identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03DB87EEFFFD9D5BFF405AC0FCEAF5E7.text	03DB87EEFFFD9D5BFF405AC0FCEAF5E7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Orthomeria Kirby 1904	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Genus  Orthomeria Kirby, 1904</p>
            <p>(Figs. 5–8)</p>
            <p> Type-species:  Phasma (Ascephasma) forstenii Haan, 1842: 114 , by original designation. </p>
            <p> Comments: A revision of this genus was presented by Bragg (2001: 305) and some of the Bornean species were illustrated by Seow-Choen (2016 &amp; 2017). Examination of extensive material of the genus, particularly from throughout the islands of the Philippine but also Wallacea in the authors collection, shows the genus is still in need of a detailed revision. In particular, the current synonymy of  O. pandora (Westwood, 1859) and  O. catadromus (Westwood, 1859) deserves clarification. The first species was originally described upon three ♂♂ originating from the Philippines and the island of Seram in southern Wallacea, and the latter from three females without confirmed locality (see comments by Vallotto et al., 2016: 52 and Seow-Choen, 2018: 553). </p>
            <p> The validity of  Coloratobistus Zompro, 2004 (Type-species:  C. dilawitimpakpak Zompro, 2004: 83 ), a genus described from the Philippine island of Mindanao, is very questionable and deserves evaluation. The very brief and insufficient generic diagnostic given by Zompro (2004: 82) provides no characters that would allow distinction from  Orthomeria . Several ♂♂ at hand from the author’s collection are without any doubt congeneric with  Orthomeria . </p>
            <p>Distribution: Philippines, Wallacea, Borneo and Palawan.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DB87EEFFFD9D5BFF405AC0FCEAF5E7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hennemann, Frank H.	Hennemann, Frank H. (2021): Stick insects of Sulawesi, Peleng and the Sula Islands, Indonesia- a review including checklists of species and descriptions of new taxa (Insecta: Phasmatodea). Zootaxa 5073 (1): 1-189, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5073.1.1
03DB87EEFFFC9D5AFF405EFDFBA0F4EC.text	03DB87EEFFFC9D5AFF405EFDFBA0F4EC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Orthomeria forstenii (Haan 1842)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Orthomeria forstenii (Haan, 1842)</p>
            <p>(Fig. 5)</p>
            <p> 
Phasma (Ascephasma) forstenii 
Haan, 1842: 114 . LT, ♂: Forsten,  Tondano , Celebes [RMNH]; PLT, ♂: no data [RMNH]. (Not: PLT, ♀: no data [RMNH], this specimen is a different species) </p>
            <p> Ascephasma forsteni, Redtenbacher, 1906: 76 . </p>
            <p>Giglio-Tos, 1910: 5.</p>
            <p>Bruner, 1915: 230.</p>
            <p>Werner, 1931: 25.</p>
            <p> Aschipasma forstenii, Westwood, 1859: 93 . </p>
            <p> Aschiphasma forsteni, Vanschuytbroeck &amp; Cools, 1981: 23 . </p>
            <p> Orthomeria forstenii, Kirby, 1904: 420 . </p>
            <p>Günther, 1938: 57.</p>
            <p>Bragg, 1996: 111 (in part—only specimens from Sulawesi) Hennemann, 1998: 125.</p>
            <p>Bragg, 2001: 314, fig. 113 (egg).</p>
            <p>Otte &amp; Brock, 2005: 240.</p>
            <p> Orthomeria pandora, Günther, 1938: 60 . </p>
            <p> Material examined: 1 ♂: Celebes, Manado; 60 76; NHMUK 012496930 [NHMUK]; 1 ♂, 1 ♀: Indonesia, N-Su-lawesi, 1km S Sawangan Flusstal b. River Park Hotel, p 1°22’51’’N, 124°56’56’’E, 01.–03. II.2004, 250– 300m, leg. A Weigel UWS/Plant [NMEG]; 14 ♀♀: Indonesien, Zentral Sulawesi, Prov. Sulawesi Tengah, Palolo District, Palu, VIII.2012 [coll. FH, No’s 0725-1 to 14]; 1 ♂: Nord-Celebes, Toli Toli, 1895,  H. Fruhstorfer ; det. Redtenb.  Ascephasma forsteni ; 20.729 [NHMW, No. 89]; 2 ♂♂: Nord-Celebes, Toli Toli, Nov.-Dez. 1895,  H. Fruhstorfer ; det. Redtenb.  Ascephasma forsteni [NHMW, No. 89]; 1 ♀: Nord-Celebes, Toli Toli, Nov.-Dez. 1895,  H. Fruhstorfer ;  Orthomeria pandora Gtr. Det. [ZMPA]; 1 ♀: Sararin 6.1894, Tomohon, Nord.-Cel.,; Tomohon;  Orthomeria pandora Westw., K. Günther det. [NHMB]; 2 ♀♀ (nymphs): Sarasin IX.1894, Masarang-Kette, Nord.- Celebes;  Orthomeria pandora Westw. , larva K. Günther det. [NHMB], 1 ♂, 1 ♀: Sarasin, 6. II.1895, Lembongpangi (Luwu), elv. 500 m, Cent. Cel.;  Orthomeria pandora Westw. K. Günther det. [NHMB]; 3 ♂♂: Indonesien, Zentral Sulawesi, Prov. Sulawesi Tengah, Sigi Regency, Palolo, Mount Nokilalaki, V.2012 [coll. FH, No’s 0725-15 to 17]; 2 ♂♂: Central Sulawesi, Prov. Sulawesi Tengah, Sigi Regency, Palolo, Mount Nokilalaki, V.2012 [coll. SLT]. </p>
            <p> Comments: This species was originally described from two ♂♂ and a ♀ from Tondano, Minahasa in northern Sulawesi. The specimen which Haan (1842: 114) described as the ♀ of  O. forstenii is not the same species, a fact that was first recognized by Redtenbacher (1906: 76) and subsequently confirmed by Bragg (2001: 316). While Redtenbacher attributed the specimen to  O. pandora (Westwood, 1859) , this was rejected by Bragg (2001: 316) who left the identity as yet unconfirmed. Indeed, the specimen has much longer wings than all other ♀♀ that are here attributed to  O. forstenii and have collecting data. Unfortunately however, Haan’s specimen could only be examined from a single photograph which is why the exact identity still remains unclarified. Bragg (2001: 314) designated a lectotype for  O. forstenii to guarantee stability of the taxon and provided a description of the ♀♀ based on a speci-men from Lore Lindu National Park, Sulawesi Tengah. In addition, Bragg (2001: 315) provided a description and illustrations of the eggs. </p>
            <p> With great certainty  O. forstenii is an endemic of Sulawesi, hence the records from the Philippines (islands of Mindanao and Leyte) are here regarded as wrong. Specimens at hand from both these islands in the authors collection clearly represent a distinct species. </p>
            <p> Variability:  Females occur in two different colour forms, having the costal region of the alae anterior to the radial vein either plain orange (Figs. 5A, C) or pale green (Figs. 5B, D); correspondingly the veins posterior to the radial vein are either orange or green. Green specimens may have the basal portion more or less distinctly orange although (Fig. 5D). The tegmina are mostly orange but green in specimens that also have the entire anterior portion of the alae green. The antennae are always black basally and gradually become dark brown towards the tip. Abdominal tergum VII is pale cream to mid brown and abdominal terga II – VI may have two faint but broad and parallel longitudinal pale stripes. Body lengths ♀♀: 44.0–51.0 mm, ♂♂ [coll. FH] 36.3–37.5 mm . </p>
            <p>Distribution: N-Sulawesi, Sulawesi Utara, Minahasa, Tondano [RMNH]; N-Sulawesi, Minahasa, Tomohon [NHMB]; N-Sulawesi, Minahasa, S-Sawangan River valley, 250–300 m [NMEG]; N-Sulawesi, Sulawesi Utara, Minahasa, Gunung Masareng [NHMB]; N-Sulawesi, Sulawesi Utara, Manado [NHMUK]; N-Sulawesi, Sulawesi Tengah, Tolitoli [NHMW, ZMAS]; Central Sulawesi, Sulawesi Tengah, Lore Lindu National Park, Kamarora [coll. PEB]; Central Sulawesi, Sulawesi Tengah, Palu [coll. FH]; Central Sulawesi, Sulawesi Tengah, Mount Nokilalaki [coll. FH]; Central Sulawesi, Sulawesi Tengah, between Palu &amp; Kulavi [IRSN].</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DB87EEFFFC9D5AFF405EFDFBA0F4EC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hennemann, Frank H.	Hennemann, Frank H. (2021): Stick insects of Sulawesi, Peleng and the Sula Islands, Indonesia- a review including checklists of species and descriptions of new taxa (Insecta: Phasmatodea). Zootaxa 5073 (1): 1-189, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5073.1.1
03DB87EEFFFE9D43FF405EFDFB6FF205.text	03DB87EEFFFE9D43FF405EFDFB6FF205.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Orthomeria limogesi Hennemann & Le Tirant 2021	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Orthomeria limogesi Hennemann &amp; Le Tirant n. sp.</p>
            <p>(Figs. 6–8)</p>
            <p> HT,   ♂: E-Sulawesi, Prov. Sulawesi Tengah, Banggai Ids. E-Peleng Island,  Tinangkung Utara District , near Luksagu village, ca. 60 m elev., A. Brata leg., XI–XII.2016 [IMQC]  . </p>
            <p> PT,   27 ♂♂, 24 ♀♀: E-Sulawesi, Prov. Sulawesi Tengah, Banggai Ids., E-Peleng Island,  Tinangkung Utara District , near Luk-sagu village, ca. 60 m elev., A. Brata leg., XI–XII.2016 [IMQC]  . </p>
            <p> PT,   1 ♂, 1 ♀: E-Sulawesi, Prov. Sulawesi Tengah, Banggai Ids., E-Peleng Island,  Tinangkung Utara District , near Luksagu vil-lage, ca. 60 m elev., A. Brata leg., XI–XII.2016 [MNHN]  . </p>
            <p> PT,   1 ♂, 1 ♀: E-Sulawesi, Prov. Sulawesi Tengah, Banggai Ids., E-Peleng Island,  Tinangkung Utara District , near Luksagu vil-lage, ca. 60 m elev., A. Brata leg., XI–XII.2016 [IRSN]  . </p>
            <p> PT,   1 ♂, 1 ♀: E-Sulawesi, Prov. Sulawesi Tengah, Banggai Ids., E-Peleng Island,  Tinangkung Utara , District, near Luksagu village, ca. 60 m elev., A. Brata leg., XI–XII.2016 [NHMB]  . </p>
            <p> PT,   1 ♂, 1 ♀: E-Sulawesi, Prov. Sulawesi Tengah, Banggai Ids., E-Peleng Island,  Tinangkung Utara District , near Luksagu vil-lage, ca. 60 m elev., A. Brata leg., XI–XII.2016 [NHMW]  . </p>
            <p> PT,   1 ♂, 1 ♀: E-Sulawesi, Prov. Sulawesi Tengah, Banggai Ids., E-Peleng Island,  Tinangkung Utara District , near Luksagu vil-lage, a. 60 m elev., A. Brata leg., XI–XII.2016 [SMFM]  . </p>
            <p> PT,   1 ♂, 1 ♀: E-Sulawesi, Prov. Sulawesi Tengah, Banggai Ids., E-Peleng Island,  Tinangkung Utara District , near Luksagu vil-lage, ca. 60 m elev., A. Brata leg., XI–XII.2016 [CMN]  . </p>
            <p> PT,   2 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀: O-Sulawesi, Prov. Sulawesi Tengah, Banggai Ids., W-Peleng Island,  Buko District , Tinanasu, VI.2011 [coll. FH, No’s 0734-1 to 4]  . </p>
            <p> PT,   11 ♂♂, 6 ♀♀: O-Sulawesi, Prov. Sulawesi Tengah, Banggai Ids. E-Peleng Island,  Tinangkung Utara District , near Luksagu village, ca. 60 m elev., E. Brata leg., XI–XII.2016 [coll. FH, No’s 0734-5 to 21]  . </p>
            <p> PT,   5 ♂♂, 5 ♀♀: O-Sulawesi, Prov. Sulawesi Tengah,  Banggai-Inseln , W-Peleng Island,  Buko District , btw. Tatendeng village and Eben village 400–550 m, IX.2011 [coll. FH, No’s 0734-22 to 31]  . </p>
            <p> PT,   1 ♂, 1 ♀: E-Sulawesi, Prov. Sulawesi Tengah, Banggai Ids. E-Peleng Island,  Tinangkung Utara District , near Luksagu vil-lage, ca. 60 m elev., E. Brata leg., XI–XII.2016 [coll. RTC]  . </p>
            <p> PT,   1 ♂, 1 ♀: E-Sulawesi, Prov. Sulawesi Tengah, Banggai Ids. E-Peleng Island,  Tinangkung Utara District , near Luksagu vil-lage, ca. 60 m elev., E. Brata leg., XI–XII.2016 [coll. RL]  . </p>
            <p> PT,   2 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀: E-Sulawesi, Prov. Sulawesi Tengah, Banggai Ids. E-Peleng Island,  Tinangkung Utara District , near Luksagu village, ca. 60 m elev., E. Brata leg., XI–XII.2016 [coll. AB]  . </p>
            <p> PT,   3 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀: E-Sulawesi, Prov. Sulawesi Tengah,  Banggai-Islands , W-Peleng Island,  Bulagi District , Alul village near Bulagi, VI.2020  [coll. EB]. </p>
            <p> PT,   ♀: Indonesia:  Peleng ,  Tinangkung Utara District ,  Luksagu , Hutanlomou, Lolou Forest, 1.I.2016, A. Brata leg. [coll. RTC]  . </p>
            <p> PT,   ♂: Indonesia, W-Peleng Is.,  Buko District Tinanasu , 1.2017 [coll. RTC]  . </p>
            <p>PT, ♂: Indonesia, Peleng, 06.2007 [coll. OC, No. 0543-1].</p>
            <p>PT, ♂: Indonesia, Peleng, 08.2006 [coll. OC, No. 0543-2].</p>
            <p>PT, ♂: Indonesia, Peleng, 04.2007 [coll. OC, No. 0543-3].</p>
            <p>Etymology: This new species is dedicated to René Limoges, entomological technician at the Montreal Insectarium (IMQC), for taking photos of this species for this work as well as for many professional courtesies.</p>
            <p> Differential diagnosis: Readily distinguished from the Sulawesian  O. forstenii (Haan, 1842) by the larger size, longer alae, relatively smaller head and dull orange antennae of both sexes (black in  forstenii ). From the lectotype of the Philippine  O. pandora (Westwood, 1859) ♂♂ of this new species differ by the smaller head, that is notably narrower than the pronotum, in relation slightly shorter mesonotum, differently shaped cerci (Fig. 6F) and dull orange antennae (except scapus and pedicellus). Since the synonymy of  O. catadromus (Westwood, 1859) , which is currently regarded as a synonym of  O. pandora (see Vallotto et al., 2016: 52), deserves validation as no confirmed differentiation of ♀♀ of  O. limogesi n. sp. can be presented at this place. It may however be mentioned that ♀♀ of this new species differ from the type-specimens of  O. catadromus by the relatively smaller head, that is notably narrower than the pronotum and the dull orange antennae. </p>
            <p>Description: The colouration is described from dried specimens and colour photographs taken of live specimens by local collectors.</p>
            <p>(Figs. 7, 8C). Of average size for the genus (body length 46.5–55.5 mm), typical in shape with a comparatively small head, that is narrower than the pronotum. Entire body surface covered with fine, cream to dull yellow setae; setae on legs but tarsi in particular dull orange. General colour mid to dark brown, sometimes with a slight reddish hue. Abdominal tergum VII sometimes of slightly paler colour than rest of body. Head blackish brown and somewhat darker than rest of body and legs. Antennae (except scapus and pedicellus) orange to reddish mid brown. Eyes dark ochre to reddish brown. Tegmina dark orange. Costal region of alae dark brown with veins dark orange; the basal half of the radial vein and some of the diverging transverse veins sometimes with a green wash (Fig. 8C). Anal region of alae plain greyish mid brown, slightly transparent with the longitudinal veins dark brown and the transverse veins transparent (Fig. 7E).</p>
            <p>Head: Wider than long, widest behind eyes, prognathous in lateral view, vertex flat (Fig. 7F); shorter and somewhat narrower than pronotum (Fig. 7G). Genae slightly shorter than diameter of eye. Eyes very large, almost circular in outline and projecting hemispherically. Two very shallow impressions on frons between bases of antennae. Gula sclerite very narrow and transverse. Antennae cylindrical, reaching to abdominal segment V and consisting of ca. 62–64 antennomeres. Scapus slightly compressed dorsoventrally, rectangular in dorsal aspect and about 1.3x longer than wide. Pedicellus round in cross-section, slightly constricted towards apex and shorter than scapus. Antennomere III about equal in length to scapus and pedicellus combined. IV much shorter, following ones first notably increasing then decreasing in length.</p>
            <p>Thorax: Pronotum roughly quadrate, the anterior portion with a longitudinal median groove, convex and raised on both sides of groove and notably higher than posterior portion (Fig. 7F). Glandular field elliptical, the foramen slightly anteriad directed and at anterior margin. Posterior margin swollen and almost straight. Mesonotum almost rectangular (Fig. 7G), 1.7x longer than pronotum and approximately 1.6x longer than wide. Mesosternum flat with a slight longitudinal median furrow in anterior half, furcasternum with demarcated furca. Metanotum transverse, with central portion convex and strongly setose. Metasternum with a longitudinal median furrow in anterior half. Tegmina small, spatulate and folded longitudinally (Figs. 7F–G). Alae reaching to posterior portion of abdominal segment VI. Radial vein very strong and sclerotized; this as well as anterior and posterior median veins simple and unbranched (Fig. 7E).</p>
            <p>Abdomen: Abdomen excluding median segment 1.15x longer than head and complete thorax combined. Segments II–V very slightly widening, VI –VII progressively narrowing. II–IV slighty increasing and V–VII decreasing in length with V longest segment; all somewhat longer than wider and almost rectangular. Tergum IX shorter than VIII. Anal segment strongly tectiform with a very obtuse longitudinal median bulge; posterior margin very slightly angular (Fig. 7D). Epiproct very small und wholly conealed under anal segment. Cerci small, round in cross-section, somewhat tapered in the apical half and very gently in-curving; projecting notably over posterior margin of anal segment (Fig. 7B). Subgenital plate deeply keeled, and very slightly reaching beyond apex of abdomen; posterior margin rounded (Fig. 7C).</p>
            <p>Legs: Short and fairly stocky; all femora with very indistinct and rounded dorsal carinae, the two outer ventral carinae more defined but unarmed, or at best with a single sub-apical spine weakly indicated. Tibiae slightly shorter than corresponding femora and almost circular in cross-section with the two outer ventral carinae just very weakly indicated. Basitarsus of all tarsi a little longer than following two tarsomeres combined. Ungues pectinate (Fig. 6C).</p>
            <p>♂ (Figs. 6, 8D). Of average size for the genus (body length 41.5–46.3 mm), shape very typical but with a comparatively small head that is notably smaller than the pronotum. Entire body surface, legs and tarsi densely setose, colour of setae dull yellow (body) to pale orange (tarsi). General colour plain black, tarsomere V and ungues dull orange. Antennae fairly bright dull orange except for scapus and pedicellus. Tegmina and alae as in ♀♀ but areas between veins in costal region of alae anterior to radial vein may be increasingly to almost entirely orange (Fig. 6B) to red (Fig. 8D).</p>
            <p>Head: Generally as in ♀♀ but eyes relatively larger and much more strongly projecting. Length of gena cor-responding to only about ¾ the diametre of eye (Figs. 6-D–E). Antennae as in ♀♀ and reaching to posterior margin of abdominal segment VI.</p>
            <p>Thorax: Pronotum generally as in ♀♀ but the anterior portion somewhat less swollen (Fig. 6D). Mesonotum very slightly more elongate than in ♀♀, being almost 1.7x longer than wide with the anterior margin strongly swol-len and gently V-shaped (Fig. 6E). Longitudinal median furrow of meso- and metasternum very shallow. Tegmina and alae as in ♀♀, but the tegmina notably larger (Figs. 6D–E) and the alae reaching to posterior margin of abdomi-nal segment VI (Fig. 8D).</p>
            <p>Abdomen: Abdomen excluding median segment 1.25x longer than combined length of head and complete thorax. Segments II–V almost uniform in length and width, VI and VII progressively shorter and slightly widening. II–V on average 1.6x longer than wide, VII just indistinctly longer than wide. Anal segment slightly longer than tergum IX, strongly tectiform and without ventral thorn pads at posterolateral angles; the posterior margin broadly rounded. Epiproct very small, triangular and fully hidden under anal segment. Vomer acutely triangular, strongly sclerotized and with a pointed, up-curving terminal hook. Cerci large, almost 1.5x length of anal segement, slightly compressed laterally and generally bone-shaped in lateral aspect with the median portion constricted and the apex strongly expanded and angular (Fig. 6F). The lower angle much more expanded than the upper one and obtuse, the upper angle bearing a sclerotized and shiny, blade-like ridge. Poculum large, scoop-shaped and projecting beyond apex of abdomen by about 2/3 the length of anal segment (Fig. 6F).</p>
            <p>Legs: As in ♀♀ but averaging more slender. Ungues pectinate (Fig. 6C).</p>
            <p>Variability: Females do not show any noteworthy variability, except for a rather remarkable range in body length (see table 1 below) and slight variability in overall colour. Males in contrast show considerable variability in the colouration of the costal region of the alae anterior to the radial vein. This is mostly coloured more or less like the posterior portion, being brown with dull orange veins, but a good number of specimens has the areas between the veins increasingly orange, particularly towards the base of the wing. In a very few specimens the anterior portion is almost entirely orange. It shall also be mentioned that on average specimens from Tinanasu are slightly larger than ones from Luksagu.</p>
