused into a smooth ring at the base, shaft nude to scabrid, apex scabrid to barbellate.</p>
            <p>Low, sparsely branched subshrubs, usually 0.2–0.7 m high but up to 1.2 m, woody below, branching mostly near base, stems simple or sparsely branched above, new growth initiated from below previous year’ s synflorescence. Leaves alternate, laxly to densely imbricate, sessile, basal portion apressed or decurrent, distal portion erect to spreading, sometimes incurved or apically recurved, linear to oblanceolate, ± concave or conduplicate, size variable, 8–35(–65) × 0.8–3.0(–5.0) mm, margins flat or narrowly involute, usually mucronate or sometimes pungent, firm-textured or rigid, abaxial or both leaf surfaces with a dense (rarely sparse) indumentum of grey-white or silvery hairs, usually cohering to form a reticulating sheath-like layer. Capitula terminal, (1–)3 to 12(–40) in corymbiform synflorescences, spherical or cylindrical, 7–18 × 4–18 mm, sessile in bud but usually pedunculate at maturity, individual peduncles slender, branched or unbranched, 2–60 mm long, variously hairy, subtended by a basal leaf and often bearing one or two bracteoles. Involucral bracts ± 40 to 120 in ±6–9 series, with a distinct stereome and lamina, stereome undivided, cartilaginous, strongly curved, concave, thickened and tinged reddish-purple, abaxially with a patch of woolly hairs, size relative to lamina increasing acropetally; lamina and margins thin, glabrous, shiny and papery, white, cream, or yellow, frequently tinged pink when immature, rarely rose-pink at maturity, progressively narrower acropetally; outermost involucral bracts erect or squarrose at maturity, broadly lanceolate, stereome small, lamina and margins translucent, lamina apically acute, somewhat keeled; most bracts in middle series, erect sometimes becoming squarrose, linear-lanceolate to narrowly oblanceolate, overtopping florets, with small ovate stereome bearing a patch of dense white hairs; bracts in innermost series sparse, smaller than outer and middle, erect, equalling florets, stereome linear, cartilaginous with dark purple-brown steaks and glabrous or with a patch of long, tangled white hairs on the abaxial apex, lamina as in outer bracts but short and obtuse. Receptacle flat, shallowly tubercled or honeycombed. Florets ±(20–)40 to 90(–150), hermaphrodite, corolla not or slightly expanded apically, yellow, lobes small, recurved after anthesis, narrowly triangular, acute with marginal vascular trace, abaxially bearing small globose trichomes; anther apical appendage acuminate to caudiculate. Cypselae cylindrical, dark reddish-brown, bearing hemispherical myxogenic twin hairs without a swelling cushion. Pappus bristles united at base into a smooth ring, shaft barbellate, apex nude but ends of apical cells inflated and enlarged forming acute, barb-like projections, frequently appressed. Basic chromosome number: unknown.</p>
            <p>Species 7, almost restricted to the Core Cape Floristic Region of South Africa, with most taxa centred on the coastal plain in the Algoa Bay area.</p>
            <p> Key to the species of  Achyranthemum : </p>
            <p> 1. Leaves with a dense sheath-like layer of thick, long silvery-white arachnoid hairs that cohere to  form shiny , ropy longitudinally oriented reticulating strands.......................................................................................................2 </p>
            <p>1'. Leaves not as above: either with a thick layer of tangled villous hairs, or with a very thin layer of fine, cohering grey-white hairs; or with a sparse- to dense covering of long non-cohering, non-tangled, straight whitish hairs...................................................................................................3</p>
            <p> 1. Capitula strictly solitary.................................................................................3.  A. recurvatum</p>
            <p>2'. Capitula in groups of at least 2, rarely a plant with some solitary capitula..............................................................................................................................4</p>
            <p> 3. Stems below synflorescences sparsely leafy; inner involucral bracts white, outer bracts white and deep rose-pink; rarely all bracts white..................................................................................................................................5.  A. affine</p>
            <p>3'. Stems below synflorescences densely leafy; involucral bracts whitish (white, cream or greyish) or yellow....................................................5</p>
            <p> 4. Involucral bracts yellow, sometimes inner bracts flushed pink when immature............................................................................................................2.  A. mucronatum</p>
            <p> 4'. Involucral bracts white, sometimes inner bracts flushed pink when immature...............................................................................................1.  A. paniculatum</p>
            <p>5. Peduncles shortly grey-felted but lacking long spreading hairs...6</p>
            <p> 5'. Peduncles dark reddish-brown and densely covered with very slender, long, spreading whitish hairs................................................................7.  A. striatum</p>
            <p> 6. Leaves with a thick loose indumentum of tangled villous hairs; involucral bracts cream to very pale yellow becoming greyish with age, capitula narrowly cupulate, up to 10 mm long; corolla tube 6.5–7.0 mm long...........................................................................................................6.  A. sordescens</p>
            <p> 6'. Leaves with a thin sheath-like layer of long silvery-white arachnoid cohering hairs; involucral bracts bright white or cream, remaining so on drying, capitula spherical, 12–18 mm long; corolla tube up to 6 mm long.......................................................................................................................4.  A. argenteum</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E3EC44B03B1712FFDCC6EFE9F6C9A1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Bergh, N. G.;Manning, J. C.	Bergh, N. G., Manning, J. C. (2019): Achyranthemum N. G. Bergh, a new genus segregated from Syncarpha DC. (Asteraceae, Gnaphalieae) *. South African Journal of Botany 125: 434-456, DOI: 10.1016/j.sajb.2019.08.015, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2019.08.015
03E3EC44B03B171EFC83C3C0E892CCFF.text	03E3EC44B03B171EFC83C3C0E892CCFF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Achyranthemum paniculatum (L.) N.G.Bergh	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> 4.1.  Achyranthemum paniculatum (L.) N.G.Bergh,  comb. nov.</p>
            <p> Xeranthemum paniculatum L., Sp. Pl. 2:859 (1753).  Helichrysum [as ‘  Elichrysum ’]  paniculatum (L.) Willd., Sp. Pl., ed. 4, 3(3): 1911 (1803).  Syncarpha paniculata (L.) B.Nord. in Comp. Newsl. 17: 6 (1989).  Type: South Africa, specimen illustrated in Burm., Rar. Afr. Pl., t.67, f.1. (G 00804728, lecto.–digital image!, designated by Hilliard &amp; Burtt: 250 [1981a])</p>
            <p> Xeranthemum paniculatum var. β Lam., Encycl. 3: 241 (1786), nom. inval.  Helichrysum intermedium Less., Syn. Gen. Compos. : 295 (1832).  Helichrysum paniculatum var. intermedium (Less.) Harv. in Fl. Cap.: 226 (1865). Type: South Africa, Cape of Good Hope (P-LAM P00342667, holo.–digital image!). </p>
            <p> 
Xeranthemum angustifolium 
Lam., Encycl. 3: 241 (1786). Type: South Africa, Cape of  Good Hope (P-LAM P00342664, holo.– digital image!). </p>
            <p> Helichrysum paniculatum var angustifolium Harv. in Fl. Cap. 3: 226 (1865). Type: not designated. </p>
            <p> Anaxeton racemosum Schrank, Denkschriften der KÖniglichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu München 8: 163 (1824).  Helichrysum mucronatum var. niveum DC. :178 (1838), as a new name at varietal rank for  A. racemosum Schrank. Type: South Africa, ‘Cap. b. sp.’, without date, Brehm s.n. (M 0104887, holo.–digital image!). </p>
            <p> [  Gnaphalium racemosum Schrank ms (written on type specimen of  Anaxeton racemosum Schrank )]. </p>
            <p>Low, sparsely branched subshrub, usually 0.2–0.7 m high but up to 1.2 m, woody below, branching mostly near base, stems simple or sparsely branched above, grey-felted. Leaves alternate, laxly to densely imbricate, sessile, basal portion apressed and attached to stem with a reticulate, sheath-like webbing of white hairs; distal portion erect to spreading, sometimes incurved or apically recurved, linear to linear-subulate, extremely variable in size, 10–25(–65) mm long × 0.8–3.0 (–5.0) mm wide, concave or conduplicate, striate, margins narrowly involute,apex usually with a triangular mucro ± 1.2 mm long, sometimes pungent, firm-textured, both surfaces with very long (2–3 mm or longer) silvery-white arachnoid hairs that cohere to form a a thick, longitudinally oriented irregularly reticulating lattice-like sheath, indumentum less developed and more compact on the concave adaxial surface, strongly developed abaxially particularly on the apical portion of leaf. Capitula (1–) 3 to 15(–40) in a compact pseudo-corymb, spherical, 6–15 × 6–18 mm, peduncles slender, 5–45 mm long, densely pale grey-felted with thick layer of very fine interwoven whitish hairs. Involucral bracts ±60 to 120, in ±6 to 9 series, lamina white, frequently tinged pink when immature; outermost bracts erect or squarrose at maturity, broadly lanceolate, 4–8 × 2–3 mm, stereome with long white hairs abaxially, lamina acute, silvery-white, somewhat keeled, middle bracts mostly squarrose, linear-lanceolate to narrowly oblanceolate, 5–12 × 2.5–3.0 mm, stereome 2.0–3.0 mm long, innermost bracts erect, 4.0–6.0 × 0.5–1.2 mm, stereome linear, 4.0–4.5 × 0.8–1.0 mm, with patch of long, tangled white hairs on abaxial apex, lamina as in outer bracts but short, deltoid, obtuse,1.5–2.0 × 1.2 mm. Receptacle 4.0–5.0 mm in diameter. Florets ±(25–)40 to 120, corolla not or very slightly and gradually expanded apically, yellow, 4.5–6.5 × 0.3–0.5 mm including lobes; anther apical appendage acuminate to caudiculate. Cypselae linear, 1.2 × 0.4 mm, dark reddish-brown. Pappus bristles united at base into a smooth ring, shaft barbellate, apex nude but apical cells inflated distally forming acute, barb-like projections. Flowering time: mainly September–December, into January at high alittude, rarely February and May–July (Fig. 3).</p>
            <p> Distribution and ecology: The most widespread member of the genus, occurring on the drier margins of the fynbos on quartzitic mountain slopes, from the northern Cederberg, Cold Bokkeveld and Swartruggens and the Touwsberg and Witteberg regions, and further south from Hangklip in the Kogelberg region and the Houw Hoek mountains near Elgin eastwards along the southern coastal mountains to the Langeberg, and at lower altitude along the coastal regions from  Albertinia to  Knysna , with a few poorly specified collections from the Port Elizabeth area and one from Coombs near Grahamstown (Bayliss 4366 [NBG]). Although this last collection represents a strong disjunction, there is no reason to doubt the locality, since Bayliss was based in the area. The apparent disjunction may be explained by the plants being very rare east of Port Elizabeth, where it is replaced by other species. With the exception of the Potberg sandstone inselberg,  A. paniculatum is absent from the Agulhas plain region, being replaced here by  A. mucronatum . </p>
