identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03E45B658935E272E000FC692A80FAB6.text	03E45B658935E272E000FC692A80FAB6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Amblyomma auricularium (Conil 1878)	<div><p>Amblyomma auricularium (Conil, 1878)</p> <p>This tick has been found in Argentina, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, French Guiana, Guatemala, Honduras, South of Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay and Venezuela, (Onofrio et al. 2006; Lopez 2017). It feeds on Xenarthra species, especially on armadillos (Guglielmone et al. 2003). In Colombia, it has been reported on Dasypodidae, Dasypus novemcinctus (Armadillo) and Canis familiaris in San Marcos, Department of Sucre (Contreras Ortega 2016; Lopez 2017). The importance of this species, in relation to its biology and ecology, is yet to be studied.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E45B658935E272E000FC692A80FAB6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Benavides-Montaño, Javier Antonio;Betancourt-Echeverri, Jesus Antonio;Valencia, Gustavo López;Mesa-Cobo, Nora Cristina	Benavides-Montaño, Javier Antonio, Betancourt-Echeverri, Jesus Antonio, Valencia, Gustavo López, Mesa-Cobo, Nora Cristina (2022): A review of hard ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) in Colombia: The risk of tick-borne diseases. Persian Journal of Acarology 11 (3): 397-437
03E45B658935E273E00FFAF92CD4FEEB.text	03E45B658935E273E00FFAF92CD4FEEB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Amblyomma cajennense (Fabricius 1787)	<div><p>Amblyomma cajennense (Fabricius, 1787)</p> <p>These ticks are distributed from Argentina to Southern Texas (U.S. A) with the exception of Chile and Uruguay, where they have not been confirmed, as well as in the Caribbean and the Nearctic region (Barros-Battesti et al. 2006). Species of Amblyomma cajennense s.l. are probably one of the most threatening plagues to cattle farms considering their physical damage potential, natural biological cycle and the likelihood of immature stages being dispersed by birds and wild and domestic mammals as well as their vector capacity to transmit different rickettsia species in South America. They are widely distributed and able to feed on a wide range of mammals, humans and birds (Guglielmone et al. 2006; Lopez 2017). Amblyomma cajennense s.l. comprises six species: 1. A. cajennense sensu stricto (s.s.) (Fabricius, 1787), 2. A. interandinum Nava et al., 2014, 3. A. mixtum Koch, 1844, 4. A. patinoi Nava et al., 2014, 5. A. sculptum Berlese, 1888, and 6. A. tonelliae Nava et al., 2014 (Nava et al. 2014; Martins et al. 2016). These species are geographically distributed as follows: A. cajennense s.s. is restricted to Amazon regions; A. mixtum has been located from Texas to western Equator; A. sculptum is restricted to north Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay and Brazil; A. interandinum (Nava et al. 2014) is restricted to inter-Andean valley of Peru; A. tonelliae (Nava et al. 2014) is indigenous to dry areas of north Argentina, Bolivia and Paraguay; and A. patinoi (Nava et al. 2014) is found in the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia (Beati et al. 2013; Nava et al. 2014; Lopez 2017). In Colombia, the species of A. cajennense s.l. are specifically represented by two species: A. patinoi Labruna, Nava &amp; Beati, 2014, which can be found in the Eastern Andes of Colombia, and A. mixtum, which is distributed from Texas (U.S. A) to western Ecuador. A. cajennense s.l. seems to thrive in the lowlands (average: 472.9 m a.s.l.), but its populations can also be found up to 1,771 m a.s.l. (Acevedo-Gutiérrez LY et al. 2018).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E45B658935E273E00FFAF92CD4FEEB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Benavides-Montaño, Javier Antonio;Betancourt-Echeverri, Jesus Antonio;Valencia, Gustavo López;Mesa-Cobo, Nora Cristina	Benavides-Montaño, Javier Antonio, Betancourt-Echeverri, Jesus Antonio, Valencia, Gustavo López, Mesa-Cobo, Nora Cristina (2022): A review of hard ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) in Colombia: The risk of tick-borne diseases. Persian Journal of Acarology 11 (3): 397-437
03E45B658935E272E022FEDA2B57FC26.text	03E45B658935E272E022FEDA2B57FC26.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Amblyomma Koch 1844	<div><p>The genus Amblyomma Koch, 1844</p> <p>The genus Amblyomma is represented by 106 species in the world, 59 of which are present in the Neotropical region, with 47 being exclusive to this location; 11 are present in the Nearctic region, and just one is not native of America (Barros-Battesti et al. 2006). Specifically, 31 Amblyomma species have been reported in Colombia (Lopez 2017), but according to scientific databases and new systematic classification, the list is updated to 29 Amblyomma species including: A. auricularium (Conil, 1878), A. calcaratum Neumann, 1899, A. coelebs Neumann, 1899, A. crassum Robinson, 1926, A. dissimile Koch, 1844, A. geayi Neumann 1899, A. goeldii Neumann 1899, A. humerale Koch, 1844, A. incisum Neumann, 1906, A. longirostre (Koch, 1844), A.maculatum Koch, 1844, A. mixtum Koch, 1844, A. multipunctum Neumann, 1899, A. naponense (Packard, 1869), A. neumanni Ribaga, 1902, A. nodosum Neumann, 1899, A. oblongoguttatum Koch, 1844, A. ovale Koch, 1844, A. pacae Aragão, 1911, A. parvum Aragão, 1908, A. patinoi Labruna, Nava &amp; Beati 2014, A. pecarium Dunn, 1933, as well as, A. rotundatum Koch, 1844, A. sabanerae Stoll, 1894, A. scalpturatum Neumann, 1906, A. tapirellum Dunn, 1933, A. tigrinum Koch, 1844, A. triste Koch, 1844, A. varium Koch, 1844.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E45B658935E272E022FEDA2B57FC26	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Benavides-Montaño, Javier Antonio;Betancourt-Echeverri, Jesus Antonio;Valencia, Gustavo López;Mesa-Cobo, Nora Cristina	Benavides-Montaño, Javier Antonio, Betancourt-Echeverri, Jesus Antonio, Valencia, Gustavo López, Mesa-Cobo, Nora Cristina (2022): A review of hard ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) in Colombia: The risk of tick-borne diseases. Persian Journal of Acarology 11 (3): 397-437
03E45B658934E273E06CFE3E2DA3FBB4.text	03E45B658934E273E06CFE3E2DA3FBB4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Amblyomma cajennense (Fabricius 1787)	<div><p>Amblyomma cajennense s.l.</p> <p>In Colombia, there are widespread reports of its presence in horses, cattle, and humans (Reyes 1938). There have been reports of its presence in Valle del Cauca from cattle and horses (Benavides et al. 2018), in cattle from Monteria, Arboletes, Toluviejo, Caucasia (West of Cordoba) (Betancourt et al. 1992) in Toluviejo, Sincelejo and San Marcos, Department of Sucre (Contreras Ortega 2016) and the Piedemonte (Foothhills) of Meta and Casanare, in the Eastern Planes (Cassalett et al. 2013). Regarding this, it is interesting to see that Betancourt et al. (1991) did not find any A. cajennense s.l. in cattle in Tumaco. Future local comparative studies are required in order to clarify the identity of the species of Amblyomma. reviewed until now, as it is unclear if it is A. cajennense s.l. In different entomological and tick collections of Colombia, the species frequently identified as A. cajennense s.l. might be composed of A. patinoi and/or A. mixtum; hence there is need for future studies in different geographical regions of Colombia. In a study conducted in six departments of Colombia (Antioquia, Atlántico, Bolívar, Córdoba, Magdalena, and Sucre), 3,308 ticks were collected including A. cajennense s.l., A. ovale, R. microplus and D. nitens, in which Rickettsia rickettsii, R. bellii, R. felis, Candidatus Rickettsia colombianensi and R. parkeri were found. A total of 649 animals were sampled for the presence of Rickettsiae. Among them, 18% were found positive (117/649) for R. rickettsii, R. amblyommatis and R. bellii (Acevedo-Gutiérrez et al. 2017).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E45B658934E273E06CFE3E2DA3FBB4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Benavides-Montaño, Javier Antonio;Betancourt-Echeverri, Jesus Antonio;Valencia, Gustavo López;Mesa-Cobo, Nora Cristina	Benavides-Montaño, Javier Antonio, Betancourt-Echeverri, Jesus Antonio, Valencia, Gustavo López, Mesa-Cobo, Nora Cristina (2022): A review of hard ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) in Colombia: The risk of tick-borne diseases. Persian Journal of Acarology 11 (3): 397-437
03E45B658934E274E02DF9362DA1FECE.text	03E45B658934E274E02DF9362DA1FECE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Amblyomma coelebs Neumann 1899	<div><p>Amblyomma coelebs Neumann, 1899</p> <p>It is present in Argentina, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Guaiana, French Guiana, Honduras, south of Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Surinam and Venezuela (Nearctic region) (Onofrio et al. 2006). Amblyomma coelebs feeds on Perissodactyla, more often on tapirs, and has been collected in almost every country in Central and South America, from southern Mexico to Argentina, with the exception of Chile and Uruguay (Jones et al. 1972; Guglielmone et al. 2003). There have been reports in Brazil about adults and nymphs feeding on humans (Guglielmone et al. 2006). A nymph, molecularly identified as A. coelebs, was recently collected from a man who had traveled to Guyana (Beati, unpublished data), but it has also been identified on tapirs whereas nymphs use a different host in order to survive (Labruna and Guglielmone 2009; Martins et al. 2014). It was reported that Candidatus Rickettsia amblyommii is present in this species, probably associated with animal infections in Brazil, Argentina and French Guiana (Parola et al. 2013). In Colombia, this species has been spotted on cattle, capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) and anteaters (Lopez Valencia and Parra Danilo 1985; Lopez 2017).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E45B658934E274E02DF9362DA1FECE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Benavides-Montaño, Javier Antonio;Betancourt-Echeverri, Jesus Antonio;Valencia, Gustavo López;Mesa-Cobo, Nora Cristina	Benavides-Montaño, Javier Antonio, Betancourt-Echeverri, Jesus Antonio, Valencia, Gustavo López, Mesa-Cobo, Nora Cristina (2022): A review of hard ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) in Colombia: The risk of tick-borne diseases. Persian Journal of Acarology 11 (3): 397-437
