identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03E787C3FFC7FF92FF099E4BA3E1D6E5.text	03E787C3FFC7FF92FF099E4BA3E1D6E5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Palaeoplex Schedel & Kupriyanov & Katongo & Schliewen 2020	<div><p>Palaeoplex new genus</p><p>Type species: Palaeoplex palimpsest sp. nov.</p><p>Diagnosis. Palaeoplex gen. nov belongs to the megadiverse cichlid lineage of haplotilapiines (sensu Schliewen &amp; Stiassny 2003) characterised by tricuspid teeth in the inner tooth rows of the oral jaws. Within the haplotilapiines it belongs to the still weakly defined tribe Haplochromini, which is generally characterized by the combination of following characters: basioccipital forming together with parasphenoid the apophysis of the upper pharyngeal bones, type A infraorbitals (sensu Takahashi, 2003a), bicuspid outer and tricuspid inner teeth on both jaws, ctenoid scales on flanks, and by being maternal mouthbrooders (Poll 1986, Eccles &amp; Trewavas 1989, Takahashi 2003b). Within Haplochromini, Palaeoplex gen. nov. is placed within the Pseudocrenilabrus group (including Lufubuchromis gen. nov., Pseudocrenilabrus, Orthochromis machadoi and Haplochromis moeruensis) by the presence of a Pseudocrenilabrus blotch at the distal end of the anal fin in adult males, a placement which is supported also by genetic analyses. The currently monotypic genus Palaeoplex is characterized by a unique combination of the following characters: (1) a fully developed infraorbital series without a distinct gap between the lachrymal and the second infraorbital bone (in some cases the pore of the laterosensory tubule of both bones appears to be shared) (see Fig. 9); (2) fused hypuralia 1+2 and hypuralia 3+4 and (3) molariform teeth on sagittal series of the lower pharyngeal jaw (see Fig. 5). Finally, the new genus is characterised by (4) a large maximum size of up to 143.4 mm SL.</p><p>Palaeoplex is distinguished from all members of Pseudocrenilabrus and from Haplochromis moeruensis by having no distinct gap between the lachrymal and second infraorbital bone (vs. distinct gap always present, varying from narrow to very wide). In addition, the infraorbital series of Palaeoplex palimpsest is composed of the lachrymal bone (first infraorbital bone), four infraorbital bones and in some cases the dermosphenotic element (sixth infraorbital bone), hereby contrasting with Pseudocrenilabrus, where a trend towards the reduction of the infraorbital series can be observed including various combinations of fusion and loss of entire infraorbital bones (see Fig. 9, see also Greenwood 1989).</p><p>The genus Palaeoplex with its single species Pa. palimpsest differs from Pseudocrenilabrus multicolor by having more abdominal vertebrae 14–15 vs. 13 and more scales on the horizontal line 28–31 vs. 26–27; from Ps. nicholsi by having more scales on the horizontal line 28–31 vs. 25–26, more total gill rakers 12–17 vs. 10–11, more abdominal vertebrae 14–15 vs. 12–13 and total vertebrae 27–30 vs. 25–26; from Ps. pyrrhocaudalis by having more abdominal vertebrae 14–15 vs. 12–3. It is distinguished form Ps. philander philander (populations from type locality and the Orange river drainage, South Africa) by more abdominal vertebrae 14–15 vs. 12–13; it is distinguished from Ps. philander dispersus and from several examined Pseudocrenilabrus populations of yet undefined taxonomic status (i.e. Ps. sp. “Lufira”, Ps. sp. “Lunzua”, Ps. sp. “ Botswana ”, Ps. sp. “Kalungwishi”, Ps. sp. “Luongo”, Ps. sp. “Mukuleshi) by having more abdominal vertebrae 14–15 vs. 13; in addition Palaeoplex palimpsest has more scales on the horizontal line 28–31 vs. 26–27 than Ps. philander dispersus, and from the putatively new species Pseudocrenilabrus sp. “Upper Kalungwishi” it is distinguished by having more total vertebrae 27–30 vs. 26.</p><p>From Orthochromis machadoi it is distinguished by having comparatively large scales on the chest (vs. partly scaleless chest, with deeply embedded minute scales); moreover, Palaeoplex palimpsest is distinguished from O. machadoi by having a distinctively longer last dorsal fin spine (14.7–18.6 vs. 10.1–14.6% SL), fewer dorsal fin spines (14–15 vs. 16–17) and by the position of the pterygiophore supporting last dorsal-fin spine at vertebral count: 13–14 vs. 15–16.</p><p>Palaeoplex palimpsest is distinguished from the Northern Zambian Orthochromis sensu Weiss et al. 2015 ( O. kalungwishiensis, O. luongoensis, O. katumbii, and O. mporokoso) by having fewer dorsal fins spines (14–15 vs. 16–19) and by the position of the pterygiophore supporting the last dorsal-fin spine (vertebral count: 13–14 vs. 15–18) and by having fewer total vertebrae albeit with overlap (27–30 vs. 30–33). Further, Palaeoplex palimpsest is distinguished from the Northern Zambian Orthochromis by having comparatively large and well-developed scales on belly and chest (vs. small to minute scales, sometimes with deeply embedded chest scales, in the Northern Zambian Orthochromis). Further, adult males of Palaeoplex palimpsest feature a large orange Pseudocrenilabrus blotch at the distal end of the anal fin which is absent in the Northern Zambian Orthochromis .</p><p>Palaeoplex differs from Lufubuchromis gen. nov. by having longer dorsal-fin spines (length of last dorsal fin spine: 14.7–18.6 vs. 10.9–14.2 % SL), by higher total gill raker counts (12–17 vs. 10–12), and by a difference in the coloration (e.g. Lufubuchromis with Pseudocrenilabrus blotch in both sexes vs. only present in males of Palaeoplex palimpsest) and in maximum size (143.4 vs. 93.2 mm).</p><p>Etymology. The genus name Palaeoplex alludes to the concept of geoecodynamics where the palaeoplex of a species is the proxy for the total genomic variation of a given species comprising DNA signatures of the evolutionary history of a species in a given landscape (Cotteril &amp; de Wit 2011). The analysis of the palaeoplex of a species theoretically allows for reconstruction of the species history in that landscape. As the new genus is tied geographically to a very ancient landscape, and, as published DNA analyses suggest, a long history of this genus in that landscape (e.g. Weiss et al. 2015, Schedel et al. 2019, unpublished data), the genus name refers to the scientific potential of this genus to elucidate the complex landscape evolution of that region through the analysis of the palaeoplex of the new genus. Gender masculine.</p><p>Included species. Palaeoplex palimpsest sp. nov.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E787C3FFC7FF92FF099E4BA3E1D6E5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Schedel, Frederic D. B.;Kupriyanov, Viviane M. S.;Katongo, Cyprian;Schliewen, Ulrich K.	Schedel, Frederic D. B., Kupriyanov, Viviane M. S., Katongo, Cyprian, Schliewen, Ulrich K. (2020): Palaeoplex gen. nov. and Lufubuchromis gen. non, two new monotypic cichlid genera (Teleostei: Cichlidae) from northern Zambia. Zootaxa 4718 (2): 191-229, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4718.2.3