            <p> Note:  Achyranthemum paniculatum and  A. mucronatum form a taxonomically difficult species complex, as indicated by the large number of described species and varieties. Within this complex, there is a large range of variation in sizes of both floral and vegetative features. At one extreme, specimens are robus with broad leaves and large heads borne in large numbers on each flowering shoot. At the other extreme are smaller, more slender specimens with very narrow leaves and small, few-flowered heads generally borne in small synflorescences. Specimens at the two extremes are quite distinct, and would be considered separate species without appreciation of the full range of variation. However, examination of all available specimens, coupled with measurements of leaf, peduncle, capitulum and floret dimensions, and counts of numbers of capitula per flowering shoot, numbers of involucral bracts, and numbers of florets per capitulum, indicate that it is not possible to discriminate discrete entities using quantitative criteria. Most specimens combine contrasting characters (e.g. broad leaves with small heads) or are intermediate in all or some of the characters. However, involucral bract colour (yellow vs. white) reliably segregates the specimens into two groups that also show distinct ecologies. Plants with yellow bracts are confined to calcrete substrata in the Bredasdorp– Riversdale area, a region known for high endemism strongly linked to edaphic specialisation (Cowling and Holmes, 1992). In contrast, plants with white bracts are distributed on quartzite-derived substrata throughout the western part of the Core CFR. Within each of these two entities, the full range of variation described above can be seen, and the variation appears to have a geographical component (see below under ‘Variation’, and further comments under  A. mucronatum ). </p>
            <p> Diagnosis:  Achyranthemum paniculatum is distinguished from other species in the genus by the combination of white bracts, linear to linear-subulate leaves tapering to an acute apex, and a leaf indumentum comprising a fine woolly layer beneath a silvery-white, tissue-like layer fraying to form a covering identical to a layer of stout, striate-reticulate hairs, often confined to the apical portion of the leaf.  Achyranthemum paniculatum is most likely to be confused with  A. mucronatum , from which it is distinguished by white rather than yellow involucral bracts and by distribution, with  A. mucronatum being confined to calcrete or mixed calcrete habitats in the Agulhas plain area, although the two species co-occur in the Potberg region (see further discussion under that species). It is also easily confused with  A. argenteum , especially when specimens of the latter have immature heads, but is distinguishable by its smaller heads (6–15 × 6–18 mm vs. 12–18 × 10–18 mm in  A. argenteum ) and leaf indumentum. In  A. argenteum , the individual hairs of the tomentum are much finer and shorter, so that the texture of the leaf surface is visible, which is not the case in  A. paniculatum where the hairs are robust and thick, completely obscuring the leaf texture and creating silvery longitundinally reticulating striations. The two species also differ in leaf shape, the leaves being widest in the upper half and with a hooked apex in  A. argenteum , and generally linear to linear-subulate and broadest at the base in  A. paniculatum . Additionally,  A. argenteum is confined to coastal dune habitats in the Port Elizabeth region, while  A. paniculatum is widespread throughout the CFR and is generally found in montane sandstone habitats. Specimens of  A. paniculatum from the northwestern and central parts of the range (Cederberg to Witteberg through the Little Karoo to the Langeberg and Outeniquas) have the (mostly inner) involucral bracts flushed pink in bud, fading to white on maturity. Immature specimens can thus be confused with A. af fi ne, but in that species the pink flush is always on the outer involucral bracts and does not fade as the capitula mature, and the reticulating hair-sheath on the leaf is very thin and fine, not thick with robust clumps of hairs as in  A. paniculatum . </p>
            <p> Variation: The strongest distinction within the species is between gracile plants with very slender leaves and small, fewer-flowered heads held in few-headed synflorescences, and more robust plants with large, broad leaves and large, many-flowered heads in many-headed synflorescences. Specimens representing the extremes of these two forms were previously recognised as different species, with some of the intermediates also being given species status. Characters such as leaf width and capitulum size and number, however,  A. paniculatum vary independently across the range, possibly being correlated to moisture availability and temperature, providing no basis for subdivision of the species into slender and robust forms. Coastal specimens from the  Knysna district (quarter-degree squares 3423AA and 3423AB) are very distinctive, and this warrants future investigation (see below). </p>
            <p>Gifberg to Cederberg: Plants are compact with narrow leaves and rather small heads, borne in groups of 3–10 or more per flowering shoot, although some specimens from the Pakhuis area have a solitary head terminating some of their flowering shoots, but up to six per flowering shoot in the same gathering (e.g. Leipoldt 3624 [NBG]). Plants from the central Cederberg (Algeria and Uitkyk), in contrast, are characterised by extremely large, long leaves and larger heads borne in larger groups (of up to 30). Plants from the Wupperthal and Citrusdal regions may be similar to either of these two forms.</p>
            <p> Ceres to Witteberg: Plants from the Swartruggens region, the mountains northeast of  Ceres , and the Witteberge have just one or two (rarely up to five) large to medium-sized heads (to c. 15 mm long) per flowering shoot and the leaves appear terete and robust, being narrow but very short. Plants from the Hex River Mountains have longer, more slender leaves and very small heads, borne in small groups of one to three. </p>
            <p> Little Karoo: Plants from the Anysberg are similar to the Witteberg  form but those from the Swartberg at higher altitudes generally have larger, broader leaves and larger heads, perhaps due to the moister, cooler growing conditions. Leaves can be very long and narrow (viz. Compton 3845 from the Little Karoo). </p>
            <p>Kogelberg, Hermanus, Caledon, Jonaskop: in the Kogelberg region the leaves are very slender, often short, and the heads small to moderate in size, and borne in small to medium-sized synflorescences.</p>
            <p>Langeberg: Specimens from the higher, wetter northern slopes of the Riviersonderend and Langeberg are generally more luxuriant with longer, sparser leaves than those from the Witteberg region, and have generally large heads that are never solitary, being borne in groups of 4 up to ±18. Many of these specimens have broader leaves with copious long hairs (e.g. from the Garcia’ s Pass area near Riversdale). Several specimens from the lower north slopes above Witbooisrivier in the Boosmansbos area, however, have extremely terete, short and straight leaves and small, often solitary heads (e.g. McDonald &amp; Morley 1113 [NBG]). On the southern slopes of the Langeberg and on the Potberg, specimens have very luxuriant, large and broad leaves, and large, copiously clustered heads.</p>
            <p> Albertinia, Mossel Bay, George : Plants from the inland  Albertinia region are generally large with extremely long and relatively broad leaves, and large, numerous heads (e.g. Stirton 10,258 [NBG]), although nearer the coast they are more typical. Leaves in this area can be very lush. </p>
            <p> Knysna, Plettenberg Bay : Specimens from the coast in this region represent a peculiar and distinctive form, having very densely imbricate, broad, lanceolate leaves and large, spherical heads. The peduncles are erect and held close together while the leaves below the peduncle are appressed to the stem, creating the effect of a single large pedunculate inflorescence (e.g. Taylor 2914, Noetzie hills [NBG]). </p>
            <p>Port Elizabeth and Grahamstown: Very few collections have been made east of the 24̊ meridian. These plants are generally large with long, broad and sparse leaves, and large heads.</p>
            <p> Conservation status: Although the current concept of  Achyrantheum paniculatum is narrower than that of  Syncarpha paniculata , it is likely to have the same assessment of Least Concern due to being widespread and relatively common. </p>
            <p> History:  Achyranthemum paniculatum was first described as ‘  Xeranthemum incanum , foliis oblongo-acutis, capitulis plurimis, argenteis’, by Johannes Burmann in his pre-Linnean ‘Rariorum Africanarum Plantarum’ (1739). Burmann mentions in his description the herbarium of Witsen, as well as Paul Hermann, the first known plant collector at the Cape in 1672. The illustration accompanying the description perfectly matches a specimen in G-PREL which was designated as the lectotype by Hilliard and Burtt (1981a). The G-PREL specimen is annotated as having come from the herbarium of Delessert. More slender, narrow-leaved and smaller-headed specimens were separately described by Schrank, 1824 as  Anaxeton racemosum , based on a specimen sent to him by J. Brehm, a medicinal pharmacologist from Bavaria who set up a garden and pharmacy in Uitenhague. Subsequent authors assumed this species to be the same as the yellow-headed  Achryanthemum mucronatum , despite the difference in bract colour, although Candolle (1838) recognised the yellow-headed and white-headed forms as different varieties of  H. mucronatum (  var. mucronatum having ‘pallide citreis’ [pale yellow] bracts while those of  var. niveum were ‘niveus’ [white]). Both these names, however, apply to specimens with narrow leaves and small capitula, features which were used instead of bract colour as the main criteria to distinguish this concept from other taxa.Later authors continued to consider these two taxa as conspecific, first as  Helichrysum mucronatum (Berg.) Less and then  Syncarpha mucronata (Berg.) B.Nord. , and currently the  Syncarpha mucronata folders in many herbaria house both white- and yellow-headed specimens. We consider them to be distinct because the bract colour difference is never equivocal, all specimens clearly having either yellow or white bracts, and because the colour difference is associated with striking differences in both distribution and habitat. </p>
            <p>Selected list of specimens seen (see Supplementary Materials for full list):</p>
