taxonID	type	description	language	source
03E45B658935E272E022FEDA2B57FC26.taxon	description	The genus Amblyomma is represented by 106 species in the world, 59 of which are present in the Neotropical region, with 47 being exclusive to this location; 11 are present in the Nearctic region, and just one is not native of America (Barros-Battesti et al. 2006). Specifically, 31 Amblyomma species have been reported in Colombia (Lopez 2017), but according to scientific databases and new systematic classification, the list is updated to 29 Amblyomma species including: A. auricularium (Conil, 1878), A. calcaratum Neumann, 1899, A. coelebs Neumann, 1899, A. crassum Robinson, 1926, A. dissimile Koch, 1844, A. geayi Neumann 1899, A. goeldii Neumann 1899, A. humerale Koch, 1844, A. incisum Neumann, 1906, A. longirostre (Koch, 1844), A. maculatum Koch, 1844, A. mixtum Koch, 1844, A. multipunctum Neumann, 1899, A. naponense (Packard, 1869), A. neumanni Ribaga, 1902, A. nodosum Neumann, 1899, A. oblongoguttatum Koch, 1844, A. ovale Koch, 1844, A. pacae Aragão, 1911, A. parvum Aragão, 1908, A. patinoi Labruna, Nava & Beati 2014, A. pecarium Dunn, 1933, as well as, A. rotundatum Koch, 1844, A. sabanerae Stoll, 1894, A. scalpturatum Neumann, 1906, A. tapirellum Dunn, 1933, A. tigrinum Koch, 1844, A. triste Koch, 1844, A. varium Koch, 1844.	en	Benavides-Montaño, Javier Antonio, Betancourt-Echeverri, Jesus Antonio, Valencia, Gustavo López, Mesa-Cobo, Nora Cristina (2022): A review of hard ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) in Colombia: The risk of tick-borne diseases. Persian Journal of Acarology 11 (3): 397-437
03E45B658933E275E036FC692A92FD24.taxon	description	It is a three-host tick (Hooker et al. 1912) reported in Antigua, Argentina, Barbuda, Barbados, Belize, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guaina, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Grenada, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, south of Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Puerto Rico, Santa Lucia, Trinidad and Tobago, and Venezuela (Onofrio et al. 2006). All the stages parasite different reptiles (snakes, lizards, iguanas, alligators and turtles) and amphibians (toads) (Durden and Knapp 2005; Guglielmone et al. 2009). This tick attacks several species of cold-blooded vertebrates, showing no host preference; however, it is commonly found on Bufo marinus (Bequaert 1932). Toads and iguanas are also commonly infested (Guimarães et al. 2001; Guglielmone et al. 2003; Dusbabek 2004). In Colombia, the species has been previously identified as A. diminutivum, equivalent of A. dissimile (Santos Dias 1958) as well as by the name of Ixodes bibroni (Gervais, 1842). However, Aragão and Fonseca (1961) preferred to label it as A. dissimile. In Brazil, it has been reported on Boa constrictor (Hydrodynastes gigas) (Fontana 2003; Fiorini et al. 2014), on Blue-winged macaw (Primolius maracana), in areas that host free-living iguanas (Iguana iguana) (Schumaker and Barros 1994; Scofield et al. 2011), Xenodon sp. (Schumaker and Barros 1994), on mammals such as Hydrochoerus hidrochaeris, Rodentia (Proechimys semispinosu), cattle (Bos taurus) (Jones et al. 1972) as well as goats in experimental models (Jongejan 1992). In Colombia, this tick is commonly associated with reptiles and amphibians such as Iguana tuberculata, B. marinus and snakes from Santa Marta – Barranquilla collected from Boa imperator, Boa enydris cookey; in Aracataca (Magdalena), it has been collected from B. marinus, Caiman sclerops and Constrictor constrictor (Wramc 1998), from Boa constrictor (Carrascal et al. 2009), and