            <p> Comments: This species is fairly common in lowland regions throughout most of Peleng and can frequently be found on small trees of an unidentified species, that most likely belongs in the genus  Macaranga (Euphorbiaceae) . This tree appears to be the main host plant of  Orthomeria limogesi n. sp. (Figs. 8A–B). Eggs not available. </p>
            <p>Distribution: Apparently endemic to the Island of Peleng, the largest of the Banggai Islands.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DB87EEFFFE9D43FF405EFDFB6FF205	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hennemann, Frank H.	Hennemann, Frank H. (2021): Stick insects of Sulawesi, Peleng and the Sula Islands, Indonesia- a review including checklists of species and descriptions of new taxa (Insecta: Phasmatodea). Zootaxa 5073 (1): 1-189, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5073.1.1
03DB87EEFFE49D42FF405EFDFE97F61F.text	03DB87EEFFE49D42FF405EFDFE97F61F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pylaemenes moluccanus (Redtenbacher 1906)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Pylaemenes moluccanus (Redtenbacher, 1906)</p>
            <p>(Figs. 9–10)</p>
            <p> Datames moluccanus Redtenbacher, 1906: 51 . LT (by present designation), ♂: Coll. Br. v. W, Ins. Kalidupa H. Kühne; 24.846; det. Redtenb.  Datames moluccanus ;  Datames moluccanus Redt. Kalidupa prope Celebes. Type! [NHMW, No. 47]; PLT, 1 ♂, 2 ♀♀: Coll. Br. v. W. Ins. Kalidupa, H. Kühne; det. Redtenb.  Datames moluccanus [NHMW, No. 47]; PLT, ♂: Coll. Br. v. W. Ins. Kalidupa bei Celebes, H. Kühne; det. Redtenb.  Datames moluccanus ; Kalidupa [NHMW, No. 47]. </p>
            <p>Brock, 1998: 43.</p>
            <p> Pylaemenes moluccanus, Zompro, 2004: 226</p>
            <p>Otte &amp; Brock, 2005: 297.</p>
            <p> Datames oileus, Günther, 1938: 57 , 60 [Misidentification; specimens from Sulawesi in NHMB]. </p>
            <p> Material examined:  1 ♂, 1 ♀ (in copula): Luwu, Lembongpangi, c. 500 m, 6 II . 95; Sarasin, 6. II  .1895 , Lembong-pangi (Luwu), ca. 500 m, Centr.- Cel.;  Pylaemenes coronatus de Haan. K. Günther det. [NHMB]. </p>
            <p> Comments: Examination of the two specimens in NHMB recorded by Günther (1938: 60) has shown these to have been misidentified (Fig. 10). They match best with the five type specimens of  P. moluccanus (Redtenbacher, 1906) in NHMW (Fig. 9), that originate from Pulau Kaledupa, an island of the Tukangbesi Islands, Wakatobi Regency, an archipelago to the southeast of Sulawesi (Fig. 3). The two specimens however differ from the typical examples of  P. moluccanus by the smaller size, somewhat less stocky shape and averaging less pronounced body armature and sculpturing. In comparison, all the spines, tubercles and swellings of the body and legs are mostly identical but smaller and less acute. In addition to these two specimens, the author has seen pictures of a ♀ from Mamasa, Central Sulawesi which also matches well with the types of  P. moluccanus but in respect of the size and degree of body armature and sculpturing is intermediate between the specimens in NHMB from Central Sulawesi and the types of  P. moluccanus from Kaledupa. The ♂ syntype which bears a collection number and a handwrit-ten label by Redtenbacher stating “Type!” is here selected as the lectotype of  Datames moluccanus to guarantee stability of the name (Figs. 9C–D). This is in accordance with Article 74 of the ICZN Code (ICZN, 1999).  P. oileus (Westwood, 1859) differs from these Sulawesian specimens in numerous aspects, e.g. the armature of the head and shape of the anal segment. </p>
            <p>  Redtenbacher (1906: 51) cited a body length of 58.0–60.0 mm for ♀♀ and 50.0–52.0 mm for ♂♂ (shortest body length refers to lectotype). For comparison the measurements of the notably smaller specimens from NHMB are presented in table 2 below. Illustrations of the type specimens and the couple in copula from NHMB are presented to illustrate the mentioned differences and support future work on the arrangement of Wallacean representatives of  Pylaemenes . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DB87EEFFE49D42FF405EFDFE97F61F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hennemann, Frank H.	Hennemann, Frank H. (2021): Stick insects of Sulawesi, Peleng and the Sula Islands, Indonesia- a review including checklists of species and descriptions of new taxa (Insecta: Phasmatodea). Zootaxa 5073 (1): 1-189, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5073.1.1
03DB87EEFFE99D4EFF405EFDFEB7F615.text	03DB87EEFFE99D4EFF405EFDFEB7F615.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pylaemenes pleurospinosus Hennemann & Le Tirant 2021	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Pylaemenes pleurospinosus Hennemann &amp; Le Tirant n. sp.</p>
            <p>(Fig. 11)</p>
            <p>
                 HT,   ♀: Indonesia,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 123.42333/lat -1.2833333)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=123.42333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-1.2833333">Peleng Island</a>
                 , Tinangkung Utara District, near Luksagu village ca. 60 m elev., 1°17’S 123°25.4’ E, VII.2012 [IMQC, ex coll. FH, No. 1147-1]  . 
            </p>
            <p>
                 PT,   ♀ (n5): Indonesia,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 123.42333/lat -1.2833333)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=123.42333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-1.2833333">Peleng Island</a>
                 , Tinangkung Utara District, near Luksagu village ca. 60 m elev., 1°17’S 123°25.4’ E, VII.2012 [coll. FH, No. 1147-2]  . 
            </p>
            <p>Etymology: The name refers to the prominent and long supra-coxal spine of the mesopleurae, which readily distinguishes this new species from all other Wallacean representatives of the genus.</p>
            <p> Differential diagnosis: Very similar to the type-species  P. coronatus (Haan, 1842) but at once differing from this and all other species of  Pylaemenes so far known to occur throughout Wallacea by the presence of a prominent supracoxal spine on the mesopleurae (Figs. 11F–G). Females, the only sex known furthermore differ from the other Wallacean species by having the supra-coxal spine of the metapleurae notably more prominent and the mesonotum relatively more slender with the lateral margins very gently concave and at the anterolateral angle armed with a prominent, slender laterad directed antero-lateral mesonotal spine (Fig. 11G). </p>
            <p> Description: The description is based exclusively on the unique holotype. The nomenclature used for body armature follows that used for the  Heteropteryginae Kirby, 1896 by Hennemann et al. (2016) and that for the cephalic armature follows the nomenclature used for the genus  Orestes Redtenbacher, 1906 by Bresseel &amp; Constant (2018: 6, fig. 1). </p>
            <p>♀ (Fig. 11). Fairly large (body length 59.0 mm) and moderately stocky for the genus with strongly developed cephalic and body armature and prominent supracoxal spines on the meso- and metapleurae. As typical for the genus, entire dorsal body surface tectinate longitudinally. General colour of the HT greyish and ochraceous mid brown, the lateral margins of the thoracic terga and the base of the large supracoxal spines with a slight pale green wash. All major spines tipped with dull ochre. Abdominal tergum VI with two velvety black, roundly angular central markings. Eyes dull orange.</p>
            <p>Head: Slightly longer than wide with the vertex strongly raised and posteriorly somewhat extending over anterior portion of pronotum, the genae very slightly widening towards the posterior. Frons with a very prominent and long, somewhat anteriad directed pair of supra-antennals, the anterior and posterior supra-occipitals much smaller and bluntly rounded; the posterior pair smaller than the anterior pair. Vertex with two converging cristate and unevenly tri-tuberculate ridges, each of which terminate in a prominent, conical but blunt anterior coronal spine. The supra-orbitals large, similar in size to anterior-coronals and positioned close to the aforementioned ridge (Fig. 11F). The central coronal prominent and bluntly conical; on each side a much smaller, obtuse lateral coronal tubercle. The two posterior coronals prominent, conical and similar in size to the anterior coronals; the lateral coronals at posterior margin of head notably smaller than the median pair. Postocular ridge very prominent, unevenly and obtusely crenulate and posteriorly terminating in a blunt tubercle. Eyes very small, projecting sub-spherically and their diameter contained about 3.2x in length of genae (Fig. 11G). Antennae consisting of 20 segments and notably projecting over apex of protarsi. Scapus longer than wide, somewhat widening towards the base and the outer margin armed with a fairly acute, lateral directed spine at the base and a more blunt, anteriad directed spine at the apex (Fig. 11F). Antennomere III distinctly elongated and longer than pedicellus and all following antennomeres.</p>
            <p>Thorax: Pronotum notably wider and slightly longer than head, roughly quadrate in shape with lateral margins somewhat concave (Fig. 11G). The transverse median sulcus strongly impressed, straight and short. In front of the sulcus a very strong pair of bluntly conical pre-median pronotals and just behind it a small but fairly acute pair of post-medial pronotals. The anterior-mesal pronotals small, the inter-posterior pronotals moderate and rather obtuse. The antero and postero-lateral pronotals at the outer angles of the pronotum weakly developed and blunt. Sensory areas of the prosternum and profurcasternum well developed. Mesothorax moderately slender and 3.5x longer than pronotum, the mesonotum about 2.7x longer than wide and roughly rectangular with the lateral margins very weakly concave (Fig. 11G). Dorsal surface with a prominent longitudinal median carina, which bears a small pair of closely placed pre-median tubercles and a very small pair of post-median tubercles (Fig. 11F). The anterior-mesal pronotal spines at the raised anterior margin very prominent, upright and pointed. The posterior-mesal pronotals notably smaller than the anterior ones. Surface otherwise very spasely and obtusely tuberclose. Lateral margins distinct and set with about six spiniform tubercles, which notably decrease in size towards the posterior; the antero-lateral mesonotal very prominent, long and pointed. Mesopleurae with a longitudinal row of about five blunt tubercles and two supra-coxal spines; the posterior spine very prominent, slender, acutely pointed and strongly projecting laterally (Fig. 11G). Metanotum less than half the length of mesonotum, about 1.4x longer than wide and with lateral margins notably concave; sculptured like mesonotum but only with a fairly small pair of post-median tubercles and the lateral margins with five equally sized blunt tubercles. Metapleurae set with three spiniform lateral tubercles and the same two supra-coxals seen on the mesopleurae; the posterior supra-coxal however even more prominent, comparatively stronger and laterally projecting by almost half the width of metanotum (Figs. 11A, C). Meso- and metasternum with a very faint longutudinal median carina and set with a few indistinct and low paired tubercles (Fig. 11C).</p>
            <p>Abdomen: Median segment transverse with anterior margin widely rounded; the median keel forming an obtuse swelling anteriorly and with two small tubercles posteriorly. Segments IIII–III widening, IV widest, V–VI narrowing, VII narrowest, VIII widening; all transverse and rectangular in outline, IV about 2.6x wider than long. II–VIII with a prominent, tectinate median keel, which is most prominent on V and bears a small pair of median tubercles; near posterior margin with posteromedian pair of spines which is most indistinct on II and most prominent on V. II–VIII with 3–4 small tubercles along lateral margins and each armed with a prominent, straight, lateral directed and acutely pointed posterolateral spine. Median carina on tergum IX strongly raised and forming a large, irregularly shaped crista that posteriorly projects over the anterior portion of the anal segment; lateral margins somewhat deflexed and broadly triangular in outline. Sterna II–VII weakly tectinate longitudinally and with a few scattered, low tubercles. Preopercular organ on sternum VII formed by an obtuse, transverse, scale-like expansion of the posterior margin. Anal segment much narrower than all preceding terga, strongly narrowing towards the posterior and with a blunt longitudinal median carina; the lateral margins with a bluntly triangular expansion in anterior half and the apex bifid with a distinct triangular median excavation (Fig. 11D). Epiproct small, scale-like and concealed under anal segment (Fig. 11E). Subgenital plate moderately convex, carinate medio-longitudinally, not reaching apex of anal segment and the posterior margin broadly rounded (Fig. 11E); the surface unevenly rugulose and with a single spiniform central tubercle on each lateral surface.</p>
            <p>Legs: All moderately long and stocky, all tibiae unarmed. Profemora with a single, blunt sub-apical tooth on posteroventral carina, otherwise unarmed. Meso- and metafemora with a two sub-apical teeth on the two outer ventral carinae of which the apical one is notably larger; furthermore with two blunt teeth in basal half of posterodorsal carina.</p>
            <p>Comments: Males and eggs unknown. The immature ♀ paratype has a body length of 42.0 mm and well ex-hibits the characteristic supracoxal spines of this species.</p>
            <p>Distribution: Apparently endemic to the Island of Peleng, the largest of the Banggai Islands positioned east of Sulawesi.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DB87EEFFE99D4EFF405EFDFEB7F615	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hennemann, Frank H.	Hennemann, Frank H. (2021): Stick insects of Sulawesi, Peleng and the Sula Islands, Indonesia- a review including checklists of species and descriptions of new taxa (Insecta: Phasmatodea). Zootaxa 5073 (1): 1-189, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5073.1.1
03DB87EEFFEA9D4AFF405F05FB29F6AE.text	03DB87EEFFEA9D4AFF405F05FB29F6AE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gibbopromachus Hennemann 2021	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Genus  Gibbopromachus n. gen.</p>
            <p>(Fig. 12)</p>
            <p> Type-species:  Pericentrus tripinnatus Redtenbacher, 1998: 352 , by present designation. </p>
            <p> Pericentrus Redtenbacher, 1908: 352 (in part). </p>
            <p>Brock, 1998: 63.</p>
            <p>Hennemann, 1998: 119.</p>
            <p>Otte &amp; Brock, 2005: 259.</p>
            <p> Neopromachus, Günther, 1938: 58 , 82 (in part). </p>
            <p> Diagnosis:   ♀ (Fig.12). Fairly small (body length 78.0 mm) and stocky  Lonchodinae with very prominent body armature, a strongly swollen mesothorax and a bird-beak like ovipositor. General colour brown with a reddish longitudinal median stripe along most of dorsal body surface. Head and entire body armed with large and strong but obtuse spines of variable sizes (Figs. 12A–B). Head slightly longer than wide, globose with the vertex roundly convex and armed with several prominent coronal spines; another strong pair of spines on frons. Antennae slender, reaching to abdominal segment II and consisting of about 35 antennomeres; scapus compressed dorsoventrally and somewhat deflexed laterally, pedicellus cylindrical, following increasing in length, the antennomeres in median section of antennae extremely elongated, the apical ten or so suddenly much shorter. Antennomere XIV with a shiny, knob-like sub-basal dorsal swelling; the elongated median antennomeres with apex thickened and gently curved. Pronotum notably shorter and narrower than head with a prominent, impressed transverse sulcus and at least a pair of strong spines in posterior half. Mesothorax almost 4x longer than prothorax, gently down-curving, very strongly swollen medially with the mesonotum very prominently raised and humped (Figs. 12A–B). Mesonotum armed with numerous very strong spines, mesopleurae with a marginal row of strong spines and a strong supra-coxal spine. Metanotum roughly 1/3 the length of mesonotum, about 1.6x longer than wide, almost rectangular and almost 2x longer than median segment; armed with two paired spines. Metapleurae principally like mesopleurae. Meso- and metasternum with several strong but short, paired spines. Abdomen longer than head and thorax combined. Median segment somewhat transverse. Segments II – VI decreasing, VII and VIII increasing in length. Terga II and VII with four spines, III – VII with the lateral margins deflexed into a large, almost semi-circular lobe and armed with six spines (Fig. 12A). All terga with a fine, longitudinal median carina. Sterna with paired spines, VII with Preopercular organ formed by two obtusely rounded swellings (Fig. 12E). Terga VIII and IX with an obtuse posteromedian hump. Anal segment strongly narrowed and declining in lateral aspect (Fig. 12C), the apex strongly elongated into a very long and straight, lanceolate projection (apex broken in the unique holotype, Fig. 12D). Cerci very small, conical and gently compressed dorsoventrally. Epiproct very small, triangular and also concealed under apical projection of anal segment. Subgenital plate convex, strongly keeled longitudinally, bulgy in median portion (Fig. 12 C) and with apex elongated into a lanceolate projection, that is not reaching the apex of the anal segment; apex obtusely angular (Fig. 12E). Legs long and moderately slender, profemora a little longer than mesothorax, mesofemora slightly shorter than mesothorax and metafemora reaching to abdominal segment VI. Profemora strongly compressed and curved basally. All femora trapezoidal in cross-section, distinctly carinate and on two outer carinae and posterodorsal carina with a prominent triangular lobe sub-apically. Medioventral carina obtuse. All tibiae slender and longer than corresponding femora, unarmed except for a distinct, rounded sub-basal lobe on medioventral carina. Basitarsi long and slender, somewhat longer than combined length of all remaining tarsomeres  . </p>
            <p> Egg (Figs. 12F–G): The unique egg available from the ovipositor of the holotype of  G. tripinnatus (Redtenbacher, 1908) n. comb. lacks the operculum. Moderately sized (length 3.5 mm), ovoid about 1.7x longer than wide, notably higher than wide and oval in cross-section; the polar end slightly narrowed. Capsule surface minutely and evenly punctured, slightly glossy. General colour flecked with dull ochre and mid brown. Micropylar plate very elongate with anterior half parallel-sided and posterior half gently widened; covering more than ¾ the length of capsule. Micropylar cup small but well defined and placed some distance off posterior end in a narrow posteromedian gap of plate. Median line almost obsolete. </p>
            <p> Differential diagnosis: Numerous morphological characters suggest close relation to the principally New Guinean genus  Neopromachus Giglio-Tos, 1912 , which also has a few representatives on the very eastern islands of Wallacea (e.g. Aru Islands) but east of Weber’s line; this is mainly the prominent spination of the head and body, as well as the bird-beak like secondary ovipositor of ♀♀. Females of this new genus, the only sex known, however differ from those of  Neopromachus by the laterally lobed abdominal terga II–VII, strongly swollen and gibbose mesonotum, angular apex of the subgenital plate (Fig. 12E), considerably longer basitarsi that are longer than the corresponding remaining tarsomeres taken together and extremely elongated median antennomeres. Moreover, the egg is more ovoid and notably less elongate than all known eggs of  Neopromachus . Within the Sulawesian fauna, the beak-like ovipositor resembles  Paramanduria n. gen. , but the strong body armature, more globose head, strongly swollen mesonotum and lateral lobes of the abdominal terga readily distinguish this new genus. The strong body armature resembles  Acanthomenexenus Brock &amp; Hennemann, 2009 , but  Gibbopromachus n. gen. readily differs from that genus by the morphology of the terminalia. </p>
