taxonID	type	description	language	source
03E587CFFFE4BF62FDC114F977DBFCDC.taxon	description	Abbreviated diagnoses of Sabellastarte were given in Fauvel (1953), Day (1967) and Fauchald (1977), the genus being distinguished from other members of the Sabellinae through the absence of three characters. Fitzhugh (1989) provided a more comprehensive diagnosis of the genus, but noted that Sabellastarte ‘ does not appear to be a definable genus based on the characters examined’. Further generic characters were given briefly when comparing Pseudobranchiomma with Sabellastarte (see Knight-Jones, 1994) and others are included here. Characters typical of the genus, but not unique, are printed in bold in the diagnosis.	en	Knight-Jones, Phyllis, Mackie, Andrew S. Y. (2003): A revision of Sabellastarte (Polychaeta: Sabellidae). Journal of Natural History 37 (19): 2269-2301, DOI: 10.1080/00222930110120629, URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00222930110120629
03E587CFFFE6BF6CFDAD11D7766BFD57.taxon	description	Sabella indica Savigny, 1822, Indian Ocean, neotype (MPW 374 a) [not Sabella indica Abildgaard, 1789: Pectinariid]: Ehlers, 1897, in part, Zanzibar (ZMH PE 1343). Sabella spectabilis Grube, 1878: 253, lectotype from Masolac, Bohol Is. (MPW 374 a crown attached to thorax, rest of body in two pieces) and five paralectotypes same location with detached crowns and fragmented bodies, one dried out (MPW 374): Treadwell, 1920, Albatross Philippine Exp. 1907 – 1910, Stn a 437 (USNM 17510); Ehlers, 1920, Amboina, Molucca Is., Indonesia (ZMH PE 1352) and Pulo Edam, Malayan Archipelago (ZMH 1353); Fossa and Nilsen, 2000: 130,131).	en	Knight-Jones, Phyllis, Mackie, Andrew S. Y. (2003): A revision of Sabellastarte (Polychaeta: Sabellidae). Journal of Natural History 37 (19): 2269-2301, DOI: 10.1080/00222930110120629, URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00222930110120629
03E587CFFFE6BF6CFDAD11D7766BFD57.taxon	description	Sabellastarte sanctijosephi: Gibbs, 1969, figure 137, 1971, Peleki Is., Solomon Is. (NHML 1970.823, 824, 825, 826); Bailey-Brock, 1976, Hawaii; George and George, 1979, figure 58: 6. Additional material. Mauritius, Pte aux Cannoniers (NHML 1950.3.3.1, two specimens, as Sabellastarte indica), Lagoon, Pte du Tamarin (ZMA V. Pol. 2392 as S. magnifica); Australia, Broome, WA (NRM UP 1911 and NTM W. 2206 both as S. indica), Kimberley Coast, WA (NTM W. 6776, 6769, 6791), Coburg Peninsula, NT (NTM W. 33, W 52), Darwin, NT (NTM W. 56, 3843, 4229); Indonesia, Amboina (ZMH PE 1352) and Indonesian-Dutch Snellius II Exp.: Stn 4.005, Ambon, N coast between Hita and Hila (ZMA V. Pol. 4971), and SW Salaya, Stn 4169 B (NNML 18526, as Sabellidae); Philippines, Cebu Is. (ZMH V 17659 as S. indica and ZMH V 1790 as S. magnifica); Japan, east Tokyo Bay (Uchiba), west coast of Boso Peninsula (Katsuura) and Okinawa, Zampa Cape (CMNH); Taiwan, Pitou (ASIZ. W 203, three specimens), Keelung, Wong-Hai Lane (ASIZ. W, three specimens), Penghu Islands, Watung (NMW. Z. 2000.44.1, one specimen, coll. P. K. J.); Japan, east Tokyo Bay (Uchiba), west coast Boso Peninsula (Katsuura), Okinawa, Zampa Cape (CMNH); Hawaii, Oahu, Coconut Is. Harbour), Ala Wai Yacht Harbour, Waikiki (P. K. J.). The following description is of the lectotype (MPW 374 a); data in parentheses refer first to a specimen from Mauritius (NHML 1950.3.3.1) and the second entry to the largest of two specimens collected at Waikiki, Hawaii. An equally large specimen was found in Ehlers’ material from Amboina, Indonesia (ZMH PE 1352). Description. Body without crown about 80 (94, 142) mm long, 12 (12, 12.4) mm wide with about 165 (180, 160) segments, of which 10 (nine on left, eight on right, eight each side) are thoracic (figure 2 A); crown about 33 (45, 63) mm long with short base (figure 2 A), vestigial interradiolar web (figure 2 B, C, length scarcely equalling length of one typical ventral shield) and small D-shaped flange on each dorsal margin near web; crown radioles 80 (69, 90) each side, many interdigitating, each without paired ridges along entire length (figure 2 E, F, G), tips beyond pinnules fairly long, slightly tapered (figure 2 H); dorsal lips long, about 19 mm, with midrib support, each shallowly webbed to adjacent radiole below pinnules (without pinnular support); thorax wider than long (figure 2 A), first segment scarcely longer than following thoracic segments (viewed laterally and discounting height of collar, figure 2 A); dorsal collar high, margins with deep notches above dorsal pockets each side of midline (figure 2 B), lateral margins more or less transverse to axis of body and well above junction of crown and thorax (figure 2 A); ventral collar forming two subtriangular lappets (figure 2 C), not overlapping at midline when in forward position (figure 2 D from paralectotype); first ventral shield somewhat longer than others in thorax, with straight anterior margin embayed medially, and with slight indication of transverse groove (figure 2 D); all thoracic tori in contact with sides of ventral shields (figure 2 C, D); thoracic uncini, like those of abdomen, each with crest of numerous fine teeth covering half of distal ‘ head’, distance between end of shaft and breast a little shorter than distance between breast and crest; superior thoracic chaetae curved and slender (figure 2 J), each inferior chaeta more geniculate, with knee scarcely wider than shaft (figure 1 K), about 60 chaetae in each fascicle, with emergent parts (figure 2 P) about as long as two or three thoracic shields; superior and inferior abdominal chaetae similar (cf. figure 2 J, K and L, M); tube of hardened mucus, with (above substratum) outer layer of muco-silt. Pigments mostly brown, with darker liver-brown areas on ventral shields, peristome and most of crown base and lower parts of radioles. Rest of crown light brown with one or more darker bands (five in largest specimen examined) crossing rachis and pinnules. Rest of body mid or dark brown with pale areas along edge of collar and uncinal ridges, axial stripes on dark crown base (in line with webbed region between radioles) and around abdominal parapodia. Dorsal thorax lighter brown with darker U-shaped lines level with base of each dorsal collar pocket. Dark brown subtriangles dorsal to thoracic fascicles, and ventral to abdominal fascicles (usually distinct); irregular blotches scattered across general surface absent; interramal spots discrete and often distinct. Habitat. Sabellastarte spectabilis from Taiwan (Penghu Islands) was associated with small boulders in terrain that became a shallow lagoon at low water. Ambon material (ZMA V. Pol. 4971) was found on a sandy reef flat with patches of boulders and rocks on gravel bottom at 1 – 6 m depth. Fairly small specimens from northern Australia were from similar terrain at low water spring tides. Material from the Philippines are particularly large, as are abundant specimens in Waikiki