03E45B658933E275E036FC692A92FD24.text	03E45B658933E275E036FC692A92FD24.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Amblyomma dissimile Koch 1844	<div><p>Amblyomma dissimile Koch, 1844</p> <p>Syn.: A. bibroni Gervais, 1842 (a nomen nudum)</p> <p>It is a three-host tick (Hooker et al. 1912) reported in Antigua, Argentina, Barbuda, Barbados, Belize, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guaina, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Grenada, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, south of Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Puerto Rico, Santa Lucia, Trinidad and Tobago, and Venezuela (Onofrio et al. 2006). All the stages parasite different reptiles (snakes, lizards, iguanas, alligators and turtles) and amphibians (toads) (Durden and Knapp 2005; Guglielmone et al. 2009). This tick attacks several species of cold-blooded vertebrates, showing no host preference; however, it is commonly found on Bufo marinus (Bequaert 1932). Toads and iguanas are also commonly infested (Guimarães et al. 2001; Guglielmone et al. 2003; Dusbabek 2004). In Colombia, the species has been previously identified as A. diminutivum, equivalent of A. dissimile (Santos Dias 1958) as well as by the name of Ixodes bibroni (Gervais, 1842). However, Aragão and Fonseca (1961) preferred to label it as A. dissimile. In Brazil, it has been reported on Boa constrictor (Hydrodynastes gigas) (Fontana 2003; Fiorini et al. 2014), on Blue-winged macaw (Primolius maracana), in areas that host free-living iguanas (Iguana iguana) (Schumaker and Barros 1994; Scofield et al. 2011), Xenodon sp. (Schumaker and Barros 1994), on mammals such as Hydrochoerus hidrochaeris, Rodentia (Proechimys semispinosu), cattle (Bos taurus) (Jones et al. 1972) as well as goats in experimental models (Jongejan 1992). In Colombia, this tick is commonly associated with reptiles and amphibians such as Iguana tuberculata, B. marinus and snakes from Santa Marta–Barranquilla collected from Boa imperator, Boa enydris cookey; in Aracataca (Magdalena), it has been collected from B. marinus, Caiman sclerops and Constrictor constrictor (Wramc 1998), from Boa constrictor (Carrascal et al. 2009), and Bothrops asper (Wramc 1998). Five ticks were collected from Mulatos in the municipality of Turbo, Antioquia (8° 08' 12.5" N, 76° 33' 01.7" W), and Las Changas in the municipality of Necoclí (8° 32' 52.5" N, 76° 34' 23.7" W). One of these Mulatos was hosting a tick infected with Candidatus Rickettsia colombianensi (Quintero et al. 2017b), which is endemic in Valle del Cauca (Lopez 2017). Benavides et al. (2018) reported Amblyomma dissimile from B. asper in San Cipriano (Valle del Cauca, 76° 54' 041" W, 3° 50' 32.1" N, located at 149 m a.s.l.) in a wet tropical rain forest (Galli 1927; Guglielmone et al. 2006) deposited in CIUNP (Accession Nos. 002-1, 002-2) (Benavides-Montaño et al. 2018). Amblyomma dissimile removed from iguanas and rodents have been found positive to Rickettsia tamurae, which produces local skin inflammation, swelling, erythema, and heat with pain in humans (Fournier et al. 2006; Miranda et al. 2012; Quintero et al. 2013; López and Parra 2017). Tick samples collected from Rhinella humboldti (Spix, 1824) and Rhinella marina (Linnaeus, 1758) in Santa Marta, Magdalena were positive to Rickettsia close related with Rickettsia sp. strain colombianensis and R. belli (Cotes-Perdomo et al. 2017; Santodomingo et al. 2018) and new reports confirm its presence in Yopal, Casanare department (Rivera-Paez et al. 2018a) associated with Ricketsia sp. strain colombianensis (Rivera-Paez et al. 2018b) as well as microorganisms of Anaplasmataceae in ticks collected from reptiles (Osorio et al. 2017), R. amblyommatis and Cand. R. colombianensis (Quintero et al. 2017a).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E45B658933E275E036FC692A92FD24	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Benavides-Montaño, Javier Antonio;Betancourt-Echeverri, Jesus Antonio;Valencia, Gustavo López;Mesa-Cobo, Nora Cristina	Benavides-Montaño, Javier Antonio, Betancourt-Echeverri, Jesus Antonio, Valencia, Gustavo López, Mesa-Cobo, Nora Cristina (2022): A review of hard ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) in Colombia: The risk of tick-borne diseases. Persian Journal of Acarology 11 (3): 397-437
03E45B658932E275E3F2FD6A2B9AFAC4.text	03E45B658932E275E3F2FD6A2B9AFAC4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Amblyomma geayi Neumann 1899	<div><p>Amblyomma geayi Neumann, 1899 (Fig. 1)</p> <p>Present in Brazil, Colombia, Guiana, French Guiana, Panama, Peru, and Surinam. Reported from mammals of the Xenarthra order such as sloths (Onofrio et al. 2006). It also has been reported in Caluromys (Opossum) (Wramc 1998). The original male ticks were collected by Fort Sherman in the Darién Gap, in the border between Panama and Colombia (Osorno-Mesa 1942). It is found primarily on mammals and wild birds from tropical regions in South America such as sloths Bradypus variegatus (Souza et al. 2016), but also reptiles and amphibians. Amblyomma geayi is closely-related morphologically, genetically and ecologically to A. longirostre and A. parkeri and the immature stages are considered to feed on Passeriformes (Labruna et al. 2009; Ogrzewalska et al. 2010). The distinctive feature of this species is that the Coxa I has short, robust and rounded spikes; the internal spike is very small (Barros-Battesti et al. 2006). In Colombia, there are three species of Sloths/Perezosos reported: one of three nails (Bradypus variegatus) and two of two nails (Choloepus hoffmanni and Choloepus didactylus) (Wetzel 1985). The habitat of these species is determined by the availability of continuous vegetation cover and bioclimatic factors (Moreno and Plese 2005). The range of Bradypus variegatus occupies almost the entire national territory; today it is zone-bound to some coastal regions, some low localities of the Inter-Andean Valleys and regions between the Orinoco and the Amazon (Wetzel 1985; Phillips et al. 2006). Amblyomma geagy has also been reported in Colombia on C. didactylus (Lopez 2017).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E45B658932E275E3F2FD6A2B9AFAC4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Benavides-Montaño, Javier Antonio;Betancourt-Echeverri, Jesus Antonio;Valencia, Gustavo López;Mesa-Cobo, Nora Cristina	Benavides-Montaño, Javier Antonio, Betancourt-Echeverri, Jesus Antonio, Valencia, Gustavo López, Mesa-Cobo, Nora Cristina (2022): A review of hard ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) in Colombia: The risk of tick-borne diseases. Persian Journal of Acarology 11 (3): 397-437
03E45B658931E276E02EFF492B0BFCEC.text	03E45B658931E276E02EFF492B0BFCEC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Amblyomma goeldii (Neumann 1899)	<div><p>Amblyomma goeldii (Neumann 1899)</p> <p>It has been described in Brazil, French Guiana, Surinam, Guyana, Colombia and Jamaica (Robinson 1926; Jones et al. 1972; Voltzit 2007; Ogrzewalska et al. 2010; Martins et al. 2015; Soares et al. 2015). This tick was originally named as Ixodes gervaisii and considered to be an exclusive reptile tick (Guglielmone et al. 2010). It was often misidentified as A. rotundatum in the early literature (Voltzit 2007). New records have shown association with anteaters (Pilosa: Myrmecophagidae); toads and snakes are the main hosts for adult and nymph stages. A. goeldii can be miss-identified with A. romitii Tonelli-Rondelli 1939, A. dissimile, and A. rotundatum (Martins et al. 2015). The geographical distribution of A. goeldii appears to be restricted to the Amazonian region, where males and females have been described (Onofrio et al. 2006; Martins et al. 2015). In Venezuela, its presence was associated with B. marinus in San Fernando de Atabapo, Bio Orinoco (Jones et al. 1972); and in Brazil, State of Amazonas, with Tamandua tetradactyla (Ogrzewalska et al. 2010). There is just one report in Colombia,, an adult female, collected from a toad (big) in Condoto by Dr. Spurrel H.F.G in 1913 (Osorno-Mesa 1942); this report needs to be replicated, updated and clarified (Robinson 1926; Keirans and Nuttall 1985). New studies are required in order to understand its bio-ecology and distribution areas.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E45B658931E276E02EFF492B0BFCEC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Benavides-Montaño, Javier Antonio;Betancourt-Echeverri, Jesus Antonio;Valencia, Gustavo López;Mesa-Cobo, Nora Cristina	Benavides-Montaño, Javier Antonio, Betancourt-Echeverri, Jesus Antonio, Valencia, Gustavo López, Mesa-Cobo, Nora Cristina (2022): A review of hard ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) in Colombia: The risk of tick-borne diseases. Persian Journal of Acarology 11 (3): 397-437
03E45B658931E276E026FC322C5DFB53.text	03E45B658931E276E026FC322C5DFB53.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Amblyomma humerale (Koch 1844)	<div><p>Amblyomma humerale (Koch, 1844)</p> <p>This tick is found in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Guiana, French Guiana, Guyana, Surinam, Perú, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela (Onofrio et al. 2006). It has been found on birds, lizards, opossums, anteaters, yellow-footed tortoise (Geochelone denticulate), rodents (Oryzomys capito and Proechimys guyannensis) and dogs (Labruna et al. 2002). Usually, the hosts for adults of A. humerale are reptiles of the order Testudines, but mammals such as dogs have also been found parasitized by immature stages (Barros-Battesti et al. 2006; Onofrio et al. 2006). In Colombia, it has been reported on turtles (Helonoides testiculata) (Wramc 1998; Lopez 2017). New updates, geographic distribution, ecology, and pathogenic role in humans are required.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E45B658931E276E026FC322C5DFB53	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Benavides-Montaño, Javier Antonio;Betancourt-Echeverri, Jesus Antonio;Valencia, Gustavo López;Mesa-Cobo, Nora Cristina	Benavides-Montaño, Javier Antonio, Betancourt-Echeverri, Jesus Antonio, Valencia, Gustavo López, Mesa-Cobo, Nora Cristina (2022): A review of hard ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) in Colombia: The risk of tick-borne diseases. Persian Journal of Acarology 11 (3): 397-437
03E45B658931E276E3E4FAA62D59F91D.text	03E45B658931E276E3E4FAA62D59F91D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Amblyomma incisum Neumann 1906	<div><p>Amblyomma incisum Neumann, 1906 (Fig. 2)</p> <p>It is distributed in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Ecuador, French Guiana, Paraguay, Peru, Venezuela (Onofrio et al. 2006; Lopez 2017). The main host is Perissodactyla, but it is also found on C. lupus familiaris and capybara (Onofrio et al. 2006). In Colombia, there have been reports of A. incisum on monkeys in San Juan de Arama, Meta, and also on Tapirus terrestris and Myrmecophaga tridactyla (Lopez 2017). In Colombia, no updates have been made recently, but considering that A. incisum population is highly dependent on a forest-like environment, and it is disseminated in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil on tapir – the main host for adult ticks, and the fact that rabbits and horses are suitable hosts for larvae and nymphs (Szabo et al. 2009), this tick might have a notorious distribution in Guainia, Vaupes and Amazonas (Colombia departments).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E45B658931E276E3E4FAA62D59F91D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Benavides-Montaño, Javier Antonio;Betancourt-Echeverri, Jesus Antonio;Valencia, Gustavo López;Mesa-Cobo, Nora Cristina	Benavides-Montaño, Javier Antonio, Betancourt-Echeverri, Jesus Antonio, Valencia, Gustavo López, Mesa-Cobo, Nora Cristina (2022): A review of hard ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) in Colombia: The risk of tick-borne diseases. Persian Journal of Acarology 11 (3): 397-437