            <p> Comments: The true relationships of this striking new genus are still not fully known and require knowledge of the still unknown ♂♂. Redtenbacher (1908: 352) originally placed this species in the genus  Pericentrus Redtenbacher, 1908 , which however is not closely related and geographically restricted to northern India and Bhutan. A discussion of and redescription of  Pericentrus was presented by Hennemann, Conle &amp; Zhang (2008: 51), who already assumed close relation to  Neopromachus Giglio-Tos, 1912 . </p>
            <p> Etymology: The name is a combination of “ gibbus ” (lat. = hump) and “ promachus ” from the visually very similar looking genus  Neopromachus Giglio-Tos, 1912 . Masculine. </p>
            <p>Distribution: Sulawesi (endemic).</p>
            <p>Species included:</p>
            <p> 1.  Gibbopromachus tripinnatus (Redtenbacher, 1908: 352) [  Pericentrus ]. HT, ♀: Coll. Br. v. W., Celebes, Dr. Sarasin; Lowu Mtne c. 700 m;  Pericentrus 3-pinnatus Redt.; det. Redtenb.  Pericentrus tripinnatus [NHMW, No. 713]. n. comb. </p>
            <p>Distribution: NE-Sulawesi, Prov. Sulawesi Utara, Mount Lowu 700m [NHMW]; NE-Sulawesi, Minahasa, Gunung Sudara summit [NHMB].</p>
            <p> Genus  Hermagoras Stål, 1875</p>
            <p>(Figs. 13, 68A)</p>
            <p> Type-species:  Lonchodes personatus Bates, 1865: 336 , pl. 44: 7 [=  H. foliopeda (Olivier, 1792) ], by subsequent designation of Kirby, 1904: 322. </p>
            <p> Comments: This genus has five known species on Borneo and is represented throughout the southeastern regions of Wallacea by the type-species  H. foliopeda (Olivier, 1792) . On Sulawesi it is represented by one species, which was formerly regarded a subspecies of  H. foliopeda but is here raised to species level. The distinction between  Hermagoras and the morphologically very similar  Mnesilochus Stål, 1877 presented by Seow-Choen (2016: 279) is partly based on a misinterpreted character and is clarified in the comments on  Mnesilochus below. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DB87EEFFEA9D4AFF405F05FB29F6AE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hennemann, Frank H.	Hennemann, Frank H. (2021): Stick insects of Sulawesi, Peleng and the Sula Islands, Indonesia- a review including checklists of species and descriptions of new taxa (Insecta: Phasmatodea). Zootaxa 5073 (1): 1-189, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5073.1.1
03DB87EEFFEC9D48FF405862FEA7F021.text	03DB87EEFFEC9D48FF405862FEA7F021.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hermagoras celebensis Hennemann 1998	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Hermagoras celebensis Hennemann, 1998 n. stat.</p>
            <p>(Figs. 13, 68A)</p>
            <p> Hermagoras foliopeda celebensis Hennemann, 1998: 100 , fig. 6, pl. 3: 8–10. HT, ♂: 7916; Holotypus;  Hermagoras foliopeda celebensis Hennemann, 1998 , det. F. Hennemann I.1997 ♂; S-Sulawesi, Lembang, Maros, leg. Gunawan 12.1995 [MNHU]; AT, ♀: 7917; Holotypus;  Hermagoras foliopeda celebensis Hennemann, 1998 , det. F. Hennemann I.1997 ♀; S-Sulawesi, Lembang, Maros, leg. Gunawan 12.1995 [MNHU]; PT, ♂: Sarasin, 28.I.–1.II.1895, Luwu, Flachland, Boran-Djaladja, Centr.-Cel.;  Lonchodes haematomus K. Günther det. [NHMB, No. VI.D.133]. </p>
            <p>Hennemann &amp; Conle, 1999: 10. (Catalogued)</p>
            <p>Otte &amp; Brock, 2005: 153.</p>
            <p>Zompro, 2005: 262. (Catalogued)</p>
            <p>Henneman &amp; Conle, 2007: 23.</p>
            <p> Comments: Careful re-examination of the type-specimens and comparison with extensive material of the nominate form of  H. foliopeda (Olivier, 1792) from several islands of eastern Wallacea (e.g. Seram, Buru, Ambelau, Kei Islands and Waigeo in the Raja Ampat archipelago) at hand from the author‘s collection and evaluation of specific distinctive characters amongst various species of  Hermagoras show the diagnostic characters of this taxon, along with its isolated western distribution on Sulawesi, to justify raising it to species level. Hence, this Sulawesian form now becomes  H. celebensis Hennemann, 1998 (rev. stat.). Re-examination of the ♀ from Luwu listed along with the ♂ paratype of  H. celebensis in NHMB by Günther (1938: 78) as “  Lonchodes haematomus ”, clearly shows the specimen is not conspecific and moreover not a member of  Hermagoras . It is here described as a new species (→ see  Mnesilochus luwuense n. sp. below). </p>
            <p> A ♂ from Bogani Nani Wartabone National Park, Gorontalo province was examined from a photograph taken by  Pavel Kirillov in December 2012 and is the first record of  H. celebensis from northern Sulawesi (Fig. 68A). </p>
            <p> Differentiation: Since ♀♀ of  H. foliopeda are remarkably polymorphic and show extreme intraspecific variability (see Hennemann &amp; Conle, 1997), likely differences between ♀♀ are dificult to define with only a unique ♀ of  H. celebensis known to date (Figs. 13A–B). Males however show very obvious and constant distinguishing characters and in contrast to ♀♀ of  Hermagoras do not show any noteworthy intraspecific variability. The distinctive black spiniform tubercles near the posterior margin of the metanotum (Fig. 13J), pale granulation of the thorax, contrasting darker median sections of the meso- and metathorax (colour plain in  foliopeda ), the pale cream or grey and black apex of the femora as well as the more slender and apically pointed hemi-tergites of the anal segment (Fig. 13H) readily distinguish ♂♂ from those of  H. foliopeda . </p>
            <p>Distribution: S-Sulawesi, Prov. Selatan (Lembang, Maros); N-Sulawesi, Prov. Gorontalo (Bogani Nani Wartabone N.P.).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DB87EEFFEC9D48FF405862FEA7F021	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hennemann, Frank H.	Hennemann, Frank H. (2021): Stick insects of Sulawesi, Peleng and the Sula Islands, Indonesia- a review including checklists of species and descriptions of new taxa (Insecta: Phasmatodea). Zootaxa 5073 (1): 1-189, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5073.1.1
03DB87EEFFEE9D48FF40585BFC49F568.text	03DB87EEFFEE9D48FF40585BFC49F568.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Leprocaulinus digitatus Hennemann 2021	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> 1.  Leprocaulinus digitatus n. sp.</p>
            <p> Distribution: Central Sulawesi, Prov. Sulawesi Selatan,  Luwu [NHMB]. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DB87EEFFEE9D48FF40585BFC49F568	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hennemann, Frank H.	Hennemann, Frank H. (2021): Stick insects of Sulawesi, Peleng and the Sula Islands, Indonesia- a review including checklists of species and descriptions of new taxa (Insecta: Phasmatodea). Zootaxa 5073 (1): 1-189, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5073.1.1
03DB87EEFFEE9D48FF4058F7FE1BF488.text	03DB87EEFFEE9D48FF4058F7FE1BF488.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Leprocaulinus heinrichi (Gunther 1935)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> 2.  Leprocaulinus heinrichi(Günther, 1935: 6, pl. 1: 4 &amp; 5) [ Carausius ]. HT, ♂: S. Celebes, Lompobatang,  Wawa Karaeng 2000 m, Sept. 1931 G. Heinrich; Typus [MNHU]; AT, ♀: S. Celebes, Lompobatang, Wawa Karaeng 2000 m, Sept. 1931 G. Heinrich; Typus [MNHU]; PT, 1 ♀, 5 ♂♂: S. Celebes, Lompobatang, Wawa Karaeng 2000 m, Sept. 1931 G. Heinrich; Typus [MNHU]. n. comb. </p>
            <p>Comments: Günther (1935: 6) listed six ♂ paratypes, one of which appears lost and could not be traced.</p>
            <p>Distribution: S-Sulawesi, Prov. Sulawesi Selatan, Gunung Lompobatang and Gunung Bawakaraeng “Wawa Karaeng” [MNHU].</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DB87EEFFEE9D48FF4058F7FE1BF488	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hennemann, Frank H.	Hennemann, Frank H. (2021): Stick insects of Sulawesi, Peleng and the Sula Islands, Indonesia- a review including checklists of species and descriptions of new taxa (Insecta: Phasmatodea). Zootaxa 5073 (1): 1-189, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5073.1.1
03DB87EEFFEE9D48FF405DE0FCEDF6A3.text	03DB87EEFFEE9D48FF405DE0FCEDF6A3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Leprocaulinus Uvarov 1940	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Genus  Leprocaulinus Uvarov, 1940</p>
            <p>(Figs. 14–16)</p>
            <p> Type-species:  Leprocaulus altecornutus Redtenbacher, 1908: 473 , by subsequent designation of Hennemann, 1998: 121. </p>
            <p> Comments: This genus appears to be paraphyletic in its present recognition, because it is likely that several species from Sundaland currently attributed to  Carausius Stål, 1875 are congeneric and might prove to be members of  Leprocaulinus once a more extensive study of the concerned taxa is conducted. A morphological distinction between  Carausius and  Leprocaulinus is difficult. The length relation of the median segment and metanotum traditionally used to distinguish ♀♀ of the two genera proves not very useful and the three Sulawesian species covered herein, (two of which are newly described), show that the genus also has apterous ♂♂, a fact not recognised previously. Furthermore, there is considerable confusion concerning the validity of the species and numerous subspecies currently attributed to the genus. A re-organisation has been attempted by Günther (1934b: 81) but the author was not able to examine all necessary type-material in detail and ♀♀ in particular show strong intraspecific variability. Hence, the genus is in need of a detailed revision at the species level. </p>
            <p>Distribution: New Guinea, Thursday Island and Wallacea.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DB87EEFFEE9D48FF405DE0FCEDF6A3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hennemann, Frank H.	Hennemann, Frank H. (2021): Stick insects of Sulawesi, Peleng and the Sula Islands, Indonesia- a review including checklists of species and descriptions of new taxa (Insecta: Phasmatodea). Zootaxa 5073 (1): 1-189, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5073.1.1
03DB87EEFFD19D77FF405EFDFBE7F2C9.text	03DB87EEFFD19D77FF405EFDFBE7F2C9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Leprocaulinus insularis subsp. talaudiensis (Gunther 1934)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> 3.  Leprocaulinus insularis talaudiensis (Günther, 1934b: 79) [  Leprocaulus ]. ST, 2 ♀♀: Talaud, Liroeng, Salibaboe, Erie, V. 1926 [MNHU]; ST, 1 ♂, 2 ♀♀: Talaud, Liroeng, Salibaboe, Erie, V. 1926 [SMTD]; 1 ♂, 5 ♀♀: Talaud, Liroeng, Salibaboe, Erie, V. 1926 [RMNH]. </p>
            <p> Comments: The untraced specimens of the type-series (2 ♂♂, 23 ♀♀ in total) were thought to be in the Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense, Cibinong, Indonesia (MBBJ) by Zompro (2005: 268). The subspecies status of Günther‘s talaudiensis under  L. insularis Kirby, 1896 is very doubtful and requires evaluation. Examination of the type specimens of both taxa rather suggest talaudiensis as a valid specie, but without presenting a revision of the entire genus any decisions appear pre-mature at this point. </p>
            <p>Distribution: Talaud Islands, Pulau Salebabu, Lirung [MNHU, SMTD, RMNH].</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DB87EEFFD19D77FF405EFDFBE7F2C9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hennemann, Frank H.	Hennemann, Frank H. (2021): Stick insects of Sulawesi, Peleng and the Sula Islands, Indonesia- a review including checklists of species and descriptions of new taxa (Insecta: Phasmatodea). Zootaxa 5073 (1): 1-189, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5073.1.1
03DB87EEFFD19D77FF405F95FD1FF1B1.text	03DB87EEFFD19D77FF405F95FD1FF1B1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Leprocaulinus kaupii (Stal 1875) Hennemann 2021	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> 4.  Leprocaulinus kaupii (Stål, 1875: 63) [  Myronides ]. HT, ♂: Coll. Br. v. W., Molukken, Depuiset ded.; det. Br.v. W. Myronides kaupii Stål; 5023 [NHMW, No. 479]. n. comb. </p>
            <p> Comments: The very slender shape, relatively long abdomen and broad hemi-tergites of the anal segment place this species in  Leprocaulinus Uvarov, 1940 , hence it is here removed from  Myronides Stål, 1875 . </p>
            <p>Distribution: „ Maluku Islands “ [NHMW].</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DB87EEFFD19D77FF405F95FD1FF1B1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hennemann, Frank H.	Hennemann, Frank H. (2021): Stick insects of Sulawesi, Peleng and the Sula Islands, Indonesia- a review including checklists of species and descriptions of new taxa (Insecta: Phasmatodea). Zootaxa 5073 (1): 1-189, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5073.1.1
03DB87EEFFD19D77FF405CBCFD04F72D.text	03DB87EEFFD19D77FF405CBCFD04F72D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Leprocaulinus mammatus (Rehn 1904) Hennemann 2021	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> 5.  Leprocaulinus mammatus (Rehn, 1904: 44) [  Carausius ]. </p>
            <p> HT, ♀: Obi Island, Moluccas;  Carausius mammatus Rehn , Type No. 5143;  Carausius mammatus Rehn [ANSP]. rev. stat., n. comb. </p>
            <p> Comments: Examination of the HT clearly places this species in  Leprocaulinus and proves it to be not a synonym of  L. vipera bituber (Sharp, 1898) , a taxon described from New Britain. Instead,  L. mammatus appears to be closely related to  L. vipera vipera (Kaup, 1871) and  L. obiensis (Rehn, 1904) and is here re-established as a valid species. Characters that distinguish it from the latter have been presented by Rehn (1904: 46) and a proper distinction from the nominate form of  L. vipera (Kaup, 1871) , originally described from ♂♂ from Sulawesi, would need material of both sexes.The subspecies and numerous synonymies currently attributed to Kaup’s  vipera are very doubtful and require critical evaluation. </p>
            <p>Distribution: Maluku Islands, Obi [ANSP].</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DB87EEFFD19D77FF405CBCFD04F72D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hennemann, Frank H.	Hennemann, Frank H. (2021): Stick insects of Sulawesi, Peleng and the Sula Islands, Indonesia- a review including checklists of species and descriptions of new taxa (Insecta: Phasmatodea). Zootaxa 5073 (1): 1-189, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5073.1.1
03DB87EEFFD19D77FF405A09FCCAF6D9.text	03DB87EEFFD19D77FF405A09FCCAF6D9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Leprocaulinus obiensis (Rehn 1904)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> 6.  Leprocaulinus obiensis (Rehn, 1904: 46) [  Carausius ]. </p>
            <p> HT, ♀ (penultimate instar): Obi Island, Moluccas;  Carausius obiensis Rehn , Type No. 5142 [ANSP]. </p>
            <p> =  
Carausius bilobulatus 
Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907: 273. HT, ♀ (nymph): “Ins. Moluccae” [MNCN, not traced]. [Synonymised by Günther, 1934b: 84] </p>
            <p> =  Diardia modesta Redtenbacher, 1908: 485 . ST, ♂: Moluques, Obi  Major, Waterstadt 1902 ; type!  Diardia modesta Br. ; Sintipo; MNCN Cat. Tipos N° 7623 [MNCN]; ST, ♂: Nouv.- Guinée, Dorey, Raffray &amp; Maindron, 78, 102; Type;  Diardia modesta Redt. Type [MNHN]. [Synonymised by Günther, 1934b: 84] </p>
            <p> =  
Carausius stultus 
Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907: 273. HT, ♀: “Ins. Moluccae” [MNCN, not traced]. </p>
            <p>[Synonymised by Günther, 1934b: 84]</p>
            <p>Distribution: Maluku Islands, Obi [ANSP, MNCN, MNHN].</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DB87EEFFD19D77FF405A09FCCAF6D9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hennemann, Frank H.	Hennemann, Frank H. (2021): Stick insects of Sulawesi, Peleng and the Sula Islands, Indonesia- a review including checklists of species and descriptions of new taxa (Insecta: Phasmatodea). Zootaxa 5073 (1): 1-189, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5073.1.1
03DB87EEFFD19D77FF405B85FE85F581.text	03DB87EEFFD19D77FF405B85FE85F581.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Leprocaulinus sulawesiense Hennemann 2021	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> 7.  Leprocaulinus sulawesiense n. sp.</p>
            <p>Distribution: S-Sulawesi, Prov. Sulawesi Selatan, Gunung Latimojong, Rantemario, Uru 800 m [MNHU]; S-Sulawesi, Prov. Sulawesi Selatan, Rantepao Palopo km12, ca. 1100 m [coll. FH]; S-Sulawesi, Prov. Su-lawesi Selatan, Tana Toraja, 700 m [coll. FH]; SE-Sulawesi, Mengkoka Mountains, Gunung Tanke Salokko [MNHU].</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DB87EEFFD19D77FF405B85FE85F581	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hennemann, Frank H.	Hennemann, Frank H. (2021): Stick insects of Sulawesi, Peleng and the Sula Islands, Indonesia- a review including checklists of species and descriptions of new taxa (Insecta: Phasmatodea). Zootaxa 5073 (1): 1-189, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5073.1.1
03DB87EEFFD19D77FF4058ADFDE6F4C5.text	03DB87EEFFD19D77FF4058ADFDE6F4C5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Leprocaulinus vipera subsp. vipera (Kaup 1871) vipera (Kaup 1871	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> 8.  Leprocaulinus vipera vipera (Kaup, 1871: 39) [  Necroscia ]. </p>
            <p> LT, ♂:  Necroscia vipera Kp. Celebes [HLDH]; PLT, ♂:  Necroscia vipera Kp. Celebes [HLDH, not traced]. </p>
            <p> Comments: Unfortunately, no fresh material of this species has so far become available for properly re-describing and distinguishing it from closely related taxa. Furthermore, the ♂ LT in HLDH is incomplete and lacks the apex of the abdomen, which adds to the current difficulties concerning the taxonomy of  Leprocaulinus of Wallacea. The three subspecies and six synonyms currently listed under  L. vipera are very doubtful. One of these,  C. mammatus (Rehn, 1904) , is here removed from synonymy under  L. vipera and reinstated as a valid species. </p>
            <p>Distribution: “ Sulawesi ” [HLDH].</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DB87EEFFD19D77FF4058ADFDE6F4C5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hennemann, Frank H.	Hennemann, Frank H. (2021): Stick insects of Sulawesi, Peleng and the Sula Islands, Indonesia- a review including checklists of species and descriptions of new taxa (Insecta: Phasmatodea). Zootaxa 5073 (1): 1-189, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5073.1.1
03DB87EEFFD09D75FF405EFDFBD0F615.text	03DB87EEFFD09D75FF405EFDFBD0F615.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Leprocaulinus digitatus Hennemann 2021	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Leprocaulinus digitatus n. sp.</p>
            <p>(Fig. 14)</p>
            <p> Carausius heinrichi, Günther, 1938: 81 (in part). </p>
            <p> Carausius immundus, Günther, 1938: 58 , 81 (in part). </p>
            <p> HT, ♀: Sarasin—Luwu, Central-Celebes;  Carausius immundus Br. K. Günther det.;  Carausius sp. cf. K. Günther, Mitt. Zool. Mus. Berlin XX, 1935, p. 8. K. Günther det. [NHMB]. </p>
            <p> PT, ♀: Luwu +; Sarasin—Luwu, Central-Celebes;  Carausius immundus Br. K. Günther det.;  Carausius sp. cf. K. Günther, Mitt. Zool. Mus. Berlin XX, 1935, p. 8. K. Günther det. [NHMB]. </p>