03E787C3FFC4FF8AFF099FFBA027D151.text	03E787C3FFC4FF8AFF099FFBA027D151.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Palaeoplex palimpsest Schedel & Kupriyanov & Katongo & Schliewen 2020	<div><p>Palaeoplex palimpsest, new species</p><p>Pseudocrenilabrus philander (non Weber), Balon et al. 1983</p><p>Chetia mola (non Balon &amp; Stewart), Friedmann et al. 2013</p><p>New Kalungwishi cichlid; Weiss et al. 2015, Schedel et al. 2019</p><p>Orthochromis sp. “New Kalungwishi” Meier et al. 2019</p><p>Holotype. ZSM 47492, ex ZSM 44438 (7 in lot, now 6), 143.4 mm SL; Zambia, Luongo River, at bridge on road <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.167192&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-10.144359" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.167192/lat -10.144359)">Kawambwa-Mansa</a> about 40 km [driving distance] S of Kawambwa, Luapula Province (-10.144359 / 29.167193).</p><p>Paratype. ZSM 43077, 1, 116.0 mm SL; Zambia, Drainage Congo; Luongo Reservoir, right bank above dam ~ opposite of Chisunka Luongo village, Luongo River 9 km above <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=28.900467&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-10.685519" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 28.900467/lat -10.685519)">Musonda Falls on Luongo River</a>, 56.5 km N of Mansa, Luapula Province (-10.685519 / 28.900466) .— ZSM 44438, 6, 81.9–106.3 mm SL; Zambia, Drainage Congo; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.167192&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-10.144359" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.167192/lat -10.144359)">Luongo River</a>, at bridge on road Kawambwa-Mansa about 40 km [driving distance] S of Kawambwa, Luapula Province (-10.144359 / 29.167193) .— ZSM 43079, 6, 62.9–130.1 mm SL; Zambia, Drainage:Congo; Luongo Reservoir, right bank above dam ~opposite of Chisunka Luongo village, Luongo River 9km [air distance] above <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=28.900467&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-10.685519" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 28.900467/lat -10.685519)">Musonda Falls on Luongo River</a>, 56.5 km [air distance] N of Mansa, Luapula Province (-10.685519 / 28.900466) .— ZSM 43078, 1, 137.4 mm SL; Zambia, Drainage Congo; Luongo Reservoir, right bank above dam ~ opposite of Chisunka Luongo village, Luongo River 9 km above <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=28.900467&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-10.685519" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 28.900467/lat -10.685519)">Musonda Falls on Luongo River</a>, 56.5 km N of Mansa, Luapula Province (-10.685519 / 28.900466) .— CU 91755, 8, 50.0– 82.1 mm SL; Zambia, Drainage: Luongo River; Luongo River at <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.167&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-10.1442" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.167/lat -10.1442)">Mukonshi Bridge on Mwenda-Kawanbwa</a> road (-10.1442 / 29.167) .— CU 99504, 4, 39.5–100.8 mm SL; Zambia, Drainage Luongo River; Luongo River at bridge on <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.0245&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-10.4701" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.0245/lat -10.4701)">Kashiba-Mwenda</a> road (-10.4701 / 29.0245) .— SAIAB 208051, 3, ex ZSM 43077 (4 now 1), 102.8–122.8 mm SL; Zambia, Drainage Congo; Luongo Reservoir, right bank above dam ~ opposite of Chisunka Luongo village, Luongo River 9 km above <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=28.900467&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-10.685519" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 28.900467/lat -10.685519)">Musonda Falls on Luongo River</a>, 56.5 km N of Mansa, Luapula Province (-10.685519 / 28.900466) .— MRAC 2019.009.P.0001-0003, 3, ex ZSM 43079 (9 now 6), 66.2–133.8 mm SL; Zambia, Drainage: Congo; Luongo Reservoir, right bank above dam ~ opposite of Chisunka Luongo village, Luongo River 9km [air distance] above <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=28.900467&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-10.685519" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 28.900467/lat -10.685519)">Musonda Falls on Luongo River</a>, 56.5 km [air distance] N of Mansa, Luapula Province (-10.685519 / 28.900466) .— ZSM 47493, ex ZSM 41496 (2 now 1), 1, 33.2 mm SL; Zambia, Drainage Congo; Luongo stream at bridge on road Mwenda-Kashiba, affluent to Lake Mweru / <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.0262&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-10.470725" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.0262/lat -10.470725)">Upper</a> Congo basin, Luapula Province (-10.470725 / 29.026200) .</p><p>Additional specimens examined. Palaeoplex palimpsest (specimens from Kalungwishi River): ZSM 41425, 6, 73.0– 102.9 mm SL; Zambia, Drainage Congo; Kalungwishi stream above <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.387789&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-9.543011" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.387789/lat -9.543011)">Lumangwe falls</a>, W of Mukuma, on road <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.387789&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-9.543011" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.387789/lat -9.543011)">Mukunsa—Kawambwa</a>, approached from Northern Province (-9.543011 / 29.387789) .— ZSM 44357, 9, 53.9–116.6 mm SL; Zambia, Drainage Congo; Kalungwishi River, 3 km below Kabwelume Falls [above Kundabwika Falls], ~ 23.5 km downstream bridge on road <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.352734&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-9.502106" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.352734/lat -9.502106)">Mporokoso—Kawambwa</a>, Northern Province (-9.502106 / 29.352734) .— SAIAB 77188, (1 out of 5 specimens), 118.9 mm SL; Kundabwika falls on <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.304&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-9.2179" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.304/lat -9.2179)">Kalungwishi River</a> (-9.2179 / 29.3040) .</p><p>Diagnosis. Species diagnosis as for genus.</p><p>Description. Morphometric measurements and meristic characters are based on 34 type specimens. Values and their ranges are presented in Table 3. For general appearance see Fig. 3 (male) and Fig. 4 (female). Maximum length of a wild caught male specimen 143.4 mm SL; largest female 110.7 mm SL. A rather deep bodied (BD: 28.9–36.0 % SL) species with maximum body depth slightly behind pelvic fin origin, decreasing towards caudal peduncle (dorsal margin of caudal peduncle roughly on level with dorsal margin of orbit). Ratio caudal peduncle length to depth: 1.2–1.8. HL about one third of SL. Adult males with a slightly concave upper head profile; females with a straight to slightly curved upper head profile. No prominent nuchal gibbosity. Jaws isognathous to slightly retrognathous. Posterior tip of maxilla reaching slightly behind nostril. Lips not noticeably enlarged or thickened. Two separate lateral lines.