Marina and Coconut Is. Harbour. Sabellastarte spectabilis obviously does well in boulder areas or coral crevices above muddy substrata in shallow water. Variation. The pigments of the type material are typical of populations of large specimens from Mauritius, Indonesia, Taiwan and Hawaii, but smaller specimens like that of Treadwell (1920) from the Philippines (USNM 17510, width 10 mm) have ventral shields, abdomen and most of thorax paler, against which the parapodial triangles, interramal spots and U-shaped marks on collar pockets appear to be more distinct. The crown base, peristome, collar and inter-uncinal ridges, however, are dark-coloured as usual. Irregular pigment flecks or blotches are absent from the general body surface. Some specimens show evidence of regeneration after damage. Specimens from Cebu in the Philippines had seven thoracic tori on the right, imperfectly engaging with just six adjacent ventral shields which were longer than usual. The emergent parts of the thoracic chaetae measured 2 mm, typical of widespread populations of S. spectabilis, but that was only the length of two thoracic shields in this specimen. The smallest of three specimens from Taiwan (Keelung) shows both thoracic and posterior regeneration. Remarks. Marenzeller (1885) was the first to suggest that Laonome spectabilis (Grube) might be the same as Sabella indica Savigny, but he was mainly concerned with characters to show that his ‘ Laonome ’ (= Sabellastarte) japonica was a valid new species (see below). In spite of his comment ‘ The number of thoracic segments is known to be subject to individual variations’, Willey (1905) gave the name Sabellastarte indica var. quinquevalens to some of his material from Sri Lanka, which had only five pairs of thoracic tori as opposed to the seven pairs in his other material, which he called S. indica! He also noted ‘ It is likely that S. indica is co-specific with Grube’s S. spectabilis ... ’. Judging by his description of dark pigments and heavily interdigitated crown radioles, his material (not found in any museum) was almost certainly S. spectabilis. Fauvel (1930) synonymized material of Sabellastarte indica with Sabella pottaei Quatrefages (1866, from New Caledonia), but S. pottaei is distinct from S. spectabilis, though the same as S. japonica (see below). Distribution. Several Sabellastarte ‘ indica ’ holdings have proved to be misidentifications, even to genus. Material from Teneriffe (Johannson, 1927: 155) is Bispira mariae Lo Bianco, 1893 (see Knight-Jones and Perkins, 1998: 429), that from the Gulf of Guinea (Fauvel and Rullier, 1959) Station 52 is Branchiomma sp. whilst Station 126 is Bispira guinensis (Augener) (histolysized radioles and companion chaetae, respectively, were overlooked). Sabellastarte indica var. oculata Fauvel and Rullier (1959) from Cape Verde Is. is also a histolysized specimen of Branchiomma, as are two specimens from Île du Prince, Guinee (collected by M. Parfait, 1889, MNHNP A 258 as S. indica), perhaps B. nigromaculata (Baird), judging from the numerous radioles, a few stylode remnants and a short, wide thorax. Branchiomma nigromaculata is common in the Caribbean, but also occurs in the Cape Verde Is. (P. K. J.). We have not been able to examine material from Senegal and Mauritania (Sourie, 1954; Fauvel, 1957; Fauvel and Rullier, 1957), but doubt whether it will turn out to be Sabellastarte spectabilis. Sabellastarte spectabilis is found with S. pectoralis in Mauritius, Zanzibar and Hawaii, with S. japonica in Northern Territory (Australia) and Japan. They may well occur together in Taiwan as S. japonica has been identified from Xiamen (Amoy) across the Taiwan Straits (see below). Sabellastarte spectabilis is probably confined to the Indo-Pacific Oceans. Our studies so far include records from Zanzibar, Mauritius, Sri Lanka, Burma, Indonesia, Western Australia and Northern Territory (Australia), Philippines, Japan, Taiwan and Hawaii.	en	Knight-Jones, Phyllis, Mackie, Andrew S. Y. (2003): A revision of Sabellastarte (Polychaeta: Sabellidae). Journal of Natural History 37 (19): 2269-2301, DOI: 10.1080/00222930110120629, URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00222930110120629
03E587CFFFEABF6AFDD2169F759EFB29.taxon	materials_examined	Additional material. Antigua, English Harbour (NHML 1931.6.22.60 – 62); Haiti, Port-au-Prince (NHML 1938.11.29.49 as Laonome spectabilis); Curacao, Caracas Bay (ZMA V. Pol. 1272, seven specimens and 1273, three specimens as S. indica amongst Rhizophora on rocky shore, 0.1 m depth); Puerto Rico (ZMA V. Pol. 1273 as S. magnifica); Curacao, Piscadara Bay, Stn 1473 (ZMA V. Pol. 4970, three specimens as S. indica) amongst Rhizophora on rocky shore. The neotype (NHML 1998.932) figured and described here was chosen from four Jamaican specimens (NHML 1912.2.28.1 – 4). Data in parentheses relate first to largest specimen of the topotypic series, the second to material from Antigua. Description. Body without crown 75 (134, 86) mm long, 12 (12, 13) mm wide with about 150 segments (figure 3 A) of which seven or eight are thoracic; crown 64 (67, 72) mm long, each side of crown base involuted ventrally to form nearly a circle each side, outer surface dark with pale longitudinal lines (in prolongation with radioles) giving appearance of indistinct corrugations, each dorsal margin with small D-shaped flange on level with small interradiolar web, length of web about equal to length of typical thoracic segment (figure 3 B); radioles numerous (about 60 each side), frequently and randomly interdigitating, each rachis subquadrangular in crosssection (figure 3 E, F, G), but with ridges on ‘ outer’ radioles basally, close to web (figure 3 D); radiolar tips short and blunt (figure 3 H); dorsal lips long (15 – 20 mm), with midrib support, webbed to base of adjacent radiole but not to basal pinnule; thorax twice as wide as long, first segment scarcely longer than following thoracic segments (figure 3 A, viewed from side and discounting height of collar); lateral collar margins transverse to axis of body and well above junction between crown and thorax (figure 3 A), dorsal margins equally high and with notches above collar pockets defining well-developed dorsal lappets with rounded or undulating margins flanking dorsal midline (figure 3 B), ventral collar forming two small triangular lappets, overlapping at midline (figure 3 C); first ventral shield about 1.5 times as long as others in thorax, anterior margin fairly straight with midline embayment (figure 3 C); anterior thoracic tori very long, anterior ones 1.3 times as long as segment seven, ventral ends of all tori touching sides of shields (figure 3 C); tube, chaetae and uncini very similar to those of S. spectabilis except: (1) shafts of inferior abdominal chaetae much thicker (cf. figures 2 M and 3 L), (2) chaetae in thoracic fascicles more numerous (thoracic fascicle 6 with 116 chaetae) and (3) emergent