            <p> PT,  ♀ (penultimate instar): Sarasin 28.I.–1. II .1895, Luwu, Flachland, Boran Djaladja, Centr. Cel.;  Carausius heinrichi K. Gthr. K. Günther det. [NHMB]. </p>
            <p> Etymology: The name (  digitatus lat. = with fingers) refers to the long and apically bifid, digitiform projecting preopercular organ of ♀♀ of this new species. </p>
            <p> Differential diagnosis: Females (the only sex known) of this new species are very similar to those of  L. sulawesiense n. sp. but differ by the very prominent Preopercular organ on abdominal sternum VII, which is formed by a long, digitiform and apically bifid projection (Figs. 14D, F), as well as the somewhat more prominent cephalad pair of spines. </p>
            <p>Description: ♀ (Figs. 14A–C). Medium-sized for the genus (body length 132.5–149.0 mm), form fairly slen-der with a short median segment and only a pair of low swellings between the eyes. Body surface unevenly tuberculose and granulose, sculpturing variable and occasionally with scale-like swellings and excrescences of variable sizes on abdominal terga I–VII. Colour ranging from buff to greyish brown; occasionally flecked with ochre and in the adult paratype with some irregularly scattered white dots on the thorax and four basal abdominal segments (Fig. 14C). Large tubercles of the head and thorax pale ochre or black. Antennae dull ochre with a few faint dark brown annulae. Eyes dark brown.</p>
            <p>Head: About 1.25x longer than wide, subcylindrical with the genae indistinctly narrowing towards posterior. Frons with two small but deep transverse impressions between bases of antennae. Between the eyes with a slightly swollen transverse area that bears two fairly low and obtusely conical swellings; posteriorly this raised area is bordered by a V-shaped furrow, that expands almost from one eye to the other. Vertex flat and with a prominently impressed coronal line, otherwise set with a few scattered nodes and small tubercles, genae usually with 2–3 obtuse nodes. Posterior margin with a notably enlarged pair of obtuse median swellings. Eyes roughly circular in outline, moderately projecting and their diametre contained almost 2.5x in length of genae. Antennae reaching to anterior margin of median segment. Scapus compressed dorsoventrally, somewhat deflexed laterally oval in outline and 1.7x longer than wide. Pedicellus oval in cross-section and a little more than 1/3 the length of scapus.</p>
            <p>Thorax: Pronotum of similar dimensions as head, with the anterior portion somewhat expanded, the lateral margins notably concave and about 1.4x longer than width of anterior margin. Transverse median sulcus distinct, weakly curved and almost expanding over entire width of segment; anterior margin with a median pair of blunt tubercles and some further paired tubercles on dorsal surface. Mesothorax elongate, slender and about 5.3x longer than prothorax. Mesonotum with a fine but distinct longitudinal median carina and unevenly set with tubercles and nodes of variable sizes. Mesopleurae with a longitudinal median row of rather small nodes; mesosternum acutely keeled medio-longitudinally but otherwise smooth except for a few indistinct granules in posterior portion (Fig. 14G). Metanotum half the length of mesonotum and about 4x longer than wide; sculpturing less pronounced than on mesonotum. Metapleurae and sternum sparsely nodulose.</p>
            <p>Abdomen: Median segment about 2x longer than wide, somewhat less than half the length of metanotum and gently constricted medially; sculpturing alike and occasionally with a transverse scale-like crest or swelling at posterior margin. Abdomen excluding median segment equal in length to head and complete thorax combined; entire dorsal surface with a fine and acute longitudinal median carina and irregularly granulose to tuberculose. Occasionally each with a posteromedian swelling or scale-like excrescence which is most prominent on tergum VI. Segment II 1.6x longer than median segment, II–VI uniform in width, II–III and IV–V equal in length, on average some 2.7x longer than wide. Tergum VI usually somewhat swollen post-medially and VII shorter and slightly narrower than all previous. Sterna sparsely and irregularly tuberculose and slightly rugulose. Preopercular organ formed by a long, digitiform and apically bifid projection, which is posterior directed and placed in a small distance before the posterior margin of sternum VII (Figs. 14D, F). Tergum VIII half as long as VII and slightly widening towards the posterior, IX shorter and slightly transverse in dorsal aspect. Anal segment about as long as IX, strongly convex longitudinally and somewhat narrowed posteriorly, with the posterior margin widely triangularly excavated and the outer angles obtusely angular (Fig. 14E); the lateral margins slightly deflexed in the basal portion (Fig. 14F). Epiproct distinct, somewhat variable in length and shape, usually wider than long and projecting notably behind apex of anal segment; roughly triangular in outline (Fig. 14E). Cerci small, compressed laterally and conical with the apex acute. Subgenital plate strongly keeled medio-longitudinally, convex, bulgy and more or less angular in the median portion (Fig. 14F); the posterior margin narrowed and projecting slightly beyond apex of abdomen (Figs. 14D–F).</p>
            <p>Legs: All moderately long and slender, the profemora about as long as mesothorax, metafemora reaching about half way along abdominal segment IV and metatibiae reaching to abdominal segment VII. Anterodorsal carina of profemora moderately deflexed and more or less undulate and wavy in the basal one third; the posteroventral carina with two obtuse sub-apical teeth. The dorsal carina of the protibiae strongly but almost uniformly deflexed and lamellate. Meso- and metafemora slender, laterally compressed and unarmed except for two obtuse sub-apical teeth on the two outer ventral carinae (Fig. 14G). Medioventral carina moderately developed. Probasitarsus about equal in length to combined length of following three tarsomeres and with the dorsal carina strongly raised, rounded and semi-circular in outline (Fig. 14G). Meso- and metabasitarsus slender and about as long as following three tarsomeres combined.</p>
            <p>Variability: The two adult ♀♀ at hand show quite some variability in size (table 4), the paratype being notably longer than the holotype. Both specimens have been preserved in spirits why only limited observations can be made on the colouration. The holotype is greyish mid brown (Figs. 14A–B) while the paratype is lighter in colour and rather buff (Fig. 14C). The latter specimen is also remarkable for having some scattered white dots on the thorax and four basal abdominal terga (Fig. 14C). The body sculpturing is generally more pronounced in the holotype. The paratypic penultimate instar nymph (body length 98.0 mm) is remarkable for showing a distinctive body sculpturing that is not seen in the two adult examples. The meso- and metanotum bear a few irregularly placed black conical tubercles and there is a scale-like transverse posteromedian excrescence on abdominal terga I–VII, which is small on II–V and VII (smallest on IV and V) but distinct on the median segment (= tergum I) and VI. The excrescence on tergum VI is the largest and towards the anterior has a further almost semi-circular medio-longitudinal keel, giving it a T-shaped outline in dorsal aspect. The typical digitiform Preopercular organ seen in the adult specimens is still undeveloped in this immature example and the colouration is a yellowish mid brown and particularly with the limbs irregularly flecked with ochre.</p>
            <p>Comments: Males and eggs unknown.</p>
            <p>Distribution: Central Sulawesi, Prov. Sulawesi Selatan, Luwu Regency [NHMB].</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DB87EEFFD09D75FF405EFDFBD0F615	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hennemann, Frank H.	Hennemann, Frank H. (2021): Stick insects of Sulawesi, Peleng and the Sula Islands, Indonesia- a review including checklists of species and descriptions of new taxa (Insecta: Phasmatodea). Zootaxa 5073 (1): 1-189, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5073.1.1
03DB87EEFFD59D7FFF405A75FC04F1E9.text	03DB87EEFFD59D7FFF405A75FC04F1E9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Leprocaulinus sulawesiense Hennemann 2021	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Leprocaulinus sulawesiense n. sp.</p>
            <p>(Figs. 16)</p>
            <p> Carausius sp. , Günther, 1935: 8, 10. </p>
            <p> Carausius immundus, Günther, 1938: 58 , 81 (in part—not the two ♀♀ from Luwu; these are  L. digitatus n. sp. ). </p>
            <p> Carausius insularis (?), Hennemann, 1998: 97, pl. 1: 9–10, pl. 2: 1–4 &amp; 7. </p>
            <p> HT,  ♀: Celebes, Latimodjong-Geb. Oeroe 800m, G. Heinrich 8.30 [MNHU] . </p>
            <p> PT,  ♂: Celebes, Latimodjong-Geb. Oeroe 1500m, G. Heinrich VI .30 [MNHU]. </p>
            <p> PT,  ♂: Tanke Salokko 1500 m; S-O. Celebes, Mengkoka-Geb., 1.1932, G. Heinrich [MNHU] . </p>
            <p>PT, 2 ♂♂, 1 ♀, 3 eggs: S-Sulawesi, Strasse von Rantepao nach Palopo km12 ca. 1100 m, leg. F. Hennemann 13.–18.VIII.1995 [coll. FH, No’s 0299-1 to 3, E].</p>
            <p> PT,   ♀: Indonesien, S-Sulawesi,  Tanah Toraja , Rantepao 700m, leg. Gunawan X.1995 [coll. FH, No. 0299-4]  . </p>
            <p> PT, 6 ♂♂, 8 ♀♀, 1 ♀ (penultimate instar),  1 ♀ (n4): Indonesien, S-Sulawesi, Tanah Toraja Highland, leg. Tajuddin X.1995 – III.1996 [coll. FH, No’s 0299-5 to 18] . </p>
            <p>Etymology: The name of this new species refers to the distribution on the island of Sulawesi.</p>
            <p> Differential diagnosis: In lacking wings, ♂♂ of this new species resemble the Sulawesian  L. heinrichi (Günther, 1935) , which is here transferred from the genus  Carausius Stål, 1875 , and  M. kaupii (Stål, 1875) , which is here transferred from the genus  Myronides Stål, 1875 . Males of  L. heinrichi differ from the new species by the very distinctive green and brown colouration as well as the much more stocky habitus (Fig. 15B). From  L. kaupii the ♂♂ of this new species differ by having just two blunt swellings between the eyes (Fig. 16M). Females are very similar to those of  L. insularis talaudiensis (Günther, 1934) from the Talaud Islands but differ by the somewhat more stocky shape, more elongate and slender, almost parallel-sided head, much smaller Preopercular organ on abdominal sternum VII (Fig. 16H), more deeply excavated posterior margin of the anal segment (Fig. 16G), less convex subgenital plate and less angular dorsal lobe of the probasitarsi. </p>
            <p>Description: The following descriptions are based on all specimens at hand for examination.</p>
            <p>♀ (Fig. 16). Medium-sized for the genus (body length 125.5–147.0 mm), form fairly slender with a short median segment and only a pair of low swellings between the eyes (Figs. 16A–B). Body surface unevenly tuberculose, granulose and rugulose, sculpturing variable and occasionally with scale-like swellings and excrescences on median segment and abdominal segment VI. Colour variable, ranging from pale ochre over various shades of ochraceous or greyish brown to very dark brown, more rarely dull green; often with faint darker mottling and occasionally with a pale ochre longitudinal median streak on abdominal terga VIII–X. Large tubercles of the head and thorax pale ochre to dull yellow. Genae usually with a small black postocular marking. Antennae dull ochre and sometimes with a slight reddish wash. Eyes dull ochre.</p>
            <p>Head: Longer than wide, subcylindrical with the genae roughly parallel. Frons with two small transverse impressions between bases of antennae (Fig. 16J). Between the eyes with a slightly swollen transverse area that bears two fairly low and obtuse swellings. Vertex flat and with a fine, impressed coronal line, otherwise set with a few scattered nodes and small tubercles (Fig. 16J), genae usually with 2–3 obtuse nodes (Fig. 16K). Eyes circular in outline, moderately projecting and their diametre contained about 2.6x in length of genae. Antennae reaching to posterior of median segment. Scapus compressed dorsoventrally, somewhat deflexed laterally with both lateral margins gently rounded and almost 2x longer than wide. Pedicellus oval in cross-section and about 2/5 the length of scapus.</p>
            <p>Thorax: Pronotum of similar dimensions as head, rectangular in outline with the anterior portion very weakly expanded and about 1.8x longer than wide. Transverse median sulcus moderate, widely V-shaped and almost expanding over entire width of segment; anterior margin with a median pair of tubercles and some further paired tubercles on dorsal surface (Fig. 16J). Mesothorax elongate, slender and about 5.5x longer than prothorax. Mesonotum with a fine longitudinal median carina and unevenly set with tubercles and nodes of variable sizes; those along the lateral margins more acute and largest. Mesopleurae with a longitudinal median row of nodes; mesosternum acutely keeled medio-longitudinally but otherwise smooth (Fig. 16L). Metanotum a little less than half the length of mesonotum, about 3.7x longer than wide; sculpturing like mesonotum. Metapleurae and sternum sparsely nodulose.</p>
            <p>Abdomen: Median segment about 1.5x longer than wide and a little less than half the length of metanotum; sculpturing alike and occasionally with a transverse scale-like crest or swelling at posterior margin. Abdomen excluding median segment somewhat longer than head and complete thorax combined; entire dorsal surface with a fine but fairly acute longitudinal median carina and irregularly tuberculose and rugulose. Segment II 1.6x longer than median segment, II–VI roughly uniform in length and width, on average some 2.8x longer than wide. Tergum VI usually somewhat swollen medially, sometimes with a pair of low swellings or occasionally with a laterally compressed, crest-like dorsal lobe (Fig. 16B). VII slightly shorter and narrower than all preceding segments. Sterna sparsely tuberculose and Preopercular organ formed by a small, transverse, glossy black median tubercle some distance in front of the posterior margin of sternum VII (Fig. 16H). Tergum VIII somewhat less than half the length of VII and slightly widening towards the posterior, IX shorter and almost quadrate in dorsal aspect. Anal segment longer than IX, strongly convex longitudinally and somewhat narrowing towards the posterior, the posterior margin with a small, roughly semi-circular median excavation and the outer angles obtusely angular (Fig. 16G); the lateral margins slightly deflexed and angular in the basal portion (Fig. 16F). Epiproct distinct, somewhat variable in length and shape, usually wider than long and projecting notably behind apex of anal segment (Fig. 16G). Cerci very small, conical with the apex strongly constricted. Subgenital plate strongly keeled medio-longitudinally, convex, bulgy and more or less angular in the median portion (Fig. 16F) and the posterior margin narrowed and projecting slightly beyond apex of abdomen (Fig. 16G).</p>
            <p>Legs: All moderately long and slender, the profemora slightly shorter than mesothorax, metafemora reaching about half way along abdominal segment IV and metatibiae reaching to abdominal segment VII. Anterodorsal carina of profemora moderately deflexed and more or less undulate and wavy in the basal one third (Figs. 16J, K); the posteroventral carina with two small, obtuse sub-apical teeth. The dorsal carina of the protibiae strongly but almost uniformly deflexed and lamellate (occasionally slightly rounded sub-apically; Fig. 16K )). Meso- and metafemora slender, laterally compressed and unarmed except for two small sub-apical teeth on the two outer ventral carinae. Medioventral carina moderate. Probasitarsus almost as long as remaining tarsomeres except claw combined and with the dorsal carina strongly raised and rounded (Fig. 16K). Meso- and metabasitarsus slender and about as long as following three tarsomeres combined.</p>
            <p>♂ (Fig. 16). Medium-sized for the genus (body length 81.0–105.0 mm), shape slender, apterous with a fairly short median segment and merely with a pair of low and obtusely conical swellings between the eyes (Fig. 16C). Body surface very minutely and sparsely granulose. General colour ranging from dull ochre over mid to dark brown, occasionally with a slight olive wash. Apical portions of all femora and all coxae may be more or less distinctly red. Antennae greyish mid brown.</p>
            <p>Head: Similar to ♀♀ but widest at the eyes and distinctly narrowing towards the posterior; the coronal line very distinct in the psterior portion and vertex set only with a very few low tubercles. Pair of swellings between the eyes more prominent and ranging from obtusely conical to rounded (Fig. 16M). Eyes very large, prominent, projecting and their diametre contained about 1.6x in length of genae. Antennae reaching to posterior margin of abdominal segment III. Scapus compressed dorsoventrally with the lateral margins straight but slightly converging towards the base; almost 2x longer than wide. Pedicellus oval in cross-section.</p>
            <p>Thorax: Pronotum roughly of same dimensions as head, the anterolateral angles somewhat expanded and the lateral margins slightly concave (Fig. 16M). Transverse median sulcus very prominent, very weakly V-shaped and almost expanding over entire width of segment, a distinct impressed longitudinal median line present and running along entire length of segment. Tubercles just very weakly defined to obsolete and anterior margin with a small pair of median tubercles. Mesothorax very elongate and slender and just slightly widened posteriorly; about 6.6x longer than prothorax. Mesonotum with a very weak and fine longitudinal median carina and mesosternum weakly tectinate longitudinally. Metanotum about 2/5 the length of metanotum, surface alike.</p>
            <p>Abdomen: Median segment a little less than half the length of metanotum, roughly 3x longer than wide and gently narrowed medially. Segment II 1.3x longer than median segment and very slightly longer than all following segments, II–VII slightly gradually decreasing in length with VII only about 3/5 the length of II. II–V on average about 5x longer than wide, VII only about 3.5x longer than wide; II–VII uniform in width and all terga with a very fine and indistinct longitudinal median line. Tergum VIII roughly half the length of VII and gently widening towards the posterior, IX shorter and narrowed towards the posterior; medio-longitudinal carina more distinct than on preceding terga. Anal segment strongly tectiform and split to form two movable hemi-terga (Fig. 16E); these broad and angular in lateral aspect (Fig. 16D) with the lower angle roughly at 80° and the interior surface of set with several minute denticles (Fig. 16E). Cerci small, conical, slightly compressed laterally and slightly projecting beyond apex of anal segment. Poculum fairly small, moderately convex and cup-shaped, bluntly angular in lateral aspect with the posterior half obtusely carinate medio-longitudinally; the posterior margin declining in lateral aspect, bi-labiate and weakly indented medially and just not reaching posterior margin of tergum IX.</p>
            <p>Legs: All long, slender and unarmed except for 2 small sub-apical denticles on the two outer ventral carinae of the femora. Profemora a little shorter than mesothorax, metafemora reaching about half way along abdominal segment IV and metatibiae roughly reaching to apex of abdomen. Basitarsi slender, very elongate and at least equal in length to remaining tarsomeres combined.</p>
            <p>Eggs (Figs 16N–O): A description in German and sketches have been presented by Hennemann (1998: 97, fig. 5) but a detailed English description and new illustrations are here provided. The three eggs at hand were laid by the ♀ from near Rantepao (coll. FH No. 0299-1) and thus are fully developed. Two of these eggs hatched, but the nymphs refused all alternative food plants offered.</p>