</p><p>Squamation. Flank and dorsum covered with comparatively large cycloid or weakly ctenoid (if ctenoid, ctenii very short; see Supplementary Fig. 2). Cycloid scales of belly slightly smaller than flank scales. Chest scales cycloid and smaller than belly scales, smallest behind branchiostegal membrane; chest to flank transition with slightly larger cycloid or weakly ctenoid scales. Snout scaleless. Medium sized interorbital scales cycloid; anteriormost scales partially embedded in skin. Nape and occipital region with slightly smaller cycloid scales compared to flank scales. Cheek covered with 2–4 scale rows of small to medium sized cycloid scales. One cycloid scale between posterior orbital margin and preoperculum. Operculum covered with cycloid scales of variable size, some almost size flank scales. Opercular blotch squamated to variable extent; posteriormost margin always scaleless. Three to five scales on horizontal line starting from anterior edge operculum to postero-dorsal edge operculum.</p><p>Scales on upper lateral line 16–24, lower lateral line 10–14 scales and horizontal line with 28–31 scales. Upper and lower lateral lines separated by two rows of scales. Five to nine scales between dorsal-fin origin and upper lateral line; 2–4 scales between origin last dorsal-fin spine and upper lateral line. Anterior caudal fin part covered with 2–4 ill-defined vertical columns of small cycloid scales including 0–2 pored scales; scaled area extending posteriorly to approximately 28–42 % caudal fin length with minute, interradial scales. Specimens from the Luongo River with 18–20 scales around caudal peduncle, specimens from Kalungwishi River with 16–18 scales around caudal peduncle.</p><p>Jaws and dentition.Anterior jaw teeth of outer rows of upper and lower jaw subequally bicuspid to subequilaterally bicuspid and closely set; towards corner of mouth, teeth are increasingly smaller and more widely set and might become unicuspid. Bicuspid teeth are slightly recurved and without or with a minimally expanded brownish crown; cusps only slightly compressed and blunt, with a moderately narrow cusp gap; neck moderately slender. Outer tooth row of upper jaw with 21–57 teeth, of lower jaw with 17–51 teeth (only counted for specimens from 50.8–143.3 mm SL); larger specimens have incrementally more teeth. One (rarely in lower jaw) to four inner upper and lower jaw tooth rows with small tricuspid teeth.</p><p>Lower pharyngeal bone of six paratypes (SAIAB 208051, 118.0– 122.9 mm SL; ZSM 43079, 109.3– 130.1 mm SL; ZSM 44438, 106.3 mm SL) about as wide as long (width of lower pharyngeal jawbone 95 to 103 % of pharyngeal-jaw length; Fig. 5). Dentigerous area of lower pharyngeal bone about 0.6 to 0.7 times length of lower pharyngeal bone length, with 21–30 teeth along posterior margin of dentigerous area. Teeth in sagittal series 7–11, molariform. Lateral anterior pharyngeal teeth bevelled to pronounced to moderately slender; those of posterior row larger than anterior ones, bevelled (minor cusp not well developed). Largest teeth (excluding molariform teeth of sagittal series) are located centrally in posterior tooth row whereas smallest teeth are found in the posterior corners of dentigerous area.</p><p>Gill rakers. Total gill rakers 13–17 with 2–4 epibranchials, one in angle (rarely two), and 9–12 ceratobranchial rakers. Anteriormost ceratobranchial gill rakers smallest. Gill rakers slender to broad and unifid, sometimes of anvil shape to bifid towards cartilaginous plug, increasing in size towards cartilaginous plug at angle. Gill raker on cartilaginous plug slightly shorter or as long as longest ceratobranchial gill raker; unifid epibranchial gill rakers slightly decreasing in size and more slender than ceratobranchial gill rakers.</p><p>......continued on the next page</p><p>Fins. Dorsal fin with 14–15 spines and 10–12 rays. First dorsal-fin spine shortest. Dorsal-fin base length between 51.2–57.3 % SL. Posterior end of dorsal fin reaching caudal fin base or ending slightly before (females) or reaching behind caudal-fin base (adult males); posterior tip of anal fin reaching caudal-fin base or ending slightly before. Caudal fin outline rounded to subtruncate and composed of 26–30 rays (16 principal caudal-fin rays and 10–14 procurrent caudal-fin rays). Anal fin with 3 spines (3 rd spine longest) and 7–9 rays. Anal-fin base length between 16.0–20.6 % SL. Pectoral fin with 13–16 rays. Pectoral-fin length between 19.1–27.9 % SL; longest pectoral ray (4 th or 5 th ray counted from dorsal margin) ending slightly before level of anus. Pelvic fin with one spine and 5 rays. Pelvic fin base slightly further (approximately 1.5–2 times flank scale width) posterior of pectoral fin base. Longest pelvic-fin ray ending behind anterior origin of anal fin base (especially in males) or ending slightly before (especially in females); adult males with moderately elongated 1 st pelvic fin ray.</p><p>Axial skeleton. Vertebral column with 27–29 (rarely 30) total vertebrae (excluding urostyle), with 14–15 abdominal vertebrae and 13–15 caudal vertebrae. Pterygiophore supporting last dorsal-fin spine inserted between neural spines 13 th and 14 th vertebra (counted from anterior to posterior) or 14 th and 15 th vertebra. Pterygiophore supporting last anal-fin spine inserted between ribs of 15 th vertebra and haemal spine of 16 th vertebra or between haemal spines of 15 th and 16 th vertebrae (rarely between haemal spines of 16 th and 17 th vertebrae). One predorsal bone (= supraneural bone) present. Hypuralia 1 + 2 and hypuralia 3 + 4 always fused into single, sutureless unit.</p><p>Coloration in life (based on field photographs of adult specimens). Pronounced sexual colour dimorphism present. Sexually mature males with characteristic coloration pattern of metallic greenish to turquoise flanks and caudal peduncle, lower lip whitish with turquoise to greenish gleam and deep black pelvic fins (see Fig. 3).