03E45B658930E278E029FBCA29D5FD7B.text	03E45B658930E278E029FBCA29D5FD7B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Amblyomma maculatum Koch 1844	<div><p>Amblyomma maculatum Koch, 1844</p> <p>The Amblyomma maculatum group formerly included A. tigrinum Koch, 1844, A. triste Koch, 1844, A. maculatum, A. neumanni and A. parvitarsum Neumann, 1901. Amblyomma maculatum has often been confused with A. triste and A. tigrinum (Volzit 2007). After new morphological and molecular studies, this group was reduced to A. maculatum, A. triste and A. tigrinum (Estrada-Peña et al. 2005). Amblyomma tigrinum is present in every South American country, except for Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, and Surinam (Jones et al. 1972). Amblyomma maculatum occurs no farther south than Colombia and Venezuela, and the most southern records of A. maculatum from canids are in every case A. tigrinum (Aragão 1918; Kohls 1956). Both species are at first glance similar, but adults of A. maculatum possess a pair of spurs distally on the metatarsi of legs II, III and IV, whereas in adults of A. tigrinum only a single spur occurs on these metatarsi. This tick is a Neotropical-Nearctic species with bona fide records from Belize, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Peru, the U.S.A., and Venezuela (Onofrio et al. 2006; Mastropaolo et al. 2014). It is known as “gulf coast ticks”; it is a three-host tick that has been reported throughout the Americas and in some of the islands of the Caribbean basin. The adults parasitize different mammals, primarily ruminants, dogs, deer, coyotes, foxes. It is considered an aggressive, human and animal-biting ixodid tick (Bishopp and Hixson 1936). The immature stages feed on a variety of birds but occasionally use small mammals as hosts (Guglielmone et al. 2003; Teel et al. 2010; Voltzit 2007). Infested livestock often experience decreased body weight, irritation and/or secondary infection. Amblyomma maculatum is a potential vector of human pathogens such as Ehrlichia ruminantium (Bram et al. 2002; Mahan et al. 2000), R. parkeri (Sumner et al. 2007; Paddock et al. 2008; Socolovschi et al. 2009). In Colombia, A. maculatum has been reported on cattle, horses, dogs, birds, and rodents (Wramc 1998; Lopez 2017). It was previously reported in the Eastern Plains (Llanos Orientales) (Wells 1975; Wells et al. 1981 b) with ticks sent by Dr. Luis Patino-Camargo to Dr. Gadow H and donated to the Rocky Mountain Laboratory (Robinson 1926). The presence of R.M.S.F. agent (R. ricketsii) in 1935 was previously associated with Dermacentor nitens and A. cajennense ticks collected from horses, horse saddles and mule dresses, and Rhipicephalus sanguineus from dogs (Patino et al. 1937; Hidalgo et al. 2007). New reports of Rickettsia spp. in Colombia confirm its presence on dogs from the Caldas, Ibague and Tolima departments (Rivera-Paez et al. 2018a), A. nitens in Valle del Cauca, A. cajennense, Ixodes spp., on Equus caballus and E. asinus in Peñas Gordas/Dagua (3° 46' 34.8" N), (76° 43' 05.3" W) at 345 m a.s.l. (Benavides-Montaño et al. 2018) deposited on CEUNP (008-009) (Benavides-Montaño et al. 2018), on dogs and horses in Santander, Cattle in Tolima, and Zarigüeya Lanuda Caluromis derbianus - Marmosa alstoni in Valle del Cauca. Efrain Benavides reported the presence of A. maculatum (three females and six males) from rural areas of Anapoima, Fusagasugá, Tocaima and Ricaurte in tropical dry forest - Interandean Valles (Benavides et al. 2017a). This tick was recently reported as a vector of Candidatus R. andeanae in ticks collected from C. lupus familiaris in Ibague (Rivera-Paez et al. 2018b).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E45B658930E278E029FBCA29D5FD7B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Benavides-Montaño, Javier Antonio;Betancourt-Echeverri, Jesus Antonio;Valencia, Gustavo López;Mesa-Cobo, Nora Cristina	Benavides-Montaño, Javier Antonio, Betancourt-Echeverri, Jesus Antonio, Valencia, Gustavo López, Mesa-Cobo, Nora Cristina (2022): A review of hard ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) in Colombia: The risk of tick-borne diseases. Persian Journal of Acarology 11 (3): 397-437
03E45B65893FE279E3F8F8D62BD8FECE.text	03E45B65893FE279E3F8F8D62BD8FECE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Amblyomma multipunctum Neumann 1899	<div><p>Amblyomma multipunctum Neumann, 1899</p> <p>This species is present in Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, and Venezuela (Onofrio et al. 2006; Labruna et al. 2013). It parasitizes mammals of the order Perissodactyla. Adults and nymphs of A. multipunctum are found in highland, humid montane forest, and páramo areas, between 2,000 and 4,000 m a.s.l. (Onofrio et al. 2006; Labruna et al. 2013). In Colombia, Kohls (1956) reported two males and two females of A. multipunctum from a mountain tapir, and Tapirus pinchaque (Roulin) in Loro River on the border of the Huila, Meta and Caqueta departments, in November of 1967 (US National Tick Collection, RML 49127) (Voltzit 2007; Lopez 2017).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E45B65893FE279E3F8F8D62BD8FECE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Benavides-Montaño, Javier Antonio;Betancourt-Echeverri, Jesus Antonio;Valencia, Gustavo López;Mesa-Cobo, Nora Cristina	Benavides-Montaño, Javier Antonio, Betancourt-Echeverri, Jesus Antonio, Valencia, Gustavo López, Mesa-Cobo, Nora Cristina (2022): A review of hard ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) in Colombia: The risk of tick-borne diseases. Persian Journal of Acarology 11 (3): 397-437
03E45B65893EE279E004FE112C12FD5E.text	03E45B65893EE279E004FE112C12FD5E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Amblyomma naponense (Packard 1869)	<div><p>Amblyomma naponense (Packard, 1869)</p> <p>It is distributed in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Equador, Guyana, French Guiana, Panama, Peru, Surinam and Venezuela (Onofrio et al. 2006). It parasitizes ungulates and Xenarthra (Onofrio et al. 2006; Voltzit 2007). This species has been reported on peccary, Pecari angulatus bangsi, from Rio Boquerón, a region from Panama (Osorno-Mesa 1942). In Colombia, it has been found in the Raposo river (Buenaventura-Valle del Cauca) parasitizing Heteromys australis (spiny pocket mouse), Pecari, a genus of mammals in the peccary family, Tayassuidae, in addition to Didelphis marsupialis and Myrmecophaga (Wramc 1998; Lopez 2017).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E45B65893EE279E004FE112C12FD5E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Benavides-Montaño, Javier Antonio;Betancourt-Echeverri, Jesus Antonio;Valencia, Gustavo López;Mesa-Cobo, Nora Cristina	Benavides-Montaño, Javier Antonio, Betancourt-Echeverri, Jesus Antonio, Valencia, Gustavo López, Mesa-Cobo, Nora Cristina (2022): A review of hard ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) in Colombia: The risk of tick-borne diseases. Persian Journal of Acarology 11 (3): 397-437
03E45B65893EE279E02FFCA129E1FBC5.text	03E45B65893EE279E02FFCA129E1FBC5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Amblyomma neumanni Ribaga 1902	<div><p>Amblyomma neumanni Ribaga, 1902</p> <p>It has been reported in Argentina, Colombia and Uruguay (Guglielmone et al. 2003; Onofrio et al. 2006). The primary hosts of A. neumanni are domestic and wild ungulates, but dogs and humans are also often parasitized. It has been collected in Colombia from a horse located at “El Nus” Research Center, in the municipality of San Roque, Antioquia, at 840 m of altitude, 23 ℃ and 2000 mm annual precipitation. Two males and two females were reported in association with Anocentor nitens (Lopez Valencia and Parra Danilo 1985). This tick has also been spotted preying on chiguiros (Hydrochoerus) (Lopez 2017). New updates, geographic distribution, ecology and pathogenic role in humans are required.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E45B65893EE279E02FFCA129E1FBC5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Benavides-Montaño, Javier Antonio;Betancourt-Echeverri, Jesus Antonio;Valencia, Gustavo López;Mesa-Cobo, Nora Cristina	Benavides-Montaño, Javier Antonio, Betancourt-Echeverri, Jesus Antonio, Valencia, Gustavo López, Mesa-Cobo, Nora Cristina (2022): A review of hard ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) in Colombia: The risk of tick-borne diseases. Persian Journal of Acarology 11 (3): 397-437
03E45B65893DE27AE00FFBD82BFEFA19.text	03E45B65893DE27AE00FFBD82BFEFA19.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Amblyomma oblongoguttatum Koch 1844	<div><p>Amblyomma oblongoguttatum Koch, 1844</p> <p>It is distributed in Bolivia, Belize, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Guyana, French Guiana, south of Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Surinam, and Venezuela (Lopez 2017). It infests humans, and domestic and wild animals (Onofrio et al. 2006). In Colombia, it has been found parasitizing Dasyprocta fuliginosa (agouti) and Tayassu pecari (collared peccary) in San Juan de Arama, Meta (Wramc 1998; Lopez 2017). This species has mostly been reported in Panama, rather than in Colombia, in zopilote Catharista urubu (Osorno-Mesa 1942). New updates, geographic distribution, ecology and pathogenic role in humans are required.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E45B65893DE27AE00FFBD82BFEFA19	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Benavides-Montaño, Javier Antonio;Betancourt-Echeverri, Jesus Antonio;Valencia, Gustavo López;Mesa-Cobo, Nora Cristina	Benavides-Montaño, Javier Antonio, Betancourt-Echeverri, Jesus Antonio, Valencia, Gustavo López, Mesa-Cobo, Nora Cristina (2022): A review of hard ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) in Colombia: The risk of tick-borne diseases. Persian Journal of Acarology 11 (3): 397-437
03E45B65893DE27AE041FA682D71F8E3.text	03E45B65893DE27AE041FA682D71F8E3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Amblyomma ovale Koch 1844	<div><p>Amblyomma ovale Koch, 1844</p> <p>Reported in Argentina, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guatemala, Guiana, south of Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Surinam, Trinidad and Tobago, and Venezuela (Onofrio et al. 2006). This tick parasitizes different types of hosts during its adult stage, being predominant in carnivorous animals. The immature stages mainly infest Didelphimorphia rodents (Onofrio et al. 2006). In Colombia it has been previously reported in dogs by Lopez in the municipality of San Roque (Antioquia) (Lopez Valencia and Parra Danilo 1985). There have been recent reports from Ibague and Saldaña, Department of Tolima, from C. lupus familiaris (Rivera-Paez et al. 2018a). It has recently been described as a vector of Candidatus R. andeanae in ticks collected in C. lupus familiaris in Ibague-Tolima (Rivera-Paez et al. 2018b).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E45B65893DE27AE041FA682D71F8E3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Benavides-Montaño, Javier Antonio;Betancourt-Echeverri, Jesus Antonio;Valencia, Gustavo López;Mesa-Cobo, Nora Cristina	Benavides-Montaño, Javier Antonio, Betancourt-Echeverri, Jesus Antonio, Valencia, Gustavo López, Mesa-Cobo, Nora Cristina (2022): A review of hard ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) in Colombia: The risk of tick-borne diseases. Persian Journal of Acarology 11 (3): 397-437