parts of chaetae shorter, about equal to length of one thoracic shield (cf. figures 2 P and 3 P). Neotype mostly brown with dark liver-brown on crown base, peristome, ventral shields and between uncinal ridges, paler areas being edge of collar, uncinal ridges, bands around crown and longitudinal lines on crown base; subtriangular dark brown marks dorsal to thoracic fascicles and ventral to abdominal fascicles, more diffuse pigment outside bases of dorsal collar pockets and towards anterior of midline groove. Interramal spots discrete and often distinct. Habitat. The Antiguan Sabellastarte magnifica were abundant amongst red sponges and black tunicates on a dockyard sea wall (NHML 1931.6.22.60 – 62) and are commonly found in crevices of coral (e. g. Maeandrina, ZMA V. Pol. 1272) or any hard substratum including Rhizophora in Curacao (ZMA V. Pol. 1273). Remarks and distribution. The only difference that Savigny (1822) gave between his Sabellastarte indica and S. magnifica was that the colour bands around the crown radioles are blackish brown in S. indica and red in S. magnifica, but such bands are variable and can be absent. Sabellastarte spectabilis is very similar to S. magnifica. The main differences found between the two species are that the inferior abdominal chaetae of S. magnifica are more stout and the thoracic fascicles protrude less from the thorax and have more chaetae. It also seems that large mature specimens do not reach the great size that S. spectabilis attains in favourable conditions. Two holdings identified as S. magnifica from the Philippines (ZMH V 1790) and Mauritius (NHML 1950.3.3.1) proved to be S. spectabilis and another from Mauritius (ZMA V. Pol. 2394) is S. pectoralis. Sabellastarte magnifica may be confined to the tropical west Atlantic.	en	Knight-Jones, Phyllis, Mackie, Andrew S. Y. (2003): A revision of Sabellastarte (Polychaeta: Sabellidae). Journal of Natural History 37 (19): 2269-2301, DOI: 10.1080/00222930110120629, URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00222930110120629
03E587CFFFECBF68FD89115970F6FBF6.taxon	description	Sabella pectoralis Quatrefages, 1866, Mauritius (MNHN A 246). Sabella indica: Ehlers, 1897, in part, Zanzibar (ZMH PE 1343). Sabellastarte indica: Pruvot, 1930; Fauvel, 1930 (in part), both New Caledonia (MNHN A 258). Sabellastarte sanctijosephi: Day, 1967, figure 37.5 G, Natal. Laonome arenosa Treadwell, 1943, Hawaii, Pearl Harbour (AMNH 1925 - 3262, holotype). Laonome ceratodaula: Ehlers, 1904 (ZMH PE 1330, western Hawaiian Island, Laysan). [Not Sabella ceratodaula Schmarda, 1861, New Zealand]. Additional material. Mauritius (ZMA V. Pol. 2394 as S. magnifica), Maldive Islands, Hulule (NHML unregistered, as Sabellidae, collected by Crossland in 1900); South Africa, Natal, Durban (NHML 1932.12.235, as Sabellastarte indica, collected by Stephenson); Australia, Heron Island (AMS W 9168 as Sabellastarte sp.); Hawaii (Halape, BZMH 501), Oahu (Pearl Harbour and Fort Kamehameha promontory), Maui (Lahaina) and Molakini (UHM). The following description is based on Quatrefage’s (1866) original material (cuticle and chaetae lifted by histolysis) with data in parentheses first from Durban and second from one of the larger specimens from New Caledonia. Description. Body without crown 25 + 18 (92, 78) mm long, 7 (9.4, 10) mm wide with about 85 segments (figure 4 A) of which nine (eight, seven) are thoracic; crown 25 (29, 33) mm long, each side of crown base involuted ventrally to form nearly a circle each side, length of interradiolar web equivalent to length of two or two and a half thoracic segments (figure 4 A), narrow flanges on dorsal margins (near web) scarcely D-shaped; radioles about 30 each side, randomly interdigitating (figure 4 A insert), outer surface of each rounded for most of length (figure 4 F, H), with small blunt longitudinal ridges present distally (figure 4 G, J); radiolar tips often long (figure 4 K); dorsal lips tapered 8 (9) mm long, with midrib support; thorax about as long as wide; dorsal margins above crown / thorax junction with or without shallow marginal embayments above collar pockets each side of dorsal midline (figure 4 B, C), lateral collar margins similar height and transverse to axis of body (figure 4 E) leading to small subtriangular lappets (figure 4 D) involuted at midline; first ventral shield with indistinct anterior margin (figure 4 D); anterior thoracic tori long, at least twice length of last torus, their ventral ends all touching sides of shields (figure 4 E); third thoracic fascicle with about 40 chaetae in all, anterior abdominal fascicle with 13 in all, chaetal shapes similar to those of S. spectabilis; tube muco-silt. Quatrefages’ material is straw-coloured with darker ventral shields and whitish glandular areas around the abdominal parapodia. Other pigments lost by histolysis. The worm from Mauritius is also pale with darker (light brown) anterior ventral shields, brown lines between uncinal ridges, darker brown longitudinal stripes on crown base and random irregular dark brown flecks and blotches over most of body, these more intense anteriorly and on the ventral shields. There are also small blotches at each side of the parapodia (rather camouflaged by speckled background), and distinct interramal spots. Variation and habitat. The Indian Ocean populations of Sabellastarte pectoralis show a tendency to lose their crowns and the distal parts of the radioles can be unusually coiled, even when the crown is still attached, possibly a reaction to fixation. This makes it difficult to cut radiolar sections to observe the distal blunt longitudinal ridges characteristic of this species (figure 4 G, J). Ehlers (1897) noted that the smaller specimens in his Zanzibar collection (ZMH PE 1343) were ‘ irregularly sprinkled and spotted on a light grey background’. These are Sabellastarte pectoralis. His larger specimens ‘ uniformly dark violet brown’ except for ‘ bands on the crown’ (ZMH PE 1342, distal radioles not coiled) are Sabellastarte spectabilis. The label of material from Mauritius now identified as Sabellastarte pectoralis notes occurrence with coral in a lagoon at Pte Lafayette (ZMA V. Pol. 2394). This material has shallow dorso-lateral collar emarginations slightly deeper than those from Natal (figure 4 E, NHML 1932.12.235) and like those from New Caledonia (MNHN A 258, Fauvel, 1930), although they are portrayed as atypically deep by Pruvot (1930, plate II, figure 39). Day’s figure (1967: 37.5 g) shows dorsal collar margins without marginal embayments above the pockets. Remarks and distribution. Laonome arenosa seems to be Sabellastarte pectoralis to judge from collar configuration and size, but surface pigment flecks, parapodial spots and blotches are not apparent perhaps due to histolysis. Ehlers (1904) seemed to think that the Schauinsland material he identified as Laonome ceratodaula Schmarda (ZMH PE 1330) was from New Zealand, yet there