</p><p>Body ground coloration olive; dorsum olive to pale brownish, flank and caudal peduncle greenish to turquoise. Most flank and caudal peduncle scales with greenish metallic gleam, limited to posterodorsal scale margin, and continuous with neighbouring upper and lower scale; resulting pattern giving impression of shiny oblique bars across flank. Flank scales posterior of head (first one to two rows) and chest golden to greenish. Ventral part of chest blackish (some scales with greenish gleam), belly whitish to beige. In large adult males a greyish midlateral band can be present, but mostly faint and hardly visible; between 7 and 9 light greyish vertical bars, but mostly faint or completely absent. No distinct caudal fin spot. Iris brownish with whitish patches. Dorsal head surface and ethmoidal area olive to brownish. Cheek olive with greenish to golden gleam, preoperculum golden. Operculum with golden-orange to greenish gleam, blackish opercular spot present but might be overlain by a metallic gleam. A faint greyish lachrymal stripe present. Upper lip olive with greenish gleam, lower lip whitish with turquoise to greenish gleam (especially at corner of mouth). Branchiostegal membrane greyish to turquoise. Dorsal fin membrane olive to brownish; dorsal fin lappets of spinous part deep black (first four spines with largest fin lappets), black dorsal fin lappets delineated by a narrow reddish submarginal band from the fifth dorsal fin spine. Soft rayed part of dorsal-fin membrane with small transparent to whitish maculae organized in loose oblique rows. Anal fin membrane olive to brownish (whitish to hyaline distally), with irregularly set transparent to whitish maculae; orange Pseudocrenilabrus blotch on posterior margin soft rayed part anal fin, proximal side outlined with narrow whitish band. Caudal fin membrane olive to yellowish; becoming less intensively coloured towards margin, with loosely set vertical rows of transparent to whitish maculae. Pectoral fin membrane transparent, pectoral fin rays olive. Pelvic fin membrane blackish.</p><p>Females (Fig. 4) less colourful, without prominent green, gold or turquoise gleam. Body primary coloration grey to olive. Flank, caudal peduncle and chest with silvery gleam. Chest and belly white to beige. No midlateral band visible, 7 to 9 light greyish vertical bars, but mostly faint. Iris brown with whitish patches. Cheek silvery. Operculum silvery with patches of golden gleam; opercular spot black with gold metallic gleam. A faint grey lachrymal stripe. Lips white to grey. Branchiostegal membrane white to grey. Dorsal fin membrane as in males. Anal fin yellowish, without transparent or white maculae and without Pseudocrenilabrus blotch. Pectoral fins transparent, pectoral fin rays yellow to olive. Caudal fin and pelvic fin membrane yellowish.</p><p>Juvenile coloration in life. No information about juvenile coloration available.</p><p>Coloration in alcohol. Pigmentation and melanin patterns similar to live specimens, but due the preservation specimens lost original coloration, rendering especially melanin patterns more intense than in live specimens. Overall body coloration brownish. Chest in females white to beige, in males comparatively dark. Operculum grey to brown; opercular spot dark brown to black. Branchiostegal membrane dusky in males and beige in females. Large adult males with a faint brownish midlateral band along the horizontal line, vertical bars appear to be missing; females and small males either with or without any visible melanin pattern on flank, or with 6 to 9 faint vertical bars; vertical bars in subadult individuals (&lt;40.5 mm SL) more pronounced. Dorsal fin membrane grey to brown, dorsal fin lappets blackish. Anal fin brown to grey with transparent maculae; Pseudocrenilabrus blotch whitish or faded; anal fin of females greyish. Pelvic fin blackish in males and beige to greyish in females.</p><p>Distribution and biology. Palaeoplex palimpsest is known from the Luongo River, a tributary of Luapula River, and from several locations in the Kalungwishi River drainage, which drains into Lake Mweru (Luapula drainage). At the type locality, the Luongo River is rocky with sandy to muddy patches, about 25 m wide, and with an estimated depth of approx. 1.5 m. Its shoreline is fringed with dense vegetation (reeds and small trees).</p><p>The species seems to prefer stretches of slow flowing water as it was neither observed nor collected in the small rapid-like stretches of the river close to the type locality. No stomach contents were examined, but in X-ray pictures approximately half of the investigated specimens had guts almost entirely filled with a dense fine-grained material, most likely sand, whereas in one specimen fragments of snail shells were visible in the x-rays. The molariform teeth of the lower pharyngeal jaw suggest that this species feeds at least partly on molluscs which are crushed by the pharyngeal jaws.</p><p>Etymology. A palimpsest is a parchment manuscript page, most commonly used in medieval times, that has been secondarily overwritten after layers of old handwritten letters had been scraped off, sometimes repeatedly. In many palimpsests the old letters are still visible in the background, because they had not been completely removed. The species name palimpsest is used here to denote that the palaeoplex of the new species (see etymology of genus name Palaeoplex gen. nov. above) is like a palimpsest: it is the result of the history of the species endemic to a dynamic landscape, where, e.g., recent changes in landscape and/or in ecological conditions have affected gene flow and have left genetic signatures by overwriting the genome several times, whereas remnants of more ancient genomic signatures still persist in the background of the endemic species. The contrasting hypotheses regarding the phylogenetic position of the new species, either based on nuclear DNA (Weiss et al. 2015) or on mtDNA (Schedel et al. 2019), are likely the result of these kinds of events that have affected the genome of Palaeoplex palimpsest gen. nov. sp. nov. The idea of referring to the genome as a palimpsest is based on Cotterill &amp; de Wit (2011). A noun in apposition.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E787C3FFC4FF8AFF099FFBA027D151	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Schedel, Frederic D. B.;Kupriyanov, Viviane M. S.;Katongo, Cyprian;Schliewen, Ulrich K.	Schedel, Frederic D. B., Kupriyanov, Viviane M. S., Katongo, Cyprian, Schliewen, Ulrich K. (2020): Palaeoplex gen. nov. and Lufubuchromis gen. non, two new monotypic cichlid genera (Teleostei: Cichlidae) from northern Zambia. Zootaxa 4718 (2): 191-229, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4718.2.3