03E45B65893DE27BE033F8362CD4FEEB.text	03E45B65893DE27BE033F8362CD4FEEB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Amblyomma pacae Aragao 1911	<div><p>Amblyomma pacae Aragäo, 1911</p> <p>It has been reported in Brazil, Belize, Guyana, Surinam, Colombia, Guiana, Panama, Paraguay,</p> <p>Surinam and Venezuela (Onofrio et al. 2006; Voltzit 2007; Lopez 2017). It has been found on different hosts, mainly rodents (Agoutidae) (Onofrio et al. 2006). In Colombia, a female has been reported in guagua or lapa Agouti paca in Restrepo-Meta (Osorno-Mesa 1942; Wramc 1998), but it possibly also infests other animals. No recent updates have been reported in Colombia.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E45B65893DE27BE033F8362CD4FEEB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Benavides-Montaño, Javier Antonio;Betancourt-Echeverri, Jesus Antonio;Valencia, Gustavo López;Mesa-Cobo, Nora Cristina	Benavides-Montaño, Javier Antonio, Betancourt-Echeverri, Jesus Antonio, Valencia, Gustavo López, Mesa-Cobo, Nora Cristina (2022): A review of hard ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) in Colombia: The risk of tick-borne diseases. Persian Journal of Acarology 11 (3): 397-437
03E45B65893CE27BE3E2FC842919FA55.text	03E45B65893CE27BE3E2FC842919FA55.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Amblyomma patinoi Nava 2014	<div><p>Amblyomma patinoi Nava et al., 2014 (Fig. 5)</p> <p>As we mentioned previously, this tick is part of the A. cajennnense complex, characterized by six species: A. mixtum, A. patinoi, A. cajjenense s.s., A. interandinum, A. tonellidae, and A. sculptum (Rivera-Paez et al. 2016). This species was originally described as indigenous from Villeta, Cundinamarca, by Dr. Luis Patiño Camargo in his study regarding identification of rickettsioses in this area (Patino et al. 1937). Holotypes, allotypes and paratypes collected by M.B. Labruna, E. Benavides, and G. Valbuena on cattle, vegetation and horses are housed at the National Tick Collection (CNC), at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnique (FMVZ) of University of Sao Paulo (USP). In Colombia, A. patinoi has been collected from cattle, horses, and vegetation (Nava et al. 2014); presently it is considered to be distributed along the eastern range of Colombia (Beati et al. 2013). The males of A. mixtum are very similar to those of A. patinoi. It is possible to distinguish them by their particular body outline, which is round in A. mixtum and oval in A. patinoi whereas females of A. mixtum and A. patinoi are easily differentiated. However, a clear classification depends on the ticks' preservation (Nava et al. 2014). This species is the only known vector of rickettsia that causes the Rocky Mountain spotted fever (R.M.S.F.) in the endemic area of Cundinamarca, Colombia. In this department, Faccini-Martinez et al. (2015) were able to isolate R. rickettsii, the agent of the deadly R.M.S.F., from the A. patinoi tick, in addition to detecting R. amblyommii.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E45B65893CE27BE3E2FC842919FA55	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Benavides-Montaño, Javier Antonio;Betancourt-Echeverri, Jesus Antonio;Valencia, Gustavo López;Mesa-Cobo, Nora Cristina	Benavides-Montaño, Javier Antonio, Betancourt-Echeverri, Jesus Antonio, Valencia, Gustavo López, Mesa-Cobo, Nora Cristina (2022): A review of hard ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) in Colombia: The risk of tick-borne diseases. Persian Journal of Acarology 11 (3): 397-437
03E45B65893BE27CE03CFEAC2CD2FE78.text	03E45B65893BE27CE03CFEAC2CD2FE78.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Amblyomma pecarium Dunn 1933	<div><p>Amblyomma pecarium Dunn, 1933</p> <p>The species is distributed in Colombia, Bolivia, Panama, and South of Mexico. It parasitizes mammals of the order Artiodactyla (Onofrio et al. 2006; Lopez 2017). New updates, geographic distribution, ecology and pathogenic role in humans and animals need to be researched.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E45B65893BE27CE03CFEAC2CD2FE78	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Benavides-Montaño, Javier Antonio;Betancourt-Echeverri, Jesus Antonio;Valencia, Gustavo López;Mesa-Cobo, Nora Cristina	Benavides-Montaño, Javier Antonio, Betancourt-Echeverri, Jesus Antonio, Valencia, Gustavo López, Mesa-Cobo, Nora Cristina (2022): A review of hard ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) in Colombia: The risk of tick-borne diseases. Persian Journal of Acarology 11 (3): 397-437
03E45B65893BE27CE02DFE4F2B24FA92.text	03E45B65893BE27CE02DFE4F2B24FA92.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Amblyomma rotundatum Koch 1844	<div><p>Amblyomma rotundatum Koch, 1844</p> <p>It has been reported in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Grenada, Guadalupe, Guatemala, French Guiana, Jamaica, Martinique, south of Mexico, Panama, Peru, Surinam, Trinidad and Tobago, and Venezuela (Guglielmone et al. 2003; Onofrio et al. 2006; Guglielmone et al. 2010). This tick reproduces exclusively by parthenogenesis; in some cases, males have been observed (Rodrigues et al. 2010). Some of its usual hosts are Paleosuchus palpebrosus and Boa constrictor (Fiorini et al. 2014). Its biological cycle has been thoroughly studied under different laboratory conditions (Luz et al. 2013). Amblyomma rotundatum has been found on Rhinella marina (formerly B. marinus). This tick has a huge distribution range from Argentina to Mexico, including the Caribbean Islands (Wramc 1998; Acevedo et al. 2016). Recently, A. rotundatum was found associated with R. marina (Anura: Bofonidae) in Palmira, Valle del Cauca, at 1000 m a.s.l., 76° 18' 00'' W, 3° 32' 00'' N, deposited in CEUNMP. (003-1, 003-7) (Benavides-Montaño et al. 2018). All the ticks collected in this last mentioned study were adult females, which is consistent with the parthenogenesis described in the literature (Barros-Battesti et al. 2006). Rhinella marina is widely distributed in Colombia and is located from tropical forest to subxerophytic places (0-2100 m a.s.l.) (Ruiz-Carranza and Lynch 1996; Acosta-Galvis 2000). Ricketsia bellii has been described from A. ovale, A. rotundatum, A. sabanerae, tick species commonly found feeding on reptiles (Barbieri et al. 2012). Ricketsia belli as also been reported infecting A. aureolatum, A. dubitatum, A. humerale, A. incisum, A. neumanni, A. nodosum, A. oblongoguttatum, A. ovale, A. scalpturatum, A. tigrinum, H. juxtakochi, Ixodes loricatus, A. longirostre. (Labruna et al. 2004; McIntosh et al. 2015). Though R. bellii has been found on dogs and capybaras, the risk of infection for humans is remote (Pacheco et al. 2007; Fortes et al. 2010).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E45B65893BE27CE02DFE4F2B24FA92	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Benavides-Montaño, Javier Antonio;Betancourt-Echeverri, Jesus Antonio;Valencia, Gustavo López;Mesa-Cobo, Nora Cristina	Benavides-Montaño, Javier Antonio, Betancourt-Echeverri, Jesus Antonio, Valencia, Gustavo López, Mesa-Cobo, Nora Cristina (2022): A review of hard ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) in Colombia: The risk of tick-borne diseases. Persian Journal of Acarology 11 (3): 397-437
03E45B65893BE27CE03DFAE52911F7B2.text	03E45B65893BE27CE03DFAE52911F7B2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Amblyomma sabanerae Stoll 1894	<div><p>Amblyomma sabanerae Stoll, 1894</p> <p>This tick has been reported in Belize, Colombia, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, South of Mexico, Panama, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Surinam (Onofrio et al. 2006; Lopez 2017). Its main hosts are reptiles. It has been recently disclosed on a new host: river turtles, Rhinoclemmys (R. nasuta and R. melanosterna) (Garcés-Restrepo et al. 2013b). Schulze (1937) described the presence of A. sabanerae in Colombia; unfortunately, the host and locality were not specified (Osorno-Mesa 1942). It has been reported in Antioquia and Choco on Rhinoclemmys annulata and B. constrictor (Lopez 2017), in Valle del Cauca, on the Pacific coastal plain: Playa Chucheros (3.93228° N, 77.30784° W), San Pedro (3.83337° N, 77.24925° W), San Isidro (3.44972° N, 77.16487° W) as well as on a continental island known as Isla Palma (3.90019° N, 77.35597° W), where samples of A. sabanerae were collected and deposited in the Teaching Collection (CD) of the Zoology Department of the Universidad del Valle (Cali) (Garcés-Restrepo et al. 2013a). This tick has been associated with the presence of R. bellii in the Neotropical region (Barbieri et al. 2012; Parola et al. 2013). Ernst and Ernst (1977) recorded four species of the genus Amblyomma: A. cajennense, A. dissimile, A. rotundatum, and A. sabanerae associated with Rhinoclemmys species in the Neotropics. Specimens of the most commonly identified tick species, A. sabanerae, were collected from five species of Rhinoclemmys, including two species of R. annulata from Colombia (Ernst and Ernst 1977).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E45B65893BE27CE03DFAE52911F7B2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Benavides-Montaño, Javier Antonio;Betancourt-Echeverri, Jesus Antonio;Valencia, Gustavo López;Mesa-Cobo, Nora Cristina	Benavides-Montaño, Javier Antonio, Betancourt-Echeverri, Jesus Antonio, Valencia, Gustavo López, Mesa-Cobo, Nora Cristina (2022): A review of hard ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) in Colombia: The risk of tick-borne diseases. Persian Journal of Acarology 11 (3): 397-437
03E45B65893AE27DE3F2FF492B90FDED.text	03E45B65893AE27DE3F2FF492B90FDED.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Amblyomma scalpturatum Neumann 1906	<div><p>Amblyomma scalpturatum Neumann, 1906</p> <p>Its occurrence was confirmed in the Amazon area of Venezuela, Guyana, Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia, Surinam, and Brazil. There are other records from Colombia and French Guiana (Voltzit 2007). The South American tapir (Tapirus terrestris) is the primary host of this tick during its adult stage (Labruna et al. 2005; Onofrio et al. 2006). A recent review of the taxonomic status of A. incisum, A. scalpturatum, and A. latepunctatum provided us with updated host and geographical distribution data for A. scalpturatum (Labruna et al. 2005). The most common hosts are Perissodactyla and taiasuideos (Onofrio et al. 2006). In Colombia, the species has been reported on monkeys (San Juan de Arama, Meta) and tapirs (Lopez 2017).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E45B65893AE27DE3F2FF492B90FDED	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Benavides-Montaño, Javier Antonio;Betancourt-Echeverri, Jesus Antonio;Valencia, Gustavo López;Mesa-Cobo, Nora Cristina	Benavides-Montaño, Javier Antonio, Betancourt-Echeverri, Jesus Antonio, Valencia, Gustavo López, Mesa-Cobo, Nora Cristina (2022): A review of hard ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) in Colombia: The risk of tick-borne diseases. Persian Journal of Acarology 11 (3): 397-437