is no place called Laysan in that country. Laysan is a small western Hawaiian island. He compared the Laysan material with New Zealand type material of Sabella ceratodaula, which was dark-coloured, shrivelled and much bigger than that from Laysan (type material is no longer with Schmarda’s other types in NHMW; H. Sattmann, personal communication), but he failed to note that Schmarda’s figure of Sabella ceratodaula (1861, plate XXIII, figure 186) shows well-separated dorsal collar margins, like most species of Pseudobranchiomma. So far studies have not found Sabellastarte in New Zealand, but Pseudobranchiomma is represented there by P. grandis Baird (locally known as ‘ serratibranchis ’. Not that of Grube, 1878). Both Sabellastarte pectoralis and S. spectabilis occur on the islands of Mauritius, Zanzibar and Hawaii and may also co-exist on the Coburg Peninsula of northern Australia, where an anterior thorax, agreeing well with the collar configuration and speckled surface of Sabellastarte pectoralis, is in the same holding as S. spectabilis (NTM W. 4229). A few small specimens in one of the vials from New Caledonia (MNHN A 258, Fauvel, 1930) are not Sabellastarte pectoralis, but Pseudobranchiomma punctata (Treadwell, 1906, as Laonome, from Hawaii) redescribed by Nogueira and Knight- Jones (in press). The two species therefore co-exist in both Hawaii and New Caledonia. Fauvel (1930) synonymized Sabella pottaei Quatrefages (1866, from New Caledonia) with Sabellastarte indica, but Sabellastarte pottaei is different from both S. spectabilis and S. pectoralis, being a synonym of Sabellastarte japonica Marenzeller (see below). Sabellastarte pectoralis can therefore be found with S. japonica in New Caledonia. Sabellastarte pectoralis occurs in Mauritius, Zanzibar, Natal, Maldive Islands, Australia (Northern Territory? and Queensland), New Caledonia and Hawaii.	en	Knight-Jones, Phyllis, Mackie, Andrew S. Y. (2003): A revision of Sabellastarte (Polychaeta: Sabellidae). Journal of Natural History 37 (19): 2269-2301, DOI: 10.1080/00222930110120629, URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00222930110120629
03E587CFFFEEBF77FDA2107D77DFFAD5.taxon	description	‘ Sabella penicillus Sav.? ’. (Grube, 1846: 55, plate 2, figure 2), one specimen without tube (ZMHUB 138, now additionally labelled type of Sabella fallax), no location given.	en	Knight-Jones, Phyllis, Mackie, Andrew S. Y. (2003): A revision of Sabellastarte (Polychaeta: Sabellidae). Journal of Natural History 37 (19): 2269-2301, DOI: 10.1080/00222930110120629, URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00222930110120629
03E587CFFFEEBF77FDA2107D77DFFAD5.taxon	description	Description. Body without crown about 60 mm long, 8 mm wide with about 130 segments, of which eight on left and nine on right are thoracic (figure 5 A); crown about 17 mm long with shallow base and shallow interradiolar web forming a full circle each side; crown radioles 39 on right, 37 on left with a few partially developed ones on the ventral margins, none interdigitating, each subquadrangular in crosssection (without ridges) and with short, blunt tips beyond pinnules (figure 5 A); dorsal lips damaged, but Grube noted lengths about one-third length of radioles; thorax as wide as long (figure 5 A), first segment scarcely longer than following thoracic segments (viewed from side and discounting height of collar, figure 5 C); collar short, lateral margins just above junction of crown and thorax and transverse to body axis (figure 5 B, C), ventral lappets rounded and overlapping medially (figure 5 A, D), dorsal collar margins joining bases of prominent obtuse ridges, flanking midline groove but scarcely forming pockets (figure 5 B); first ventral shield with indistinct anterior margin; all thoracic tori abutting ventral shields (figure 5 A), thoracic torus 6 (on left) with 53 uncini, posterior thoracic tori half length of 1 st thoracic pair and twice length of adjacent abdominal tori (figure 5 C, C); thoracic uncini each with crest of numerous fine teeth covering less than half of distal ‘ head’, distance between end of shaft and breast similar to distance between breast and crest (figure 5 G); thoracic chaetae scarcely geniculate with knees a little wider than shafts, superior chaetae much longer above knee (figure 5 E) and with shafts more slender than those of inferior chaetae (figure 5 F), thoracic fascicle 6 with about 60 chaetae; abdominal uncini (ca 22 per torus) and abdominal chaetae (ca 18 inferior and eight superior in parapodium 48 on right) similar to thoracic uncini and chaetae; interramal spots not apparent, but surface sloughing present. Grube (1846) noted that most of the body was a dirty grey with brown ventral shields, violet pigment on the dorsal side of the collar and small dark violet semicircles round the base of each chaetal fascicle. The crown was pale yellow without bands or spots and with a somewhat darker base. Some of these pigments have now faded. Remarks. Savigny’s description (1822: 78, 79) of Sabella penicillus was based on material from Dieppe in Cuvier’s collection ‘ au Museum d’histoire naturelle’ Paris. None of the three holdings in the Paris museum labelled ‘ Sabella penicillus Cuv. ’ have labels giving the location as Dieppe, but one is labelled La Manche (MNHN A 245, 306 g). That material is Sabella pavonina Savigny (see Knight-Jones and Perkins, 1998: 400). Quatrefages (1866) also looked at the Dieppe material and compared it with Grube’s (1846) published figures of ‘ Sabella penicillus Sav.? ’. He realised that the latter had different proportions and gave it a new name, Sabella fallax. Neither Grube (1846) nor Quatrefages (1866) noted that companion chaetae were absent from this species, although later Grube (1870 b) was the first to note that the genus Sabellastarte has ‘ thoracic tori with a single row of hooks’. Earlier Grube (1846) was happy to leave the sabellid in Sabella, a genus which at that time was ill defined. He seemed, however, uncertain about the specific identification since his 1846 paper included a question mark after Sabella penicillus Sav. He also noted that the length of the crown is one-fifth of the length of the body, whilst Savigny’s Dieppe material had length of crown half that of body. Only a few of the radioles of Sabellastarte fallax show distal damage (predation?), which might account for the short crown. Two of these show regeneration which accounts for the unusual fine filament on the tip of a radiole (figure 5 H), seen by Grube (1846, plate 2, figure 2 a). Grube described the collar as being ‘ lowly and in two halves, not further subdivided’ and indeed the usual dorsal lamellae are missing, but represented by the two ridges flanking the midline groove. This type of collar is reminiscent of the dorsal collar of Megalomma heterops Perkins (1984, figure 42 D) where ‘ the dorsomedial parts of collar lamellae [are] not produced on most specimens’. Similar obtuse, thick, ridges flanking the midline groove also show in that figure (42 D). Such a collar is clearly intermediate between collar lamellae with free dorsal margins separated by a wide gap, as in Sabella, and collar lamellae fused to the sides of the groove, as in other Sabellastarte, some specimens of Megalomma heterops (Perkins, 1984, figure 42 A) and most species of Megalomma. Such variations of dorsal collar lamellae could well occur within Sabellastarte fallax.	en	Knight-Jones, Phyllis, Mackie, Andrew S. Y. (2003): A revision of Sabellastarte (Polychaeta: Sabellidae). Journal of Natural History 37 (19): 2269-2301, DOI: 10.1080/00222930110120629, URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00222930110120629