03E787C3FFDCFF8BFF099867A3ECD1E1.text	03E787C3FFDCFF8BFF099867A3ECD1E1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lufubuchromis Schedel & Kupriyanov & Katongo & Schliewen 2020	<div><p>Lufubuchromis new genus</p><p>Type species: Lufubuchromis relictus sp. nov.</p><p>Diagnosis. Lufubuchromis gen. nov. belongs to the megadiverse lineage of haplotilapiines (sensu Schliewen &amp; Stiassny 2003) characterised by tricuspid teeth in the inner tooth rows of the oral jaws. Within haplotilapiines it belongs to the still weakly defined tribe Haplochromini characterized generally by the combination of following characters: basioccipital bone forming together with parasphenoid the apophysis for the upper pharyngeal bones, type A infraorbitals (sensu Takahashi, 2003a), bicuspid outer and tricuspid inner teeth on both jaws, ctenoid scales on flanks and by being maternal mouthbrooders (Poll 1986, Eccles &amp; Trewavas 1989, Takahashi 2003b). Within the Haplochromini it is placed within the Pseudocrenilabrus group (including Palaeoplex, Pseudocrenilabrus, Orthochromis machadoi and Haplochromis moeruensis) by the presence of a Pseudocrenilabrus blotch at the distal end of the anal fin in adult males, a placement which is supported by genetic analyses. The genus Lufubuchromis is monotypic and characterised by the unique combination of the following characters: (1) a fully developed infraorbital series, however without a distinct gap between posterior margin of the lachrymal and the second infraorbital bone (in some cases the opening of the laterosensory tubule of both bones appears to be shared); (2) hypuralia 1+2 either fused (or sometimes fused with distinctly visible suture) and hypuralia 3+4 fused. Further, Lufubuchromis exhibits (3) a male colour pattern characterised by deep, crimson red coloured areas on the anterior and ventral flank regions, on parts of the chest and belly, and on the suborbital head region; and with dorsal fin lappets orange (same colour as Pseudocrenilabrus blotch). In addition, (4) the Pseudocrenilabrus blotch at the distal end of the anal fin is present in both sexes of Lufubuchromis (vs. only present in only present in males of Palaeoplex and Pseudocrenilabrus).</p><p>Lufubuchromis is distinguished from all members of the genus Pseudocrenilabrus and from Haplochromis moeruensis by having no distinct gap between the lachrymal and second infraorbital bone (vs. distinct gap always present, varying from narrow to very wide). In addition, the infraorbital series of Lufubuchromis is composed of the lachrymal bone (= first infraorbital bone), four infraorbital bones, and in some cases a dermosphenotic element (sixth infraorbital bone), thereby contrasting with Pseudocrenilabrus, where a trend towards the reduction of the infraorbital series is observed including various combinations of fusion and loss of entire infraorbital bones is (see Fig. 9, see also Greenwood 1989).</p><p>Lufubuchromis with its single species L. relictus differs from Ps. multicolor by having more abdominal vertebrae (14–15 vs. 13); from Ps. nicholsi by having more abdominal vertebrae (14–15 vs. 12–13), more total vertebrae (27–29 vs. 25–26), and more dorsal fin spines (15–16 vs. 13–14); and from Ps. pyrrhocaudalis by having more abdominal vertebrae (14–15 vs. 12–13).</p><p>It is distinguished form Ps. philander philander populations from the type locality and from the Orange River drainage (South Africa) by more abdominal vertebrae (14–15 vs. 12–13); from Ps. philander dispersus and from several other examined Pseudocrenilabrus of yet undefined taxonomic status, i.e., Ps. sp. “Lufira”, Ps. sp. “Lunzua”, Ps. sp. “ Botswana ”, Ps. sp. “Kalungwishi”, Ps. sp. “Luongo”, and Ps. sp. “Mukuleshi”, by having more abdominal vertebrae (14–15 vs. 13); in addition Lufubuchromis relictus has more dorsal fin spines than Ps. philander dispersus (15–16 vs. 13–14), and from the putatively new species Pseudocrenilabrus sp. “Upper Kalungwishi” it is distinguished by having more total vertebrae 27–29 vs. 26.</p><p>From Orthochromis machadoi it is distinguished by having comparatively large scales on the chest (vs. a partially scaleless chest, with only deeply embedded and minute scales); furthermore, Lufubuchromis relictus tends to have more abdominal vertebrae (14–15 vs. 13–14) and fewer caudal vertebrae (13–15 vs. 15–16).</p><p>Lufubuchromis relictus is distinguished form the Northern Zambian Orthochromis by having a large orange Pseudocrenilabrus blotch at the distal end of the anal fin (vs. absent), and by having comparatively large scales on belly and chest (vs. small to minute scales, if present deeply embedded on chest). Further, Lufubuchromis relictus is distinguished from the Northern Zambian Orthochromis by having fewer caudal vertebrae (13–15 vs. 16–18) and fewer total vertebrae (27–29 vs. 30–33).</p><p>Apart from coloration and its smaller maximum size (maximum recorded SL: 93.2 vs. 143.4 mm) Lufubuchromis is distinguished from Palaeoplex by its shorter dorsal fin spines (length of last dorsal fin spine: 10.9–14.2 vs. 14.7– 18.6 % SL) and by having lower total gill raker counts (10–12 vs. 12–17).</p><p>Etymology: Lufubu- refers to the Lufubu River as the only species of the genus is restricted to the Upper Lufubu and its tributaries in northern Zambia; and - chromis a widely used suffix for cichlid genera. Gender masculine.</p><p>Included species. Lufubuchromis relictus sp. nov.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E787C3FFDCFF8BFF099867A3ECD1E1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Schedel, Frederic D. B.;Kupriyanov, Viviane M. S.;Katongo, Cyprian;Schliewen, Ulrich K.	Schedel, Frederic D. B., Kupriyanov, Viviane M. S., Katongo, Cyprian, Schliewen, Ulrich K. (2020): Palaeoplex gen. nov. and Lufubuchromis gen. non, two new monotypic cichlid genera (Teleostei: Cichlidae) from northern Zambia. Zootaxa 4718 (2): 191-229, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4718.2.3
03E787C3FFDDFF84FF0998E5A219D1A9.text	03E787C3FFDDFF84FF0998E5A219D1A9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lufubuchromis relictus Schedel & Kupriyanov & Katongo & Schliewen 2020	<div><p>Lufubuchromis relictus, new species</p><p>Haplochromine sp. nov.; Koblmüller et al. 2008</p><p>Pseudocrenilabru s sp. ‘Lufubu A’; Koblmüller et al. 2012, Egger et al. 2014, Indermaur 2014</p><p>New Lufubu Cichlid; Schedel et al. 2019</p><p>Orthochromis sp. “New Lufubu” Meier et al. 2019</p><p>Holotype. ZSM 47494, ex ZSM 44312 (5 in lot, now 4), 77.8 mm SL, Zambia, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.932816&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-9.072543" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.932816/lat -9.072543)">Drainage</a> Congo; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.932816&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-9.072543" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.932816/lat -9.072543)">Mululwe</a> rapids at <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.932816&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-9.072543" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.932816/lat -9.072543)">Mululwe village</a>, below <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.932816&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-9.072543" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.932816/lat -9.072543)">Mwanyonga falls</a>, trib. to <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.932816&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-9.072543" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.932816/lat -9.072543)">Lufubu River</a> / Lake Tanganyika, 37 km SW of Mpulungu, Northern Province (-9.072543 / 30.932815).</p><p>Paratypes. ZSM 44526, 2, 44.5–93.2 mm SL; Zambia, Drainage Congo; Upper Lufubu River, at bridge on road to <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.877441&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-9.255956" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.877441/lat -9.255956)">Kaponga</a>, 4 km W of Chinakila village, Northern Province (-9.255956 / 30.877441) .