03E45B65893AE27DE00DFD3C28CEFB8B.text	03E45B65893AE27DE00DFD3C28CEFB8B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Amblyomma tigrinum Koch 1844	<div><p>Amblyomma tigrinum Koch, 1844 (Fig. 6)</p> <p>It has been identified in countries such as Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, and Venezuela, parasitizing carnivorous in its adult stage (Onofrio et al. 2006; Lopez 2017). Typically, larvae and nymphs are found on birds (Onofrio et al. 2006). Nava et al. (2006) discovered that the most important natural hosts for larvae of A. tigrinum are small rodents (Cricetidae: Sigmodontinae) and ground feeding birds, whereas the principal host for nymphs is the rodent Galea musteloides (Caviidae: Caviinae) (Nava et al. 2006, 2009). This tick has been reported as a vector of R. parkeri, an emerging tick-borne disease (Lado et al. 2014). In Colombia its presence has been described on Agouti paca, cattle, and birds such as Zanate Caribeño, which is also known as Tordo Negro or Tordo Llanero (Quiscalus lugubris) (Lopez 2017).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E45B65893AE27DE00DFD3C28CEFB8B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Benavides-Montaño, Javier Antonio;Betancourt-Echeverri, Jesus Antonio;Valencia, Gustavo López;Mesa-Cobo, Nora Cristina	Benavides-Montaño, Javier Antonio, Betancourt-Echeverri, Jesus Antonio, Valencia, Gustavo López, Mesa-Cobo, Nora Cristina (2022): A review of hard ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) in Colombia: The risk of tick-borne diseases. Persian Journal of Acarology 11 (3): 397-437
03E45B65893AE27EE05FF8912D19FECE.text	03E45B65893AE27EE05FF8912D19FECE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Amblyomma triste Koch 1844	<div><p>Amblyomma triste Koch, 1844</p> <p>The occurrence of A. triste is confirmed for Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Uruguay and Venezuela (Onofrio et al. 2006). Adults of A. triste feed primarily on carnivores, but they have also been collected from humans (Venzal et al. 2003; Guglielmone et al. 2006). The immatures stages have been collected from rodents and Didelphimorphia. As for A. tigrinum and A. maculatum, often mistaken for A. triste, the delimitation of its areas of distribution is uncertain (Onofrio et al. 2006) (Kohls 1956; Aragão and Fonseca 1961). The mature stages parasite carnivorous animals and it is considered one of the most common ticks on deer. In Colombia, this species has been reported in Carimagua, Llanos Orientales, associated with dogs (C. l. familiaris) (Lopez 2017) and deer (Wramc 1998). There is no current available research for this species.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E45B65893AE27EE05FF8912D19FECE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Benavides-Montaño, Javier Antonio;Betancourt-Echeverri, Jesus Antonio;Valencia, Gustavo López;Mesa-Cobo, Nora Cristina	Benavides-Montaño, Javier Antonio, Betancourt-Echeverri, Jesus Antonio, Valencia, Gustavo López, Mesa-Cobo, Nora Cristina (2022): A review of hard ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) in Colombia: The risk of tick-borne diseases. Persian Journal of Acarology 11 (3): 397-437
03E45B658939E27EE025FE112C0CFD5E.text	03E45B658939E27EE025FE112C0CFD5E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Amblyomma tapirellum Dunn 1933	<div><p>Amblyomma tapirellum Dunn, 1933</p> <p>Originally described from Panama, this mite has also been collected in Nicaragua, Colombia, Belize, and Venezuela (Dunn 1933; Guglielmone et al. 2003; Onofrio et al. 2006; Voltzit 2007; Lopez 2017). Tapir (Tapirus bairdii) is the main host for this tick; however, this species has also been collected from domestic and wild animals such as Odocoileus virginianus and Pecari tajacu. Recently, a new ecological relation between A. tapirellum and arboreal mammals such as monkeys has been proposed (Loaiza et al. 2013). In Colombia, reports associate this tick with "Puerco de monte" peccary and Alouatta palliata (howler monkey) (Wramc 1998).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E45B658939E27EE025FE112C0CFD5E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Benavides-Montaño, Javier Antonio;Betancourt-Echeverri, Jesus Antonio;Valencia, Gustavo López;Mesa-Cobo, Nora Cristina	Benavides-Montaño, Javier Antonio, Betancourt-Echeverri, Jesus Antonio, Valencia, Gustavo López, Mesa-Cobo, Nora Cristina (2022): A review of hard ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) in Colombia: The risk of tick-borne diseases. Persian Journal of Acarology 11 (3): 397-437
03E45B658939E27EE04CFCA12A23FB53.text	03E45B658939E27EE04CFCA12A23FB53.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Amblyomma varium Koch 1844	<div><p>Amblyomma varium Koch, 1844</p> <p>It is reported from Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, French Guiana, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, and Venezuela; (Jones et al. 1972; Guglielmone et al. 2003; BarrosBattesti et al. 2006; Onofrio et al. 2006). Xenarthra (anteater), armadillos and sloths are the main hosts. This tick has been reported in Colombia on sloths, Bradypus griseus (Lopez 2017), in Bradypus tridactylus in Condoto – Choco, and in Panama, where it is commonly found parasitizing Choloepus hoffmanni (Osorno-Mesa 1942; Wramc 1998; Voltzit 2007). Recently, a new update has mentioned its presence on C. l. familiaris from Ibague, Tolima (Rivera-Paez et al. 2018a). Except for these few reports in Colombia, nothing is known about the biology and ecology of this tick species, hence the need for research that describes it thoroughly; it is likely that the specimens reported by Rivera on a pet dog were an accidental parasitism since this species feeds mostly on sloths (Marques et al. 2002).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E45B658939E27EE04CFCA12A23FB53	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Benavides-Montaño, Javier Antonio;Betancourt-Echeverri, Jesus Antonio;Valencia, Gustavo López;Mesa-Cobo, Nora Cristina	Benavides-Montaño, Javier Antonio, Betancourt-Echeverri, Jesus Antonio, Valencia, Gustavo López, Mesa-Cobo, Nora Cristina (2022): A review of hard ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) in Colombia: The risk of tick-borne diseases. Persian Journal of Acarology 11 (3): 397-437
03E45B658939E27FE3A8F8342A7DFDB3.text	03E45B658939E27FE3A8F8342A7DFDB3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Haemaphysalis leporispalustris (Packard 1869)	<div><p>Haemaphysalis leporispalustris (Packard, 1869) (Fig. 7)</p> <p>This tick has been detected in the Americas on wild rabbits and birds (Zeringota et al. 2016).</p> <p>The presence of this tick may be associated with the existence of different etiological agents such as Rickettsia rickettsii, R. parkeri, R. bellii and R. canadensis, Borrelia burgdorferi, Babesia sp., Anaplasma bovis and Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Coxiella burnetii, Francisella tularensis (Zeringota et al. 2016). It has been reported in Colombia on domestic and wild rabbits as well as in Central American Agouti (Dasyprocta punctata) in Muzo, Department of Boyaca; some nymphs have been reported on humans from Girardot, Cundinamarca (Osorno-Mesa 1942). Haemaphysalis leporis proxima (Aragao 1911) reported by Osorno-Mesa (1942) as a variety of H. leporispalustris, is a synonym rather than a new species collected from wild animals and domestic rabbits from Panama (Guglielmone et al. 2006).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E45B658939E27FE3A8F8342A7DFDB3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Benavides-Montaño, Javier Antonio;Betancourt-Echeverri, Jesus Antonio;Valencia, Gustavo López;Mesa-Cobo, Nora Cristina	Benavides-Montaño, Javier Antonio, Betancourt-Echeverri, Jesus Antonio, Valencia, Gustavo López, Mesa-Cobo, Nora Cristina (2022): A review of hard ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) in Colombia: The risk of tick-borne diseases. Persian Journal of Acarology 11 (3): 397-437
03E45B658938E260E361FB042B00FE5C.text	03E45B658938E260E361FB042B00FE5C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Canestrini 1887)	<div><p>Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Canestrini, 1887) (Fig. 8)</p> <p>Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus is one of the most important ticks on domestic animals associated with different environmental conditions. The main host in South America and Colombia is cattle (Todorovic et al. 1973; Luque 1975; López 1980; Estrada-Peña et al. 2006), but it is possible to find it on other hosts such as horses and dogs. In other countries R. (B.) microplus has also been found on Blastocerus dichotomus, Mazama gouzaubira, and Ozotoceros bezoarticus (Bechara et al. 2000). Rhipicephalus (B.) microplus causes considerable economic losses to producers by blood sucking, disease transmission and costs of control. The economic loss worldwide has been estimated in US $ 7 billon/year (De Castro 1997). In Colombia, the losses could be close to US $146 million/year, considering a population of 20 million cattle exposed to ticks, and an annual cost head/year of US $7.3 (García 1983; Lopez 2017; López and Parra 2017). These estimates do not take into account the considerable economic loss associated with the use of acaricides employed in controlling the plague. Unfortunately, the abuse of acaricides has favored resistance to different acaricides (Nasayo et al. 1997; Álvarez and Bonilla 2007; Rodríguez et al. 2012). In Colombia, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus seems to be becoming adapted to high altitudes (more than 2600 m a.s.l.), where it had not been frequently reported before (Cortés et al. 2010). Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus has the ability to survive under anthropogenic modifications of land surface, agrarian practices, and the adaptation of forest areas into pastureland for cattle, which also transform the natural function of the ecosystems. Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus is able to survive in different ecological areas, and extreme environmental and human conditions. This tick might represent a helpful biomarker or indicator of threats to biodiversity as a consequence of human impact in strict associations with protected or conservation areas; locations which receive protection because of their recognized ecological nature. In Colombia its presence has been reported between 0–2900 m a.s.l. (Cortés et al. 2010; Lopez 2017) which is unusual and probably associated with climate change. Nowadays, its presence in Colombian territory is endemic, confirmed in multiple regions such as Amazonas, Antioquia, Arauca, Bolivar, Caldas, Casanare, Cundinamarca, Meta, Tolima, Valle del Cauca, Nariño (López 1980; Arias et al. 1991; Betancourt et al. 1992; Cortés et al. 2010; Rivera-Paez et al. 2018b). It is the most important vector of the rickettsia Anaplasma marginale and the protozoa Babesia bigemina and Babesia bovis (Benavides et al. 2016; Lopez and Vizcaino 1992).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E45B658938E260E361FB042B00FE5C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Benavides-Montaño, Javier Antonio;Betancourt-Echeverri, Jesus Antonio;Valencia, Gustavo López;Mesa-Cobo, Nora Cristina	Benavides-Montaño, Javier Antonio, Betancourt-Echeverri, Jesus Antonio, Valencia, Gustavo López, Mesa-Cobo, Nora Cristina (2022): A review of hard ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) in Colombia: The risk of tick-borne diseases. Persian Journal of Acarology 11 (3): 397-437