03E587CFFFF1BF75FDB011187599F934.taxon	description	Spirographis australiensis Haswell, 1884. Sydney, New South Wales. Type not registered, but material (AMS G 11203, G 2045, 20625) labelled Spirographis australiensis or ‘ australis’, dated 1898 and later altered to S. indica, could well be some of Haswell’s original material. Sabella fusca Grube: McIntosh, 1885 (NHML 85.12.11388), Sydney. Sabellastarte japonica Marenzeller: Benham, 1916 (AMS E 4639), Babel Is., Bass Strait. Additional material. Sydney, AMS G 11204 (as Sabellastarte), 4280 (as S. indica), W 4408 (as S. sanctijosephi); Flinders Pier, Victoria, AMS 14129 (as S. indica) and Arrawarra (P. K. J.) about 300 miles N of Sydney. The following description is mainly based on the largest of six specimens from Arrawara, with data in parentheses from the largest specimen from Flinders Pier. Description. Body without crown 82 (145) mm long, 12 (14) mm wide with about 165 (150) segments, of which seven to eight (eight) are thoracic (figure 6 A); crown 32 (50) mm long with short, ventrally involuting base of up to three (two) spirals (figure 6 B); radioles about 150 (190) on each side, many interdigitating giving appearance of two rows (figure 6 C), rounded or subquadrangular in cross-section (figure 6 E, F, G), interradiolar web vestigial (length less than length of a typical thoracic ventral shield), tips beyond pinnules short and blunt (figure 6 H); dorsal lips about 15 (7) mm long, grooved, with midrib support and webbed to base of adjacent radiole (no pinnular support); thorax wider than long, all thoracic tori indenting sides of ventral shields; last thoracic torus nearly half length of first; first segment about as long as following thoracic segments (viewed from side and discounting height of collar); dorsal collar low, with transverse margins above shallow collar pockets each side of midline (figure 6 B), lateral margins sharply extended anteriorly to well above junction of crown and thorax (figure 6 C); ventral collar forming two distinct, subtriangular lappets (figure 6 D); anterior margin of first ventral shield with medial embayment and subtransverse margins each side; tube, chaetae and uncini similar to those of S. spectabilis; thoracic fascicle 7 with 54 chaetae, abdominal fascicle 24 with 65 chaetae; intersegmental eyes minute. Mature specimens dark liver-brown on crown base, collar and rest of thorax (same areas as S. spectabilis and S. magnifica), but dorsal abdomen also dark brown and ventral shields paler (fawn). The general body surface lacks irregular dark flecks. The crowns of the Arrawara material are pale pink or orange without radiolar pigment bands, with or without a brown line along the outside of each rachis. These darker lines were mentioned by Haswell, who also noted that the ‘ pinnules were almost white with a faint tinge of green’, probably the blood pigment chlorocruorin. The crown of the Flinders Pier material is banded with brown. Habitat. Haswell (1884) noted that his material occurred at low water on the shores of Port Jackson (= Sydney Harbour). The Arrawarra material was found protruding from rock crevices in a small, but deep pool (exposed at low water) on the Marine Station promontory. Variation. The smallest specimen examined from Arrawara (crown 18 mm long, rest of body 42.6 × 5.7) is somewhat paler in colour, but nevertheless has a darkish brown dorsal abdomen like those of mature specimens. The crown is already interdigitating, but each side of the base forms no more than a circle. Most specimens have irregular thoracic segments (e. g. a missing parapodium on one side or the other), evidence of regeneration. Remarks and distribution. Haswell noted that a New Zealand species Sabella grandis Baird (1865, a valid species as Sabella grandis Cuvier was not published, see above) may be identical with this species, but Baird’s material (NHML 1852.8.16.7) is very different and a species of Pseudobranchiomma. Sabellastarte australiensis resembles S. fallax Quatrefages in being a large species with a short dorsal collar and short crown, but the crown of S. fallax is without radiolar interdigitation and does not spiral. Sabellastarte magnifica, S. spectabilis and S. pectoralis differ from S. australiensis in having a longer crown without spirals and, apart from S. pectoralis, have longer dorsal collar lappets. Sabellastarte pectoralis also differs in having paired ridges towards the tip of the radioles and in having a flecked surface. Sabellastarte australiensis seems to occur only in Australia, from Victoria to New South Wales.	en	Knight-Jones, Phyllis, Mackie, Andrew S. Y. (2003): A revision of Sabellastarte (Polychaeta: Sabellidae). Journal of Natural History 37 (19): 2269-2301, DOI: 10.1080/00222930110120629, URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00222930110120629
03E587CFFFF4BF70FDB014F975FDF9D4.taxon	description	Sabella pottaei Quatrefages, 1866, New Caledonia (MNHN A 244) original material; Grube, 1870 b (same material). Although Sabella pottaei Quatrefages predates Sabellastarte japonica, the name pottaei has not been used since Grube looked at the material in 1870, so according to the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, ICZN, 1999, article 23.9.1, the rules of priority can be waived. The name ‘ japonica ’ has frequently appeared in publications, if only as a so-called synonym of S. indica. Laonome japonica Marenzeller, 1885, Nagasaki, Japan (holotype, NHMW 1959). Paralaonome japonica: Bush (1905, generic revision). Sabellastarte indica: Fauvel, 1936, Japan. Sabellastarte japonica: Imajima and Hartman, 1964, Japan; Morton and Morton, 1983, Hong Kong [not plate 9 E, = Branchiomma, and not Benham, 1916 = S. australiensis]. Additional material. Japan, Nagasaki (NHMW 1958); China, Xiamen (Amoy, ZMUU 332 / 3647); Hong Kong, Cape Aguilar (NMMW. Z. 1989.117.0043 – 45, five specimens coll. A. S. Y. M.); south Viet Nam, Iles Condore (coll. by Harmoud in 1877, MNHN A 246 as S. indica); Australia, Northern Territories, Darwin, Fanny Bay (NTM W. 3843 as S. indica) and Coburg Peninsula (NTM W. 372 as S. indica). The following description is based on the holotype of S. japonica (Marenzeller). The