Bothrops asper (Wramc 1998). Five ticks were collected from Mulatos in the municipality of Turbo, Antioquia (8 ° 08 ' 12.5 " N, 76 ° 33 ' 01.7 " W), and Las Changas in the municipality of Necoclí (8 ° 32 ' 52.5 " N, 76 ° 34 ' 23.7 " W). One of these Mulatos was hosting a tick infected with Candidatus Rickettsia colombianensi (Quintero et al. 2017 b), which is endemic in Valle del Cauca (Lopez 2017). Benavides et al. (2018) reported Amblyomma dissimile from B. asper in San Cipriano (Valle del Cauca, 76 ° 54 ' 041 " W, 3 ° 50 ' 32.1 " N, located at 149 m a. s. l.) in a wet tropical rain forest (Galli 1927; Guglielmone et al. 2006) deposited in CIUNP (Accession Nos. 002 - 1, 002 - 2) (Benavides-Montaño et al. 2018). Amblyomma dissimile removed from iguanas and rodents have been found positive to Rickettsia tamurae, which produces local skin inflammation, swelling, erythema, and heat with pain in humans (Fournier et al. 2006; Miranda et al. 2012; Quintero et al. 2013; López and Parra 2017). Tick samples collected from Rhinella humboldti (Spix, 1824) and Rhinella marina (Linnaeus, 1758) in Santa Marta, Magdalena were positive to Rickettsia close related with Rickettsia sp. strain colombianensis and R. belli (Cotes-Perdomo et al. 2017; Santodomingo et al. 2018) and new reports confirm its presence in Yopal, Casanare department (Rivera-Paez et al. 2018 a) associated with Ricketsia sp. strain colombianensis (Rivera-Paez et al. 2018 b) as well as microorganisms of Anaplasmataceae in ticks collected from reptiles (Osorio et al. 2017), R. amblyommatis and Cand. R. colombianensis (Quintero et al. 2017 a).	en	Benavides-Montaño, Javier Antonio, Betancourt-Echeverri, Jesus Antonio, Valencia, Gustavo López, Mesa-Cobo, Nora Cristina (2022): A review of hard ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) in Colombia: The risk of tick-borne diseases. Persian Journal of Acarology 11 (3): 397-437
03E45B65893DE27BE033F8362CD4FEEB.taxon	description	Surinam and Venezuela (Onofrio et al. 2006; Voltzit 2007; Lopez 2017). It has been found on different hosts, mainly rodents (Agoutidae) (Onofrio et al. 2006). In Colombia, a female has been reported in guagua or lapa Agouti paca in Restrepo-Meta (Osorno-Mesa 1942; Wramc 1998), but it possibly also infests other animals. No recent updates have been reported in Colombia.	en	Benavides-Montaño, Javier Antonio, Betancourt-Echeverri, Jesus Antonio, Valencia, Gustavo López, Mesa-Cobo, Nora Cristina (2022): A review of hard ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) in Colombia: The risk of tick-borne diseases. Persian Journal of Acarology 11 (3): 397-437
03E45B658939E27FE3A8F8342A7DFDB3.taxon	description	The presence of this tick may be associated with the existence of different etiological agents such as Rickettsia rickettsii, R. parkeri, R. bellii and R. canadensis, Borrelia burgdorferi, Babesia sp., Anaplasma bovis and Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Coxiella burnetii, Francisella tularensis (Zeringota et al. 2016). It has been reported in Colombia on domestic and wild rabbits as well as in Central American Agouti (Dasyprocta punctata) in Muzo, Department of Boyaca; some nymphs have been reported on humans from Girardot, Cundinamarca (Osorno-Mesa 1942). Haemaphysalis leporis proxima (Aragao 1911) reported by Osorno-Mesa (1942) as a variety of H. leporispalustris, is a synonym rather than a new species collected from wild animals and domestic rabbits from Panama (Guglielmone et al. 2006).	en	Benavides-Montaño, Javier Antonio, Betancourt-Echeverri, Jesus Antonio, Valencia, Gustavo López, Mesa-Cobo, Nora Cristina (2022): A review of hard ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) in Colombia: The risk of tick-borne diseases. Persian Journal of Acarology 11 (3): 397-437