03E45B658927E261E003FACC2A6FFC7D.text	03E45B658927E261E003FACC2A6FFC7D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhipicephalus sanguineus	<div><p>R. sanguineus sensu stricto (s.s.) (Fig. 9)</p> <p>It is part of the Rhipicephalus sanguineus complex, represented by 17 species in the world (Sanches et al. 2016). This species was firstly classified as Ixodes sanguineus Latreille, 1806 and later transferred to the genus Rhipicephalus family by Koch (1844). This species is composed of two strains, morphologically and genetically distinct in the Neotropics: a southern (temperate) strain, located in Argentina, Uruguay, Chile and south Brazil; and a northern lineage (located in tropical and subtropical regions) in Brazil, Paraguay, Colombia, South Africa, Mozambique, and northern Argentina (Moraes-Filho et al. 2011). In Colombia, there have been reports regarding the presence of the northern lineage, with samples from La Libertad, Magdalena, provided by Dr. Efrain Benavides Ortiz (University of La Salle, Bogotá, Colombia). However, this species probably belongs to a lineage different from R. sanguineus (Sanches et al. 2016). New studies need to focus on morphological, genetic and biological aspects of this tick in different geographical regions (Moraes-Filho et al. 2011). Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.s. is probably the most widespread tick around the world. Its main hosts are rural and urban C. l. familiaris, but it also feeds on wild animals in captivity or free-living ones, such as rabbits, cats, Norway rat, pigeons, and wild canids (Dantas-Torres 2008). This tick transmits different hemoparasites of zoonotic concern, such as Coxiella burnetti, Ehrlichia canis, Rickettsia conorii and R. rickettsii, R. massiliae, Anaplasma platys, Babesia canis vogeli, B. gibsoni and Leishmania infantum, among others. (Dantas-Torres 2008; Otranto et al. 2009; Labruna et al. 2011; Dantas-Torres et al. 2012). The ecology and biology of this species have been previously described, but it is important to restate this tick's outstanding capacity to adapt and live in humid environments and resist desiccation (Koch and Tuck 1986). In some cases, high temperatures help this tick to attach more rapidly to rabbits and humans (Parola et al. 2008). Climatic conditions and availability of hosts are the major factors that determine its survival (Parola and Raoult 2001; Suss et al. 2008). Rhipicephalus sanguineus and A. cajennense have been associated with the presence of R. rickettsii in Villeta and Tobia, Cundinamarca, Colombia (Hidalgo et al. 2007). In domestic herds, C. l. familiaris are often involved in human labor activities, which explain the presence of this tick in cattle farms. In Colombia, the ticks of the R. sanguineus group are present from rural areas in the Caribbean coast to highly urbanized locations in the Andean zone at 2600 m a.s.l. (Acero EJ 2011; Paternina et al. 2009). In Colombia, a prevalence of 92.1% in C. familiaris has been reported (Paternina et al. 2009). This tick is endemic in Valle del Cauca, where it is usually associated with C. l. familiaris. It is deposited in the CEUNP tick collection (Benavides-Montaño et al. 2018), and it is considered the main vector of E. canis and B. canis vogeli due to its high capacity to adapt to urban environments (Benavides-Montaño and Ramírez 2003; Vargas-Hernandez et al. 2012; Rojas-Triviño et al. 2013). This tick was recently reported as a vector of Candidatus Ricketsia andeanae from ticks collected in C. l. familiaris in Leticia-Amazonas (Rivera-Paez et al. 2018b) and other rickettsiales such as Ehrlichia canis, Anaplasma platys, Rickettsia felis (Paternina et al. 2017), Babesia canis vogeli and Hepatozoon canis (Guevara-Vega et al. 2017).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E45B658927E261E003FACC2A6FFC7D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Benavides-Montaño, Javier Antonio;Betancourt-Echeverri, Jesus Antonio;Valencia, Gustavo López;Mesa-Cobo, Nora Cristina	Benavides-Montaño, Javier Antonio, Betancourt-Echeverri, Jesus Antonio, Valencia, Gustavo López, Mesa-Cobo, Nora Cristina (2022): A review of hard ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) in Colombia: The risk of tick-borne diseases. Persian Journal of Acarology 11 (3): 397-437
03E45B658925E263E01DF8262C0FFECE.text	03E45B658925E263E01DF8262C0FFECE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dermacentor imitans Warburton 1933	<div><p>Dermacentor imitans Warburton, 1933</p> <p>It is distributed from the south of Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Panama, and Venezuela</p> <p>(Lopez 2017). In Colombia, it has been found parasitizing humans and Zainos Tayassu tajacu (Artyodactila) in the Baudo river area (Lopez 2017). A female was recovered in the locality of Curiche - Choco Colombia in 1967, accession number (RML39142) (Wramc 1998; Guglielmone et al. 2006). Although this tick has not been officially reported in Colombia, we included it as part of this review. Future studies need to collect and research more holotypes.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E45B658925E263E01DF8262C0FFECE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Benavides-Montaño, Javier Antonio;Betancourt-Echeverri, Jesus Antonio;Valencia, Gustavo López;Mesa-Cobo, Nora Cristina	Benavides-Montaño, Javier Antonio, Betancourt-Echeverri, Jesus Antonio, Valencia, Gustavo López, Mesa-Cobo, Nora Cristina (2022): A review of hard ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) in Colombia: The risk of tick-borne diseases. Persian Journal of Acarology 11 (3): 397-437
03E45B658924E263E05FFAF929C2F98C.text	03E45B658924E263E05FFAF929C2F98C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ixodes affinis Neumann 1899	<div><p>Ixodes affinis Neumann, 1899</p> <p>The presence of Ixodes affinis has been reported in Belize, Brazil, Costa Rica, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Panama, Peru, Uruguay, and south of México in rodents, deer and ocelots (Barros-Battesti et al. 2006; Benavides et al. 2017b; López and Parra 2017). Future studies are required in order to validate its presence or categorize the sporadic events in Colombia as well as to strengthen the collections.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E45B658924E263E05FFAF929C2F98C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Benavides-Montaño, Javier Antonio;Betancourt-Echeverri, Jesus Antonio;Valencia, Gustavo López;Mesa-Cobo, Nora Cristina	Benavides-Montaño, Javier Antonio, Betancourt-Echeverri, Jesus Antonio, Valencia, Gustavo López, Mesa-Cobo, Nora Cristina (2022): A review of hard ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) in Colombia: The risk of tick-borne diseases. Persian Journal of Acarology 11 (3): 397-437
03E45B658924E263E06FF9D22B7FF88E.text	03E45B658924E263E06FF9D22B7FF88E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ixodes andinus Kohls 1956	<div><p>Ixodes andinus Kohls, 1956</p> <p>It is present in Peru, infesting mammals of the order Rodentia. Female, nymph, and larval stages have been described. Type: CNHM, United States National Tick Collection (USNTC) (Barros-Battesti et al. 2006). In Colombia, it is believed to parasitize Oryzomys albigularis (rice rat) (Wramac 1998), but this claim has not been confirmed.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E45B658924E263E06FF9D22B7FF88E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Benavides-Montaño, Javier Antonio;Betancourt-Echeverri, Jesus Antonio;Valencia, Gustavo López;Mesa-Cobo, Nora Cristina	Benavides-Montaño, Javier Antonio, Betancourt-Echeverri, Jesus Antonio, Valencia, Gustavo López, Mesa-Cobo, Nora Cristina (2022): A review of hard ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) in Colombia: The risk of tick-borne diseases. Persian Journal of Acarology 11 (3): 397-437
03E45B658924E263E031FC162DA8FAB6.text	03E45B658924E263E031FC162DA8FAB6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ixodes auritulus Neumann 1904	<div><p>Ixodes auritulus Neumann, 1904</p> <p>This tick is distributed in Australian, Ethiopian, Nearctic and Neotropical zoogeographic regions, with a variable and discontinuous distribution in countries such as Guatemala, Costa Rica, Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Chile, Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay (Barros-Battesti et al. 2006; Bermudez et al. 2015b). Normally, it infests Seiurus aurocapillus birds (Parulidae), Catharus gracilirostris, Turdus nigrescens, T. plebejus (Turdidae), Thryorchilus browni (Troglodytidae), Junco vulcani (Emberizidae) and Oreophasis derbianus (Cracidae). All the stages have been described in the MNHN (Barros-Batesti et al. 2006; Bermudez et al. 2015a). This tick inhabits regions with low temperatures, such as highlands in equatorial mountains (Bermudez et al. 2015b).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E45B658924E263E031FC162DA8FAB6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Benavides-Montaño, Javier Antonio;Betancourt-Echeverri, Jesus Antonio;Valencia, Gustavo López;Mesa-Cobo, Nora Cristina	Benavides-Montaño, Javier Antonio, Betancourt-Echeverri, Jesus Antonio, Valencia, Gustavo López, Mesa-Cobo, Nora Cristina (2022): A review of hard ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) in Colombia: The risk of tick-borne diseases. Persian Journal of Acarology 11 (3): 397-437