— ZSM 44312, 4, 49.9–56.7 mm SL; collected with holotype .— ZSM 44535, 4, 40.6–56.9 mm SL; Zambia, Drainage Congo; Luwle creek at bridge on road Mpulungu-Senga Hill, 25 km away from Chinakila village, affluent of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.948029&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-9.202418" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.948029/lat -9.202418)">Lufubu River</a>, Northern Province (-9.202418 / 30.948029) .— ZSM 41442, 6, 33.7–70.8 mm SL; Zambia, Drainage Congo; Mululwe stream at bridge on road Lualika-Summe, affluent to <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.033958&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-9.061658" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.033958/lat -9.061658)">Lufubu River</a>, Northern Province (-9.061658 / 31.033958) .– SAIAB 208050, 3, ex ZSM 44535 (7 now 4), 44.1–58.7 mm SL; Zambia, Drainage Congo; Luwle creek at bridge on road Mpulungu-Senga Hill, 25 km away from Chinakila village, affluent of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.948029&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-9.202418" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.948029/lat -9.202418)">Lufubu River</a>, Northern Province (- 9.202418 / 30.948029) .— MRAC 2019.009.P.0004-0006, 3, ex ZSM 41442, 39.2 –63.0 mm SL; Zambia, Drainage Congo; Mululwe stream at bridge on road Lualika-Summe, affluent to <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.033958&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-9.061658" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.033958/lat -9.061658)">Lufubu River</a>, Northern Province (- 9.061658 / 31.033958) .</p><p>Non type: one single juvenile ethanol voucher, field ID DRC-2012/3241, associated to lot ZSM 44312 (not measured or compared for this work).</p><p>Diagnosis. Species diagnosis as for genus.</p><p>Description. Morphometric measurements and meristic characters are based on 23 type specimens. Values and their ranges are presented in Table 4. For general appearance see Fig. 6 (male) and Fig. 7 (female). Maximum SL of wild caught male specimen 93.2 mm; largest female is 70.8 mm SL. A comparatively deep bodied (BD: 29.9–34.7% SL) species with maximum body depth slightly before pelvic fin origin, decreasing gently towards caudal peduncle. Ratio caudal peduncle length to depth: 1.3–1.6. HL about one third of SL. Head profile moderately curved, without prominent nuchal gibbosity. Jaws isognathous to slightly retroganthous. Posterior tip of maxilla reaching slightly behind anterior orbit margin. Lips not noticeably enlarged or thickened. Two separate lateral lines.</p><p>Squamation. Flank covered with comparatively large ctenoid or, especially in larger individuals, cycloid scales (Supplementary Fig. 3). Anterior dorsal flank covered by cycloid scales, ventral flank scales ctenoid to cycloid. Belly with medium sized cycloid to weakly ctenoid scales, approximately half the size of flank scales. Cycloid chest scales smaller than those of belly; chest to flank transition with slightly larger cycloid scales. Snout scaleless. Medium sized interorbital scales cycloid; anteriormost ones partly embedded. Nape and occipital region with slightly smaller cycloid scales (in comparison to flank scales). Cheek covered with small to medium sized cycloid scales; 3–5 scale rows on cheek. Operculum covered with cycloid scales of variable size, from small to about the size of flank scales. Opercular blotch squamated to variable extent; posteriormost margin always scaleless. Three to four scales on horizontal line from anterior edge operculum to posterodorsal margin operculum.</p><p>Upper lateral line with 18–22 scales, lower lateral line 9–12 scales and horizontal line with 26–30 scales. Upper and lower lateral lines separated by two scales. Five to eight scales between dorsal-fin origin and upper lateral line; two scales (rarely 3) between origin of last dorsal-fin spine and upper lateral line. Anterior part of caudal fin covered with 3–4 ill-defined vertical columns of small cycloid scales including 0–2 pored scales; scaled area extended posteriorly, with minute, interradial scales covering approximately 25 to 40% of caudal fin. 16 scales around caudal peduncle.</p><p>Jaws and dentition. Anterior teeth of outer row of lower and upper jaw subequally bicuspid to equilaterally bicuspid, closely set; teeth slightly smaller and more widely set towards corner of mouth, and becoming unicuspid. Individual bicuspid teeth are recurved and with slightly expanded brownish crown; cusps minimally compressed and moderately wide cusp gap, with tips blunt to pointed; neck moderately stout. Outer row of upper jaw with 25–53 teeth and outer row of lower jaw with 14–48 teeth in (counts for specimens between 16.6 and 93.2 mm SL; larger specimens have more teeth). One to three inner upper and lower jaw tooth rows with small tricuspid teeth.</p><p>Lower pharyngeal bone of four paratypes (MRAC 2019.009.P.0004-0006, 63.0 mm SL; ZSM 44312, 56.7 mm SL; ZSM 44535 54.7–56.9 mm SL [keel damaged]) slightly wider than long with width of lower pharyngeal-jaw bone 90–117% of pharyngeal-jaw length (Fig. 8). Dentigerous area of lower pharyngeal-jaw bone about 0.6 to 0.7 times the length of lower pharyngeal bone, with 19–22 teeth along posterior margin of dentigerous area and 6–10 teeth along the sagittal series. Lateral anterior pharyngeal teeth towards keel bevelled to hooked and moderately slender, those of posterior row larger than anterior ones and bevelled with the minor cusp not well developed. Largest teeth located central in posterior tooth row. Teeth along sagittal series slightly larger than more lateral ones.</p><p>Gill rakers. Total gill raker count 10–12 with 2–3 epibranchials, one at angle, and 7–8 ceratobranchial rakers. Anteriormost ceratobranchial gill rakers smallest. Gill rakers comparatively stout and unifid, sometimes of anvil or bifid shape towards cartilaginous plug, increasing in size towards cartilaginous plug at angle. Gill raker on cartilaginous plug slightly shorter or as long as longest ceratobranchial gill raker; unifid epibranchial gill rakers further decreasing in length towards cartilaginous plug and slenderer than ceratobranchial gill rakers.</p><p>Fins. Dorsal fin with 14–16 spines and with 9–11 rays. First dorsal-fin spine shortest. Dorsal-fin base length between 39.5–55.3 % SL. Posterior end of dorsal fin reaching caudal-fin base or ending slightly behind, especially in males; posterior tip of anal fin reaching caudal-fin base or ending slightly before. Caudal fin outline subtruncate and sometimes or almost slightly emarginate and composed of 26–28 rays (16 principal caudal-fin rays and 10–12 procurrent caudal-fin rays). Anal fin with 3 spines (3 rd spine longest) and 7–8 (rarely 9) rays. Anal-fin base length 14.5–17.9 % SL. Pectoral fin with 13–14 rays. Pectoral-fin length 15.7–26.6 % SL; longest pectoral ray (4 th or 5 th ray counted from dorsal margin) ending slightly before or at level of anus. Pelvic fin with one spine and 5 rays. Pelvicfin base slightly posterior pectoral-fin base, at a distance of approx. twice the flank scale width. Longest pelvic-fin ray reaching level of anus; adult males with slightly elongated 1 st pelvic fin ray.