            <p> South Africa: Western Cape.–3118 (Vanrhynsdorp): summit of Kobe Pass, Urianskraal, (–DB), 14 Oct 1973, Hall 4509 (NBG, PRE); Gifberg, stony E. slopes, (–DC), 15 Oct 1953, Esterhuysen 22,119 (PRE). –3218 (Piketberg): near Clanwilliam, (–BB), Bolus 2065 (BOL); summit and west edge of summit of the Zandberg, (–DA), 27 Oct 1938, Pillans 8573 (BOL). –3219 (Clanwilliam): Pakhuis mountain, (–AA), Leipoldt 3624 (NBG, PRE); Wupperthal, (–AC), Emdon 217 (PRE); Citrusdal. Moreson, mountain slope south of homestead, (–CA), 9 Nov 2001, Hanekom 3367 (NBG, PRE); Groot Winterhoek MCA: Grootfontein, West of Olifants River., (–CC), 16 Nov 1985, Rheeder 154 (PRE); Knolfontein, Swartruggens, 60 km NE of  Ceres , (–DC), 19 Oct 2005,  Jardine &amp;  Jardine 259 (NBG). –3318 (Cape Town): Paarl, (–DB), Rogers 10,519 (PRE). – 3319 (Worcester): Tweedside, north of Tweedside farmhouse on Doppies se rand, (–AB), 14 Oct 1995, Meyer 1141 (PRE); Vleiberg, path from akkerbome towards Vleiberg, on far side of river as path switches back, arid fynbos, (–BA), 12 Dec 2010, Bergh 2224 (NBG); near Jonaskop T.V. aerial site, (–DC), 30 Nov 1976, Walters 1607 (NBG). –3320 (Laingsburg): Poort N of Pienaarskloof, (–AA), 12 Sep 1965, Acocks 23,697 (NBG, PRE); Witteberg Mountain, Matjesfontein, (–BA), 8 Aug 1933,  Humbert 9803 (PRE); Anysbeg, North-facing slope, near highest point of mountain, Wolfhuiskloof, (–DA), 10 Aug 1993, Meyer 155 (BOL, PRE); Tradouw Pass, Swellendam end, (–DC), 27 Oct 1938, Walgate s.n. (BOL 46,784); Langeberge, Boosmansboswildernis Gebied, bokant Witbooisrivier, S kant van berg, (–DD), 16 Jan 1986, Burger 64 (NBG, PRE). –3321 (Ladismith): Klein Swartberg, Towerkop, rocky Mountain slope, (–AC), 1 Nov 2007, Pienaar T1 (NBG); SE side ofTouwsberg, Farm Rietfontein, top of dry ridge, foothills, (–CA), 7 Oct 1993, Chesselet &amp; Hartzer 90 (PRE); Riversdale, Overwacht Farm/ Riversdale turn off R323, Garsia Pass, leading to Ladysmith, Langeberg turn off, Garsia Pass to Overwacht and Langeberg farm, (–CC), 16 Feb 2004,  Botha (4)080 (NBG); Little Karroo, Roodeberg, (–DA), 5 Jul 1937, Levyns 6064 (BOL). –3322 (Oudtshoorn): summit ridge west of Forestry hut, top of Swartberg Pass, (–AC), 11 Nov 1983, Jackson 10 (BOL); Swartberg, Evkom Road, northern slope between grass and reeds, (–AD), 21 Oct 1976, Pienaar 42 (NBG, PRE); Swartberg, ridge E of Blesberg, (–BC), 6 Jan 1975, Thompson 2299 (NBG, PRE); Swartberg N of Kolberg, (–BD), 7 Jan 1975, Oliver 5677 (NBG); TR417: Outeniqua Mountains, Robertson [Robinson] Pass, (–CC), Hops 61 (BOL); top of Montagu Pass, (–CD), Fourcade 1609 (BOL); base of Swartberg Pass, south side, (–DA), 13 Mar 2011, Haiden 9 (NBG); in collibus Kamanassiebergen prope Avontuur, (–DB), Bolus 1672 (BOL); hills North of Ganz Kraal, Long Kloof, (–DC), Fourcade 3406 (BOL, NBG); Saasveld, (–DC), 25 Nov 1970, Von Breitenbach 115 (PRE);  Knysna Division, Van der Waltshoek, (–DD), 22 Oct 1922, Keet 1003 (PRE).–3323 (Uniondale/Willowmore): Slypsteenberg, South slopes, (–AC), 3 Nov 1941, Esterhuysen 6330 (BOL, NBG, PRE); Ongelee, 4 miles N. of P.O., (–CB), 16 Nov 1958, Acocks 20,003 (PRE);  Knysna Forest , (–CC), 27 Apr 1926, Kapp 87 (PRE);  Knysna Division, Forest Hall, sea slopes above Crags, (–CD), Fourcade 4176 (BOL); Kougaberge: Plaas Hoeree, (–DB), 22 Sep 1986, Oelofsen 129 (PRE); Die Hoek, North foot of Zitzikama Mountains near Joubertina, (–DC), 10 Feb 1952, Esterhuysen 19,941 (BOL); Peak Formosa, Zitzikamma Mountains, amongst rock on rocky ridge, north slopes of peak, (–DC), Dec 1957, Esterhuysen 27,393 (BOL). –3418 (Strand): Elgin Basin, Arieskraal Farm (portion Arieskraal), entering form Somersfontein, powerline road crossing small stream, (–BB), 27 Jan 1996, Rode 605 (NBG); Hangklip, (–BD), 23 Nov 1958, Taylor 5893 (NBG); 23 Nov1958, Taylor 5897 (NBG). –3419 (Caledon): Houwhoek, (–AA), 20 Oct 1951, Maguire 1107 (NBG); Swartberg, (–AB), unknown (BOL); Hermanus, (–AC), 9 Nov 1921, Rogers 26,472 (PRE); Vogelgat, near Banksi Ridge, (–AD), 9 Dec 1979, Williams 2950 (NBG); Boesman's Kloof Pass at McGregor, (–BA), 11 Oct 1940, Esterhuysen 4844 (BOL); Keeromskloof, Salmonsdam Nature Reserve, Stanford, (–BC), 11 Sep 1981, Van Wyk 595 (NBG, PRE); Hartebeest Rivier, (–BC), Elbrecht 22,128 (PRE); Hagelkraal River, (–DA), 27 Dec 1946, Leighton 2549 (BOL). –3420 (Swellendam): Riviersonerend Mts., Swellendam, at Stormsvlei Hassaqhaskloof + at the Breede Rivier, (–AA), Zeyher 2855 (PRE); De Hoek farm, above Buffeljagsdam, toward Meulkloof 4x4 track, Swellendam, S side of Langeberg, (–BA), 12 Apr 2011, Haiden 33 (NBG); Haiden 34 (NBG); De Hoop, Potberg, SE facing slopes, c. 1000 m from Elandspad Homestead, N of road, (–BC), 19 Sep 1984, Morley 133 (NBG, PRE [mixed collection with  A. racemosum ]); upper South-West slope of the Potberg, (–BC), 12 Oct 1940, Pillans 9300 (BOL, PRE); De Hoop - Witwater, (–BD), 6 August 1984, Van Wyk 1708 (NBG, PRE). –3421 (Riversdale): Gysmanshoek Pass, 2 km south of The Oaks, (–AA), 16 Sep 1981, Hugo 2758 (PRE); Nature Reserve near Riversdale, (–AB), 11 Oct 1932, Hubbard 244 (NBG); roadside near  Albertinia , (–BA), 27 Jul, Leighton 3305 (BOL, PRE); near  Albertinia , (–BA), 2 Oct 1928, Gillett 1168 (NBG); Ystervarkpunt (Gouriqua) Releve 229, (–BC), 26 Jun 1987, Willemse 360 (NBG); ± 10 km NW of Gouritz River Mouth, (–BD), 25 Sep 1980, Snijman 320 (NBG). –3422 (Mossel Bay): Great Brak River Mouth, (–AA), 12 Nov 1981, Parsons 425 (NBG); Witte Els River (Malgaten No 2), East side, 9.7 m. from George, (–AB), 27 Nov 1943, Fourcade 6288 (BOL); Gwaing River, SE slope, top of clif at W bank of river, (–AB), 26 May 1984, Van Wyk, Fellingham &amp; O'Callaghan 220 (PRE). –3423 (  Knysna ):  Knysna Heads , (–AA), 23 Dec 1949, Martin 27 (NBG); Roberg, 2 m. East of Plettenberg Bay, (–AB), Jan 1934, Compton 4455 (BOL, NBG). Eastern Cape. –3323 (Willowmore): Uniondale Division, hills from Misgund to Spitzkop, (–AD), Fourcade 4244 (BOL); Tsitsikama Park, Uitkyk facing sea hillside, (–DD), Bokelmann PL63No.2 (PRE).).–3324 (Steytlerville): near Hankey on Loerie road, on Enon sandstone, (–DD), 1 Nov 1979, Cowling 1206 (GRA). –3325 (Uitenhague): Blueberg: Loerie, (–CC), 15 Sep 1934, Dix 15 (GRA); Greatwinterhoek Mts., Uitenhage Division, Vyeboomskloof catchemnet basin Groendal Wilderness Res., (–CA), 24 Mar 1975, Scharf 1797 (PRE); Port Elizabeth area; flower show collection, (–DC), Archibald &amp; Britten s.n. (GRA, PRE). –3326 (Grahamstown): Albany District, Coombes Valley, (–BD), 26 Oct 1968, Bayliss 4366 (NBG). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E3EC44B03B171EFC83C3C0E892CCFF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Bergh, N. G.;Manning, J. C.	Bergh, N. G., Manning, J. C. (2019): Achyranthemum N. G. Bergh, a new genus segregated from Syncarpha DC. (Asteraceae, Gnaphalieae) *. South African Journal of Botany 125: 434-456, DOI: 10.1016/j.sajb.2019.08.015, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2019.08.015
03E3EC44B0371718FFFCC13BE864CC93.text	03E3EC44B0371718FFFCC13BE864CC93.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Achyranthemum mucronatum (N. G. Bergh 2019) N. G. Bergh 2019	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> 4.2.  Achyranthemum mucronatum (Berg.) N.G.Bergh ,  comb. nov.</p>
            <p> Gnaphalium mucronatum Berg., Descr. Pl. Cap. : 269 (1767).  Xeranthemum tenuifolium N.L.Burm., Prod. Fl. Cap. : 26 (1768), nom. illeg. super fl.  Helichrysum mucronatum (Berg.) Less., Syn. Gen. Compos. : 295 (1832).  Helichrysum mucronatum var. citreum Harv. in Fl. Cap. 3: 226 (1865), nom. illeg. super fl.  Syncarpha mucronata (Berg.) B.Nord. in Comp. Newsl. 39: 54 (2003). </p>
            <p> Type: without locality or date,? Auge s.n. [G-PREL G00804045, lecto.– digital image!, specimen illustrated in Burman, Rar. Afr. Pl.: 179, t. 66, f. 3, designated by Hilliard &amp; Burtt: 244 (1981a)]</p>
            <p> 
Helichrysum chlorochrysum 
DC., Prodr. 6: 179 (1838).  Syncarpha chlorochrysum (DC.) B.Nord. in Comp. Newsl. 39: 54 (2003). Type: South Africa, Western Cape, ‘Cap. Zwellendam’,  Ecklon s.n. (G-DC G00470387, holo.– digital image!). </p>
            <p>Small, erect or sprawling, sparsely ramified shrublet branching near the base, usually 0.2–0.7 m but up to 1.5 m high, stems woody at base. Leaves imbricate, sessile, appressed or erect with apices weakly spreading to recurved; linear to linear-lanceolate to broadly lanceolate, varying greatly in width, bases decurrent, free portion 10–25 × 1.0–12.0 mm, pungent, apical mucro ± 1.2 mm long, apically concave, five parallel veins visible in broad-leaved specimens, both surfaces with very long (2–3 mm or longer) silvery-white arachnoid hairs that cohere to form a a thick, longitudinally oriented irregularly reticulating lattice-like sheath, indumentum less developed, thinner and more compact on the concave adaxial surface, strongly developed abaxially particularly on the apical portion of leaf. Capitula terminal in groups of (1–)2 to 12 (–30) in a compact pseudo-corymb, shortly cylindrical, 7–13 mm long by 10–15 mm wide, sessile when in bud but pedunculate on maturity; peduncles 10–25 mm long, densely woolly with a thick layer of very fine interwoven white hairs; involucral bracts ±50–120, in ±6 series, erect; lamina when mature coloured pale to dark yellow, when immature very pale yellow often tinged pink; outermost ovate, entire bract 4–7 × 2–3 mm, middle lanceolate, 5–9 × 3 mm, innermost linear with acute apex, smaller than middle and outer, 4–5 × 0.5–1.0 mm. Florets ±40–90(–100), corolla tube 0.5 mm diam., gradually expanding from base to apex, pale yellow, 3.5–5.5 mm long including lobes; anther apex rounded with an acuminate central caudicle. Cypselae cylindrical, 0.8–1.0 × 0.6 mm, pale brown. Pappus bristles united at the extreme base, shorter than fused length of corolla tube, shaft finely barbellate, barb cells becoming stouter and more tightly appressed at apex. Flowering time: The main flowering period is from October to December but buds can be found from June and plants can be seen in late stages of flower until April (Fig. 4).</p>
            <p>Distribution and ecology: Confined to the Agulhas Coastal Plain in the Bredasdorp region and probably specialised to the calcrete soils particular to this area, from near sea level to about 330 m elevation. The westernmost collection is ‘Kleinmond Honingklip Pakskuur’ (Van der Walt 19 [NGB]) but since it is mentioned as a cut-flower collection, this might not be accurate, and Pearly Beach is the westernmost verified locality. The easternmost collection locality is Stilbaai.</p>
            <p> Diagnosis:  A. mucronatum is a sub-shrub with grey-green, silvery leaves and yellow heads, occurring only in the Agulhas plain area. It is very variable in size of the leaves, capitula and synflorescences, but always has ±yellow involucral bracts. This distinguishes it from the vegetatively similar  A. paniculatum which has white involucral bracts and occurs mainly inland on sandstone substrates. On the south side of the Potberg in the De Hoop Reserve the two species co-occur, (e.g. Morley 133 [PRE], a mixed collection of  A. paniculatum and  A. mucronatum ), but can always be distinguished by bract colour. </p>
            <p> Conservation status:  Syncarpha chlorochrysum , which forms a large part of this revised concept of  Achyranthemum mucronatum , is listed as near-threatened (www.redlist.sanbi.org accessed August 2018), having an extent of occurrence smaller than 2300 km 2 within areas experiencing coastal development and alien plant infestations. While the current concept of  A.mucronatum will result in an increased number of specimens and localities, the overall extent of the range does not change significantly, and a revised conservation assessment is required. </p>