first data in parentheses are from one of the largest specimens from Hong Kong and the second from the largest of the Australian specimens (NTM W. 3843). Description. Body without crown 135 (144, 120) mm long, 14 (13, 9) mm wide with about 170 segments of which eight (eight, seven) are thoracic (figure 7 A); crown 50 (27, 42) mm long with short base 5.7 mm long (lateral measurement), involuted ventrally to 1.5 (2, 1.5) whorls, dorsal margins with narrow D-shaped flanges near vestigial interradiolar web, length of web less than length of typical thoracic ventral shield (figure 7 B); crown radioles about 140 (130, 80) each side, many interdigitating, round or subquadrangular in cross-section (figure 7 E, F) but with paired ridges near web (figure 7 D), tips beyond pinnules short and blunt (figure 7 G); slender dorsal lips about 15 (15, 18) mm long, each grooved, with midrib support, posterior part of its dorsal lamella joining dorsal-most rachis (no pinnular support); thorax a little longer than wide (Marenzeller, 1885, recorded wider than long), last thoracic torus 0.5 length of first; first segment about twice (2.5, 1.5) as long as following thoracic segments (viewed laterally and discounting height of collar); dorsal and dorso-lateral collar margins flared, undulating and well above junction of crown and thorax, with distinct notch above each deep collar pocket flanking midline (figure 7 B, holotype lacks notch above right pocket); ventral collar forming two blunt overlapping lappets and involuted medially (figure 7 C); anterior margin of first ventral shield more or less straight, with a medial projection towards collar cleft and embayed each side of midline; first shield about 1.5 times length of others in thorax; all thoracic tori except the first indenting sides of ventral shields; thoracic fascicles short and thick (as in Sabellastarte magnifica), thoracic parapodium 7 with 97 chaetae and 111 uncini; both superior and inferior chaetae of thorax and abdomen with slender shafts and fine, numerous (dense) surface teeth above narrow knee (figure 7); each abdominal uncinus with more slender neck (figure 7 L) than thoracic uncinus (figure 7 K), both types of uncini with crest of very fine teeth, and shaft to breast as long as breast to crest; abdominal fascicle 34 with about 60 chaetae and 45 uncini; interramal spots small and round in abdomen, obliquely elongate in thorax; tube not present with holotype but Hong Kong specimens with muco-silt above substratum. Thorax and abdomen flecked with dark brown throughout, which tends to hide parapodial spots and blotches, such flecks coalescing to give darker areas on thorax and postero-dorsal surface of abdomen; paler areas along crown base, collar edge and uncinal ridges; distal halves of radioles with golden or brown patches across pinnules, together forming very irregular ‘ bands’; interramal spots small, more distinct on paler specimen from Nagasaki (NHMW 1958). Variation. Hong Kong material has narrower and closer pigment bands across the pinnules and is larger than the holotype; material from the Northern Territory is smaller than the Hong Kong material and the holotype, but with 1.5 whorls on each crown (NTM W. 372, NTM W. 3843). Habitat. Nothing is known about the habitat of the two Nagasaki specimens, but those from Hong Kong were found in a stony area at the lower edges of larger rocks, at 1 m depth in the shelter of a small Island off Cape D’Aguilar. The specimens from northern Australia were also found in shallow water on or near reefs. Quatrefages (1866) gives no information about the habitat of his species, Sabellastarte pottaei. Remarks and distribution. Marenzeller (1885) compared his new species with specimens of Sabella spectabilis, which he also (mistakenly) put into Laonome. He noted that S. japonica differs from S. spectabilis in having ‘ capillary chaetae with a more strongly projecting edge and larger uncini of different form, with coarse grooving on the crest’. The side views of the outer (convex) ‘ margins’ of the inferior thoracic chaetae and crests of the uncini have finer, more numerous and more densely packed teeth and these are thus more noticable than those of S. spectabilis or any of the other species described here. The avicular shape of the abdominal uncini is characteristic. The relatively long, slender neck and shaft (figure 7 L) makes each uncinus look less compact, hence Marenzeller’s (1885) ‘ different form’. He also commented on the shortness of the crown, the length being only three times the width of the thorax, compared with five times in Sabellastarte spectabilis and S. magnifica, and he noted that the outer radioles had thicker ‘ shafts’ than the inner ones, but even the outer ones seem to be slimmer than those of S. spectabilis. Sabellastarte australiensis and S. japonica are similar in having bispiral crowns. Bush (1905) wrongly suggested a new genus, Paralaonome, to accommodate this bispiral character, with Sabellastarte japonica as type species. Sabellastarte australiensis differs from S. japonica in having a shorter first segment, with a shallow dorsal collar and dorso-lateral pockets, more compact abdominal uncini and no pigment flecks over the general body surface. Fauvel’s Japanese material of S. indica (1936) has not been examined, but he indicated a short crown and speckled body and his record is doubtless Sabellastarte japonica, rather than S. spectabilis, which also occurs there. Sabellastarte japonica also overlaps with S. spectabilis in northern Australia, and also with S. pectoralis in New Caledonia. New records have extended the distribution of Sabellastarte japonica southwards from Japan to China, Hong Kong, Viet Nam, northern Australia and New Caledonia.	en	Knight-Jones, Phyllis, Mackie, Andrew S. Y. (2003): A revision of Sabellastarte (Polychaeta: Sabellidae). Journal of Natural History 37 (19): 2269-2301, DOI: 10.1080/00222930110120629, URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00222930110120629