03E45B658924E264E3BEF8D12BF5FE25.text	03E45B658924E264E3BEF8D12BF5FE25.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ixodes bocatorensis Apanaskevich & Bermudez 2017	<div><p>Ixodes bocatorensis Apanaskevich &amp; Bermudez, 2017</p> <p>The name of this tick is derived from Bocas del Toro, a province of Panama where the holotype, allotype, and paratypes were collected for the first time (Apanaskevich et al. 2017). Adults of this tick were collected from agoutis (Rodentia: Dasyproctidae), pacas (Rodentia: Cuniculidae), tapirs and sloths (Perissodactyla: Tapiridae and Pilosa) in Colombia (Antioquia Department), Panama, (Bocas del Toro and Los Santos Provinces) and Venezuela (Bolivar, Carabobo, and Falcon States); samples lay in the USNTC. These ticks were previously classified as Ixodes lassallei by Kohls and Clifford (1966) and actually represent this new species as a product of the re-examination of this collection (Apanaskevich et al. 2017).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E45B658924E264E3BEF8D12BF5FE25	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Benavides-Montaño, Javier Antonio;Betancourt-Echeverri, Jesus Antonio;Valencia, Gustavo López;Mesa-Cobo, Nora Cristina	Benavides-Montaño, Javier Antonio, Betancourt-Echeverri, Jesus Antonio, Valencia, Gustavo López, Mesa-Cobo, Nora Cristina (2022): A review of hard ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) in Colombia: The risk of tick-borne diseases. Persian Journal of Acarology 11 (3): 397-437
03E45B658924E263E033FE112B66FCC3.text	03E45B658924E263E033FE112B66FCC3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ixodes Latreille 1795	<div><p>The genus Ixodes Latreille, 1795</p> <p>The genus Ixodes comprises about 240 species of ticks around the world; 46 of them are reported in the tropical region and 14 in Colombia (Osorno-Mesa 1942). In South America, there are only two ticks as part of the complex Ixodes ricinus, which correspond to Ixodes affinis and Ixodes pararicinus (Venzal et al. 2005; Benavides et al. 2017b). Some authors report the presence of I. pararicinus, but not I. affinis (Rivera-Paez et al. 2018a); others such as Gustavo Lopez and E. Benavides noted the presence of both I. pararicinus and I. affinis. In this review, none of the two species are excluded, and more than 10 species of Ixodes genus previously reported in Colombia by Rivera-Paez are mentioned, including: Ixodes tapirus, I. auritulus, I. andinus, I. bocatorensis, I. tropicalis, I. boliviensis, I. brunneus, I. fuscipes, I. lasallei, I. luciae, I. montoyanus, I. pararicinus, I. tapirus, I. tropicalis, and I. venezuelensis. Fifteen additional Ixodes spp. have been reported in Colombia, but they need to be validated and updated.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E45B658924E263E033FE112B66FCC3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Benavides-Montaño, Javier Antonio;Betancourt-Echeverri, Jesus Antonio;Valencia, Gustavo López;Mesa-Cobo, Nora Cristina	Benavides-Montaño, Javier Antonio, Betancourt-Echeverri, Jesus Antonio, Valencia, Gustavo López, Mesa-Cobo, Nora Cristina (2022): A review of hard ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) in Colombia: The risk of tick-borne diseases. Persian Journal of Acarology 11 (3): 397-437
03E45B658923E264E038FE742C09FC88.text	03E45B658923E264E038FE742C09FC88.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ixodes boliviensis Neumann 1904	<div><p>Ixodes boliviensis Neumann, 1904</p> <p>Originally categorized from a male, female and nymph collected from a bush dog Speothus venaticus in Bolivia (Neumann 1904). Subsequently, this tick has been reported parasitizing several species of mammals, especially carnivora, in locations ranging from southern Mexico to Bolivia and Peru (Guglielmone 2004; Onofrio et al. 2006; Troyo et al. 2014). It also parasites birds, deer, squirrels, horses and humans (Guzmán-Cornejo and Robbins 2010). This species is commonly found in mountainous areas, at altitudes varying from 800 to 2500 m a.s.l. (Bermudez et al. 2015a). In Colombia, this species was collected from D. marsupialis in Muzo, Boyacá department, by J. Boshell M (Osorno-Mesa 1942) and from C. l. familiaris (Lopez 2017).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E45B658923E264E038FE742C09FC88	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Benavides-Montaño, Javier Antonio;Betancourt-Echeverri, Jesus Antonio;Valencia, Gustavo López;Mesa-Cobo, Nora Cristina	Benavides-Montaño, Javier Antonio, Betancourt-Echeverri, Jesus Antonio, Valencia, Gustavo López, Mesa-Cobo, Nora Cristina (2022): A review of hard ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) in Colombia: The risk of tick-borne diseases. Persian Journal of Acarology 11 (3): 397-437
03E45B658923E264E054FCDF2A85FAC4.text	03E45B658923E264E054FCDF2A85FAC4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ixodes brunneus Koch 1844	<div><p>Ixodes brunneus Koch, 1844</p> <p>This tick is present in the Nearctic, where it parasitizes a variety of bird families, including migratory species (Fairchild et al. 1966). It is distributed in Argentina, Colombia, Panama (BarrosBattesti et al. 2006). In Colombia, Osorno-Mesa described a female collected from a bird Ramphocelus coccineus from Bogota and two arboreal toucans (Osorno-Mesa 1942). The species is considered to be restricted to the Andean Paramo (Mantilla et al. 2011). In spite of recent reports, its presence in Colombia has not been confirmed yet (Osorno-Mesa 1942; Bermudez et al. 2015b; Rivera-Paez et al. 2018a). The bird species ‘cinclodes’ is a passerine bird, belonging to the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It has been described in Venezuela, but it still is not completely established in the Neotropic area. All these birds are Neotropical resident birds, but not Nearctic birds. This fact makes it impossible to infer habitat preferences. Because the samples were not examined during this revision, additional studies are necessary to determine if they truly correspond to I. brunneus or belong to an undescribed species. New updates, geographic distribution, ecology and pathogenic role in animals and humans are required.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E45B658923E264E054FCDF2A85FAC4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Benavides-Montaño, Javier Antonio;Betancourt-Echeverri, Jesus Antonio;Valencia, Gustavo López;Mesa-Cobo, Nora Cristina	Benavides-Montaño, Javier Antonio, Betancourt-Echeverri, Jesus Antonio, Valencia, Gustavo López, Mesa-Cobo, Nora Cristina (2022): A review of hard ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) in Colombia: The risk of tick-borne diseases. Persian Journal of Acarology 11 (3): 397-437
03E45B658923E264E06AFA0A2A84F91D.text	03E45B658923E264E06AFA0A2A84F91D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ixodes fuscipes Koch 1844	<div><p>Ixodes fuscipes Koch, 1844</p> <p>It is present in Brazil, Colombia, and Peru. The description of this species in Panama was questioned; in fact, it is not included in the area of distribution (Keirans and Ajohda 2003). This tick parasitizes mammals of the order Rodentia, mainly Agouti paca, the genus Dasyprocta (D. variegatus) with female and immature stages; males of I. fuscipes are not researched (BarrosBattesti et al. 2006; Martins et al. 2014).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E45B658923E264E06AFA0A2A84F91D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Benavides-Montaño, Javier Antonio;Betancourt-Echeverri, Jesus Antonio;Valencia, Gustavo López;Mesa-Cobo, Nora Cristina	Benavides-Montaño, Javier Antonio, Betancourt-Echeverri, Jesus Antonio, Valencia, Gustavo López, Mesa-Cobo, Nora Cristina (2022): A review of hard ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) in Colombia: The risk of tick-borne diseases. Persian Journal of Acarology 11 (3): 397-437
03E45B658923E265E3ECF96C29A2FECE.text	03E45B658923E265E3ECF96C29A2FECE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ixodes lasallei (Mendez Arocha & Ortiz 1958)	<div><p>Ixodes lasallei (Mendez Arocha &amp; Ortiz 1958)</p> <p>It is present in Peru, Panama, Venezuela, and Colombia, parasitizing mammals of the order Rodentia. Male and females of this tick have been described in the literature (Barros-Battesti et al. 2006). In Colombia, it has been reported by Gustavo Lopez parasitizing agouti, Dasyprocta aguti (López and Parra 2017). Adults of this species are similar to Ixodes bocatorensis, but they can be distinguished by the scutum dimensions, punctuation pattern, gnathosoma, palpi measurements ratios, basis capituli anterior angle and shape of the spur of the palpal segment I ventrally. The male of I. lasallei was described for the first time from adults found on agoutis, pacas, and Ocelots (Apanaskevich et al. 2017). The agouti paca is distributed from sea level until 1600 m a.s.l. (Mondolfi 1972); it inhabits the entire Colombian territory (Morales et al. 2004); it is also distributed from Mexico to north of Argentina as well as Cuba, Lesser Antilles, Guyanas and Brazil (center and south).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E45B658923E265E3ECF96C29A2FECE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Benavides-Montaño, Javier Antonio;Betancourt-Echeverri, Jesus Antonio;Valencia, Gustavo López;Mesa-Cobo, Nora Cristina	Benavides-Montaño, Javier Antonio, Betancourt-Echeverri, Jesus Antonio, Valencia, Gustavo López, Mesa-Cobo, Nora Cristina (2022): A review of hard ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) in Colombia: The risk of tick-borne diseases. Persian Journal of Acarology 11 (3): 397-437
03E45B658922E265E04CFE112B43FC7D.text	03E45B658922E265E04CFE112B43FC7D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ixodes loricatus Neumann 1899	<div><p>Ixodes loricatus Neumann, 1899</p> <p>Syn.: I. coxaefurcatus and I. didelphidis (Marques et al. 2004).</p> <p>This tick is present in Argentina, Brazil, Guatemala, south of Mexico, Paraguay, Uruguay, Venezuela and Colombia (Osorno-Mesa 1942; Barros-Battesti et al. 2006). The immature phases are rodent parasites, whereas the adult phase feeds on marsupials. All the stages have been described as type: BMNH, ENV (Barros-Battesti et al. 2006). This tick is commonly named “the black-legged tick”. It is a three-host tick and normally it is propagated from Mexico to Argentina (Colombo et al. 2014) parasitizing Didephidae marsupials, but rodents of the subfamily Sigmodontinae (rats and mice) are considered important to sustain larvae and nymph stages (Colombo et al. 2014). This species in Colombia was described by Dr. Bequaert collected from chucha real, Metachirus longicaudatus columbianus, collected in Restrepo, Meta, by Dr. J Boshell M. Other samples were collected from Didelphis marsupialis from Muzo (Boyacá) and Villavicencio (Meta) (Lopez 2017; Osorno-Mesa 1942).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E45B658922E265E04CFE112B43FC7D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Benavides-Montaño, Javier Antonio;Betancourt-Echeverri, Jesus Antonio;Valencia, Gustavo López;Mesa-Cobo, Nora Cristina	Benavides-Montaño, Javier Antonio, Betancourt-Echeverri, Jesus Antonio, Valencia, Gustavo López, Mesa-Cobo, Nora Cristina (2022): A review of hard ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) in Colombia: The risk of tick-borne diseases. Persian Journal of Acarology 11 (3): 397-437
