identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03E6AF32FFD4764185EBFD4CFD7EF8AE.text	03E6AF32FFD4764185EBFD4CFD7EF8AE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Garreta australugens Davis & Deschodt 2018	<div><p>Garreta australugens Davis &amp; Deschodt, new species</p><p>Figs 1–4</p><p>Description of holotype. Holotype ♂: 20.3 x 11.6 mm (length with head extended x maximum width). Habitus uniformly charcoal black.</p><p>Head. Clypeus with four well defined denticles; middle two denticles larger and separated by right-angled gap; clypeal surface with large, irregular granules that are close together but clearly separated by dense microgranulation.</p><p>Pronotal disc. Surface of pronotum with small more or less rounded and irregularly spaced granules that are separated by less than one or two granule diameters; area between granules, micro-granular giving a shagreened appearance. Longitudinal midline almost indiscernible. Two very short diagonal grooves (basal impressions) on each side of midline at the base of pronotum.</p><p>Elytra. Surface sculpture of elytral interstriae similar to pronotum, i.e. large granules separated by one to three granule diameters; area between granules very finely microgranular with a shagreened appearance. First elytral striae next to midline with widely spaced and very faint punctures; all other striae apunctate, narrow, unclear and shagreened.</p><p>Anterior legs. Narrow and slightly curved inwards.</p><p>Aedeagus. Similar to other species of Garreta (Fig. 3).</p><p>Sexual dimorphism. Inward curving front legs of male type material narrower than those of females. Terminal spur of front legs acute in females and more blunt in males.</p><p>Variability. The colour of paratype specimens is uniform with no variation; size of paratype specimens varies from slightly smaller to slightly larger than the holotype.</p><p>Etymology. The name is a combination of the specific name of its closest relative Garreta lugens and its southern distribution.</p><p><a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.339724&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-24.540833" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.339724/lat -24.540833)">Type</a> specimens examined. Holotype ♂: "Wildlife College, Site 3, S24°32’27” E31°20’23”, 23-25.xi.2009, C. Du Toit &amp; C. Jacobs. ", in SANC . Paratypes: 2 spec. same data as holotype, in UPSA; 1 spec. "S. Afr.; Transvaal, Pafuri, 29.3.73., Potg.&amp;Scholtz", in TMSA ; 1 spec. " Bubye River S. Rhodesia 29/10/73, N.J.Duke ", in TMSA ; 2 spec. "2553a. Satara, KNP, 19.I.82, Various soil and vegetation types, Doube &amp; Macqueen, COLS01270 ", in SANC ; 1 spec. "329, GORONGOSA N.P., Mozam. 11-28.I.72, Bornemissza &amp; Kirk, COLS08747 ", in SANC ; 1 ♂ spec. "BIRCHENOUGH BRIDGE, Rhod. (60 kms E) 18.I.74, H.H. Aschenborn, COLS08748 ", in SANC . All SANC specimens (except holotype) have two additional determination labels: Garreta lugens (Fairmaire, 1891), det . CSIRO, DBRU and Garreta lugens (Fairmaire, 1891), det. ALV Davis, 2013.</p><p>Differential diagnosis. This new species can be easily separated from Garreta lugens by pronotal granulation; granules are clearly separate and more or less round in Garreta australugens new species, whereas those of G. lugens are often connected forming irregular shapes.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E6AF32FFD4764185EBFD4CFD7EF8AE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Davis, Adrian L. V.;Deschodt, Christian M.	Davis, Adrian L. V., Deschodt, Christian M. (2018): Two new species of Garreta Janssens, 1940 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) from Southern Africa. Zootaxa 4450 (2): 242-248, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4450.2.4
03E6AF32FFD4764485EBF82BFF63FE5E.text	03E6AF32FFD4764485EBF82BFF63FE5E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Garreta namalugens Davis & Deschodt 2018	<div><p>Garreta namalugens Davis &amp; Deschodt, new species</p><p>Figs 1–6</p><p>Description of holotype. Holotype ♂: 14.1 x 8.7 mm (length with head extended x maximum width). Habitus uniformly charcoal with dark blue or green undertone; undertone occasionally cupreous.</p><p>Head. Clypeus with four denticles; right angled gap between middle two denticles; outside denticles rounded; clypeal surface with irregular granules, which are close together but clearly separated from one another.</p><p>Pronotum. Pronotum surface very finely shagreened with small, discrete granules that are separated by more than one granule diameter. Sculpture-free longitudinal midline extends from the basal margin halfway up the disc of the pronotum.</p><p>Elytra. Elytral interstriae with similar surface sculpture to the pronotum, i.e. very finely shagreened with small granules that are separated by more than one granule diameter. Striae are narrow, unclear, shagreened and apunctate.</p><p>Anterior legs. Narrow and strongly curved inwards.</p><p>Aedeagus. Similar to other species of Garreta (Fig. 3).</p><p>Sexual dimorphism. Inward curving front legs of male type material are narrower than those of females. Terminal spur of front legs acute in females and more blunt in males.</p><p>Variability. Very little size variation between the paratype specimens; colour varies from dark blue or green undertone to cupreous.