            <p> Taxonomic note: The taxonomy of  A. paniculatum and  A. mucronatum as been very confused, and several taxa have been described to accommodate the morphological variation evident in the species. The two species are vegetatively similar, with linear to linear-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate leaves covered by an identical sheathing reticulating indumentum of stout silvery hairs.  Achyranthemum paniculatum has white capitula, whereas the type specimen and protologue of  A. mucronatum indicates that it has pale to dark yellow capitula. The colour differences are always distinguishable in specimens with mature heads, but immature heads of the yellow-coloured taxa are often paler. The yellow-headed specimens are restricted to the calcrete-rich substrates of the Agulhas plain. Similarly to  A. paniculatum ,  A. mucronatum exhibits a range of variation, from forms with slender and terete leaves (currently called  Syncarpha mucronata ) to those with broad and flat leaves (called  Syncarpha chlorochrysum ). Specimens also differ in capitulum size and arrangement, with specimens corresponding to  S. mucronata having smaller capitula clustered in smaller, more lax synflorescences while those corresponding to  S. chlorochrysum have larger capitula in bigger clusters. These form a striking terminal corymbose synflorescence, the appearance of which is sometimes enhanced by a shortening of the leaves below. Specimens representing the extremes of these two conditions are strikingly distinct and if there were no intermediate forms, would undoubtedly be recognised as separate species, as has been done until the present. However, leaf width in yellow-headed specimens is highly variable, possibly enhanced by different degrees of involution. The same holds for capitulum size and arrangement, and large values in one character are not neccessarily associated with large values in the others (e.g. many specimens have broad,short leaves but small capitula clustered in lax, few-headed synflorescences, while several narrow-leaved specimens have large capitula). Examination of all specimens in BOL, NBG, PRE and SAM did not uncover characters which can separate the specimens into two distinct taxa. However, the geographic variation in  A. mucronatum these characters is worth noting. Almost all of the small, terete-leaved and small-headed specimens occur on the Elim coastal plain south of the Bredasdorp mountain range, from Baardskeerdersbos in the west to Die Poort in the east, while the core area for the broad-leaved, large many-headed specimens occurs in the Potberg limestones and eastwards to Vermaaklikheid. </p>
            <p> While  S. chlorochrysum is generally consistently applied to specimens with yellow heads and and broad leaves, herbarium workers have frequently missed the fact that the type of  S. mucronatum has yellow bracts, and folders under this name generally house slender, narrow-leaved specimens with white bracts, derived from De Candolle’ s  H. mucronatum var. niveum . </p>
            <p> Examination of all available specimens of  A. paniculatum and  A. mucronatum indicated that while two groups could almost always be distinguished based on bract colour (white vs. yellow) and distribution/habitat (inland sandstone slopes vs. coastal calcretes), within these two groups the criteria of leaf shape and size, and capitulum size and number, failed to differentiate additional taxa. Thus  Achyranthemum mucronatum is morphologically very similar to  A. paniculatum and is similarly variable, particularly in leaf width and capitulum size, as well as the number of capitula in a synflorescence. Leaves can vary from being almost terete and less than 1 mm wide, to over 9 mm wide, while mature capitula vary from being less than 8 mm to over 12 mm in length, and from being solitary to clustered in corymbiform synflorescences comprising over 30 individual capitula. </p>
            <p> History:  Gnaphalium mucronatum was described by Bergius in 1767. The lectotype for this name (Hilliard and Burtt, 1981a) is a specimen illustrated in Burmann (1739) under the polynomial ‘  Xeranthemum frutescens , foliis linearibus angustissimum, capitulis sulphureis ’. The description ‘sulphureis’ (sulphur-yellow) matches the pale yellow capitula of one of the associated specimens (Ecklon 959 [G-DC G00470521]) while two others (G00470547 and G00470546) have white heads. All these specimens have slender leaves and small capitula in few-headed synflorescences. A note by Olive Hilliard on the specimens in G-DC indicates that the two white-headed specimens are rather associated with  ‘var. niveum ’. Hilliard is here referring to Candolle's (1838) publication in which he segregated white-flowered plants of  A. paniculatum under this trivial epithet, which he identified as being synonymous with  Anaxeton racemosum Schrank. In the same publication, Candolle (1838) described a new species,  Helichrysum chlorochrysum , from another Ecklon collection. This taxon, characterised by broad leaves and large capitula in many-headed synflorescences, has been kept separate as  Syncarpha chlorochrysum until now. </p>
            <p>Selected list of specimens seen (see Supplementary Materials for full list):</p>
            <p>  South Africa: Western Cape. –3419 (Caledon): ‘ Honingklip Pakskuur,  Kleinmond. Natuurbewaring :  Veldblomplukbedryf’ , (– AC), 19 Apr 1984, van der Walt 19 (NBG, PRE)  ;   Keeromskloof, Salmonsdam Nature Reserve,  Stanford , (– BC), 11 Sep 1981, van Wyk 594 (NBG, PRE)  ;   Baardscheerdersbosch , (– DA), 28 Dec 1946, Compton 19,023 (NBG)  ; ‘   In collibus prope  Elim’ , (– DB), Oct 1894, Bolus 6916 (NBG, PRE)  . –   3420 (Bredasdorp):  De Hoop Nature Reserve , 150 m outside reserve entrance, (– AD), 5 Dec 2007, Bennett, Pekeur &amp; Wolfson 3601 (NBG)  ; ‘   aan die suidwestelike kant van die  Potberg Opvoedkundige Sentrum’ , (– BC), 24 Sep 1983, 3rd Ekskursie  U.S. 3 (NBG) ;   Potberg Estates, near  Cape Infanta , (– BD), 16 Jun 1974, Bayliss 6583 (NBG)  ;   1.2 m N.W. of  Arniston , (– CA), 14 Dec 1962, Acocks 23,138 (PRE [2 sheets])  ;   mountain above  Bredasdorp Village on north slopes, (– CA), 9 Nov 1971, Barker 10,863 (NBG [two sheets])  ;   Struisbaai, ridge above town in undeveloped area between  Die Plaat and old abandoned water tower, (– CC), 6 Apr 2004, Bergh 1257 (NBG)  ; ‘   In montiubs pone Koude Rivier prope  ElimBredasdorp , (– DA), 3 Dec 1896, Schlechter 9601 (BOL)  . –   3421 (Riversdale): ± 12 km N from  Stilbaai on roadside, (– AB), 12 Apr 2011, Haiden 35 (NBG [two sheets])  ;   Riversdale , (– AB), Nov 1932, Fergusen s.n. (BOL 46756)  ;   2 m.  S of Vermaaklikheid P.O., (– AC), 25 Oct 1968, Acocks 24,126 (PRE)  ;   Riethuiskraal road,  Still Bay , (– AD), 24 Jan 1980, Bohnen 7301 (NBG, PRE [2 sheets])  . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E3EC44B0371718FFFCC13BE864CC93	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Bergh, N. G.;Manning, J. C.	Bergh, N. G., Manning, J. C. (2019): Achyranthemum N. G. Bergh, a new genus segregated from Syncarpha DC. (Asteraceae, Gnaphalieae) *. South African Journal of Botany 125: 434-456, DOI: 10.1016/j.sajb.2019.08.015, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2019.08.015
03E3EC44B031171AFFFCC6EFEAB2CFC6.text	03E3EC44B031171AFFFCC6EFEAB2CFC6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Achyranthemum recurvatum (L.f.) N.G.Bergh	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> 4.3.  Achyranthemum recurvatum (L.f.) N.G.Bergh,  comb. nov.</p>
            <p> Xeranthemum recurvatum L.f., Suppl. Pl.: 366 (1782).  Helichrysum (as ‘Elichrysum’)  recurvatum (L.f.) Willd., Sp. Pl., ed. 4, 3(3): 1906 (1803).  Syncarpha recurvata (L.f.) B.Nord., Comp. Newsl. 17: 6 (1989). </p>
            <p> Type: South Africa, Cape of Good Hope, without date or locality, Herb. Bäck (LINN 990.25, holo.–digital image!)</p>
            <p>Low, tangled shrublet to about 0.4 m, branches often trailing, decumbent, forming loose mats, slender, woody, leafless below; young branches densely white-felted, glabrescent. Leaves closely alternate-decussate, sessile and slightly decurrent, stiff and recurved, strongly conduplicate, linear to lanceolate, 10–33 × 3.0– 4.5 mm, pungent, apical mucro ± 1.2 mm long; firm-textured, abaxial surface with very long (2–3 mm or longer) stout silvery-white arachnoid hairs that cohere to form a a thick, longitudinally oriented irregularly reticulating lattice-like sheath, ends of hairs projecting from margins in silky clumps, adaxial surface glabrous or sparsely arachnoid. Capitula terminal, solitary, depressed-globose, 12–14 mm long and (10–)12–15(–18) mm wide, usually distinctly pedunculate, peduncles robust, straight, 5–35 mm long, densely pale-grey felted and bearing one or a few widely spaced, narrow, involucre-like bracteoles; involucral bracts ±70, in ±12 series, outer erect, lanceolate, acute, 7 × 2 mm, stereome small, greenish, bearing white hairs, lamina smooth and dirty-white, middle series erect, subspathulate with acute to obtuse apex, 11 × 3 mm, stereome as in outer bracts, lamina white tinged rose-pink, innermost series erect to cucculate, obovate with obtuse apex, 5–7 × 1.5 mm, white tinged pink. Florets ±60 to 75, yellow, 5.5 × 0.7 mm, lobes erect; anther apical appendage caudiculate. Cypselae ovoid, 3.0 × 1.5 mm, pale brown. Pappus bristles nude at the base where they are united into a smooth ring, otherwise barbellate, apices slender, acute. Flowering time: mainly October–November, but plants can be found in flower in April and other months (Fig. 5).</p>
            <p> Distribution and ecology: Highly localised endemic of the Eastern Cape from Hankey to Alexandria, restricted to low-lying areas (from sea level up to 200 m altitude in the Bontveld, a highly restricted vegetation type that covers only 500 km 2 and consists of a mosaic of bushclumps and grassveld. Within the Bontveld,  A. recurvatum is confined to shallow calcareous sands on calcrete ridges. </p>
            <p> Diagnosis: A highly distinctive species, the only one in the genus with strictly solitary capitula. The relatively small, stiff leaves are strongly recurved, with the adaxial surface ±glabrous while the abaxial surface is covered with long matted hairs, clumps of these hairs projecting from the margins like soft, curled spines. The indumentum appears as a surface layer of silvery tissue that has been reticulately disrupted, and due to clumping the individual hairs are not discernable. In this feature, the leaf indumentum in  A. recurvatum is similar to that in  A.paniculatum and  A. mucronatum . </p>
            <p> This is the most morphologically uniform species in the genus. The solitary capitula, usually on long straight peduncles, with pink-tinged involucres, together with the small, recurved leaves, are diagnostic.  Achyranthemum recurvatum might be confused with forms of  A. sordescens , A. af fi ne and  A. argenteum with recurved leaves, but can be distinguished by the leaf indumentum and capitulum characters (see under species descriptions). </p>
            <p>Conservation status: This species is listed as Endangered (www. redlist.sanbi.org accessed August 2018). At the time of assessment, eight severely fragmented subpopulations were thought to remain, and these were in decline due to cement mining, urban expansion and alien plant invasion. Exploitation as everlasting cut flowers may also pose a threat in populations that are easily accessible. The plant is rarely collected, being confined to a rare habitat that has come under threat due to habitat transformation, such as the development of the Coega Industrial Zone. A study by Swart (2006) indicated that only four populations remained. Conservation through relocation is the focus of ongoing studies by E. E.Campbell and students at the Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University.</p>