            <p>Small, ovoid, 1.4x longer than wide, higher than wide and oval in cross-section. The anterior portion very slightly narrowed and the polar-area very weakly conical in centre. Entire surface of chorion very minutely granulose and appearing velvety to the naked eye. Micropylar plate about 2/3 the length of capsule, elongate with the anterior half roughly parallel-sided and the posterior half expanded and club-shaped; polar end with a very slight median indention. Micropylar cup a small node some distance off the polar end and roughly in centre of the expanded posterior portion. Median line very indistinct and not reaching to polar area. Operculum slightly oval in outline, convex and with a large, knob-like capitulum on a short stalk in centre; capitulum with a central hollow. General colour of capsule reddish mid brown irregularly flecked with ochre. Anterior margin and micropylar plate ochre. Operculum reddish brown and capitulum dark brown. Measurements [mm]: Length including capitulum 3.2, length 2.7–2.8, width 1.9, height 2.1–2.2, length of micropylar plate 1.8.</p>
            <p> Variability: As usual for many members of the subfamily  Lonchodinae , much less intraspecific morphological variability is seen in ♂♂. These merely show variability in size and colouration. The two ♂♂ from near Rantepao in the first authors collection (coll. FH No’s 0299-2 &amp; 3) have the coxae and apex of all femora distinctively red, while the femora are plain or just with a very slight reddish wash at the apex in all other specimens at hand. In addition to size and colouration, ♀♀ in contrast also vary in the degree of body granulation, size of the cephalic pair of swellings and length of the epiproct and subgenital plate. The subgenital plate either hardly reaches the apex of the epiproct or it slightly projects beyond the epiproct. The ♀ from near Rantepao in the authors personal collection (coll. FH No. 0299-1, Fig. 16B) has a large, transverse and scale-like swelling at the posterior margin of the median segment and a prominent, laterally compressed, crest-like lobe on abdominal tergum VI. These have been illustrated by Hennemann (1998: 99, pl. 2: 1). </p>
            <p> Comments: There has previously been some confusion about the identity of this Sulawesian taxon. Günther (1935: 8) was unsure about the identity of the ♀ and ♂ from Uru in the collection of MNHU and referred to them as “  Carausius spec. ”. The three specimens from Bua Karaeng and Luwu in NHMB are conspecific and were referred to as  Carausius immundus Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907 by Günther (1938: 81). Also Hennemann (1998: 97) was in doubt about the identity of these specimens and further conspecific material. Having compared these to the typespecimens of  C. immundus from Sumatra and Java in the collection of NHMW, Hennemann stated these Sulawesian examples were obviously a distinct species and with doubt listed them as “  Carausius insularis (Kirby, 1896) ?”. Hennemann (1998) provided illustrations of both sexes and also presented a first description and illustration of the previously unknown eggs (Hennemann, 1998: 102, Fig. 5). Further detailed examination of the Sulawesi material has now proven this to represent an as yet undescribed species. </p>
            <p>Distribution: Apparently widely distributed throughout the southern half of Sulawesi. S-Sulawesi, Prov. Sulawesi Selatan, Gunung Latimojong, Rantemario, Uru 800 m [MNHU]; S-Sulawesi, Prov. Sulawesi Selatan, Ran-tepao Palopo km12, ca. 1100 m [coll. FH]; S-Sulawesi, Prov. Sulawesi Selatan, Tana Toraja, 700 m [coll. FH]; SE-Sulawesi, Mengkoka Mountains, Gunung Tanke Salokko [MNHU].</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DB87EEFFD59D7FFF405A75FC04F1E9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hennemann, Frank H.	Hennemann, Frank H. (2021): Stick insects of Sulawesi, Peleng and the Sula Islands, Indonesia- a review including checklists of species and descriptions of new taxa (Insecta: Phasmatodea). Zootaxa 5073 (1): 1-189, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5073.1.1
03DB87EEFFD99D7EFF405BD1FD4AF2ED.text	03DB87EEFFD99D7EFF405BD1FD4AF2ED.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mnesilochus Stal 1877	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Genus  Mnesilochus Stål, 1877</p>
            <p>(Figs. 17–18)</p>
            <p> Type-species:  Mnesilochus capreolus Stål, 1877: 39 , by subsequent designation of Kirby, 1904: 320. </p>
            <p>Comments: This genus is distributed in Borneo, Palawan and the Philippines and the author is aware of an as yet undescribed species that occurs on Sangihe Island north of Sulawesi. The two species here described are the first records of the genus from Sulawesi.</p>
            <p> Mnesilochus has been removed from synonymy with  Carausius Stål, 1875 and reinstated as a valid genus by Hennemann &amp; Conle (2007: 66). These authors and Seow-Choen (2016: 279) have attempted a clear separation from the very similar  Hermagoras Stål, 1875 but morphological characters in the insects are scarce and merely include whether the mesosternum is keeled medio-longitudinally (  Hermagoras ) or not (  Mnesilochus ) and whether the eggs are round to ovoid with a rounded polar area (  Hermagoras ) or more or less laterally compressed and have a polar mound (  Mnesilochus ). The distinction presented by Seow-Choen (2016: 279) includes an erroneous character and thus deserves clarification. In addition to the morphology of the mesosternum, the author stated in the key to Bornean genera of  Lonchodinae :  Lonchodinae “ Postero-dorsal carina of profemur curved forwards, lamellate and may be foliaceous covering totally or partially antero-dorsal carina which is generally straight ” for  Hermagoras and “ Postero-dorsal carina of profemor nut usually lobes ” for  Mnesilochus (Seow-Choen, 2016: 279) . This distinction does not hold true because Seow-Choen misinterpreted the anterodorsal carina as the posterodorsal carina and the anteroventral carina as the anterodorsal carina. Actually, the morphology of the profemur is basically identical in these two genera and remarkable in that the medioventral carina is very prominently developed, lamellate and strongly displaced towards the interior/anterior, resulting in that the anteroventral carina is strongly shifted inwards and upwards and notably approaches the anterodorsal carina. The anterodorsal carina (not the posteroventral carina as wrongly stated by Seow-Choen) is much expanded, lamellate and curved forwards to partly or completely cover the anteroventral carina in dorsal aspect. The posterodorsal carina in fact is very indistinct and not raised at all, being low and merely represented as an obtuse keel or ridge. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DB87EEFFD99D7EFF405BD1FD4AF2ED	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hennemann, Frank H.	Hennemann, Frank H. (2021): Stick insects of Sulawesi, Peleng and the Sula Islands, Indonesia- a review including checklists of species and descriptions of new taxa (Insecta: Phasmatodea). Zootaxa 5073 (1): 1-189, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5073.1.1
03DB87EEFFD89D7CFF405C2CFB2FF27D.text	03DB87EEFFD89D7CFF405C2CFB2FF27D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mnesilochus bodiense Hennemann 2021	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Mnesilochus bodiense n. sp.</p>
            <p>(Fig. 17)</p>
            <p> Phasgania furcata, Günther, 1935: 11 , pl. 1: 6. </p>
            <p> HT,  ♂: Nord-Celebes, Bodi, 30.9.1930, G. Heinrich leg. [MNHU] . </p>
            <p>Etymology: Named after Bodi, the type-locality and only known record of this small new species.</p>
            <p> Differential diagnosis: While fairly typical in general shape for the genus, ♂♂ (the only sex known) of this small species are easily separated from the ♂♂ of all other known species of the genus by the very broad and in lateral aspect obtusely rounded hemi-terga of the anal segment (Fig. 17C), which are usually more acuminate and slender in the other species. The very small size (body length of the holotype 62.0 mm) resembles the two Bornean  M. bushelli (Bragg, 2005) and  M. rusticus (Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907) but those ♂♂ are much more stocky in shape and have rather triangular hemi-terga of the anal segment with an acuminate apex. </p>
            <p>Description: ♂ (Fig. 17). The unique holotype lacks the right front leg, left protarsus, right mesotibia and metatarsus and the right antenna except for the two basal segments. Thus, no description of the taxonomically important protarsi can be provided.</p>
            <p>Small (body length 62.0 mm) and of average, rather typical shape for the genus. General colour ochraceous brown, eyes buff, antennae dark reddish brown (except for the two basal segments, which are coloured like the body). Entire body surface densely granulose, the granules however less in number and notably less pronounced on abdomen and gradually becoming fewer in number and smaller in size towards apex of abdomen; granules of the thorax glossy. Abdominal terga with a very fine medio-longitudinal line.</p>
            <p>Head: Longer than wide, broadest at the eyes with the genae notably narrowing towards the posterior (Fig. 17A). Vertex flat and between the eyes with a raised area that is densely set with glossy granules and bears two very obtuse tubercles. Coronal line of vertex indistinct. Eyes large, circular in outline, projecting hemispherically and their diameter contained 1.7x in length of genae. Antennae slightly projecting over posterior margin of median segment. Scapus compressed dorsoventrally, almost rectangular and weakly narrowed basally, 2x longer than wide. Pedicellus cylindrical and about 1/3 the length of scapus.</p>
            <p>Thorax: Pronotum roundly rectangular and very weakly narrowed medially, 1.5x longer than wide and narrower than broadest portion of head. Transverse median sulcus moderately distinct, straight and not reaching to lateral margins of segment. Mesothorax very elongate, slender, weakly widened at anterior margin and distinctly broadened and slightly swollen in posterior portion; 7.1x longer than pronotum. Metanotum 0.6x the length of mesonotum with the posterior 1/3 slightly thickened (Fig. 17A). Meso- and metasternum and pleurae without specializations.</p>
            <p>Abdomen: Median segment as wide as posterior portion of metanotum, a little less than ¼ the length of metanotum, slightly narrowed medially and a about 1.6x longer than wide. Segment II about 1.7x longer than median segment. II–VI uniform in width and almost uniform in length, on average 3x longer than wide. VII only about ¾ the length of preceding and slightly widened posteriorly. Sterna II–VII simple. Terga VIII and IX acutely keeled medio-longitudinally and with lateral margins weakly concave; VIII moderately widened towards the posterior, widest segment and slightly shorter than VII; IX transverse and less than half the length of VIII. Anal segment tectiform and split longitudinally to form two movable hemi-terga, which are connected by a membrane in the basal portion; in lateral aspect these are rather broad with the apical portion short, obtusely rounded and somewhat downward directed (Fig. 17C), the interior surface is irregularly set with small denticles. Cerci short and conical with a fairly acute apex. Poculum small, cup-shaped and with a rounded posterior margin, that slightly projects beyond tergum IX (Fig. 17C).</p>
            <p>Legs: Long, distinctly carinate with the mesofemora moderately thickened and smooth dorsally; profemora almost as long as mesothorax, metafemora reaching to posterior margin of abdominal segment IV and metatibiae reaching to abdominal segment IX. Posteroventral carina of profemora with a one small sub-apical tooth. Two outer ventral carinae of meso- and metafemora each with three closely placed sub-apical teeth that gradually decrease in size towards the apex of femur; those of the mesofemora with a common base (Fig. 17B). Meso- and metabasitarsi about as long as following three tarsomeres combined; slender.</p>
            <p> Comments: Females and eggs unknown. Günther (1935: 11) erroneously assigned this specimen to  Dixippus furcatus Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907, which is a synonym of  Periphetes forcipatus (Bates, 1865) , and provided a description. The possible unknown opposite sex of this small new species may be represented by the ♀ from Luwu, South Sulawesi in NHMB and erroneously referred to as  H. haematomus (Westwood, 1859) by Günther (1938: 78). This particular specimen is definitely not the opposite sex of the ♂ assigned to  H. haematomus by that author in NHMB and from the same locality; this is a paratype of  Hermagoras celebensis (Hennemann, 1998) . If compared to the holotype of  M. bodiense n. sp. the ♀ in NHMB (here described as  M. luwuense n. sp. ) appears to be too large, having a body length of 102.0 mm, thus is clearly outside the average size diversity between corresponding sexes within  Mnesilochus . However, since both sexes of species in this genus can show considerably size ranges fresh material from the same locality will be necessary for any confirmed decision. </p>
            <p>Distribution: Central Sulawesi, Prov. Sulawesi Tengah, Buol Regency, Bodi [MNHU].</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DB87EEFFD89D7CFF405C2CFB2FF27D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hennemann, Frank H.	Hennemann, Frank H. (2021): Stick insects of Sulawesi, Peleng and the Sula Islands, Indonesia- a review including checklists of species and descriptions of new taxa (Insecta: Phasmatodea). Zootaxa 5073 (1): 1-189, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5073.1.1
03DB87EEFFDA9D7AFF405FDCFBA2F7B9.text	03DB87EEFFDA9D7AFF405FDCFBA2F7B9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mnesilochus luwuense Hennemann 2021	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Mnesilochus luwuense n. sp.</p>
            <p>(Fig. 18)</p>
            <p> Lonchodes haematomus, Günther, 1938: 78 . </p>
            <p> HT,   ♀: Sarasin,  Luwu ,  Central-Celebes ;  Lonchodes hosei Kby. K. Günther det. [NHMB, No. VI.D.133]  . </p>
            <p>Etymology: Named after the Luwu Regency, the type-locality and only known record of this new species.</p>
            <p> Differential diagnosis: Similar in general shape and appearance to the Philippine  M. haedulus Stål, 1877 (as described and illustrated by Hennemann &amp; Conle, 2007: 73, figs. 107–113) and the Palawanese  M. palawanicus (Carl, 1913) but readily separated from these and from all other known members of the genus by the morphology of the mesofemora. While these species have the dorsomedian lobe roughly triangular in shape with the posterior margin dentate, this lobe is distinctively bifid with a median excavation in  M. luwuense n. sp. (Fig. 18D). </p>
            <p>Description: ♀ (Fig. 18). The unique holotype has provisionally been preserved in spirits, what might have caused discolouration. Moreover, ♀♀ of this genus are known to show considerable morphological and chromatic variability, why the description here presented on basis of the holotype can in several aspects only be exemplary for this species.</p>
            <p>Of medium size (body length 102.0 mm) and moderately stocky shape for the genus with a large, bifid dorsal lobe of the mesofemora. Entire body surface unevenly granulose, tuberculose, verruculose and rugulose; abdominal terga II and V–VIII with posteromedian protrusions. General colour of the holotype greyish mid brown with the posterolateral portions of the mesothorax, lateral portions of abdominal sterna II–IV buffy. Mesonotum with four small blackish dorsal markings in anterior half and a narrow black lateral marking some distance before the posterior margin. Metanotum with two black spots sub-anteriorly and a black spot at each posterolateral angle. Median portion of abdominal tergum II ochre with two elongate and washed blackish median markings and two smaller dark brown markings posterolaterally. Two similar small blackish markings in anterior portion of tergum III. Tergum V with lateral surfaces mostly pale ochre and with a blackish streak in anterior half. Terga VII and VIII each with a dark brown to black central marking. Cerci and epiproct straw. A blackish sub-apical marking also present on interior surface of protibiae. Mesofemora irregularly dark brown basally and with a buff transverse sub-basal band, the mesotibiae buff in the median portion and dark brown apically. Metafemora ochre on their interior surface. Antennae greyish mid brown ventrally, ochre dorsally with most antennomeres dark apically; scapus buff. Eyes dark grey.</p>
            <p>Head: Elongate, sub-cylindrical, notably longer than wide and very slightly narrowed posteriorly. Between the eyes with a raised transverse area which has both outer ends protruded into an obtuse, slightly anteriad directed spine. Vertex flattened and irregularly set with granules, nodes and tubercles of variable sizes, also a few tubercles present on genae. Posterior margin with a transverse row of four obtusely rounded but enlarged tubercles. Eyes almost circular in outline, weakly protruding and their diameter contained 2.2x in length of genae.Antennae projecting somewhat over posterior margin of mesothorax. Scapus strongly compressed dorsoventrally, narrowed basally, expanded medially and roughly oval in outline. Pedicellus slightly oval in cross-section and less than half the length of scapus.</p>
            <p>Thorax: Pronotum roughly of same dimensions as head, rectangular and 1.7x longer than wide; the transverse median sulcus distinctly impressed but narrow, straight and expanding over entire width of segment. Mesothorax 4.2x longer than pronotum and very weakly widened post-anteriorly. Mesonotum with a fine longitudinal median line and set with a few scattered, enlarged and somewhat wart-like tubercles; a transverse row of four enlarged tubercles just before posterior margin. Metanotum over 3x longer than wide and about 0.6x length of mesonotum, the posterior half weakly expanded and the median line like on mesonotum. Mesopleurae with a medio-longitudinal row of flat, elongate tubercles. Mesosternum densely granulose.</p>
            <p>Abdomen: Median segment a little more than half the length of metanotum, 1.8x longer than wide with the lateral margins weakly concave and a small transverse swelling posteromedially. Abdomen excluding median segment slightly shorter than pro-, meso- and metathorax combined with segments V–VI notably swollen. Segment II about equal in length to median segment, II–IV uniform in length and V–VII gradually increasing in length; II parallel-sided and 2x longer than wide, III–V gradually widening with V only 1.3x longer than wide. Anterior portion of VI widest part of abdomen and tergum strongly narrowing towards posterior with a trapezoidal outline; lateral margins somewhat deflexed. VII parallel-sided, as broad as II and but shorter and hardly longer than wide. Tergum II with a transverse posterior lobe that bears five rounded tubercles, V and VI each with a similar but more obtuse transverse posteromedian protuberance. Terga VII and VIII each bear a slightly bilobed posteromedian excrescence, which posteriorly extends over the anterior portion of the following tergum (Fig. 18E). Preopercular organ formed by a pair of low and obtuse, verruculose swellings near posterior margin of sternum VII. Tergum IX transverse and slightly narrowed towards the posterior. Anal segment narrower than all preceding segments, weakly keeled medio-longitudinally, almost 2x higher than long and with a widely rounded posteromedian excavation (Fig. 18F); the posterolateral angles somewhat protruded and the lateral margins slightly deflexed. Epiproct fairly large, shieldshaped and broadly rounded with an obtuse medio-longitudinal bulge; slightly projecting beyond apex of abdomen (Fig. 18F). Cerci small, compressed laterally and gently spiral in their length axis. Subgenital plate bulgy and with a prominent, irregularly dentate median keel in posterior portion; very slightly reaching beyond apex of abdomen (Fig. 18E).</p>