03E587CFFFF6BF7EFDAE1219764CFC16.taxon	description	Sabella samoensis Grube, 1870 a, Samoa (ZMB Q 5237, two syntypes; ZMH V 1816), third syntype, both holdings from Samoa. The largest specimen, maintained in Hamburg, has suffered histolysis (part-lifted cuticle and chaetae) and lacks the posterior part of the abdomen. The following description is therefore made from the larger of two specimens in Berlin (ZMB Q 5237), which is complete and has less histolysis. Data in parentheses refer to the larger Hamburg specimen. Description. Body without crown about 33 (26 +) mm long, 4.5 (5.5) mm wide with about 110 segments of which eight (nine) are thoracic (figure 8 A); crown about 25 (24, 30) mm long with fairly shallow base, each side forming nearly a circle, dorsal margins with narrow D-shaped flanges level with interradiolar web (figure 8 B), web as long as length of three typical thoracic shields, radioles 36 (34) each side, none interdigitating, subquadrangular in cross-section and without paired ridges (figure 8 D, E, F), shape of tips beyond pinnules uncertain (due to histolysis); dorsal lips slender, tapered and with midrib support, 5 (5.5) mm long; thorax about as long as wide (figure 8 C), first segment scarcely longer than following thoracic segments (figure 8 A, viewed laterally and discounting height of collar); dorsal collar shallow, dorsal lateral margins embayed above shallow pockets, but covering junction of crown and thorax, lateral margins higher and more or less transverse to axis of body (figure 8 A), ventral collar forming two small overlapping, subtriangular lappets (figure 8 C); first ventral shield with indefinite anterior margin, longer than others in thorax; all thoracic tori indenting sides of ventral shields, anterior tori only slightly longer than posterior ones (15 uncini); chaetae and uncini very similar to those of S. spectabiilis, except for thicker shafted inferior abdominal chaetae (cf. figures 8 N and 2 M) and shorter shafted uncini (figure 8 G, L); there are also fewer chaetae in each thoracic fascicle (e. g. 15 superior and 31 inferior chaetae in 6 th fascicle). Remarks. Grube (1870 a) gives no details about habitat. Smallish numbers of chaetae in fascicles and lack of radiolar interdigitations could be considered juvenile characters so comparison was made with the large species Sabellastarte magnifica, especially because of the similarity of their thick shafted inferior chaetae in the abdominal fascicles (cf. figures 8 N and 2 M). Sabellastarte samoensis, however, has uncini with shorter shafts, a different collar shape and different coloration. In these respects Sabellastarte samoensis is very like S. pectoralis, but S. samoensis has abdominal uncini with thicker shafts (cf. figures 8 L and 4 S) and the distal parts of the radioles lack longitudinal ridges (cf. figures 8 F and 4 J). Sabellastarte samoensis may be endemic to the Samoan region. More material should be sought.	en	Knight-Jones, Phyllis, Mackie, Andrew S. Y. (2003): A revision of Sabellastarte (Polychaeta: Sabellidae). Journal of Natural History 37 (19): 2269-2301, DOI: 10.1080/00222930110120629, URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00222930110120629
03E587CFFFF8BF7AFDB0105575B0FB15.taxon	description	Eurato sanctijosephi Gravier, 1906 (plate 7, figures 281 – 283), 1908 (text), Djibouti (MNHNP A 258, A 312 and A 469 original material). Sabellastarte sanctijosephi: George and George, 1979, figure 58.4; Vine, 1986: figures 82, 88. [Not Day, 1967, Gibbs, 1969, nor Bailey-Brock, 1976, 1987, all of which are S. spectabilis.] Sabellastarte indica: Fauvel, 1955, Abulat, Red Sea; 1958, Gulf of Aqabar; Schuhmacher and Hinterkircher, 1996: 1179 (top left figure). Additional material. Suez, one specimen (ZMH PE 1345); Gulf of Aqabar, Elat, one specimen from a Naval sublittoral ‘ pillar’, 100 m N of Deckel Beach (collected for P. K. J. by Aharon Meroz); Israel Red Sea Expedition, Dahlak Archipelago (ZMA V. Pol. 1271, 10057, 10076, 10100, 10101, 1271 as S. indica). The material described here is one of Gravier’s (1906, 1908) largest and most complete specimens from Recife du Meteore, Djibouti (MNHN A 258 vial ‘ e’, two specimens), which had Gravier’s original ‘ Golfe de Tadjourah’ label, and another, inserted by Fauvel in 1940, re-identifying it as Sabellastarte indica; MNHN A 258 also contains five other vials with Gravier’s original labels with two, three, one, one and one specimens (some also relabelled S. indica by Fauvel). MNHN A 312 and A 469 also have original labels noting Golfe de Tadjourah or just Djibouti and just one vial in A 312 has the additional information, Isle Musha. The longest specimen noted by Gravier (1908) was 85 mm long (without crown), 8 mm wide, crown about 33 mm long. Data in parentheses refer to the live specimen studied by P. K. J. in Elat. Description. Body without crown 60 (82) mm long, 9 (8.4) mm wide with about 115 segments of which seven to eleven, usually eight, are thoracic (figure 9 A); crown about 40 (38) mm long with a fairly short base involuted ventrally to form a semicircle each side with D-shaped flange on each dorsal margin (figure 9 D) below the interadiolar web region, web fairly long equal to length of about three thoracic shields, radioles about 42 each side, without interdigitation, outer surface of rachis subquadrangular (figure 9 E, F, G), tips beyond pinnules short and blunt (figure 9 H); dorsal lips attenuated, about 15 mm long, grooved, with midrib support and webbed to adjacent radiole without pinnular support; thorax wider than long (measured laterally), last thoracic torus about one-third length of longest (second torus), first segment about 1.5 times length of each following thoracic segment (viewed laterally and discounting height of collar); dorsal-most collar margins starting at thorax / crown junction, poorly developed (not forming lappets), extending posteriorly towards first fascicle, forming U-shaped emarginations above collar pockets (figure 9 D) exposing peristome, dorso-lateral margins extending sharply anteriorly to well above thorax / crown junction; ventral collar forming two subtriangular lappets which may project forward to overlap at midline (figure 9 B); first ventral shield longer than others in thorax, embayed medially with rest of margin sloping posterolaterally (figure 9 B); all thoracic tori abutting lateral margins of ventral shields; tube, chaetae, uncini and length of thoracic fascicles similar to those of S. spectabilis; thoracic fascicle 13 with about 70 chaetal shafts (many broken distally), 13 th abdominal fascicle with 31 chaetae (11 superior and 20 inferior); interramal eyes minute in abdomen (often camouflaged by background flecks), larger in thorax. Gravier (1908) recorded bands of violet alternating with colourless zones around the crown. These bands have now faded to brown and light brown. The background body colour is also light brown, speckled with small medium or dark brown flecks, which tend to coalesce into darker brown areas between the uncinal ridges, over anterior ventral shields and along the crown base as axial stripes. The ventral shields and glandular areas between them and the parapodia are similar in colour, i. e. light to medium brown. Variation. Some specimens that have been preserved in their tubes may appear to lack the shallow dorsal part of the collar flanking the midline groove, so that the dorso-lateral parts extending anteriorly appear to have dorsal margins separated by a wide gap. Inserting a probe can establish the presence of the shallow collar pockets flanking the dorsal midline groove. Light pigment bands are present on crowns of specimens from the Sudanese Red Sea (Sanganeb lagoon, Vine, 1986: 89), but absent on crowns from Elat. The specimen collected at Elat (P. K. J.) had radioles with pale yellow pinnules throughout and a brown line