            <p> History:  Xeranthemum recurvatum was described by Linnaeus f. in 1781 based on an unlocalised specimen in the collection of Abraham Bäck (1713–1795), Swedish physician and close friend of Carl Linnaeus snr. The identity of the species is clear-cut and there are no synonyms. </p>
            <p> Additional specimens seen:   South Africa. Eastern Cape. –3324 (Steytlerville): Hankey, near  Humansdorp , (– DD)  ,   3 Oct 1966,  Bayliss 3605 (NBG)  . –   3325 (Port Elizabeth): Alexandria,  Kaba Valley , (– CB)  ,   23 July 1954,  Archibald 5504 (PRE)  ;   Uitenhage District, by the  Zwartkop River , (– CB)  ,   Nov,  Drège 416 (BOL, SAM)  ;  Uitenhage, (– CD) ,  Ecklon &amp; Zeyher 418 (SAM) ;   Cape of Good Hope,  Uitenhage , (– CD)  ,  Ecklon &amp; Zeyher PRE 11,967 (PRE) ;   Blue Horizon Bay , (– CD)  ,   21 May 2002,  Potgieter FP00919 (PRE)  ;   Grahamstown, Maitland  River Mouth , (– CD)  ,   11 Sept. 1982,  Van Jaarsveld 6847C (NBG)  ;   Maitlands Forest Reserve , next to footpath on De Stades route, (– CD)  ,   7 Nov 2009,  Weatherall-Thomas CR15098/PEG18 (NBG)  ;   road side of fence, 10 km from turnoff from Addo to  Centilivers , (– DA)  ,   12 March 2011,  Haiden 5 (NBG)  ;   10 km from turnoff from Addo to  Centilevers , roadside of fence, (– DA)  ,   12 June 2011,  Haiden 6 (NBG)  ;   between Centlivres and Addo:  Windmolen Farm , (– DA)  ,   29 Sept. 1984,  Stirton 10,850 (PRE)  ;   Lime Hill on rd. to Addo, ± 500 km 2 around Port Elizabeth, as far as  Alexandra ; on road  Zwartkops to  Addo , 5 mi N of De Rust, (– DA)  ,   19 Nov 1977,  Anderson 4 (BOL)  ;   Uitenhage Div., along rd. from Addo to  Port Elizabeth , (– DA)   30 Dec 1965,  Troughton 223 (PRE)  ;   Coega , 7 M. ENE of Coega, (– DC)  ,   4 March 1948,  Acocks 14,054 (PRE)  ;   3.5 MI NE of  Coega. (– DC)  ,   17 March 1954,  Acocks 17,621 (PRE)  ;   Coega, 2.4 miles from  Coega on Grahamstown rd, (– DC)  ,   17 March 1954,  Comins 758 (PRE)  ;   Algoa Bay, St. George’ s  Strand , (– DC)  ,   20 Nov 1932,  Long 840 (PRE)  ;   near Humansdorp,  Hankey , (– DD)  ,   3 Oct 1966,  Bayliss 3605 (NBG)  ;   Distr. Uitenhague, by the Zwartkop river, amongst shrubs on the  Karoolike hills, (– CD)  ,  unknown (BOL 103120) ; –   3326 (Port Elizabeth):  Port Elizabeth , 35 miles NE of Coega, (– CA)  ,   17 March 1954,  Acocks 17,621 (PRE)  ;   Alexandria,  Kaba Valley , (– CB)  ,   23 July 1954,  Archibald 5504 (PRE)  . Without precise locality:   Formosa, Lauterwater, Jan 1940,  Stokoe s.n. (SAM 54700)  ;   1856, de  Castelnau 136 (PRE)  ;  Ecklon &amp; Zeyher 416 (BOL, PRE) ;  Zeyher s.n. (SAM 16339) ;  Zeyher PRE 43,776 (PRE) ;   Van Staden’ s River, Uitenhague,  Drège s.n. (PRE 204291)  ; South  A.recurvatum</p>
            <p>Africa, Drège s.n. (BOL); Ecklon &amp; Zeyher s.n. (PRE 204292); Zeyher s.n. (PRE 204290).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E3EC44B031171AFFFCC6EFEAB2CFC6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Bergh, N. G.;Manning, J. C.	Bergh, N. G., Manning, J. C. (2019): Achyranthemum N. G. Bergh, a new genus segregated from Syncarpha DC. (Asteraceae, Gnaphalieae) *. South African Journal of Botany 125: 434-456, DOI: 10.1016/j.sajb.2019.08.015, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2019.08.015
03E3EC44B033171AFFFCC426EF91C92D.text	03E3EC44B033171AFFFCC426EF91C92D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Achyranthemum argenteum (Thunb. (Thunberg 1800) N. G. Bergh 2019	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> 4.4.  Achyranthemum argenteum (Thunb.) N.G.Bergh ,  comb. nov.</p>
            <p> Xeranthemum argenteum Thunb., Prodr. Pl. Cap. 2: 152 (1800).  Helichrysum (as ‘Elichrysum’)  argenteum (Thunb.) Willd., Sp. Pl. , ed. 4, 3 (3): 1906 (1803).  Syncarpha argentea (Thunb.) B.Nord. in Comp. Newsl. 17: 6 (1989). </p>
            <p>  Type: South Africa, Eastern Cape, ‘e Cap. b. Spei’,  Thunberg s.n. (UPS-THUNB 19297, holo!) </p>
            <p>Low, tangled shrublet, height unknown, branches woody, nodes relatively widely spaced, stems below synflorescences densely leafy, stems with a fine, silver-grey appressed woolly indumentum of slender hairs. Leaves imbricate, narrowly oblanceolate with a distinctly narrowed base, basally somewhat decurrent, lamina flat or conduplicate, recurved at least at the apex, mid-rib somewhat depressed adaxially but prominent abaxially, several smaller lateral veins also abaxially prominent, parallel to the midvein in the narrowed basal portion of the leaf, running outwards away from the midvein in the broader distal leaf lamina, leaf 12–30 mm long × 2.0–8.0 mm wide, apex narrowed to a blunt, strongly recurved point that twists to one side, leaf thin, both surfaces lanate with long (1–2 mm or longer), fine, pale silvery-grey arachnoid hairs cohering to form a thin but dense, tightly appressed antrorsely oriented irregularly reticulating indumentum. Capitula terminal, rarely solitary, usually in corymbs comprising 2 to 3(–6) capitula, depressed-globose, 12–18 mm long and (10–)12–15(–18) mm wide, pedunculate, peduncles 3–60 mm long, densely pale-grey felted with a few small lanceolate bracteoles; involucral bracts white becoming cream-coloured with age, ±90, in ±8–10 series, few outermost erect, broadly lanceolate, 7 × 3 mm, lamina white, smooth, middle series erect to spreading, linear-lanceolate to narrowly oblanceolate, 12 × 3 mm, stereome ± 2 mm long, few bracts in innermost series, linear, 7–9 × 2 mm, stereome 6–8 mm long, lamina very short with obtuse apex. Receptacle ± 7 mm in diameter. Florets ± (75–)85–120(–150), corolla yellow, 4.5–6.0 × 0.7 mm, lobes acuminate; anther apical appendage caudiculate. Cypselae ovoid, 1.2 × 0.8 mm, dark reddish-brown. Pappus bristles united at the base into a smooth ring, scabrid with very slender, regular barbs that are longer and more sparsely and irregularly arranged towards the apex, apices slender, acute. Flowering time: September– November (Fig. 6).</p>
            <p>Distribution and ecology: Restricted to sandy seaside habitats mostly in the Eastern Cape, from near the Storms River mouth in the west to the mouth of the Fish River in the east (Fig. 6).</p>
            <p> Diagnosis:  Achyranthemum argenteum grows in coastal dune habitats and has soft leaves with a very fine, silvery indumentum and large heads with usually&gt;80 florets, with white or cream involucral bracts. It has in the past been confused with A. af fi ne, but that species has involucres white flushed dark pink (see further discussion under A. af fi ne); also, A. af fi ne always has fewer than 80 florets in a capitulum.  Achyranthemum argenteum can also be confused with  A. sordescens , from which it is distinguished by its much larger, paler capitula and by the thinner, smoother leaf indumentum. The indumentum is very thin and held tight to the leaf surface in  A. argenteum , so that the shapes of the leaf veins can be discerned. In contrast, the veins are obscured in  A. sordescens by the thicker tangled indumentum. </p>
            <p> The large capitula with white bracts and the leaf indumentum recall the distantly related  Syncarpha argyropsis , another coastal species, but  A. argenteum has leaves that are smaller and distinctly recurved at the tip, smaller heads (12–18 × 10–18 mm in  A. argenteum vs. 15–20 × 18–24 mm in  S. argyropsis ) and pappus bristles that are scabrid versus distinctly plumose in  S. argyropsis . In addition,  S. argyropsis has fenestrated stereomes on the involucral bracts (Hilliard and Burtt, 1981b), while the stereome is undivided in  A. argenteum (as in all other  Achyranthemum and  Syncarpha species ). </p>
            <p> Conservation status: The conservation status of this species is not known, since the last conservation assessment treated the taxon  Syncarpha argentea , which included plants now segregated as A. af fi ne. The present concept of  Achyranthemum argenteum is likely to be of greater conservation concern, having a smaller range and fewer populations, and requires re-assessment. </p>
            <p> History:  Xeranthemum argenteum was described by Thunberg in 1800 based on a plant he collected during his time at the Cape, most likely between 1772 and 1774, when he is known to have spent time on the Eastern Cape coast (Glen and Germishuizen, 2010). </p>
            <p> Additional specimens seen:   South Africa. Eastern Cape. –3325 (  Port Elizabeth ): Uitenhage Div., van Stadens, (– CC)  , 14 Sept 1930,  Holland PRE 51,884 (PRE) ;   5.5 miles NE of  Sea View (– CD)  ,  30 Nov 1960, Acocks 21,702 (PRE) ;   Cape rd. 10th Mile  Port Elizabeth (– CD)  ,  7 Aug 1932, Long 697 (PRE) ;   Emerald Hill near  Port Elizabeth (– DC)  ,   Jan 1886,  Bolus s.n. BOL (BOL 46522)  ;   Port Elizabeth (– DC)  ,   10 Jan 1949,  Theron 573 (PRE)  . –   3326 (  Grahamstown ): Woody Cape, slack of high dunes (– CD)  ,  5 Nov 1985, Jacot Guillarmod 9816 (PRE) ;   Bathurst Dist.,  Kasouga mouth, beach (– DA)  ,   21 Sep 1920, Britten 2294 (PRE); ± 500 m west of  Bushmans' River mouth behind first row of dunes, on dune slack (– DA)  ,  12 Mar 2011, Haiden 1 (NBG) ;   500 m  west Bushmans' Rivermouth behind first row of dunes, on dune slack (– DA)  ,  12 Mar 2011, Haiden 2 (NBG) ;   Alexandria Dist.,  Bushman’ s river mouth, west bank (– DA)  ,  28 Sep 1951, Archibald 3689 (PRE) ;   Bathurst Dist.,  Bushmans River (– DA)  ,  1 Jan 1936, Dyer 3360B (PRE) ; ‘  ad nivellam maris ord. fl. Kasouga’ (– DA) ,   MacOwan 1439 (SAM 38125)  ;   Bathurst Div.,  Port Alfred (– DB)  ,  Oct 1923, Rogers 28,019 (PRE) ;   Bathurst Div., near sea at  Port Alfred (– DB)  ,   Sep 1915,  Tyson 13,421 (PRE)  ;   Albany Div. , Kowie West (– DB)  ,   Sep 1915,  Tyson 13,298 (BOL)  ;   Kowie West (– DB)  ,   Sep 1916,  Tyson 17,220 (PRE)  . –   3327 (East London): ‘  In arenosis littoris pr. ost. fl. Vischriver’, ‘ad nivellam maris ord. fl. Kasouga’ (– BC)  ,   MacOwan 1439 (PRE 0204248 /02994, SAM 38125);  Bathurst Dist. , Three Sisters, (– CA)  ,  25 Sep 1918, Britten 831 (PRE) . –   3423 (  Knysna ): Plettenberg Bay, just west of  Beacon Island Hotel , sand dunes near sea, (– AB)  ,  29 Jun 1978 (herbarium specimen taken ex. hort. 17 Nov 1982), van Jaarsveld E. 3276 (NBG) . –   3424 (Humansdorp):  Witte Els Bosch , coast slopes, Oct 1920, (– AA)  ,   Fourcade 950 (BOL, NBG)  ;   Oudebos Strand , 3 Oct 1963, (– AA)  ,   Levyns 11,471 (BOL)  ;   Eerste River , along the coast (– AB)  ,  20 Sep 1954, Esterhuysen 25,684 (BOL) ;   Oyster Bay , coastal garden in town (– BA)  ,  15 Nov 2013, Bergh 2289 (NBG) ;   Kromme Bay (– BB)  ,  10 Sep 1960, Acocks 21,456 (PRE) ;   Jeffreys Bay,  Tokio Sexwale Township , coastal dune, (– BA)  ,  15 Apr 2000, Brand 185 (PRE) . –   3425 (  Humansdorp ): W of Port Elizabeth, Skoenmakerskop, dunes behind first row of houses (– BA)  ,  7 Sep 2002, Koekemoer 2341 (PRE) ;   Cape Recife , on dunes along beach, (– BA)  ,  12 Sep 1977, Olivier 1845 (PRE) ;   Sardinia Bay Reserve,  Cape Recife , Marine D., (– BA)  ,   Aug-Sep,  Vanderplank s.n. (GRA 0054515)  . –   Without precise locality: Eastern Province,  Bowker 209 (BOL, PRE 1296, SAM 17894)  .   1832,  Burchell 3736/G00470256 (G-DC [digital image]); ‘in arenosis lapidosis prope Clanwilliam’ (doubtful locality), MacOwan 3292 (SAM)  ;  collector unknown (SAM 17894) ;   Curator Pretoria Bot. Gard. 1296 (PRE 204240)  . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E3EC44B033171AFFFCC426EF91C92D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Bergh, N. G.;Manning, J. C.	Bergh, N. G., Manning, J. C. (2019): Achyranthemum N. G. Bergh, a new genus segregated from Syncarpha DC. (Asteraceae, Gnaphalieae) *. South African Journal of Botany 125: 434-456, DOI: 10.1016/j.sajb.2019.08.015, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2019.08.015