            <p>Legs: In general shape and anatomy rather typical for the genus. Posteroventral carina of profemora with a big triangular sub-apical tooth followed by a small tooth; the anterodorsal carinae strongly lamellate and weakly undulate. Dorsal carina of protibiae strongly rather unevenly deflexed and lamellate with the apical portion forming an obtuse, roughly triangular lobe; not deflexed in the very basal portion although. Two outer ventral carinae slightly lamellate and unevenly undulate. Mesofemora with a very large lobe that is roundly indented medially and thus is of a general bi-lobed outline; the raised apical portion with an additional tooth (Fig. 18D). Posteroventral carina protruded into a moderately sized but fairly acute distal directed tooth at the apex. Two outer ventral carinae each with two triangular sub-apical teeth, the apical one being much smaller than the preceding. Mesotibiae with two almost semi-circular dorsal lobes, one sub-basally and one sub-apically (Fig. 18D). Metafemora slender and strongly laterally compressed as usual for the genus; the two outer ventral carinae each with three sub-apical teeth, that decrease in size towards apex of femur. Probasitarsus with a moderately sized roughly triangular dorsal lobe; meso- and metabasitarsus simple and just slightly longer than following tarsomere.</p>
            <p> Comments: Males and eggs unknown. Günther (1938: 78) erroneously assigned this specimen to  Hermagoras hosei (Kirby, 1896) , a species endemic to Borneo, and also in error referred to this species as a synonym of  Staelonchodes haematomus (Westwood, 1859) which however is a distinct species that also is an endemic of Borneo. Moreover, Günther (1938: 78) assumed this ♀ was the opposite sex of the ♂ paratype of  Hermagoras celebensis (Hennemann, 1998) n. stat. but examination of the concerned specimen clearly shows it is a distinct species, which for instance is at first glance seen by the morphology of the mesofemora. This latter character is known to be very constant in species of  Hermagoras Stål, 1875 and  Mnesilochus Stål, 1877 , thus being a useful character for species distinction within these two genera. Careful re-examination of this ♀ has shown it to represent an as yet undescribed species and the lack of a medio-longitudinal keel on the mesosternum places it in the genus  Mnesilochus . </p>
            <p>Distribution: South Sulawesi, Sulawesi Selatan, Luwu Regency [NHMB].</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DB87EEFFDA9D7AFF405FDCFBA2F7B9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hennemann, Frank H.	Hennemann, Frank H. (2021): Stick insects of Sulawesi, Peleng and the Sula Islands, Indonesia- a review including checklists of species and descriptions of new taxa (Insecta: Phasmatodea). Zootaxa 5073 (1): 1-189, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5073.1.1
03DB87EEFFDF9D78FF405EFDFED6F628.text	03DB87EEFFDF9D78FF405EFDFED6F628.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Myronides Stal 1875	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Genus  Myronides Stål, 1875</p>
            <p>(Figs. 19–23)</p>
            <p> Type-species:  Lonchodes pfeifferae Westwood, 1859: 44 , pl. 5: 6, by subsequent designation of Rehn, 1904: 38. </p>
            <p> Description: ♀, ♂. Moderately sized (body length ♂♂ 60.0–85.0 mm, ♀♀ 88.0– 125.5 mm) and slender to fairly stocky  Lonchodinae . Distinct sexual dimorphism with ♂♂ much smaller, more slender and less sculptured than ♀♀. Colouration various shades of brown, ochre, grey and green; variable intraspecifically in ♀♀, which often have the femora with a conspicuous pale transverse band in apical half of femora. In ♀♀ dorsal body surface with a ± defined longitudinal median carina or weakly tectinate longitudinally. Body surface of ♀♀ densely granulose and/or tuberculose, in ♂♂ smooth with only a few scattered granules on thorax. Head slightly longer than wide with genae ± parallel-sided; vertex flattened and between eyes with a pair of ± distinct spines. Antennae elongate, consisting of about 60 antennomeres and reaching at least to median segment (♀♀) or abdominal segment V–VI (♂♂). Prothorax about equal in length to head, rectangular and with a distinct median sulcus. Mesothorax 5.5–7.0x longer than prothorax; very slender in ♂♂. Meso- and metasternum ± distinctly tectinate longitudinally (very weak in ♂♂); in ♀♀ keel often granulose. Abdomen equal in length or a little longer than head and thorax combined. Median segment of moderate length, less than ½ the length of metanotum. Segments II–VI in ♀♀ very indistinctly increasing in length, all longer than wide and ± parallel-sided. At least terga V–VI with a posteromedian tubercle or swelling. Sternum VII with a distinct Preopercular organ formed by a pair of swellings, spines or lobes close to posterior margin. Terminalia of ♀♀: Terga VIII–X much shorter than previous and decreasing in length. Anal segment tectinate with anterolateral angles rounded and ± deflexed; posterior margin deeply excavated. Epiproct fairly large, rounded, scale-shaped and slightly projecting over apex of anal segment. Cerci very small and hidden under anal segment. Subgenital plate strongly keeled longitudinally, convex and bulgy. Terminalia of ♂♂: Segments II–VI considerably longer than VII and roughly uniform in width and length; VII–X much shorter than previous. Anal segment tectiform and split over entire length to form two hemi-terga that have the anterior margins roundly excavated in apical portion and are apically protruded into a ± long, slender and straight digitiform process. Cerci small, cylindrical and hidden under anal segment. Poculum small, convex, cup-shaped with posterior margin rounded and hardly reaching to posterior of tergum IX. Legs long and slender, profemora longer than mesothorax, mesofemora longer than mesothorax and hind legs slightly (♀♀) to distinctly (♂♂) projecting beyond apex of abdomen. In both sexes entirely unarmed, except for minute sub-apical lobe and/or spine on two outer ventral carinae of meso- and metafemora. In ♀♀ anterodorsal carina of profemora sometimes weakly undulate, occasionally deflexed and slight-ly lobate sub-basally just behind basal constriction of femur. Tarsi slender and simple in both sexes; probasitarsus in ♀♀ not lobed. </p>
            <p>Egg: Small (overall length 2.5–3.5 mm), capsule ovoid to barrel-shaped,&gt; 1.5x longer than wide, notably higher than wide and oval cross-section; polar area simple, without mound. Capsule surface coriaceous, granulose or minutely rugulose. Micopylar plate positioned centrally on dorsal egg surface, fairly small, elongately drop-, or pear-shaped with anterior portion progressively narrowing; ± half the length of capsule. Micropylar cup distinct, median line short. Operculum oval and inserted at in capsule at a positive angle of ± 10°. Capitulum irregularly shaped and on a short stalk. Colour of capsule shiny and often with a variable number of dark markings.</p>
            <p> Differential diagnosis: Morphology suggests close relation to the Sulawesian endemic  Neomyronides n. gen. ,  Chondrostethus Kirby, 1896 (type-species:  C. woodfordi Kirby, 1896 ) from the Solomon islands and New Britain as well as the Philippine  Mithrenes Stål, 1877 (type-species:  M. asperulus Stål, 1877 ). </p>
            <p> From  Neomyronides n. gen. it differs by the averaging larger size and more slender shape with relatively longer and more slender legs and longer tarsi as well as having a distinct medioventral keel on the mesosternum. Females are readily distinguished by the simple front and mid legs, slender probasitarsus and lacking tubercles in the posterior portion of the subgenital plate. Also, ♀♀ never have the struma or lobe-like posteromedian swelling on abdominal tergum VI occasionally seen in  Myronides . Males differ by the more slender hemi-terga of the anal segment, which have a narrowed postero-apical protrusion, as well as the larger cerci. Eggs at once differ from those of  Neomyronides n. gen. by the flat operculum (Figs. 20D–E). </p>
            <p> From  Chondrostethus both sexes differ by the shorter median segment of both sexes (more than half the length of metanotum in  Chondrostethus ), slender probasitarsus of ♀♀ (with a dorsal lobe in  Chondrostethus ) and lacking the conspicuous and typical node-like remnants of alae seen in ♂♂ of  Chondrostethus . Eggs of  Myronides are on average much paler in colour, have the capsule considerably less distinctly sculptured and a relatively shorter and broader micropylar plate. </p>
            <p> Mithrenes was redescribed by Hennemann &amp; Conle (2007: 7) and shares with  Myronides the longitudinal median keel of the meso- and metasternum. From this genus  Myronides however differs by the longer median segment, which is about half as long as the metanotum (at best 2/5 the length of metanotum in  Mithrenes ), more globose head and more distinctly laterally compressed meso- and metafemora of both sexes. Males have the posteroventral projection of the hemi-terga of the anal segment straight and ± horizontal, whereas they are finger-like and angled downward by at least 60° in  Mithrenes . The eggs of  Myronides differ significantly from those of  Mithrenes by being simply ovoid or barrel-shaped. </p>
            <p> The monotypical New Guinean  Echinothorax Günther, 1932 is only known from a unique ♀ specimen, which seems to differ from  Myronides only by the dorsally spinose head and thorax and paired spines on the abdominal terga. </p>
            <p> Comments: A re-description of  Myronides is presented here to properly define the genus and to provide a basis for removing species that are currently attributed but not congeneric. As previously defined (see Otte &amp; Brock, 2005: 207)  Myronides is apparently polyphyletic. All Indochinese species previously attributed to  Myronides belong elsewhere and are here transferred to other genera.  Myronides ashmeadi (Rehn, 1904) from Trong, Thailand, is a member of the genus  Lopaphus Westwood, 1859 (subfamily  Necrosciinae ), which is seen in the median segment being considerably longer than the metanotum und genital morphology of the ♂ (n. comb.). The same is the case for  Myronides baucis (Westwood, 1859) from Nepal, whose ♀ is a fairly typical representative of the  Necrosciinae genus  Lopaphus ; e.g. the mesosternum is entirely smooth and there is no Preopercular organ on abdominal sternum VII (n. comb.).  Myronides magnificus Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907 from Vietnam is of somewhat questionable generic affiliation and a more detailed treatment of this and a few apparently closely related species is necessary for any broader discussion and confirmed generic affiliation. Several characters, such as the unsplit anal segment and presence of a vomer (small and notably reduced although) in ♂♂, trapezoidal cross-section of the profemora, which have the medioventral carina midways on the ventral surface of the femur and lack of a stalked capitulum in the eggs place it in the subfamily  Necrosciinae and in close relation the  Lopaphus . Hence, it appears best to provisionally place  M. magnificus and the very similar and closely related  Lonchodes elegans (Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907) in the genus  Lopaphus (n. comb.).  Myronides curvithorax Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907 from Sikkim in NE-India is a member of the subfamily  Lonchodinae but is for now best placed in  Phraortes Stål, 1875 (n. comb.). Finally,  Myronides kaupii Stål, 1875 is here transferred to the genus  Leprocaulinus Uvarov, 1940 (see above, n. comb.). </p>
            <p>Distribution: Wallacea (Seram, Ambon, Kelang, Ambelau, Buru, Peleng).</p>
            <p>Species included:</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DB87EEFFDF9D78FF405EFDFED6F628	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hennemann, Frank H.	Hennemann, Frank H. (2021): Stick insects of Sulawesi, Peleng and the Sula Islands, Indonesia- a review including checklists of species and descriptions of new taxa (Insecta: Phasmatodea). Zootaxa 5073 (1): 1-189, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5073.1.1
03DB87EEFFDE9D78FF405B35FC99F6FD.text	03DB87EEFFDE9D78FF405B35FC99F6FD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Myronides batesii (Kirby 1896) Hennemann 2021	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> 1.  Myronides batesii (Kirby, 1896: 452) [  Lonchodes ]. </p>
            <p> HT, ♀: Holotype; Bourou, 63.8;  Lonchodes batesii Kirby ; batesii; BMNH #844660 [NHMUK]. n. comb. </p>
            <p> Comments: This species is here transferred from the Indochinese genus  Menexenus Stål, 1875 . </p>
            <p>Distribution: Maluku Islands, Buru Island [NHMUK]</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DB87EEFFDE9D78FF405B35FC99F6FD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hennemann, Frank H.	Hennemann, Frank H. (2021): Stick insects of Sulawesi, Peleng and the Sula Islands, Indonesia- a review including checklists of species and descriptions of new taxa (Insecta: Phasmatodea). Zootaxa 5073 (1): 1-189, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5073.1.1
03DB87EEFFDE9D78FF405879FC37F5F9.text	03DB87EEFFDE9D78FF405879FC37F5F9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Myronides cristulatus Brunner	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> 2.  Myronides cristulatus Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907: 255. </p>
            <p> LT, ♀ (by present designation): Coll. Br. v. W., Ins. Buru, H. Kühne; det. Br. v. W.,  Myronides cristulatus ; 24.643 [NHMW, No. 481]; PLT, ♀: Coll. Br. v. W., Ins. Buru, H. Kühne; det. Br. v. W.,  Myronides cristulatus [NHMW, No. 481]. </p>
            <p> =  Lonchodes reductus Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907: 261. HT, ♂: Coll. Br. v. W., Ins. Buru, H. Kühne; det. Br. v. W.,  Lonchodes reductus ; 24.646 [NHMW, No. 497]. n. syn. </p>
            <p>Distribution: Maluku Islands, Buru Island [NHMW, coll. FH]</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DB87EEFFDE9D78FF405879FC37F5F9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hennemann, Frank H.	Hennemann, Frank H. (2021): Stick insects of Sulawesi, Peleng and the Sula Islands, Indonesia- a review including checklists of species and descriptions of new taxa (Insecta: Phasmatodea). Zootaxa 5073 (1): 1-189, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5073.1.1
03DB87EEFFDE9D78FF405965FC2AF455.text	03DB87EEFFDE9D78FF405965FC2AF455.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Myronides glaucus Hennemann 2021	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> 3.  Myronides glaucus n. sp.</p>
            <p>Distribution: Banggai Islands, Peleng Island [ZSMC, coll. FH].</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DB87EEFFDE9D78FF405965FC2AF455	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hennemann, Frank H.	Hennemann, Frank H. (2021): Stick insects of Sulawesi, Peleng and the Sula Islands, Indonesia- a review including checklists of species and descriptions of new taxa (Insecta: Phasmatodea). Zootaxa 5073 (1): 1-189, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5073.1.1
03DB87EEFFDE9D67FF405911FDCEF3E1.text	03DB87EEFFDE9D67FF405911FDCEF3E1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Myronides pfeifferae (Westwood 1859)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> 4.  Myronides pfeifferae (Westwood, 1859: 44, pl. 5: 6 (♀). </p>
            <p> HT, ♀: Holotype; Ceram, 55.8;  Lonchodes pfeifferae Westw. Ceram ;  Myronides ; BMNH #844673 [NHMUK]. </p>
            <p> =  Lonchodes steira Westwood, 1859: 40 , pl. 23: 5 (♂). HT, ♂:  Bacteria steira ♂ Westw. ; Amboina [OXUM, No. 560]. (Synonymised by Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907: 253) </p>
            <p>Distribution: South Maluku Islands, Prov. Maluku Utara: Seram [NHMUK, coll. FH]; Ambon [OXUM]; Kelang [coll. FH]; Ambelau [coll. FH].</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DB87EEFFDE9D67FF405911FDCEF3E1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hennemann, Frank H.	Hennemann, Frank H. (2021): Stick insects of Sulawesi, Peleng and the Sula Islands, Indonesia- a review including checklists of species and descriptions of new taxa (Insecta: Phasmatodea). Zootaxa 5073 (1): 1-189, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5073.1.1
03DB87EEFFC19D67FF405F4CFC3AF27D.text	03DB87EEFFC19D67FF405F4CFC3AF27D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Myronides pussulatus Hennemann 2021	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> 5.  Myronides pussulatus n. sp.</p>
            <p>Distribution: Sula Islands Regency, Sanana, Waifara [ZSMC].</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DB87EEFFC19D67FF405F4CFC3AF27D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hennemann, Frank H.	Hennemann, Frank H. (2021): Stick insects of Sulawesi, Peleng and the Sula Islands, Indonesia- a review including checklists of species and descriptions of new taxa (Insecta: Phasmatodea). Zootaxa 5073 (1): 1-189, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5073.1.1
03DB87EEFFC19D67FF405FF8FB78F2C9.text	03DB87EEFFC19D67FF405FF8FB78F2C9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Myronides tomohonense Hennemann 2021	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> 6.  Myronides tomohonense n. sp.</p>
            <p>Distribution: NE-Sulawesi, Prov. Sulawesi Utara, Minahasa, Tomohon &amp; Lokon [NHMB].</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DB87EEFFC19D67FF405FF8FB78F2C9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hennemann, Frank H.	Hennemann, Frank H. (2021): Stick insects of Sulawesi, Peleng and the Sula Islands, Indonesia- a review including checklists of species and descriptions of new taxa (Insecta: Phasmatodea). Zootaxa 5073 (1): 1-189, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5073.1.1
03DB87EEFFC19D63FF405C48FEB7F0F5.text	03DB87EEFFC19D63FF405C48FEB7F0F5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Myronides glaucus Hennemann 2021	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Myronides glaucus n. sp.</p>
            <p>(Figs. 19–20)</p>
            <p> HT,   ♀: Indonesien,  Peleng Island , VII.2011, local collector [ZSMC, ex coll. FH, No. 0642-30]  . </p>
            <p> PT,   ♂: ex Zucht: F,. Hennemann 2010/11,  Herkunft : Indonesien,  Peleng Island E of Sulawesi [ZSMC, ex coll. FH, No. 0642- 29]  . </p>
            <p>PT, egg: ex Zucht: F,. Hennemann 2010/11, Herkunft: Indonesien, Peleng Island E of Sulawesi [ZSMC, ex coll. FH].</p>
            <p> PT,   2 ♀♀: Indonesien,  Peleng Island , VII.2011, local collector [coll. FH, No’s 0642-31 &amp; 32]  . </p>
            <p> PT,   3 ♀♀: Indonesia,  Peleng Isl. , Tataba, II-2020  , local collector [IMQC]. </p>
            <p> PT,  ♀: ex Zucht A. &amp; C. Bauduin 2008, Herkunft: Indonesien, Peleng Id., östl. Sulawesi, 2007 [coll. FH, No. 0642-1] . </p>
            <p> PT,  2 ♂♂: ex Zucht A. &amp; C. Bauduin 2008, Herkunft: Indonesien, Peleng Id., östl. Sulawesi, 2007 [coll. FH, No‘s 0642-2 &amp; 3] . </p>
            <p> PT, 7 ♀♀, 18 ♂♂, 1 ♀ penultimate instar,   24 eggs: ex Zucht: F. Hennemann 2010/11, Herkunft: Indonesien,  Peleng Island E of Sulawesi (coll. FH, No‘s 0642-4 to 28 &amp; E]. </p>
            <p> PT,   3 ♀♀, 6 ♂♂, 24 eggs: ex Zucht: F. Hennemann 2019–2021, Herkunft: Indonesien,  Peleng Island E of Sulawesi (coll. FH, No’s 0642-33 to 41]. </p>
            <p> PT,   10 ♀♀, 18 ♂♂: ex Zucht: O. Conle 2010/11, Herkunft: Indonesien,  Peleng Island E of Sulawesi (coll. OC, No’s 0546-1 to 28]. </p>
            <p> PT,   3 ♂♂: ex Zucht: F,. Hennemann 2019/20,  Herkunft : Indonesien,  Peleng Island E of Sulawesi [NHMB]  . </p>