</p><p>Axial skeleton. Vertebrae column with 27–29 total vertebrae (excluding the urostyle), with 14–15 abdominal and 13–15 caudal vertebrae. The pterygiophore supporting the last dorsal-fin spine is inserted between the spines of the 13 th and 14 th vertebra, or of the 14 th and 15 th vertebra. The pterygiophore supporting the last anal-fin spine is inserted between ribs or haemal spines of the 14 th, 15 th or 16 th vertebrae. One predorsal bone (=supraneural bone) present. Hypuralia 1 + 2 are either fused without a suture or, rarely, with clearly visible suture; hypuralia 3 + 4 always fused into single sutureless unit.</p><p>Coloration in life. Sexual colour dimorphism present. Males with characteristic coloration pattern of deep crimson red coloured areas on the anterior ventral flank parts, chest and belly and on the lower head; remaining parts of flank and caudal peduncle bluish (Fig 6.).</p><p>Body ground coloration greyish olive to pale brown; dorsum olive to pale brownish, flank and caudal peduncle bluish. Individual flank and caudal peduncle scales on the anterior part of the caudal scale area reddish to brownish/olive; posterior scale area metallic blue.</p><p>Anterior ventral flank, belly, and chest deep red; ventral flank whitish. No visible midlateral band present, but 5–8 greyish vertical bars, mostly faint; vertical bars extending from dorsal fin origin to roughly the level of pectoral fin, sometimes irregular in shape, i.e. interrupted or almost blotch-like. Caudal-fin spot present. Iris brownish with some light brown to orange patches. Dorsal head surface and ethmoidal area olive to pale brownish; preorbital area, anterior snout, cheek and preoperculum below level of eye deep crimson red. Operculum olive to pale brownish ventral part deep crimson red; blackish opercular spot with golden to greenish metallic gleam. Faint greyish lachrymal stripe present. Upper lip metallic blue, especially posteriorly, and lower lip whitish to intensive metallic blue, more than upper lip. Branchiostegal membrane white to light grey.</p><p>Dorsal fin membrane olive to brownish; dorsal fin lappets orange, same colour as Pseudocrenilabrus blotch in anal fin; dorsal fin lappets delineated by fine whitish submarginal band in spinous part dorsal fin, sometimes extending into soft-rayed part of dorsal; last dorsal fin rays without orange lappets. Soft-rayed part dorsal-fin membrane with irregularly set white to bluish maculae; sometimes few maculae present on spinous part as well. Anal-fin membrane olive to yellowish with irregularly set white to bluish maculae, more prominent than those on dorsal fin; prominent orange Pseudocrenilabrus blotch on posterior margin of soft-rayed anal fin, distal margin Pseudocrenilabrus blotch outlined in black. Caudal-fin membrane olive to yellowish, becoming less intensively coloured towards posterior margin, with irregularly set vertical columns of white to bluish maculae, more prominent than those on dorsal fin; distal margin caudal fin reddish. Pectoral fin transparent or slightly yellowish. Soft-rayed part pelvic fin light yellowish to greyish, membrane of pelvic fin spine grey to bluish.</p><p>Females (Fig. 7) not as brightly coloured as males and without prominent red areas on flank, chest, belly, and head. Body ground coloration greyish olive to pale brown. Flank and caudal peduncle without bluish metallic gleam, or, if present, less intensive than in males. Belly and chest region beige to whitish. No visible midlateral band present; 6 to 8 greyish to brownish vertical bars, in most cases clearly visible; vertical bars extending from dorsal fin origin to roughly midlevel of pectoral fin, sometimes of irregular shape, e.g. interrupted, blurred or almost blotch like. Caudal fin spot present. Iris brownish with some light brown to orange patches. Blackish opercular spot with golden to greenish metallic gleam, less intensive than in males. Faint greyish lachrymal stripe present. Upper lip and lower lip whitish to metallic blue, less intensive than in males. Branchiostegal membrane white to light greyish. Dorsal fin, anal fin and caudal-fin membrane similar to males, however, without prominent maculae. Anal fin with orange Pseudocrenilabrus blotch as in males. Pectoral fin and pelvic fin transparent or light yellowish to greyish.</p><p>Juvenile coloration in life. (based on tank-raised juveniles of approximately 14.1 mm SL to 21.5 mm SL; Appendix: Supplementary Fig. 4).</p><p>Body ground coloration whitish to beige. Greyish melanin pattern on flank consisting of irregular blotches and vertical bars (and not regularly shaped vertical bars as in sympatric Pseudocrenilabrus sp. “Lufubu B?” juveniles); up to six blackish stripe-like blotches along dorsal fin base present, forming an interrupted dorsal medial band. Faint grey lachrymal stripe. Iris greyish. Dorsal fin hyaline with few white to bluish spots, all other fins hyaline, no Pseudocrenilabrus blotch on anal fin. Tip of anal-fin membrane light orange in juveniles over ~ 20 mm SL.</p><p>Coloration in alcohol. Pigmentation and melanin patterns similar to live specimens, but due to preservation original coloration lost, rendering melanin pattern more intense than in live specimens. Overall body coloration brownish. Chest and belly brownish, particularly in males, to beige. Branchiostegal membrane dusky, especially in males, to light greyish. Ethmoidal area and lips greyish brown. Cheek light brownish; cheek stripe dark brown. Operculum greyish to brownish; opercular spot dark brown. Vertical bars and caudal fin base dark brown; the anterior three to four vertical bars might be connected at the level of the horizontal line. Dorsal fin greyish, dorsal fin lappets transparent to whitish. Anal fin light greyish to grey; Pseudocrenilabrus blotch in males whitish, not visible in females (vs. visible in life). Caudal fin grey brownish. Pectoral fin beige to light grey. Pelvic fin dusky in males and beige to greyish in females.</p><p>......continued on the next page</p><p>Distribution and biology. Lufubuchromis relictus is only known from the upper reaches of the Lufubu River and its tributaries, including small streams and creeks, on the northeastern Zambian High Plateaux. The ichthyofauna of the lower Lufubu is clearly different from the one in the upper Lufubu, which appears to be the result of isolation by a series of cascades and waterfalls (Koblmüller et al. 2012, Schedel et al. 2018). At the type locality, the Mululwe River is about 15 m wide with an estimated average depth of 50 cm; it is rocky with patches of sand and gravel and with few patches of submerged vegetation (e.g. Nymphaea sp.).