03E3EC44B0331705FC83C369EE31C9E8.text	03E3EC44B0331705FC83C369EE31C9E8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Achyranthemum affine	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> 4.5.  Achyranthemum af fi ne (Less.) N.G.Bergh , comb. nov. </p>
            <p> Helichrysum affi ne Less., Syn. Comp.: 293 (1832), non H. af fi ne D.Don ex Loud., Hort. Brit., ed. 3.suppl. 2: 640 (1839), nom. illeg. </p>
            <p>  Type: Cap. Bonae-Spei, Krebs s.n., B†. Neotype:  Port Elizabeth , Bethelsdorp, (–CD), 10 Jul 1954, Hall 932 (NBG0022323), designated here </p>
            <p> Low shrublet, branching from near the base, height unknown, branches woody, nodes relatively widely spaced, stems below synflorescences sparsely leafy and leaves becoming apically smaller, more erect and more widely spaced, stems grey-felted. Leaves oblanceolate with a distinctly narrowed base, basally apressed and decurrent, lamina flat or slightly folded or conduplicate, incurved, also often slightly recurved apically, mid-rib prominent abaxially, leaf surface with faint longitudinal folds, 15–30 mm long × 2.0–8.0 mm wide,  A. argenteum apex bluntly acute, sometimes recurved, leaf firm-textured, both surfaces lanate with long (1–2 mm or longer), fine, dark silvery-grey arachnoid hairs cohering to form a thin but dense, tightly appressed antrorsely oriented irregularly reticulating indumentum. Capitula terminal, (1–) 2 to 5 in corymbs, depressed-globose, 12–15 mm long and 12–15 mm wide, peduncles 6–50 mm long, densely pale-grey felted with a few small lanceolate bracteoles; involucral bracts white, outer bracts also usually tinged rose pink above, ±65, in ±6–9 series, outermost erect, broadly lanceolate, 7–8 mm long × 2.5–3 mm wide, lamina apically acute, white tinged rose-pink above, smooth, most bracts in middle series, erect, linear-lanceolate to narrowly oblanceolate, 10–12 × 3–4.5 mm, stereome ± 2 mm long, few bracts in innermost series, linear, 4–5 × 1.0– 1.2 mm, stereome 3–3.5 mm long, cartilaginous with a patch of white hairs on the abaxial apex, lamina white, very short with obtuse apex. Receptacle 5.5 mm in diameter. Florets ± 55–80, yellow, 6.5 × 0.7 mm; anther apical appendage caudiculate. Cypselae cylindrical, 1.5 × 0.8 mm, dark reddish-brown. Pappus bristles united at the base into a smooth ring, scabrid with very slender, regular barbs that are longer and more sparsely and irregularly arranged towards the apex, apices slender, acute. Flowering time: specimens in flower from all months, but most flowering specimens collected between April and November (Fig. 7). </p>
            <p> Distribution and ecology: Occurs on the coastal plain and low coastal mountains in the eastern part of the Cape Floristic Region, in grassy  A. affine fynbos. The westernmost collection is from the northern slopes of the Outeniqua mountains near George (Hitchcock 3025 [NBG]); this locality may represent a disjunction as almost all the remaining collections are in the vicinity of Port Elizabeth, from Cape St. Francis in the west, inland to the mountains at the eastern end of the Baviaanskloof, and extending to the coastal plain now occupied by the Port Elizabeth CBD.The species is likely to extend eastwards and inland from Port Elizabeth, as there is a single collection of unspecified locality from Grahamstown (Marloth 6129 [NBG]). </p>
            <p> Diagnosis: This species has been much confused with  A. argenteum , under which name it is usually found in herbaria.In rare cases where the involucral bracts of specimens of A. af fi ne have faded or are pure white without the pink tinge, that species is indeed difficult to distinguish from  A. argenteum . However, in A. af fi ne the stems below the synflorescences are nude or sparsely leafy, while in  A. argenteum the stems are densely leafy right up to the branching point of the peduncles. While  A. argenteum has distinctly recurved leaves with a twisted, recurved apex and a thin lamina, A. af fi ne has leaves that are incurved and only slightly recurved apically, with a firm-textured lamina.In addition, the leaves of A. af fi ne become smaller and more widely spaced distally on the flowering branches, which is not usually the case in  A. argenteum . The leaf hairs in both species are similar, but those in  A. argenteum are somewhat longer, finer and more slender, and are paler in colour, while the indumentum of A. af fi ne is darker and very closely felted. The heads of  A. argenteum are never pink-tinged, and are also larger, with a receptacle ± 7 mm diam. and 80–150 florets, compared with a receptacle of ± 5.5 mm diam and 60–80 florets in A. af fi ne. Finally, the two species differ in habitat, with  A. argenteum being a strictly sea-side, sandy coastal dune species while A. af fi ne occurs on the coastal plain or inland mountains.  Achyranthemum af fi ne could also be confused with  A. paniculatum , especially when specimens of the latter are young with a pink flush to the involucre, but the leaf indumenta are distinctive. </p>
            <p> Taxonomic note: The confusion between A. af fi ne and  A. argenteum dates to Candolle (1838). Prior to this, references to  A. argenteum mentioned only ‘silver’ or ‘white’ involucral bracts (Thunberg, 1800; Thunberg, 1823; Willdenow, 1803; Lessing, 1832). In his Prodromus (1838), Candolle described the bract colour as ‘invol. variant alba et extus purpurea’ and cited Burchell 4567, Drège and Ecklon ‘exs. Willd.’. We have viewed all available images for this species in the Candolle herbarium in Geneva; these include several of Ecklon and Drège (although none of them have any annotation indicating an association with previous authors) as well as Burchell 4567 and several other collections. We have also been able to examine a twig of Burchell 4567 in BOL. Nine of the ten specimens in G-DC, including Burchell 4567, are A. af fi ne, while Burchell 3736 is  A. argenteum . </p>
            <p> The confusion has been exacerbated by the fact that the two species occur in much the same region in the Eastern Cape, but they differ in micro-habitat.  Achyranthemum argenteum is confined to sandy coastal dune habitats, very close to the sea. While A. af fi ne occurs close to the coast, its habitat is not actually on coastal dunes. </p>
            <p>Conservation status: The conservation status of this species requires assessment, given that the main recorded distribution range is now covered by a major metropolitan area.</p>
            <p> History: Lessing (1832) described the new species  Helichrysum af fi ne citing specimens collected by Krebs and housed ‘in flora capensi herbarii regii berolinensis’ referring to the Berlin Herbarium, where Krebs’ main set of types and collections is lodged (Stafleu and Cowan, 1979). Georg Krebs was a German naturalist who is known to have travelled in the Eastern Cape and sent specimens back to Europe, but this specimen is no longer extant in B and is presumed to have been destroyed in the fire of the Berlin Botanical Museum in 1943 (R. Vogt, pers. comm.). Although we have not seen the original type, Lessing’ s (1832) original Latin description is fairly detailed, describing this species as a wellbranched shrub with slender branches and a silver tomentum, with narrow oblong-obovate leaves recurved at the apices, leaves sparser below the capitula, the heads borne solitary or paired and the involucral bract colour as ‘niveum–incarnatum’ (white–flesh-coloured). Lessing (1832) obviously considered H. af fi ne to be very similar to other species of  Achyranthemum , listing it in his treatment between  H. argenteum (now  Achyranthemum argenteum ) and  H. recurvatum (now  A. recurvatum ), and including descriptions of the differences between H. af fi ne and both  H. argenteum and  H. paniculatum . Lessing’ s (1832) description matches in all respects the specimens with pink and white bracts that were included by Candolle and subsequent workers under  Helichrysum argenteum (and later,  Syncarpha argentea ). Candolle (1838) listed H. af fi ne Less. in his treatment of these species, describing it as ‘very similar to  H. argenteo ’ (i.e.  Achyranthemum argenteum ). There is a specimen in G-DC (G00470511; R. Sweet s.n. collected in 1832) annotated in what appears to be Candolle’ s handwriting with ‘ H. af fi ne Less. n 29’. Although this specimen is a fairly small scrap and any pink in the involucral bracts has faded, it is likely to be conspecific with Achryanthemum af fi ne. We designate a specimen in NBG (Hall 932) as the neotype, because it is a typical specimen with abundant material. </p>
            <p> The species has been very seldom collected in recent years, apart from the 2013 collection by Anthony Hitchcock, from the Outeniqua mountains far to the west of the previously known distribution. However, it is a common horticultural plant, available in garden centres and nurseries throughout South Africa, usually under the name  Syncarpha argentea or ‘Emma everlasting’. It can be difficult to distinguish whether these garden plants are A. af fi ne or  A. argenteum and it is possible that hybridisation has occurred. </p>
            <p> Additional specimens seen:   South Africa. Eastern Cape. –3322 (George): Outeniqua Mountains, Waboomskraal –  Kleindoring river hiking trail (– CC)  ,  7 Sep 2013, Hitchcock 3025 (NBG, PRE) . –   3324 (  Steytlerville ): undulating country c. 100 (miles?) NW of Port Elizabeth, (– DA)  ,  16 Oct 1928, Gillett 2422 (NBG) .