            <p> Etymology: The name (  glaucus lat. = cyan, teal, turquoise) refers to the pretty and very distinctive colouration of ♀♀ of this new species (Figs. 20A–B). Although there are two other colour morphs, the turquoise morph is the most common one. </p>
            <p>Differential diagnosis: Both sexes of this new species differ from those of all other known species in the genus by the distinct node-like tubercles of the vertex and genae (Figs. 19F, K), ♀♀ furthermore differ by the slender shape and very prominent Preopercular organ, which is formed by two conical posterior projections on abdominal sternum VII (Fig. 19C, E), and ♂♂ can also be distinguished from other congenerics by the comparatively more slender hemi-terga of the anal segment, that in lateral aspect are tapered apically and have the posterior angle protruded into a long, acuminate projection which is almost ¾ the length of the basal portion (Fig. 19G).</p>
            <p>Description: The colouration is described from live specimens. Provisional storage in ethanol discolours ♀♀ to drab or brown, which for instance is the case in the holotype.</p>
            <p>♀ (Figs. 19A, 20A–B). Of medium size (body length 95.0– 110.5 mm), form slender and elongate for the genus with very distinctive colouration (Fig. 19A). Occurring in two distinct colour morphs. The more common turquoise morph has the body turquoise or cyan (darkening with age) with the head and prothorax mid to dull green. The legs are dull turquoise with washed black or dark purple mottling, all femora and tibiae having three pale turquoise annulae (Figs. 20A–B). The apical portions of the tibiae and the tarsi are brown. The cephalic tubercles are tipped with pale yellow and the eyes are contrasting bright yellow. The few granules of the meso- and metanotum are white and abdominal tergites II–VI have a small black spot at the posterolateral angle. The antennae from antennomere III onward are black and have each antennomere with the base pale cream. The rarer green morph differs from the turquoise morph in the following aspects: Body mid to dull green with the lateral margins of abdominal tergites II–VII white; head and prothorax yellow; legs basically yellowish green with the annulae dull yellow; bases of all femora with a slight reddish brown wash.</p>
            <p>Head: Roundly rectangular, longer than wide, the vertex rather flattened and with the coronal line notably impressed. Vertex with 4–6 rounded coronal tubercles and occasionally with one or two smaller sub-orbital tubercles; genae with two prominent, blunt tubercles (Fig. 19F). Between the eyes with a pair of short, obtuse and gently anteriad directed spines and between bases of antennae with a two widely C-shaped, medially connected transverse grooves. Eyes almost circular, projecting hemispherically and their diameter contained 2x in length of genae.Antennae filiform and reaching to anterior of abdominal segment VI. Scapus strongly compressed dorsoventrally with the lateral margins gently deflexed and weakly rounded, slightly oval in outline and almost 2x longer than wide (Fig. 19F). Pedicellus very short, sub-spherical. III about equal in length to scapus, IV much shorter.</p>
            <p>Thorax: Pronotum about equal in length and very slightly wider than head, somewhat narrowed pre-medially, about 1.2x longer than wide (Fig. 19F). Median line distinctly impressed over entire length of segment; the transverse median sulcus shallow, gently curved and expanding over entire width of segment. Anterior margin obtusely raised and with a median pair of blunt tubercles. Anterior portion with one or two pairs of conical tubercles just before transverse median sulcus; the posterior portion with four distinct tubercles, two small ones medially and two more widely spaced ones posteriorly. Meso- and metanotum with a very fine longitudinal median carina, both very sparsely set with indistinct, low granules dorsally and a row of 3–6 more prominent rounded, white tubercles laterally. Meso- and metapleurae each with a few rather small tubercles positioned in a longitudinal row. Mesosternum weakly, metasternum indistinctly tectinate longitudinally; each with only a very few very small paired granules. Mesothorax elongate and slender, almost cylindrical and about 2.1x longer than head and pronotum combined. Length of metanotum contained about 2.2x in that of mesonotum; about 2x longer than wide.</p>
            <p>Abdomen: Median segment less than ½ the length of metanotum, just slightly wider than long and very slightly narrowed towards; surface with a fine longitudinal median carina and a widely spaced pair of small granules near posterior margin.Abdomen excluding median segment considerably longer head and complete thorax combined.All abdominal terga with a fine longitudinal median carina and smooth except for avery indefinite pair of widely spaced granules near posterior margin of II–V. Segments II–VII roughly of uniform width, slightly subequal in length and on average about 1.5x longer than wide. Sterna very weakly tectinate longitudinally and smooth. Sternum VII with Preopercular organ formed by a median pair of short, slightly digitiform lobes close to posterior margin (Figs. 19C, E). Tergum IX tectiform with a pair of small, obtuse posteromedian swellings. Anal segment about as long as IX, strongly tectiform with the lateral margins slightly deflexed into an obtusely dentiform lobe anteriorly (Fig. 19D); the posterior margin with a very wide and flat excavataion and the outer lateral angles acutely pointed and laterad directed. Epiproct large, obtusely triangular, shield-like and projecting notably beyond outer lateral apices of anal segment (Fig. 19D). Cerci small, obtusely conical and slightly compressed laterally (Fig. 19C). Subgenital plate strongly keeled, deeply convex and fairly bulgy post-medially (Fig. 19C); apex rounded and ± reaching to apex of abdomen (Fig. 19E).</p>
            <p>Legs: All long, slender and entirely unarmed except for moderately prominent obtusely triangular and sometimes bi-dentate sub-apical lobe that is followed by a minute tooth on both ventral carinae of meso- and metafemora. Basitarsi slender and elongate, longer than following three tarsomeres combined.</p>
            <p>♂ (Figs. 19 B, 20C). Medium to large (body length 68.0–83.0 mm), slender and elongate for the genus. Entire dorsal body surface with a very fine and flat, longitudinal median carina. General colour plain orange-brown, the legs with a reddish hue and very indistinctly annulated. Membranes between body segments slightly yellowish. Eyes dark yellow (Fig. 20C). Antennae much less distinctly annulated as in ♀♀. Cephalic tubercles yellow tipped.</p>
            <p>Head: Generally as in ♀♀ but tubercles less numerous and less pronounced, the interocular pair of spines more acute and notably more prominent, and the eyes relatively larger with their diameter contained a little less than 2x in length of genae. Antennae longer than body; otherwise as in ♀♀.</p>
            <p>Thorax: Pronotum generally as in ♀♀ but tubercles much less distinct. Mesothorax very elongate, slender and about 2.4x longer than head and prothorax combined, very slightly widened at anterior margin and somewhat widened posteriorly. Mesonotum almost smooth and just with single flat granules along lateral margins. Metanotum a little less than ½ the length of mesonotum and smooth. Meso- and metapleurae with a few very indistinct marginal granules. Sterna smooth and very weakly tectinate longitudinally.</p>
            <p>Abdomen: Median segment a little less than ½ the length of metanotum, gradually narrowing towards the anterior and almost 2x longer than wide. Abdomen excluding median segment somewhat lonher than head and complete thorax combined; smooth. Segment II about 1.6x longer than median segment. II–VII uniform in width, II–V almost equal in length and VI–VII somewhat decreasing in length; II–V on average 3.5x longer than wide. Tergum VIII only 2/3 the length of VII and widening towards posterior, IX rectangular and slightly shorter; both keeled longitudinally. Anal segment strongly tectiform, the digitiform apical process slender straight, gradually narrowed towards a slender tip and about ¾ the length of broadened anterior portion of segment (Fig. 19G). Near lower lateral margin in anterior portion with a tuberculate longitudinal keel. Interior surfaces of digitiform processes irregularly set with differently sized black teeth (Figs. 19H–J). Cerci small, gently in-curving, laterally compressed in median portion with the interior surface concave; tip blunt (Fig. 19J). Poculum fairly small, roundly conical and reaching to posterior margin of tergum IX; with a fine longitudinal keel in posterior half and the posterior margin slightly labiate.</p>
            <p>Legs: All long, slender and unarmed except for two sub-apical teeth on two outer ventral carinae of meso- and metafemora, the more apical one of which is considerably smaller. Basitarsi long, slender and about equal in length to remaining tarsomeres combined.</p>
            <p>Nymphs: Newly hatched nymphs are bright mid green with yellow eyes and black legs that are irregularly spotted with white or pale grey. Abdominal terga XI and X with a black dorso-median marking. The colouration of later instars resemble those of adult ♀♀, but the legs are contrasting reddish brown with pale green to turquoise spots.</p>
            <p>Egg (Figs. 20D–E): Small and typical for the genus, capsule barrel-shaped,&gt; 1.6x longer than wide, notably higher than wide and oval cross-section with the posterior half somewhat narrowed. Capsule surface wholly but unevenly rugulose to coriaceous. Micropylar plate pear-shaped, notably longer than wide, approximately half the length of capsule with anterior portion gradually narrowing; outer margin weakly bulging and the inner portion with a slight medio-longitudinal bulge, which terminates towards posterior end of plate. Micropylar cup small and positioned in posteromedian gap of plate, median line short. Operculum oval, slightly convex and with a rim of low tubercles some distance off the outer margin. Capitulum irregularly shaped with about four deep lateral impressions and on a very short stalk. General colour of capsule greyish, slightly shiny and often with washed tones of yellow, red, blue and green; the lateral and ventral surfaces with a variable number of blackish markings. Micropylar plate yellowish ochre to straw, operculum dark grey and operculum dark reddish brown to almost black. Measurements [mm]: Overall length 3.2–3.4, length 2.9–3.1, width 2.0–2.1, height 1.6–1.7, length of micropylar plate 1.5–1.6.</p>
            <p> Comments: Culture stock of this species was introduced by Daniel Dupont (France) in 2006 and specimens were forwarded to the author for examination by Arnaud and Christophe Bauduin (France) in 2008. The species has since been widely reared in captivity in Europe and feeds on various alternative food plants including bramble (  Rubus fruticosus ,  Rosaceae ), raspberry (  Rubus idaeus ,  Rosaceae ), hazel (  Corylus avellana ,  Betulaceae ) and ferns (Polypodiopsida). Eggs take about 3–4 months to hatch at average temperatures of 20–23°C. The nymphs are fairly slow-growing with ♂♂ taking 4.5–5 months and ♀♀ about 5–6 months to reach maturity. Females lay an average of two eggs per day, which are simply dropped to the ground. High humidity is necessary for all stages to ensure successful hatching of eggs and moulting. </p>
            <p>Distribution: Apparently endemic to the Island of Peleng, the largest of the Banggai Islands positioned east of Sulawesi.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DB87EEFFC19D63FF405C48FEB7F0F5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hennemann, Frank H.	Hennemann, Frank H. (2021): Stick insects of Sulawesi, Peleng and the Sula Islands, Indonesia- a review including checklists of species and descriptions of new taxa (Insecta: Phasmatodea). Zootaxa 5073 (1): 1-189, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5073.1.1
03DB87EEFFC59D61FF4058DDFCC2F64D.text	03DB87EEFFC59D61FF4058DDFCC2F64D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Myronides pussulatus Hennemann 2021	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Myronides pussulatus n. sp.</p>
            <p>(Fig. 21)</p>
            <p> HT,   ♀: Indonesien, N-Molukken, Prov. Maluku Utara, Sulu Archipel, Sanana Island,  Waifara , II.2013 [ZSMC, ex coll. FH]  . </p>
            <p> Etymology: The name (  pussulatus lat. = with vesicles) refers to distinctive vesicle-like swellings or tubercles on the pro-, meso- and metanotum of ♀♀ of this new species (Figs. 21F–G). </p>
            <p>Differential diagnosis: The large thoracic vesicle-like tubercles and sub-basally expanded anterodorsal carina of the profemora readily distinguish ♀♀ of this new species from all other representatives of the genus.</p>
            <p>Description. The description of the colouration is solely based on the dried and unique holotype, which might provisionally have been preserved in ethanol. A slight greenish hue suggests the insect might have been much greener when alive. The specimen is complete except for the very apical portions of the right antenna.</p>
            <p>♀ (Fig. 21). Large (body length 125.5 mm), form slender and elongate for the genus with very distinctive and prominent vesicle-like swellings on dorsal surface of thorax (Fig. 21A). General colour ochre with a slight greenish hue on mesothorax, portions of abdomen and legs. Cephalic and prothoracic tubercles pale creamish-green, the large meso- and metathoracic tubercles pale greenish with a black ring in median portion, the smaller metathoracic tubercles and the few tubercles on the basal abdominal terga black. Eyes and antennae dull ochre.</p>
            <p>Head: Ovoid, longer than wide, the vertex rather flattened and with the coronal line notably impressed. Vertex with about six prominent rounded coronal tubercles and a row of four considerably smaller sub-orbital tubercles; two medium sizes tubercles on each genae (Fig. 21F). Between the eyes with a pair of prominent, acute spines that are slightly arched towards the anterior (Fig. 21E); between bases of antennae with two small, transverse grooves. Eyes small, almost circular, strongly projecting and their diameter contained almost 2.6x in length of genae. Antennae filiform and reaching to posterior margin of abdominal segment II. Scapus strongly compressed dorsoventrally with the lateral margins gently deflexed, almost rectangular and about 1.8x longer than wide. Pedicellus very short, sub-spherical. III about equal in length to scapus, IV much shorter.</p>
            <p>Thorax: Pronotum slightly shorter and narrower than head, somewhat narrowed in posterior portion, about 1.3x longer than wide. The transverse median sulcus distinct, gently curved and expanding over entire width of segment. Anterior margin obtusely raised and with four moderate tubercles; the two median ones larger than the two outer ones. Anterior portion with two, posterior portion with four distinct tubercles; the anterior pair of the posterior portion of pronotal disc the largest (Fig. 21E). Meso- and metanotum with a very fine longitudinal median carina, both irregularly set with tubercles and vesicle-like swellings of variable sizes (Figs. 21F–G); tubercles less numerous and smaller on metanotum although. Meso- and metapleurae each with a few rather small tubercles positioned in a longitudinal row. Mesosternum distinctly, metasternum just slightly tectinate longitudinally; each with only a very few small paired tubercles (Fig. 21G). Mesothorax elongate and slender, almost cylindrical and about 2.4x longer than head and pronotum combined. Length of metanotum contained about 2.3x in that of mesonotum; almost 4x longer than wide.</p>
            <p>Abdomen: Median segment less than 1/3 the length of metanotum, slightly narrowed in anterior portion and with anterior margin very gently rounded; surface with a curved transverse row of four small black tubercles in median portion ant two pale green tubercles near posterior margin. Abdomen excluding median segment about equal in length to head and complete thorax combined. All abdominal tergites with a fine longitudinal median carina and a few small tubercles in the median portion, which become increasingly less distinct from II towards VII. III–VII with the median carina posteriorly protuded into a laterally compressed, triangular, spiniform and posteriad directed swelling that is most prominent on VI. Segments II–VII of uniform width, slightly subequal in length and on average about 3x longer than wide. Sterna sparsely and minutely granulose; VII with Preopercular organ formed by a median pair of very prominent, obtuse, upright and laterally compressed lobes close to posterior margin (Figs. 21B, D). Terga VIII and IX tectiform longitudinally. Anal segment about as long as IX, with an acute longitudinal median keel, the posterior margin with a wide almost semicircular excavataion and the outer lateral angles acutely triangular (Fig. 21C). Epiproct large, obtusely triangular, shield-like and projecting notably beyond outer lateral apices of anal segment (Fig. 21C). Cerci very small, obtusely conical and somewhat compressed laterally. Subgenital plate very strongly keeled, deeply convex and bulgy post-medially with the median longitudinal keel slightly undulate in apical portion (Fig. 21B); apex obtusely triangular and somewhat projecting over apex of abdomen Figs. (21C–D),</p>
            <p>Legs: All long, slender and entirely unarmed except for fairly prominent rounded sub-apical lobe followed by a minute tooth on both ventral carinae of meso- and metafemora (Fig. 21A). Anterodorsal carina of profemora strongly deflexed and weakly undulate sub-basally (Fig. 21E). Basitarsi slender and elongate, longer than following three tarsomeres combined.</p>
            <p>Comments: Males and eggs unknown.</p>
            <p>Distribution: Sula Islands Regency, Sanana Island, Waifara.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DB87EEFFC59D61FF4058DDFCC2F64D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hennemann, Frank H.	Hennemann, Frank H. (2021): Stick insects of Sulawesi, Peleng and the Sula Islands, Indonesia- a review including checklists of species and descriptions of new taxa (Insecta: Phasmatodea). Zootaxa 5073 (1): 1-189, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5073.1.1
03DB87EEFFC69D6DFF405EFDFAECF27D.text	03DB87EEFFC69D6DFF405EFDFAECF27D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Myronides tomohonense Hennemann 2021	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Myronides tomohonense n. sp.</p>
            <p>(Fig. 22)</p>
            <p> Myronides pfeifferae, Günther, 1938: 74 . </p>
            <p>Hennemann, 1998: 119.</p>
            <p> HT,   ♀:  Tomohon , Celebes, X.94, Sar.;  Myronides pfeifferae Westw., K. Günther det. [NHMB]  . </p>
            <p> PT,   ♀:  Tomohon , Celebes, VI  .94, Sar.;  Myronides pfeifferae Westw., K. Günther det. [NHMB]. </p>
            <p> PT,   ♀: Lokon,  Mittelregion , Celebes, V.94, Sar.;  Myronides pfeifferae Westw., K. Günther det. [NHMB]  . </p>
            <p> PT,   ♂:  Tomohon , Celebes, V.94, Sar.;  Myronides pfeifferae Westw., K. Günther det. [NHMB]  . </p>
            <p> PT,   ♂:  Tomohon , Celebes, 2.V.94, Sar.;  Myronides pfeifferae Westw., K. Günther det. [NHMB]  . </p>
            <p> PT, ♂: Sarasin, IX.1894, Masarang-Kette, Nord-Celebes;  Myronides pfeifferae Westw., K. Günther det. [NHMB]. </p>
            <p>Etymology: Named after the type-locality, Tomohon in the Minahasa Regency of the Province Sulawesi Utara in northeastern Sulawesi.</p>