03E45B658922E265E02AFC4C2939F856.text	03E45B658922E265E02AFC4C2939F856.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ixodes luciae Senevet 1940	<div><p>Ixodes luciae Sénevet, 1940 (Fig. 11)</p> <p>It is a Neotropical tick widely distributed in South America: Argentina, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, Surinam, Trinidad and Tobago, and Venezuela (Guglielmone et al. 2003; BarrosBattesti et al. 2006). The immature stages parasitize rodents whereas the adults feed on marsupials; both males and females have been described (Barros-Battesti et al. 2006). Some studies reported the presence or I. luciae nymphs restricted to Hylaeamys perenensis, Hylaeamys yunganus, Oligoryzomys microtis and Oecomys bicolor infested with larvae of this species. The diagnosis of the larva of I. luciae was developed through the analysis of the taxonomical keys of Onofrio et al. (2009), differentiating Ixodes loricatus from other Ixodidae whose adults are common on D. marsupialis (Nava et al. 2004). According to previous reports in Colombia, Ixodes loricatus and I. luciae are morphologically closely-related and have several ecological similarities in the loricatus group (Barros-Battesti et al. 2006). In Colombia, Ixodes luciae has been reported associated with D. punctata (guatín) and D. marsupialis (common opossum) (Wramc 1998; Lopez 2017). Ixodes loricatus and Ixodes boliviensis have been found on D. marsupialis. A nymph of Ixodes boliviensis collected in Muzo (Boyacá department) was reported as I. loricatus. It was collected from chucha real (Metachirus longicaudatus from Restrepo, Meta, by Dr. J. Boshell M and other samples from D. marsupialis from Muzo, Boyaca Department, and Villavicencio, Meta (Osorno-Mesa 1942). Ixodes luciae has also been associated with Metachirus nudicaudatus (opossum), Oryzomys gorgasi (rice rat) and Orysomys capito (Wramc 1998). Oryzomys gorgasi was collected by the U.S. Army Medical Department between 1950−1967 in the Antioquia Department at northwestern Colombia and in the interoceanic canal routes in Panama and Colombia. The complex Ixodes ricinus are vectors of Borrelia burgdorferi, but only I. affinis, I. aragaoi, I. minor and I. pararicinus are in the Neotropic (Barros-Battesti et al. 2006). Regarding I. luciae, although some reports affirm that this species could parasitize humans, there is no information regarding human or animal diseases transmitted by this tick (Díaz et al. 2009). No updates have been made recently for this tick in Colombia.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E45B658922E265E02AFC4C2939F856	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Benavides-Montaño, Javier Antonio;Betancourt-Echeverri, Jesus Antonio;Valencia, Gustavo López;Mesa-Cobo, Nora Cristina	Benavides-Montaño, Javier Antonio, Betancourt-Echeverri, Jesus Antonio, Valencia, Gustavo López, Mesa-Cobo, Nora Cristina (2022): A review of hard ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) in Colombia: The risk of tick-borne diseases. Persian Journal of Acarology 11 (3): 397-437
03E45B658921E266E030FBAC2D11FAC1.text	03E45B658921E266E030FBAC2D11FAC1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ixodes montoyanus Cooley 1944	<div><p>Ixodes montoyanus Cooley, 1944</p> <p>It has been identified in Colombia and Venezuela, feeding on mammals of the order Artiodactyla. All the stages are described in USNTC, USNM, MCZ, FCM (Barros-Battesti et al. 2006). In Colombia, five Ixodes females collected from Nasuella olivaceaa (cusumbos) in Monserrate hill (Bogotá) were reported by Dr. Juan A. Montoya in the Oficina Sanitaria Panamericana Washington, D.C. There are descriptions of immature stages with records from Colombia and Venezuela (Cooley 1944; Keirans 1973; Lopez 2017). The species lays in the Rocky Mountain (Hamilton, Montana), the National Museum of United States, (Washington, D.C), and in the Museum of Zoology, University of Harvard (Cambridge, Massachusetts) (Cooley 1944).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E45B658921E266E030FBAC2D11FAC1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Benavides-Montaño, Javier Antonio;Betancourt-Echeverri, Jesus Antonio;Valencia, Gustavo López;Mesa-Cobo, Nora Cristina	Benavides-Montaño, Javier Antonio, Betancourt-Echeverri, Jesus Antonio, Valencia, Gustavo López, Mesa-Cobo, Nora Cristina (2022): A review of hard ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) in Colombia: The risk of tick-borne diseases. Persian Journal of Acarology 11 (3): 397-437
03E45B658921E266E3BCFA1728DEF7B6.text	03E45B658921E266E3BCFA1728DEF7B6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ixodes pararicinus Keirans & Clifford 1985	<div><p>Ixodes pararicinus Keirans &amp; Clifford, 1985 (Fig. 12)</p> <p>It is distributed in Argentina, Colombia, Uruguay and probably in Peru. The adult stage parasites mammals of the order Artiodactyla, whereas immature stages feed on birds and rodents. All the stages are already described as the type species: USNTC, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales 'Bernardino Rivadavia (MCN), BMNH, INTA (Barros-Battesti et al. 2006). This tick has been classified in Colombia as Ixodes ricinus in Cattle and horses (Lopez 2017; Reyes 1948); however, they actually are I. pararicinus (Guglielmone et al. 1992). This species has not been reported in the literature infecting humans and most of the records come from domestic animals such as cattle, horses, sheep, and goats (Venzal et al. 2005). In Colombia, it has been reported in cattle, horses, C. lupus familiaris and humans in Carmen de Atrato and San José del Palmar (Chocó) (Lopez 2017). Although this Ixodes has been reported as a carrier of the Lyme disease causal agent, the spirochaete B. burgdorferi s. l. (Venzal et al. 2005), I. pararicinus, in Colombia it has not been described harboring B. burgdorferi (Mattar and Lopez Valencia 1998). Nevertheless, it is not possible to discard its role as a vector of this disease (Lopez 2017). New records in foothills of the eastern cordillera between Antioquia and Chocó confirm its presence (Benavides et al. 2017b).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E45B658921E266E3BCFA1728DEF7B6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Benavides-Montaño, Javier Antonio;Betancourt-Echeverri, Jesus Antonio;Valencia, Gustavo López;Mesa-Cobo, Nora Cristina	Benavides-Montaño, Javier Antonio, Betancourt-Echeverri, Jesus Antonio, Valencia, Gustavo López, Mesa-Cobo, Nora Cristina (2022): A review of hard ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) in Colombia: The risk of tick-borne diseases. Persian Journal of Acarology 11 (3): 397-437
03E45B658920E267E066FB8C2B44F897.text	03E45B658920E267E066FB8C2B44F897.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ixodes tapirus Kohls 1956	<div><p>Ixodes tapirus Kohls, 1956</p> <p>This tick has been reported in Colombia and Panama. It parasitizes mammals of the order Perissodactyla. The female is described Type: CNHM (Barros-Battesti et al. 2006). It was described from a single female collected on mountain tapir, Tapirus pinchaque (Roulin, 1829) (Perissodactyla: Tapiridae) in the Colombian Andes (Kohls 1956). Later, Fairchild et al. (1966) reported two collections totaling six females found on Baird's tapir, Tapirus bairdii (Gill, 1865) in two highland localities of western Panama (Fairchild et al. 1966). The male and the immature stages were not analyzed. Recently it was compared with a female holotype from T. pinchaque, Rio Majuas (1570 N, 76240 W), 2700 m a.s.l., San Agustın, Huila, Colombia, 21.x.1951, P. Hershkovitz; deposited in the FMNH (FMNHINS 3474346). This female of I. tapirus collected in Colombia is slightly different from the studied specimens from Costa Rica and Panama. For instance, they were found to have smaller and sparser punctations along the posterior margin of the scutum and a reduced 4th row of denticles on the hypostome (there is only 1 denticle in the 4th row on one of the sides). However, based on other qualitative and quantitative characters, it is similar to the other available specimens. Described variables can be attributed to geographic or individual variability. Ixodes tapirus is confined to highlands of Colombia (Huila Department), Panama (Chiriquí Province) and for the first time, it was recorded in Costa Rica (San José Province). All collections were made at elevations exceeding 2000 (2012–3353) m a.s.l. Males and females of this species were collected from vegetation, and females were also collected from two species of tapirs, T. pinchaque and T. bairdii (Apanaskevich et al. 2017).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E45B658920E267E066FB8C2B44F897	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Benavides-Montaño, Javier Antonio;Betancourt-Echeverri, Jesus Antonio;Valencia, Gustavo López;Mesa-Cobo, Nora Cristina	Benavides-Montaño, Javier Antonio, Betancourt-Echeverri, Jesus Antonio, Valencia, Gustavo López, Mesa-Cobo, Nora Cristina (2022): A review of hard ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) in Colombia: The risk of tick-borne diseases. Persian Journal of Acarology 11 (3): 397-437
03E45B658920E268E057F8DA2A03FEEB.text	03E45B658920E268E057F8DA2A03FEEB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ixodes tropicalis Kohls 1956	<div><p>Ixodes tropicalis Kohls, 1956</p> <p>This species is present in Colombia and Peru, where it parasitizes mammals of the Rodentia order. Only the female is described as type: CNHM, USNTC (Barros-Battesti et al. 2006; RiveraPaez et al. 2018a). It has been reported in montane moist broadleaf forests of Valle del Cauca on Cricetidae echimyidae. The larvae and nymph stages have not been described (Kohls 1956). This tick has been spotted in Valle del Cauca parasitizing rodents, but there are no new updates of this tick (Rivera-Paez et al. 2018a).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E45B658920E268E057F8DA2A03FEEB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Benavides-Montaño, Javier Antonio;Betancourt-Echeverri, Jesus Antonio;Valencia, Gustavo López;Mesa-Cobo, Nora Cristina	Benavides-Montaño, Javier Antonio, Betancourt-Echeverri, Jesus Antonio, Valencia, Gustavo López, Mesa-Cobo, Nora Cristina (2022): A review of hard ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) in Colombia: The risk of tick-borne diseases. Persian Journal of Acarology 11 (3): 397-437
03E45B65892FE268E032FE3E2AC3FDED.text	03E45B65892FE268E032FE3E2AC3FDED.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ixodes venezuelensis Kohls 1953	<div><p>Ixodes venezuelensis Kohls, 1953</p> <p>This tick has been reported in Colombia, Costa Rica, Panama and Venezuela in marsupials and rodents (Barros-Battesti et al. 2006; Vásquez et al. 2011; Lopez 2017); some authors suggest that this species could reproduce by parthenogenesis and that the male does not attach to the host. Type: USNTC, BMNH (Barros-Battesti et al. 2006).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E45B65892FE268E032FE3E2AC3FDED	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Benavides-Montaño, Javier Antonio;Betancourt-Echeverri, Jesus Antonio;Valencia, Gustavo López;Mesa-Cobo, Nora Cristina	Benavides-Montaño, Javier Antonio, Betancourt-Echeverri, Jesus Antonio, Valencia, Gustavo López, Mesa-Cobo, Nora Cristina (2022): A review of hard ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) in Colombia: The risk of tick-borne diseases. Persian Journal of Acarology 11 (3): 397-437