</p><p>No stomach contents were examined but Indermaur (2014) suggested that L. relictus feeds on insect larvae and detritus. Lufubuchromis relictus is a maternal mouthbrooder. In captivity the clutch-size varied between 20 and 30 eggs with an incubation time of 18 to 20 days (Indermaur 2014). In the wild (Luwle Creek) mouth-brooding females were observed to form groups (pers. obs. F. Schedel).</p><p>Etymology. The species name relictus [L.] refers to the restricted distribution of this species in the isolated upper region of an ancient plateau. The basal phylogenetic position of Lufubuchromis (together with Orthochromis kalungwishiensis) as the ancient mitochondrial sister group of all other members of the Pseudocrenilabrus lineage (Koblmüller et al. 2008, Schedel et al. 2019) suggests that it represents a relict ancient evolutionary lineage, that once may have had a wider distribution. The specific epithet is an adjective.</p><p>Remarks: Comparisons of the two new genera with all other haplotilapiine genera. Based on molecular phylogenetic data Palaeoplex and Lufubuchromis are placed within the informally recognized Pseudocrenilabrus group (see above, Table 1). Both new taxa can be distinguished from members of the haplotilapiine tribes Coelotilapiini, Coptodonini, Gobiocichlini, Heterotilapiini, Oreochromini, Pelmatolapiini, Steatocranini and Tilapiini by possessing at least a few weakly ctenoid flank scales (vs. cycloid scales; for details see Dunz et al. 2013). Furthermore, both new genera can be distinguished from the Lake Tanganyika tribes of the haplotilapiine East African cichlid radiation as follows: from Boulengerochromini by having ctenoid scales vs. cycloid scales (Poll 1986); from Bathybatini (including Trematocara Boulenger 1899b), Cyphotilapiini (including Trematochromis benthicola (Matthes 1962)) and Limnochromini by having bicuspid teeth in the outer row of the oral jaws (teeth towards corner of mouth might be unicuspid, though) vs. conical (unicuspid) teeth (in juvenile Cyphotilapia Regan 1920 bicuspid teeth become unicuspid when adult; in addition members of the genus Cyphotilapia develop a distinct hump on the forehead which is not present in Palaeoplex or Lufubuchromis (Poll 1986, Takahashi 2003b)); from Cyprichromini and Benthochromini by having a rounded to subtruncate caudal fin outline vs. a truncated one (Takahashi 2003b); from Ectodini by having fewer total vertebrae 27–30 ( Palaeoplex) / 27–29 ( Lufubuchromis) vs. 31–38 and fewer horizontal line scales 28–31 ( Palaeoplex) / 26–30 ( Lufubuchromis) vs. 32–64 (Poll 1986, Altner et al. 2017); from Eretmodini by having scales on operculum and cheek vs. a scaleless condition (Lippitsch 1998); from Lamprologini by having three anal fin spines vs. four or more and by having bicuspid teeth in the outer row of the oral jaw vs. conical (unicuspid) teeth (Poll 1986, Takahashi 2003b); and from Perissodini by having an inner series of teeth in the oral jaw vs. absence of inner teeth series (Takahashi 2003b).</p><p>From the members of Orthochromis s.s. (“Malagarasi- Orthochromis ” sensu Weiss et al. 2015) the new species can be distinguished by fewer dorsal-fin spines 14–15 ( Palaeoplex) / 15–16 ( Lufubuchromis) vs. 16–22, and by having more scales on cheek 2–4 ( Palaeoplex) / 3–5 ( Lufubuchromis) vs. 0–1 (Schedel et al. 2018).</p><p>Further, Palaeoplex and Lufubuchromis can be distinguished from Ctenochromis pectoralis Pfeffer 1893, the earliest splitting lineage of Haplochromini (e.g. Verheyen et al. 2003, Koblmüller et al 2008, Schedel et al. 2019), by having fused hypuralia 1+2 (in Lufubuchromis hypuralia 1+2 are either fused or fused with distinctly visible suture) and 3+4 vs. separate hypuralia (Greenwood 1979); both new taxa can be distinguished from C. pectoralis and other haplochromine cichlids originally placed by Greenwood 1979 in Ctenochromis by having no abrupt size transition between very small chest scales and larger ventrolateral anterior flank scales vs. abrupt size transition of scales sizes and by having a fully scaled chest vs. naked areas on chest in C. pectoralis .</p><p>From Astatoreochromis Pellegrin, 1904 both new taxa can be distinguished by having fewer dorsal fin spines 14–15 ( Palaeoplex) / 15–16 ( Lufubuchromis) vs. 16–20, and by having fewer anal fin spines 3 vs. 3–7 (Banyankimbona et al. 2013). From haplochromine cichlids placed by Greenwood (1979) in Thoracochromis both new taxa can be distinguished by having no abrupt size transition between very small chest scales and larger ventrolateral anterior flank scales vs. an abrupt size transition of scales sizes in these taxa (Greenwood 1979). Further, Palaeoplex and Lufubuchromis can be distinguished from haplochromine cichlids placed by Greenwood (1979) in Astatotilapia Pellegrin, 1904 and from Haplochromis Hilgendorf, 1888 by missing true ocelli on the anal fin; and further from Greenwood´s Astatotilapia by having more total gill rakers 12–17 ( Palaeoplex) / 10–12 ( Lufubuchromis) vs 8–9 (Greenwood 1979) and from Haplochromis by having fused hypuralia 1+2 (in Lufubuchromis hypuralia 1+2 are either fused or fused with distinctly visible suture) and 3+4 vs. non fused. From members of the megadiverse haplochromine Lake Malawi radiation they can be distinguished by the absence of any ocellate or non-ocellate anal fin mark, whether round or longitudinally arranged along anal fin rays vs. present (at least in most genera; Konings 2007, Eccles &amp; Trewavas 1989).</p><p>Palaeoplex and Lufubuchromis are distinguished from members of the serranochromine lineage (sensu Greenwood 1993) by occurrence of ctenoid scales above the lateral line (Supplementary Fig 2. &amp; 3), despite the fact that most scales are cycloid in these taxa) vs. cycloid scales above lateral line in serranochromines; and by the complete absence of non-ocellated anal fin markings vs. present in serranochromines.</p><p>Both new taxa are distinguished from Haplochromis vanheusdeni Schedel, Friel &amp; Schliewen 2014 by having fewer dorsal fin spines, i.e. 14–15 ( Palaeoplex) / 15–16 ( Lufubuchromis) vs. 16–17; further H. vanheusdeni features true ocelli on the anal fin (Schedel et al. 2014). Finally, the two genera are distinguished from Orthochromis indermauri Schedel, Vreven, Katemo Manda, Abwe, Chocha Manda &amp; Schliewen 2018 by having fewer dorsal fin spines 14–15 ( Palaeoplex) / 15–16 ( Lufubuchromis) vs. 17–18.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E787C3FFDDFF84FF0998E5A219D1A9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Schedel, Frederic D. B.;Kupriyanov, Viviane M. S.;Katongo, Cyprian;Schliewen, Ulrich K.	Schedel, Frederic D. B., Kupriyanov, Viviane M. S., Katongo, Cyprian, Schliewen, Ulrich K. (2020): Palaeoplex gen. nov. and Lufubuchromis gen. non, two new monotypic cichlid genera (Teleostei: Cichlidae) from northern Zambia. Zootaxa 4718 (2): 191-229, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4718.2.3