–   3325 (  Port Elizabeth ): Vaal Vlei Estate (– CB)  ,  31 May 1919, Mogg 4674 (NBG) ;  in plain at foot of mountain near Van Stadensrivier, (– CC) ,   Oct,  Zeyher s.n. (SAM 38127)  ;   Van Staadesrivier , (– CC)  ,   1835,  Drége 2165 (G-DC G00470563)  ;   Van Staadesrivier , (– CC)  ,   1835,  Drége 2168 (G-DC G00470586)  ;   van  Stadensberg (– CD)  ,  14 Nov 1928, Gillett 2388 (NBG) ;   van  Stadesburg , (– CD)  ,   Zeyher s.n. (SAM 38126)  ;   Uitenhage (– CD)  ,   Nov-Dec 1925,  Thode 665 (PRE)  ;   Uitenhage (– CD)  ,  4 Oct 1905, Jordon 2701 (PRE) ;   Uitenhague , (– CD)  ,   1835,  Ecklon 404 (G-DC G00470466)  ;   Uitenhague , (– CD)  ,  5 Feb 1835, Ecklon 552 (G-DC G00470348) ;   Uitenhague , (– CD)  ,  5 Oct 1835, Ecklon 935 (G-DC G00470237) ;   Uitenhague , (– CD)  ,  4 Feb 1835, Ecklon 1107 (G-DC G00470434) ;   Uitenhague , (– CD)  ,  5 Feb 1835, Ecklon 1570 (G-DC G00470315) ;   Around Krakakamma (– CD)  ,   1832,  Burchell 4567 (G-DC G00470592, PRE, BOL)  ;   10 miles from Uitenhage; on road from  Uitenhage to van Stadens (– CD)  ,  21 Apr 1919, Schonland 3257 (PRE) ; at edge of P.E. to   Cape Town highway, 16 miles from  Port Elizabeth (– CD)  ,  14 Apr 1970, Wright 980 (NBG) ;   Near  Port Elizabeth (– DC)  ,  1 Feb 1927, Young 15,422 (PRE) ;   Newton Park (– DC)  ,  Jan 1957, Sidey 3082 (PRE) ;   Golf course at  Port Elizabeth (– DC)  ,  Feb 1927, Moorshead s.n./ Moss Herb. 15746 (PRE) ;   Baakens River valley f. (– DC)  ,  2 April 1930, Galpin 9929 (PRE) ;   Downs, Cradock Place, near  Port Elizabeth (– DC)  ,  12 May 1902, Galpin 6355 (PRE) ;   Port Elizabeth District,  Vaal Vlei estate, (– DC)  ,  31 May 1919, Mogg 4674 (NBG, PRE) ;   Kabega Downs , western suburbs (– DC)  ,  6 Nov 1966, Dahlstrand s.n. (PRE 204249) ;   Walmer (– DC)  ,  2 Feb 1925, Archibald s.n./ Moss Herb. 15,188 (PRE) ;   Port Elizabeth , short scrub (– DC)  ,  29 June 1962, Batten 7- Pl 54 (NBG) ;   Walmer (– DC)  ,  17 Jun 1975, Walters 55 (NBG) ;   Port Elizabeth coastal grasslands (– DC)  ,  13 May 1965, Bayliss 2848 (NBG) ;   Port Elizabeth (– DC)  ,  Tyson 2238 (NBG, SAM);   Linton Grange ; patch of veld (– DC)  ,  17 Sep 1972, Troughton 405 (NBG, PRE) ;   Baakens River beyond  Sunridge Park (– DC)  ,  19 Jul 1973, Olivier 709 (NBG) ; –   3326 (Grahamstown):  Grahamstown (– BC)  ,  1 Jul 1908, Marloth 6129 (PRE) ;   Kenton-on-Sea,  Joan Muirhead Private Nature Reserve , coastal cliff, (– BC)  ,  12 Oct 1996, Mucina 6167/1 (PRE) . –   3327 (  East London ): ‘ad nivellum maris ad ost flum. Visch rivier’, (– AC)  ,  Nov 1919, MacOwan 1439 (SAM) . –   3424 (Humansdorp):  Kromme River (– BB)  ,  June 1856, de Castelnau s.n. (PRE) . –   3425 (Port Elizabeth): hills near Sea coast near  Port Elizabeth , (– BA)  ,  Mar 1866, Bolus 1672 (BOL) . –   Without precise locality: ‘in planitie ad ped. mont. pone van Stadensrivier &amp;  Port Elizabeth’ , Oct, Zeyher s.n. (SAM 38127)  ; ‘   ad sinum Algoa Africae Australis’, 1822,  Forbes s.n. G00470585); ‘ In arenosis planitiebus prope Algoa Bay’, Aug, MacOwan 1439 (SAM 38125)  ;   Zeyher s.n. PRE 43,788 (PRE)  ; ‘   prope  Port Elizabeth’ , 24 Aug 1930, Fries, Norlindh &amp; Weimarck s.n. (BOL 46516)  ; ‘   ad sinum  Algoa Africae Sinensis’ , 1922, Forbes s.n. (BOL 46519)  ;   hills nr. seacoast nr.  Port Elizabeth , Mar 1866, Bolus 1672 (BOL)  ,   Tyson s.n. (SAM 38128)  . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E3EC44B0331705FC83C369EE31C9E8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Bergh, N. G.;Manning, J. C.	Bergh, N. G., Manning, J. C. (2019): Achyranthemum N. G. Bergh, a new genus segregated from Syncarpha DC. (Asteraceae, Gnaphalieae) *. South African Journal of Botany 125: 434-456, DOI: 10.1016/j.sajb.2019.08.015, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2019.08.015
03E3EC44B02C1707FC9AC224EB02CA06.text	03E3EC44B02C1707FC9AC224EB02CA06.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Achyranthemum sordescens (N. G. Bergh 2019) N. G. Bergh 2019	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> 4.6.  Achyranthemum sordescens (DC.) N.G.Bergh ,  comb. nov.</p>
            <p> Helichrysum sordescens DC., Prodr. 6: 178 (1838).  Syncarpha sordescens (DC.) B.Nord. in Comp. Newsl. 17: 6 (1989). </p>
            <p>  Type: South Africa, Eastern Cape, ‘ Alghoa [Algoa] Bay’, 1835,  Drège 2166 (G-DC G00470515, holo.–digital image!) </p>
            <p>Low, sprawling, often clump-forming shrublet much-branched from the base, in exposed positions about 150 mm high, to about 700 mm in more sheltered habitats, stems woody at base, with a loose, woolly, grey-green indumentum, shoots terminated by synflorescences but new shoots initiated from below the synflorescence and frequently overtopping the capitula, stems below synflorescences densely leafy. Leaves imbricate, appressed then apically erect-spreading or recurved, linear-oblanceolate, weakly to strongly conduplicate, 10–25 × 2.0–4.0 mm, soft-textured, pungent, apical mucro ± 1.2 mm long, both surfaces densely villous, with very long fine white hairs forming a thick, diffuse tangled indumentum that completely obscures the leaf surface. Capitula terminal in corymbs of (2–)3 to 4(–8), lateral capitula overtopping the central one, narrowly cupulate, 7.0–10.0 × 4.0–10.0 mm; lateral peduncles 15–25 mm long, terminal peduncles 2–6 mm long, densely woolly with a loose layer of long interwoven white hairs; involucral bracts ±60, in ±6 series, erect, lanceolate, acute-apiculate, with a distinct midvein, cream-coloured becoming brownish or grey, stereome thickened, lamina thin especially apically, outermost bracts lanceolate, 4–5 × 1.0– 1.2 mm, middle larger, 7 × 2 mm, innermost linear with obtuse, apiculate apex, 4.2–5 × 0.5–0.8 mm. Florets ±(20–)30–60, corolla tubular for most of its length, 0.4 mm diam., abruptly expanded apically to double this diameter, yellow becoming brown after anthesis, 6.5–7.0 mm long × 0.4 mm diameter (expanded to 0.8 mm apically), lobes recurved after anthesis, triangular, acute with marginal vascular trace, abaxially glabrous; anther apex caudiculate. Cypselae ovoid, 1.2–1.3 × 0.6 mm, pale brown. Pappus bristles united at the extreme base, shaft densely barbellate, apices nude, slender, acute. Flowering time: (October–) November–March (Fig. 8).</p>
            <p>Distribution and ecology: Restricted to consolidated coastal sand habitats in the area around Port Elizabeth in the Eastern Cape, from the Maitland River mouth just west of Port Elizabeth to Kenton-on-Sea in the east.</p>
            <p> Diagnosis:  Achyranthemum sordescens has been confused with both  A. argenteum and  A. recurvatum on account of their similar greytomentose, recurved foliage, but it differs from both in its more woolly  A. sordescens indumentum of very long, fine, tangled hairs and smaller, cream (fading to grey or brownish) capitula 7–10 × 4–10 mm in size and housing no more than 60 florets.  Achryanthemum argenteum has a fine indumentum of short straight hairs, bright white involucral bracts that remain so on drying, larger capitula (12–18 × 10–18 mm) and at least 80 but frequently over 100 florets per capitulum. Like  A. recurvatum ,  A. sordescens can have strongly recurved leaves, but the leaves are soft rather than rigid, and the indumentum is looser, more tangled and made up of finer hairs. The capitula of both  A. recurvatum and A. af fi ne are white tinged pink, not cream becoming brownish as in  A. sordescens , and in  A. recurvatum the capitula are solitary, while in  A. sordescens they are borne in corymbs of 2 or up to 8. </p>
            <p>Conservation status: This species is listed as Vulnerable (Raimondo et al., 2009), being known from fewer than ten locations from a restricted range, and declining due to coastal development and the spread of invasive alien plants.</p>
            <p> History:  Helichrysum sordescens was described by Candolle in 1838 based on a specimen collected by J. F. Drège in ‘Alghoa Bay’ on a professional plant-collecting trip in 1835. </p>
            <p> Additional specimens seen:   South Africa. Eastern Cape. –3325 (  Port Elizabeth ): dunes W of Maitland River Mouth,(– CD)  ,  3 Feb 1987, O'Callaghan 1369 (NBG) ;  near Humewood, (– DC) ,   6 Oct 1949,  Theron 634 (PRE)  ;  Summerstrand, (– DC) ,  27 Feb 2004, Burrows &amp; Burrows 8364 (PRE) ;   Emerald Hill near  Port Elizabeth , (– DC)  ,  Bolus, H. 9802 (BOL) . –  3326 (Grahamstown): Alexandria, Cannon Rocks, (– DA), 17 Sep 1967, Acocks 23,900 (PRE) ;   Alexandria, Bathurst, Bushman  River Mouth nr. Kwaai Hoek, (– DA)  ,  11 Jan 1936, Dyer 3354 (PRE) ;  Boknes, seaward side of Dias Cross on cliff (– DA) ,  12 Mar 2011, Haiden 3 (NBG) ;  Alexandria, seaward side of Dias Cross on exposed, dry cliffface (– DA) ,  12 Mar 2011, Haiden 4 (NBG) ;  Alexandria Division, Kenton-on-Sea (– DA) ,  Dec 1949, Leighton 3109 (BOL) ;  Boknes (near Kenton-on-Sea), Diaz Cross site, Kwaaihoek 3, cliff face, (– DA), 12 Dec 1996, Mucina 6190/1 (PRE) ; Boesmansriviermond, Wood  Cape Nature Reserve, Kwaaihoek 1, cliff top (– DA) ,  13 Dec 1996, Mucina 6204/1 (PRE) ;   Bathurst,  Kasouga River mouth, (– DA)  ,  22 Sep 1920, Britten 2345 (PRE) . –   3424 (Humansdorp):  Rebelsrus Private Nature Reserve , Thysbaai, between   Cape St. Francis and  Oyster Bay , (– BA)  ,  2 Jan 2014, Hutchinson MSB 5080 (NBG) . –   3425 (Port Elizabeth):  Port Elizabeth near Sea View to east, (– AB)  ,  9 Sep 1960, Acocks 21,445 (PRE) .–   Without precise locality:  Port Elizabeth , Drege 16,337 (SAM)  ;   Port Elizabeth , Nov 1952, Munro 403 (PRE)  . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E3EC44B02C1707FC9AC224EB02CA06	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Bergh, N. G.;Manning, J. C.	Bergh, N. G., Manning, J. C. (2019): Achyranthemum N. G. Bergh, a new genus segregated from Syncarpha DC. (Asteraceae, Gnaphalieae) *. South African Journal of Botany 125: 434-456, DOI: 10.1016/j.sajb.2019.08.015, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2019.08.015
03E3EC44B02E1701FFD7C002E9E1CB73.text	03E3EC44B02E1701FFD7C002E9E1CB73.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Achyranthemum striatum (N. G. Bergh 2019) N. G. Bergh 2019	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> 4.7.  Achyranthemum striatum (Thunb.) N.G.Bergh ,  comb. nov.</p>
            <p> Xeranthemum striatum Thunb., Prodr. Pl. Cap. 2: 152 (1800).  Helichrysum (as ‘Elichrysum’)  striatum (Thunb.) Willd., Sp. Pl. , ed. 4, (3)3: 1910 (1803).  Syncarpha striata (Thunb.) B.Nord. in Comp.Newsl.17:6. 1989. </p>
            <p> Type: South Africa, Western Cape, ‘e. Cap. b. Spei’, Thunberg s.n. (UPS-THUNB 19330, lectotype –micro fi che!, designated by Hilliard and Burtt, 1981a)</p>
            <p> 
Helichrysum striatum 
var. villosum DC., Prodr. 6: 179 (1838); Harv. in Fl.Cap. 6: 225 (1894). Type: South Africa, Eastern Cape, ‘ Zwartkoprivier’, 1835,  Drége 2171 (G-DC G00470338 –digital image!, lecto., designated here). </p>
            <p> 
Helichrysum striatum 
var. sub fl avescens DC., Prodr. 6: 179 (1838). Type: South Africa, Eastern Cape, ‘ Uitenhague’, 1835,  Ecklon 943 (G-DC G00470327 –digital image!, lecto., designated here). </p>
            <p> Xeranthemum rigidum Andrews, Bot. repos. 6: t. 387 (1804).  Helichrysum rigidum (Andrews) W.T.Aiton, Hort. Kew. , ed.2: 24 (1813). Type: illustration in Andrews, Bot. repos. 6: t. 387 (1804). </p>
            <p>Low, sparsely branched subshrub, usually 0.2–0.7 m high but up to 1.2 m, woody below, stems erect, wiry, sparsely branched above, branches reddish-brown, densely clothed with long, pale, russet-tinged hyaline hairs, stems below synflorescences densely leafy. Leaves generally densely imbricate at ends of branches, becoming larger towards synflorescences, sessile with truncate point of attachment, base somewhat clasping stem, basal portion with narrow white membraneous margins, linear to linear-subulate, erect and straight or gradually slightly recurving apically; strongly rolled around concave adaxial surface, 8–30 mm × 1.4–3.0(–6.0) mm, with 3–5 parallel veins, margins narrowly involute, apically tapering to a dark, elongate, bluntly acute mucro, leaf rigid, bright green when fresh, darkening on drying, smooth to striate, striations apparent on drying, both surfaces villous, leaf surface visible beneath a sparse to dense covering of long antrorse, free, more-or-less straight, not tangled or cohering brittle hyaline russet-tinged acute hairs, hairs denser on abaxial surface, margins, apical portion and on younger leaves. Capitula (1–)3–10(–16) in a compact pseudo-corymb, onion-shaped, 6–12 mm long × 6–12 mm wide, individual peduncles slender, dark reddish-brown, 5–18 mm long, densely covered with long, spreading, brittle, hyaline, pale acute hairs, subtended by very short pseudo-petiolate leaflike bracteoles; involucral bracts ±40–70, in ±4–6 series, outer and middle squarrose on maturity, inner erect, stereome brown and delineated apically with a dark purple margin, abaxially with a patch of stout long white straight antrorse hairs; lamina white, sometimes tinged pale pink, becoming narrower inwards; outermost involucral bracts 3–5 × 1.2–2.0 mm; most bracts in middle series, lanceolate to narrowly oblanceolate, longer than florets and strongly squarrose, 6–7 × 2.0– 2.5 mm, stereome 0.8–1.2 mm long; few bracts in innermost series, erect, equalling florets, 5.0–5.5 × 0.4–1.0 mm, stereome linear, glabrous, 4.0– 4.5 mm long, lamina short with obtuse to truncate apex. Receptacle 3.5–4.5 mm in diameter. Florets ±30–50, yellow, 6.0–7.0 × 0.3–0.5 mm including lobes; anther apical appendage strongly caudiculate. Cypselae cylindrical, 1.2 × 0.4 mm, dark reddish-brown when ripe. Pappus bristles united at the base into a smooth ring, shaft nude or scabrid, apical cells large and elongate, pressed tightly together, acute. Flowering time: November is the peak flowering month with most specimens in full flower having been collected between October and December, but flowering specimens have been collected during all months except June (Fig. 9).</p>