03E45B658925E263E01DF8262C0FFECE.taxon	description	(Lopez 2017). In Colombia, it has been found parasitizing humans and Zainos Tayassu tajacu (Artyodactila) in the Baudo river area (Lopez 2017). A female was recovered in the locality of Curiche - Choco Colombia in 1967, accession number (RML 39142) (Wramc 1998; Guglielmone et al. 2006). Although this tick has not been officially reported in Colombia, we included it as part of this review. Future studies need to collect and research more holotypes.	en	Benavides-Montaño, Javier Antonio, Betancourt-Echeverri, Jesus Antonio, Valencia, Gustavo López, Mesa-Cobo, Nora Cristina (2022): A review of hard ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) in Colombia: The risk of tick-borne diseases. Persian Journal of Acarology 11 (3): 397-437
03E45B658924E263E033FE112B66FCC3.taxon	description	The genus Ixodes comprises about 240 species of ticks around the world; 46 of them are reported in the tropical region and 14 in Colombia (Osorno-Mesa 1942). In South America, there are only two ticks as part of the complex Ixodes ricinus, which correspond to Ixodes affinis and Ixodes pararicinus (Venzal et al. 2005; Benavides et al. 2017 b). Some authors report the presence of I. pararicinus, but not I. affinis (Rivera-Paez et al. 2018 a); others such as Gustavo Lopez and E. Benavides noted the presence of both I. pararicinus and I. affinis. In this review, none of the two species are excluded, and more than 10 species of Ixodes genus previously reported in Colombia by Rivera-Paez are mentioned, including: Ixodes tapirus, I. auritulus, I. andinus, I. bocatorensis, I. tropicalis, I. boliviensis, I. brunneus, I. fuscipes, I. lasallei, I. luciae, I. montoyanus, I. pararicinus, I. tapirus, I. tropicalis, and I. venezuelensis. Fifteen additional Ixodes spp. have been reported in Colombia, but they need to be validated and updated.	en	Benavides-Montaño, Javier Antonio, Betancourt-Echeverri, Jesus Antonio, Valencia, Gustavo López, Mesa-Cobo, Nora Cristina (2022): A review of hard ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) in Colombia: The risk of tick-borne diseases. Persian Journal of Acarology 11 (3): 397-437
03E45B658922E265E04CFE112B43FC7D.taxon	description	This tick is present in Argentina, Brazil, Guatemala, south of Mexico, Paraguay, Uruguay, Venezuela and Colombia (Osorno-Mesa 1942; Barros-Battesti et al. 2006). The immature phases are rodent parasites, whereas the adult phase feeds on marsupials. All the stages have been described as type: BMNH, ENV (Barros-Battesti et al. 2006). This tick is commonly named “ the black-legged tick ”. It is a three-host tick and normally it is propagated from Mexico to Argentina (Colombo et al. 2014) parasitizing Didephidae marsupials, but rodents of the subfamily Sigmodontinae (rats and mice) are considered important to sustain larvae and nymph stages (Colombo et al. 2014). This species in Colombia was described by Dr. Bequaert collected from chucha real, Metachirus longicaudatus columbianus, collected in Restrepo, Meta, by Dr. J Boshell M. Other samples were collected from Didelphis marsupialis from Muzo (Boyacá) and Villavicencio (Meta) (Lopez 2017; Osorno-Mesa 1942).	en	Benavides-Montaño, Javier Antonio, Betancourt-Echeverri, Jesus Antonio, Valencia, Gustavo López, Mesa-Cobo, Nora Cristina (2022): A review of hard ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) in Colombia: The risk of tick-borne diseases. Persian Journal of Acarology 11 (3): 397-437