</p><p>Etymology. The name is a combination of the specific name of its closest relative Garreta lugens and the Nama people of Namibia.</p><p>Type specimens examined. Holotype ♂: " NamibRand Nature Reserve, S 24.885184° E16.065035 °, 14.iii.2017, 1184m, Deschodt &amp; Davis, Fresh Hyrax dung", in SANC. Paratypes: 18 spec. same as holotype, 10 in UPSA [9 kept in 99% Ethanol to allow for possible future molecular work], 5 in TMSA, 3 in SANC; 6 spec. " <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=12.48&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-17.273333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 12.48/lat -17.273333)">Spitzkoppe</a> S21.829723° E15.181811°, 17-19.iii.2017, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=12.48&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-17.273333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 12.48/lat -17.273333)">Deschodt</a> &amp; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=12.48&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-17.273333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 12.48/lat -17.273333)">Davis</a> ", 2 in UPSA, 2 in TMSA, 2 in SANC; 1 spec. " <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=12.48&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-17.273333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 12.48/lat -17.273333)">Losberg</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=12.48&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-17.273333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 12.48/lat -17.273333)">NamibRand Nature Reserve</a>, S25.073295° E16.048717°, 15.iii.2017 <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=12.48&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-17.273333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 12.48/lat -17.273333)">Deschodt</a> &amp; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=12.48&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-17.273333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 12.48/lat -17.273333)">Davis</a>, Hyrax dung midden", in UPSA; 1 spec. " NAMIBIA: KAOKOLAND, Otjihipa Mountains, base camp at 780 m, 17° 16.4'S 12° 28.8'E, 16-19.iii.2005 ’ E.Holm et al. ", in SANC .</p><p>Differential diagnosis. G. namalugens new species, shows slightly smaller body-size than Garreta australugens new species and Garreta lugens; it also lacks the basal impressions on each side of the midline of the pronotum that are present in G. australugens new species and G. lugens .</p><p>Habitat and distribution. The holotype and two paratype specimens of Garreta australugens, new species were sampled using a composite bait of pig, cattle and elephant dung on finer-grained, gabbro-derived soils in dry, open woodland at the South African Wildlife College on the west border of the Kruger National Park (Davis et al. 2012). Further paratype specimens are known from lowland localities in dry areas of northeast South Africa and southeast Zimbabwe as well as moist areas of central Mozambique. Specimens cited as G. lugens from South Africa, Mozambique and Botswana (Moretto &amp; Génier 2015) are probably also G. australugens new species, although reexamination is required to validate their identity.</p><p>The authors recorded Garreta namalugens new species, flying abundantly on March 13-15th 2017, circa two weeks after substantial rainfall in Namibrand Nature Reserve. Activity was observed throughout the day. Live individuals were seen flying into crevices between huge granite boulders at the edge of the Nubib Mountains, presumably, in search of fresh dung of the Rock Hyrax (Procavia capensis (Pallas, 1766)). Bodies of dead individuals were excavated from silt under the accumulated dung in Hyrax middens. Although G. namalugens new species, was also attracted to pitfall traps baited with pig dung in the mountains, none was observed to fly into the adjacent sandy plains in order to feed on the dung of large herbivorous mammals, comprising either substantial, coarse-fibred, zebra droppings, or, dung pellets dropped by gemsbok or springbok. As regards species in the tribe Gymnopleurini, only Gymnopleurus andreaei Ferreira, 1954, and a few G. humanus Macleay, 1821, were observed on herbivore dung on the plains (ALVD and CMD, pers. observ.). So far, records for G. namalugens new species, have only been validated for west central Namibia with a single specimen from the Kaokoveld in northwest Namibia.</p><p>The three species comprising Garreta australugens new species, G. lugens and G. namalugens new species, appear to represent a radiation between, now, geographically isolated, mostly dry lowlands in southwest, southeast and northeast Africa. However, confirmation of close relationships needs to be made using a molecular systematic analysis.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E6AF32FFD4764485EBF82BFF63FE5E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Davis, Adrian L. V.;Deschodt, Christian M.	Davis, Adrian L. V., Deschodt, Christian M. (2018): Two new species of Garreta Janssens, 1940 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) from Southern Africa. Zootaxa 4450 (2): 242-248, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4450.2.4