            <p> Distribution and ecology: Apart from a collection at Garcia’ s Pass in the Langeberg (Leipoldt 16,051 [BOL]) and one near  Knysna (Marloth 11,350 [PRE]), this species occurs in grassy fynbos from Jeffrey’ s Bay eastwards to Gonubie near East London. It is most abundant in the Humansdorp–Port Elizabeth region, and may be associated with seasonally moist habitats. </p>
            <p> Diagnosis:  Achyranthemum striatum is recognised by its erect, bright green, rigid leaves and small capitula with bright white, squarrose involucral bracts that spread to reveal the darker stereomes of the inner bracts. On dried specimens, the leaves are darker and brownish but the parallel leaf veins are visible as longitudinal striations. The indumentum on the leaves and peduncles is unique, comprising long, wiry, hyaline hairs oriented at 90 o to the surface, but a hand-lens is required to see these clearly.  Achyranthemum striatum could be confused with both  A. paniculatum and  A. argenteum , but a close examination of the leaf tomentum will serve to distinguish them, since in none of the latter species can the glabrous leaf surface be seen through the indumentum.  Achryanthemum striatum also has smaller capitula with fewer bracts than the other two species, and its outer and middle involucral bracts are strongly squarrose, revealing the darker stereomes between the laminas. </p>
            <p>Conservation status: The taxonomic concept of this species has not altered in the current study, and so its current listed status of Least Concern still holds. However, the last assessment was done in 2005, and should be repeated given high levels of coastal development in the Port Elizabeth area.</p>
            <p> History:  Xeranthemum striatum was first described by Thunberg in 1800 from a specimen he collected during his travels at the Cape. A few years later, Andrews (1804) unknowingly described the same species as  Xeranthemum rigidum from a specimen cultivated at Kew Gardens by G. Hibbert from seeds received from the Cape. In the same year, Willdenow (1803) transferred the species to Helichrsyum, which was followed by Candolle (1838). Although Candolle (1838) recognised  var. villosum and  var. sub fl avescens, this species is always distinguishable by its glabrous leaf surfaces with sparse, long, wiry, hyaline hairs  A. striatum oriented at 90 o to the surface, and the variation does not warrant infraspecific taxa. </p>
            <p> Additional specimens seen: South Africa. Eastern Cape. –3227 (East London): East London District, 1.5 miles from sea betw. Gonubie &amp; Qinera rivers (–DD), 2 Oct 1910, Dodd [Galpin Herb. No. 7937] (PRE). –3228 (East London): Gonubie Springs, (–CC), 23 Dec 1944, Acocks 10,984 (PRE); Gonubie Springs (–CC), 11 May 1945, Compton 17,037 (NBG). –3324 (Humansdorp): Uitenhage, summit of Witte Klip (–CC), Jan 1899, Bolus s.n. (NBG 25708); Suuranys Mountains; Vryheid Farm (–CC), Oct 1984, Stirton 10,898 (PRE); Humansdorp Division, Karreedouw (–CD), 21 Dec 1933, Compton 4534 (BOL, NBG); Humansdorp Division, Hills, Essenbosch (–CD), Sep 1909, Fourcade 415 (BOL); ‘In subulosis summi montis Wittklip’ (–CD), MacOwan 1065 (BOL, SAM); Wittklip (–CD), unknown (BOL 46833); between Kareedouw and Humansdorp (–DC), 12 Nov 1928, Hutchinson 1439 (PRE); 5.6 miles along Grootfontein turnoff from AndrieskhraalHumansdorp rd (–DC), 26 Sep 1969, Thompson 946 (PRE); St. Francis, road to Hankey, 3 km N of N2 (–DD), 15 May 2005, C.R.E.W. CR542 (NBG); Kouga region, Eastern Cape, Kabeljous Reserve (–DD), 29 Sep 2004, C.R.E.W. CR573 (NBG); Humansdorp District, Hankey Hills (–DD), 12 Apr 1952, Compton 23,417 (NBG); Humansdorp, hill slopes (–DD), 9 Sep 1887, Galpin 4137 (PRE); Humansdorp; road to Hankey from Humansdorp, about 2 km N of N2 highway, in field, farm side of fence (–DD), 13 Mar 2011, Haiden 7 (NBG); road to Hankey from Humansdorp, about 2 km N of N2 highway, in field, farm side of fence (–DD), 13 Mar 2011, Haiden 8 (NBG); Humansdorp Div., Hankey, 5 miles from Hankey on Loerie rd. (–DD), 30 Apr 1947, Story 2484 (PRE); Humansdorp, E of mountain (–DD), Dec 1932, Wagner s.n. (NBG 237999). –3325 (Port Elizabeth): Port Elizabeth, Vaal Vlei Estate (–BC), 31 May 1919, Mogg 4732 (PRE); Van Staden's River Mountains (–CC), Jan 1867, Bolus s.n. (BOL 46825); ‘Zwischen Van Staadesberg und Bethelsdorp’ (–CC), Dec, Drège 2854 (SAM); Uitenhage District, Thornhill (–CC), 12 Apr 1952, Compton 23,400 (NBG); lower slopes of Van Staaden's Mountains (–CC), 13 Nov 1928, Hutchinson 1507 (BOL); Humansdorp Div., top of hill bet. Thornhill and Hankey (–5CC), 12 Oct 1952, Lewis (PRE 235652); Port Elizabeth, 20 miles on Cape rd. (–5CC), 31 May 1932, Long 608 (PRE, 2 sheets); 30 km. from Port Elizabeth on Humansdorp side (–CC), 9 Jan 1977, Scholtz 83 (PRE); Longmore State Forests, next to track on top of peak on Van Stadens Mountains (–CC), 27 Jan 1986, Vlok 1387 (PRE); Uitenhage District, between Port Elizabeth and Van Staadens Pass (–CD), 31 Dec 1939, Barker 602 (NBG); Uitenhage (–CD), Ecklon s.n. (PRE 204143); Uitenhage (–CD), Ecklon s.n. (PRE 619933); Uitenhage District, Uitenhage (–CD), 1961, Batten s.n. (NBG 59733); Port Elizabeth District: sandy flats between Port Elizabeth and Greenbushes (–CD), 2 Nov 1987, Goldblatt &amp; Manning 8553 (PRE); Surrey Hills W of Port Elizabeth (–CD), 28 Sep 1978, Hugo 1387 (NBG, PRE); Uitenhage, Van Stadens Mts., nr. town (–CD), MacOwan s.n. (PRE 204135); west of Port Elizabeth towards Witteklip, open bush country (–CD), 26 Aug 1947, Rodin 1010 (BOL, PRE); Uitenhage District, in the stony channel of the Zwartkop River, in the first altitude (–5CD), Zeyher 158 (BOL, NBG); Zwartkopsrivier, (–CD), Dec 1897, Zeyher 235&amp;365 (SAM); Port Elizabeth, western suburbs, Kraggakama rd. (–DC), 30 Aug 1966, Dahlstrand 444 (PRE); Port Elizabeth, Humewood (–DC), Sep 1911, Daly 25,822 (PRE); ‘Ad Sinum Algoa Africa Australis [South Africa, to the bay of Algoa]’ (–DC), 1822, Forbes 90 (BOL); Port Elizabeth, Baakens River, Patons Farm (–DC), 22 Aug 1931, Long 466 (PRE); Port Elizabeth, Walmer (–DC), Oct 1911, Paterson 172 (PRE); Port Elizabeth, Redhouse (–DC), Sep 1916, Paterson 172 (PRE); Port Elizabeth, Walmer (–DC), Aug 1914, Paterson 173 (PRE); Port Elizabeth, Walmer (–DC), Oct 1911 or 1912, Paterson 796 (PRE, 2 sheets); ‘In apertis circa Port Elizabeth’ (–DC), 1877,  Tyson 2249 (NBG, PRE). –3326 (Grahamstown): Grahamstown (–BC), Oct 1902, Daly &amp; Sole 310 (PRE); Albany District, Round Hill near Martindale (–BD), 03 Aug 1966, Bayliss 3519 (NBG); ‘In convalle prope’ ‘Round Hill’, ‘Lower Albany’ (–BD), Dec 1885, Bolus s.n. (BOL 46827); Albany District, Trappes Valley (–BD), 11 Dec 1903, Daly 651 (PRE); Albany Division, 9 miles from drift on rd. to Grahamstown (–BD), 21 Jul 1946, Story 1287 (PRE); Bathurst, Southwell (–DA), 19 Sep 1920, Britten 2247 (NBG, PRE); Bathurst Division, Kasouga rd. 1 miles from where it leaves Kowie rd (–DA), 19 Sep 1920, Britten 2593 (PRE); Bathurst, Southwell (–DA), unknown (NBG 237923); Bathurst Division, Kowie, grassy slopes (–DB), Feb 1917,  Tyson s.n. (PRE 204138). –3327 (Peddie): Bathurst Division, Hopewell (–AC), 30 Oct 1964, Acocks 23,523 (PRE); Peddie, Fish River Mouth (–AC), 11 Sep 1964, Bayliss 2361 (NBG); SE of Grahamstown on road towards East London/Shaws Park/Fish River lighthouse and the sea (–AC), 11 Oct 2006, Bergh 1577 (NBG); Bathurst Division, Kap River nr junction with Fish River (–AC), 19 Nov 1964, Wells 2909 (PRE). –3421 (Riversdale): Garcias Pass between Riversdale &amp; Ladismith (–AA), Jul 1919, Leipoldt 16,051 (BOL). –3423 (  Knysna ): hills near  Knysna (–AA), Marloth 11,350 (PRE). –3424 Humansdorp): Humansdorp Division, flats East of Clarkson (–AB), Jul 1920, Fourcade 784 (BOL); Humansdorp District, 5 miles E of Clarkson (–AB), 26 Nov 1950, Maguire 510 (NBG); Humansdorp District, 4 miles E of Clarkson (–AB), 26 Nov 1950, Martin 651 (NBG); Clarkson (–AB), Schlechter 6003 (NBG, SAM); Humansdorp Division, Clarkson (–AB), Aug to Oct 1926, Thode A876 (PRE); between Kareedouw &amp; Humansdorp (–BA), 12 Nov 1928 Hutchinson 1439 (BOL); Humansdorp Division, 4.8 miles E by S of Humansdorp (–BB), 7 Mar 1959, Acocks 20,320 (PRE); Humansdorp District, in the town ground (–BB), 28 Dec 1956, Basson 6 (NBG); ‘In campis graminosis prope Humansdorp’ (–BB), Nov 870, Bolus s.n. (BOL 46826); Humansdorp Division, The Glen (–BB), Jan 1912, Burtt Davy 2131 (PRE); Humansdorp Division, Jeffreys Bay road, 2 m. from Humansdorp (–BB), Nov 1928, Fourcade 4198 (BOL, NBG [3 sheets]); Humansdorp District, 2 miles E of Humansdorp (–BB), 13 Nov 1928, Gillett 2304 (NBG); Jeffrey's Bay (–BB), 19 Dec 2007, Jacobsen 6405 (PRE); Humansdorp (–BB), 5 Jul 1931, Levyns 3790 (BOL); 5 miles E of Humansdorp (–BB), 2 May 1955, Lewis s.n. (SAM 68680, SAM 204418, PRE); Seekoei River  N.R. (–BB), 19 Sep 1972, Montgomery 50 (NBG); Humansdorp (–BB), Dec 1925, Thode A719 (PRE); Humansdorp (–BB), Jul 1932, Wagner s.n. (NBG 237994); ‘Zwischen Humansdorp und Jeffery's Bay’ (–BB), 14 Nov 1958, Werdermann &amp; Oberdieck 1023 (PRE). –3425 (Port Elizabeth): near Seaview (–AB), Jan 1957, Sidey 3042 (PRE). –Without precise locality: Humansdorp, Aug 1912, Rogers 2923 (SAM); East London District, 29 Oct 1945, Courtenay-Latimer s.n. (NBG 25706); Alexandria District, 7 Jul 1933, De Vos s.n. (NBG 237967); Van Staden's Berg, 14 Nov 1928, Gillett 2385 (NBG); East London Division, East London, The Springs, Apr 1927, Rattray 1379 (BOL); Bathurst Division, Jan 1962, Sidey 3605 (PRE); [No locality given], 1839, Drège s.n. (PRE 204133); [No locality given], Ecklon &amp; Zeyher 158 (PRE); [No locality given], Ecklon &amp; Zeyher s.n. (PRE 204142); [No locality given], Zeyher 2854 (PRE); [No locality given], Zeyher s.n. (PRE 204414); [No locality given], Jan 1912, Burtt Davy 2130 (PRE). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E3EC44B02E1701FFD7C002E9E1CB73	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Bergh, N. G.;Manning, J. C.	Bergh, N. G., Manning, J. C. (2019): Achyranthemum N. G. Bergh, a new genus segregated from Syncarpha DC. (Asteraceae, Gnaphalieae) *. South African Journal of Botany 125: 434-456, DOI: 10.1016/j.sajb.2019.08.015, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2019.08.015