along outer surface of each rachis. Of four specimens in the Elat aquarium, one crown was yellow, another white and two orange. About 10 other specimens, left undisturbed amongst a domed coral outcrop (10 – 12 m diameter) near the Egyptian border, were all orange. Vine (1986: 82, 88 bottom) shows two pale, unbanded specimens from the northern Egyptian Red Sea, with the brown stripe along each rachis as in the live specimen from Elat. The ventral shields were salmon-pink (now straw-coloured) and the rest of the body was greyish pink and flecked. As Gravier (1908) noted, irregularities occur in the disposition of chaetae in both thorax and abdomen. These irregularities are due to imperfect regeneration after damage. Habitat. Found in the shallow sublittoral, common amongst coral, but as the Elat specimen was on a fauna-encrusted iron pillar, the species will presumably thrive in a sheltered spot on any hard substratum. Gravier (1908) notes that it was not found beyond 20 m depth. Remarks and distribution. Gravier placed his species in Eurato, a genus erected by Saint-Joseph (1898: 249) for species like Sabellastarte, but with radioles not interdigitating to form two concentric semicircles. None of his included species (footnotes, pp. 249, 250) belong to Sabellastarte. The first mentioned species is Sabella pyrrhogaster Grube (1878), designated type species of Eurato by Bush (1905). Sabella pyrrhogaster is a species of Notaulax Tauber (1879) and Eurato is therefore a junior synonym of Notaulax (Perkins, 1984). It has been a common mistake to regard Sabellastarte sanctijosephi as a ‘ young’ form of S. indica (now S. spectabilis). Even the larger S. sanctijosephi have numerous radioles without interdigitation, in situ arranged into a smooth bowl-shape each half with a small ventral involution, as in George and George (1979: 58, figure 4), Vine (1986: 88) and Schumaker and Hinterkircher (1996: 116, top left as S. indica). Those with interdigitating radioles like Sabellastarte spectabilis form mop-like crowns in situ, as shown by Gibbs (1969, figure 137 as S. sanctijosephi), George and George (1979: 58, figure 6, as S. sanctijosephi) and Fossa and Nilsen (1996: 130, 131 as S. indica, and 2000: 130, 131 as S. spectabilis). Furthermore, Sabellastarte sanctijosephi does not have the rich liver-brown body coloration or a high dorsal collar or a very short radiolar web. The pale flecked body surface of Sabellastarte sanctijosephi is similar to that of S. pectoralis and S. samoensis, but both species differ in having higher dorsal collar margins. Sabellastarte pectoralis also differs, in having the distal part of each radiole with paired ridges, and S. samoensis in having thick-shafted abdominal inferior chaetae and uncini with shorter shafts. The coloration of some populations of Sabellastarte sanctijosephi with pale unbanded crowns, each radiole bearing a brown line along the outside of the rachis, is like that described by Haswell (1884) for Sabellastarte australiensis and observed in material from Arrawara (P. K. J.). Sabellastarte australiensis and S. japonica differ from S. sanctijosephi in having interdigitating radioles and bispiral crowns which are short, particularly considering their larger size. Sabellastarte sanctijosephi may be confined to the Red Sea. ‘ Sabellastarte’ inquirenda Sabella fusca Grube, 1869. Grube’s Red Sea material cannot be found in either the Berlin (ZMB) or Wroclaw (MPW) museums, where his other material is held. McIntosh’s (1885) record from Sydney is (as he suspected) Sabellastate australiensis, but his material from Sri Lanka (NHML 88.4.13.13) is S. spectabilis. Gravier’s (1906) figures (243 – 245) are of Bispira porifera (Grube, 1878) and Japanese records are also B. porifera (Nishi et al., 2000). Rullier and Amoureux’s (1979) record off Rio de Janeiro (MNHMP A 885 as Sabella) is not a Sabellastarte as companion chaetae are present. The tube is covered with coarse shell and grit particles as are often found in Megalomma, but the distal half of the dorsal crown radioles are missing (some species of that genus have eyes only on dorsal radioles), so the species cannot be confirmed as being in Megalomma. Furthermore, the cuticle bearing the parapodia is mostly loose so the arrangement of abdominal chaetae cannot be determined. Gibbs’ (1971) record of Sabella fusca is actually Demonax aberrans (Augener, 1926, see Knight-Jones and Perkins, 1998). Sabella grossa Baird, 1865, from St Helena Island (NHML ZB 1972: 83 Type) is a large species (14 mm wide) with a bispiral crown of five whorls each side, but all radioles have been removed, perhaps by Baird, to show the five whorl bispirality of the crown base. The base of each radiole is present showing that they were not interdigitated, and the ventral sacs are rounded and external to the crown base, so it cannot be a species of Sabellastarte. Furthermore, it cannot be synonymous with the other large bispiral species Sabella longa (Kinberg, 1867, since put into Sabellastarte by Hartman, 1959: 561, and later into Pseudobranchiomma by Knight- Jones, 1994), because the dorsal collar margins of S. grossa are fused to the sides of the midline faecal groove. The chaetae within each abdominal fascicle (about 60, all similar and curved antero-dorsally) are laterally compressed to form an oval with a transverse axis and their arrangement (often generically indicative) is difficult to determine. Species removed from Sabellastarte Sabella assimilis McIntosh (1885) referred to Sabellastarte by Hartman (1959: 566) is a species of Perkinsiana Knight-Jones (1983); Sabellastarte arctica Ditlevsen (1937) is a species of Branchiomma Kölliker (Knight-Jones, 1994) histolysized except for a few stylodes, as is Sabellastarte indica var. oculata Rullier, 1964 (MNHN A 391), for again the stylodes were overlooked. Sabella longa Kinberg (1867) and Dasychone odhneri Fauvel (1921) were wrongly synonymized by Hartman (1959) and Day (1967), as were Sabella zebuensis McIntosh (1885) and S. bocki Johansson (1922), and the senior synonyms were put into Sabellastarte (Hartman, 1959). All four species, however, belong to Pseudobranchiomma Jones, 1962 (Knight-Jones, 1994). Likewise Laonome punctata Treadwell, 1906, once synonymized with Sabellastarte indica (Hartman, 1959: 548), should be Pseudobranchiomma punctata (new combination), in spite of having a collar fused to the sides of the midline groove and lacking serrations on the outer surface of the radioles (Nogueira and Knight-Jones, in press). These species cannot be regarded as Sabellastarte because the ventral sacs are rounded, closely aligned and positioned outside the crown base (as in figure 1 B).	en	Knight-Jones, Phyllis, Mackie, Andrew S. Y. (2003): A revision of Sabellastarte (Polychaeta: Sabellidae). Journal of Natural History 37 (19): 2269-2301, DOI: 10.1080/00222930110120629, URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00222930110120629