            <p> Differential diagnosis: This new species is the only known representative of  Myronides Stål, 1875 on the island of Sulawesi and the so far only known species in the genus in which ♀♀ have a prominent dorsal lobe on the probasitarsus (Fig. 22A) and in which ♂♂ have a complex colouration with tones of brown, orange, green and yellow (Fig. 22C). Females are similar to those of the type-species  M. pfeifferae (Westwood, 1859) but may be separated by the much more prominent, longer and acutely pointed pair of cephalic horns, which extend by more than half the height of head capsule (Fig. 22L), notably smaller sub-apical teeth on the two outer ventral carinae of the femora, larger subgenital plate, which extends considerably beyond the apex of the abdomen (Fig. 22D) and large dorsal lobe of the probasitarsi (Fig. 22A). Males are well characterized within the genus and readily distinguished from those of  M. pfeifferae by their complex colouration, having a bold dark green longitudinal streak along the dorsal body surface that is interrupted at the borders of each body segment (♂♂ of  pfeifferae are uniformly buff to brown). Moreover, the pair of cephalic horns are much larger in this species (Fig. 22J) and the sub-apical ventral teeth of the femora are less pronounced. </p>
            <p>Description: All type specimens have provisionally been conserved in spirits, so the colouration described may not be true for the live insects. One of the ♀ paratypes is very pale straw to yellow and here omitted from the colour descriptions, because this colouration is obviously artificial. The colouration of the ♂♂ is described based on only one specimen that appears to exhibit close to the natural colour patterns when alive.</p>
            <p>♀ (Fig. 22A). Medium-sized for the genus (body length 102.0–111.0 mm), form fairly stocky with a short median segment and a prominent, acutely pointed pair of cephalic spines. Body surface sparsely tuberculose and granulose. Colour ochraceous with irregular brown markings and sometimes with a slight greenish wash, the head darker brown in one of the paratypes. Cephalic spines and the intervening dark brown, the genae with a weakly defined longitudinal postocular streak. Larger tubercles of the head and thorax dull yellow. Apex of basitarsi and all following tarsomeres dark brown. Antennae with a slightly dull orange hue, the two basal segments coloured like body, III–VI and the 15 or so apical antennomeres with a greyish brown wash. Eyes dull ochre with a faint longitudinal dark ocular stripe.</p>
            <p>Head: Longer than wide, sub-cylindrical, broadest at the eyes and gently narrowing toward the posterior (Fig. 22M). Frons with two small C-shaped impressions between bases of antennae. Between the eyes with a very prominent pair of acutely pointed and strong, slightly anteriad directed spines, which extend by more than half the height of head capsule (Fig. 22L). Vertex flat with a fine, impressed coronal line and with a few scattered nodes, genae with two obtuse nodes. Eyes circular in outline, strongly projecting and their diametre contained about 2.2 in length of genae. Antennae reaching to anterior of abdominal segment II. Scapus compressed dorsoventrally, somewhat deflexed laterally with both lateral margins weakly rounded; almost 2x longer than wide. Pedicellus oval in crosssection and about 1/3 the length of scapus.</p>
            <p>Thorax: Pronotum slightly shorter but about equal in length to head, rectangular in outline and 1.5x longer than wide. Transverse median sulcus shallow, gently curved and not reaching lateral margins of segment; anterior and lateral margins with a few low tubercles and some paired tubercles on dorsal surface (Fig. 22M). Mesothorax elongate, slender and about 5.5x longer than prothorax. Mesonotum with a fine longitudinal median carina and unevenly set with tubercles and nodes of variable sizes. Mesopleurae sparsely nodose. Mesosternum obtusely keeled longitudinally with with some small, scattered nodules along the medio-longitudinal keel. Metanotum a little less than half the length of mesonotum, about 3.2x longer than wide; sculpturing like mesonotum. Metapleurae and sternum sparsely nodulose.</p>
            <p>Abdomen: Median segment 1.7x longer than wide and a little less than half the length of metanotum; sculpturing alike. Abdomen excluding median segment equal in length to complete thorax; entire dorsal surface with a fine longitudinal median carina and irregularly tuberculose and nodulose. Segment II almost 1.8x longer than median segment, II–V roughly equal in length, VI and VII slightly shortening; All roughly uniform in width, rectangular and on average 2x longer than wide. Tergum VI occasionally somewhat widened medially and with a pair of obtuse, dorso-lateral swellings (e.g. in the HT). VII shorter and narrower than all preceding segments. Sterna sparsely granulose, Preopercular organ on VII formed by a pair of low, wart-like swellings near posterior margin (Fig. 22F). Tergum VIII somewhat less than half the length of VII, IX shorter and slightly wider than long. Anal segment longer than IX, strongly convex longitudinally and with a very large, triangular posteromedian excavation (Fig. 22E); the lateral margins roundly deflexed in the basal portion (Fig. 22D). Epiproct distinct, scale-shaped and slightly projecting over posterolateral angles of anal segment (Fig. 22E). Cerci very small, conical and somewhat compressed laterally. Gonapophysis VIII strongly up-curving and almost reaching apex of anal segment, gonoplacs distinct and digitiform (Fig. 22D). Subgenital plate strongly keeled medio-longitudinally, strongly convex and bulgy in the median portion (Fig. 22D), the posterior margin obtusely rounded and projecting slightly beyond apex of abdomen (Figs. 22E–F).</p>
            <p>Legs: All moderately long and slender, the profemora about as long as mesothorax, metafemora almost reaching to posterior margin of abdominal segment IV and metatibiae just not reaching apex of abdomen. Anterodorsal carina of profemora moderately deflexed and weakly undulate and wavy in the basal two thirds. All femora unarmed except for three small sub-apical teeth which decrease in size towards the apex of femur. Medioventral carina moderate. Probasitarsus almost as long as remaining tarsomeres combined and with a prominent, rounded dorsal lobe in median portion. Meso- and metabasitarsus slender and a little longer than following three tarsomeres combined.</p>
            <p>♂ (Figs. 22B–C). Fairly small for the genus (body length 73.0– 74.2 mm), apterous, shape slender with a prominent pair of acutely pointed cephalic spines. Body surface very minutely and sparsely granulose. Colourful (Fig. 22C); head dark brown, pronotum, posterior portions of all body segments, the lateral surfaces of the abdomen and all coxae reddish mid brown, the dorsal surface of the body dull green. Lateral portions of meso- and metanotum yellowish green. Femora yellowish green with apical quarter red, the tibiae greyish green and somewhat darker at the apex. Anterior margin of anal segment blackish. Antennae dull reddish brown. Eyes ochre with a dark longitudinal ocular stripe.</p>
            <p>Head: Generally as in ♀♀ but posterior portion more strongly narrowed and the nodes less numerous (Fig. 22K); portion between the eyes mor strongly swollen and rounded and the cephalic pair of horns more acutely pointed (Fig. 22J). Eyes large, very prominently projecting and their diametre contained about 1.6x in length of genae. Antennae reaching to posterior margin of abdominal segment V. Scapus less broadened than in ♀♀.</p>
            <p>Thorax: Pronotum roughly of same dimensions as head, the transverse median sulcus very prominent, gently curved and almost expanding over entire width of segment, a distinct impressed longitudinal median line present; tubercles just very weakly defined to obsolete (Fig. 22K). Mesothorax very elongate and slender and just slightly widened and swollen posteriorly; about 5.6x longer than prothorax. Mesonotum with a very weak and fine longitudinal median carina and mesosternum very weakly tectinate longitudinally. Metanotum a little more than 1/3 the length of metanotum, surface alike.</p>
            <p>Abdomen: Median segment about half the length of metanotum, roughly 3x longer than wide and gently narrowed medially. Segment II 1.3x longer than median segment and very slightly longer than III–V, VI–VII decreasing in length with VII only 3/5 the length of II. II–V on average about 3.5x longer than wide, VII only about 2.5x longer than wide; II–VII uniform in width and all terga with a very fine and indistinct longitudinal median line. Tergum VIII roughly half the length of VII and widened in the posterior portion, IX notably shorter with lateral margins roundly deflexed; medio-longitudinal carina more distinct than on preceding terga. Anal segment strongly tectiform and split to form two movable hemi-terga (Fig. 22H); the apical portion strongly narrowed in lateral aspect to form an obtuse, gently in-curving digitiform process (Fig. 22G). The interior surface of these two processes set with several minute black denticles (Fig. 22H). Cerci small, strongly constricted medially with the apex slightly club-shaped. Poculum strongly convex, cup-shaped, obtusely rectangular in lateral aspect with the posterior half carinate medio-longitudinally and the posterior margin rounded and slightly projecting over posterior margin of tergum IX (Fig. 22G).</p>
            <p>Legs: All long, slender and unarmed except for 2–3 small sub-apical denticles on the two outer ventral carinae of the femora. Profemora about equal to combined length of pro- and mesothorax, metafemora reaching about half way along abdominal segment V and metatibiae projecting considerably beyond apex of abdomen. Basitarsi slender, very elongate and at least equal in length to remaining tarsomeres combined.</p>
            <p>Comments: Eggs unknown.</p>
            <p>Distribution: So far only known from the very northeastern portion of Sulawesi, the Minahasa Regency.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DB87EEFFC69D6DFF405EFDFAECF27D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hennemann, Frank H.	Hennemann, Frank H. (2021): Stick insects of Sulawesi, Peleng and the Sula Islands, Indonesia- a review including checklists of species and descriptions of new taxa (Insecta: Phasmatodea). Zootaxa 5073 (1): 1-189, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5073.1.1
03DB87EEFFCB9D6AFF405A1BFED6F1E8.text	03DB87EEFFCB9D6AFF405A1BFED6F1E8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Neomyronides Hennemann 2021	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Genus  Neomyronides n. gen.</p>
            <p>(Figs. 23–24)</p>
            <p> Type-species:  Pseudostheneboea aberrans emiri Hennemann, 1998: 104 , by present designation. </p>
            <p> Pseudostheneboea, Hennemann, 1998: 102 , figs. 7–10, pl. 1: 7 –8, pl. 2: 5,6 &amp; 8 (in part). </p>
            <p>Zompro, 2005: 260.</p>
            <p>Otte &amp; Brock, 2005: 293 (in part).</p>
            <p> Prisomera, Günther, 1935: 4 . </p>
            <p> Staelonchodes, Günther, 1938: 77 , fig. 15. </p>
            <p> Diagnosis: ♀, ♂. Fairly small (body length ♂♂ 51.0– 62.5 mm, ♀♀ 73.5–88.0 mm) and stocky  Lonchodinae ; very similar in appearance to  Myronides Stål, 1875 and  Mithrenes Stål, 1877 (Fig. 23). Distinct sexual dimorphism with ♂♂ much smaller, more slender and less sculptured than ♀♀. Colouration various shades of brown and ochre; intra-specifically variable in ♀♀ and ♂♂ might have green legs. Body surface of ♀♀ densely granulose and tuberculose, in ♂♂ smooth with only a few scattered granules on thorax. Head considerably longer than wide and narrowed towards the posterior; vertex flattened and between eyes with a pair of ± distinct spines (Figs. 24G–H). Antennae elongate, consisting of about 60 antennomeres and reaching to median segment (♀♀) or abdominal segment IV–V (♂♂); IV–XV gradually increasing in length the remaining much shortened and XIV with a small, knob-like subbasal dorsal swelling. Prothorax about equal in length to head, rectangular and with a moderate median sulcus. Mesothorax 4.5–5.0x longer than prothorax; very slender in ♂♂ and very gently widening towards the posterior in ♀♀. Mesonotum of ♀♀ usually with a variable number of enlarged, blunt tubercles. Metanotum a little more than 1/3 the length of mesonotum and about 1.8x (♀♀) to 2.2x (♂♂) longer than median segment; with a distinct tubercle posteromedially. Meso- and metasternum in ♀♀ granulose and irregularly set with conical tubercles of variable sizes. Abdomen slightly longer than head and thorax combined. Median segment slightly longer than wide and with a somewhat enlarged tubercle posteromedially. Segments II–VI in ♀♀ very indistinctly increasing in length, all longer than wide and ± parallel-sided, VI about 1.5x longer than wide. VII gently narrowed towards the posterior. Terga III–VI with a posteromedian tubercle, which increases in size towards VI where it forms a laterally compressed, rounded lobe of variable size (Fig. 24A). Sternum VII with a distinct Preopercular organ formed by a laterally compressed, wart-like swelling some distance before posterior margin (Fig. 24C). Terminalia of ♀♀: Terga VIII–X much shorter than previous and decreasing in length, IX ± swollen and raised posteromedially. Anal segment tectinate with anterolateral angles rounded and ± deflexed; posterior margin roundly excavated. Epiproct rounded, scale-shaped and slightly projecting over apex of anal segment (Fig. 24B). Cerci very small and hidden under anal segment. Subgenital plate strongly convex, bulgy and with a very prominent ledge-like longitudinal keel in median portion; the posterior portion irregularly tuberculose and the posterior margin slightly projecting beyond anal segment (Fig. 24A). Terminalia of ♂♂: Segments II–VI considerably longer than VII and roughly uniform in length; terga V and VI with a rounded posteromedian swelling. VII–X much shorter than previous. Anal segment tectiform and split over entire length to form two hemi-terga (Fig. 24E) that are broad and angular in lateral aspect (Fig. 24D); the lower apical portion minutely dentate interiorly. Cerci small, cylindrical and concealed under anal segment. Poculum of moderate size, convex, cup-shaped with posterior margin rounded and ± reaching to posterior of tergum IX. Legs of moderate length, profemora longer than mesothorax, mesofemora shorter (♀♀) or longer (♂♂) than mesothorax and hind legs slightly (♀♀) to distinctly (♂♂) projecting beyond apex of abdomen. In ♂♂ unarmed, except for minute sub-apical spines on two outer ventral carinae of femora and occasionally with a single enlarged lobes on posterodorsal and posteroventral carina of mesofemora. In ♀♀ all carinae except ventral carinae of tibiae multi-lobate (indistinct in metafemora although). Mesofemora in particular with an enlarged sub-apical lobe on posteroventral carina. Tarsi slender in ♂♂, probasitarsus with a prominently raised and rounded dorsal carina in ♀♀. </p>
            <p>Egg (Figs. 24J–K): Small (overall length 2.6 mm), ovoid with dorsal surface of capsule much more convex than ventral surface and almost round in cross-section; about 1.4x longer than wide. Anterior portion somewhat narrowed. Capsule surface very minutely and evenly granulose. Micropylar plate elongate, about ¾ the length of capsule with posterior half slightly widened and posterior end indented; open interiorly. Micropylar cup distinct. Operculum almost circular and strongly raised and with a small, blackish, knob-like capitulum in centre.</p>
            <p> Differential diagnosis: Very close to the Wallacean  Myronides Stål, 1875 and Sulawesian endemic  Paramanduria n. gen. and morphologically similar to the Philippine  Mithrenes Stål, 1877 . From  Myronides it differs by the averaging smaller size and more stocky shape with relatively stouter legs and shorter tarsi as well as the lack of medioventral keel on the mesosternum. Females are readily distinguished by the lobate front and mid legs, distinct rounded dorsal lobe of the probasitarsus and tuberculate posterior portion of the subgenital plate. Also, ♀♀ oc-casionally bear a struma or lobe-like posteromedian swelling on abdominal tergum VI, which is never present in  Myronides . Males differ by the broader hemi-terga of the anal segment, which lack the finger-like postero-apical protrusion typically seen in  Myronides , as well as the much smaller cerci. Eggs at once differ from those of  Myronides by the strongly raised operculum (Figs. 24J–K). From  Paramanduria n. gen. ♀♀ readily differ by the lack of a beak-like ovipositor and the dorsally lobed probasitarsus. The Philippine endemic  Mithrenes was revised by Hennemann &amp; Conle (2007), who provided a new generic description. From this genus both sexes differ by the lack of a median keel on the mesosternum and averaging more stocky shape. ♀♀ can furthermore be distinguished by the much more prominent Preopercular organ on abdominal sternum VII as well as the dorsally lobed probasitarsus and ♂♂ differ by the lack of a downward-angled finger-like posteroventral appendage of the hemi-terga of the anal segment. The eggs significantly differ from those of  Mithrenes by the simple ovoid shape of the capsule (Figs. 24 J-K). </p>
            <p> Comments: The three Sulawesian species here comprised in this new genus have previously been attributed to not particularly closely related genera of the subfamily  Lonchodinae , that either are endemic in Sri Lanka (  Prisomera Gray, 1835 ; see Hennemann, 2002: 39), Assam in north-east India (  Pseudostheneboea Carl, 1913 ) or distributed throughout Sundaland (  Staelonchodes Kirby, 1904 ). </p>
            <p> Etymology: The prefix “ Neo -” means “New  Myronides ” to indicate close relation to that genus. Neuter. </p>
            <p>Distribution: Sulawesi (endemic).</p>
            <p>Species included:</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DB87EEFFCB9D6AFF405A1BFED6F1E8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hennemann, Frank H.	Hennemann, Frank H. (2021): Stick insects of Sulawesi, Peleng and the Sula Islands, Indonesia- a review including checklists of species and descriptions of new taxa (Insecta: Phasmatodea). Zootaxa 5073 (1): 1-189, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5073.1.1
03DB87EEFFCC9D6AFF405D75FB5CF099.text	03DB87EEFFCC9D6AFF405D75FB5CF099.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Neomyronides aberrans (Gunther 1938) Hennemann 2021	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> 1.  Neomyronides aberrans (Günther, 1938: 77, fig. 15 (♂) [  Staelonchodes ]. </p>
            <p>  HT, ♂: Assumpatu-Thal,  Patuka, P. F. Sarasin 17.Sept.02; Typus;  Staelonchodes aberrans n. sp. K. Günther det.[NHMB, VI.D.134]  . n. comb. </p>
            <p>Distribution: Central Sulawesi, Prov. Sulawesi Tengah, Valley of Asumbatu, Patuka [NHMB].</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DB87EEFFCC9D6AFF405D75FB5CF099	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hennemann, Frank H.	Hennemann, Frank H. (2021): Stick insects of Sulawesi, Peleng and the Sula Islands, Indonesia- a review including checklists of species and descriptions of new taxa (Insecta: Phasmatodea). Zootaxa 5073 (1): 1-189, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5073.1.1
03DB87EEFFCC9D6AFF405DC5FD95F511.text	03DB87EEFFCC9D6AFF405DC5FD95F511.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Neomyronides emiri (Hennemann 1998)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> 2.  Neomyronides emiri (Hennemann, 1998: 104, figs. 7–10, pl. 1: 7 –8, pl. 2: 5, 6 &amp; 8) [  Pseudostheneboea ?  aberrans emiri ]. </p>
            <p> HT, ♂: S-Sulawesi, Tana Toraja, Strasse von Rantepao nach Palopo 13km, ca. 1100 m, leg. F. Hennemann 13.–17.VIII.1995 [MNHU, No. 7911]; AT, ♀: S-Sulawesi, Tana Toraja, Strasse von Rantepao nach Palopo 13km, ca. 1100 m, leg. F. Hennemann 13.–17.VIII.1995 [MNHU, No. 7912]; PT, 3 ♂♂: S-Su-lawesi, Tana Toraja, Strasse von Rantepao nach Palopo 13km, ca. 1100 m, leg. F. Hennemann 13.–17.VIII.1995 [MNHU, No’s 7913–7915]; PT, 3 ♀♀, 9 ♂♂: S-Sulawesi, Tana Toraja, Strasse von Rantepao nach Palopo 13km, ca. 1100 m, leg. F. Hennemann 13.–17.VIII.1995 [coll. FH, No’s 0300-1 to 12]; PT, ♀: S-Sulawesi, Tana Toraja, leg. Tajuddin X.1995 – II.1996 [coll. FH, No. 0300-13]; PT, ♂: ex Zucht F. Hennemann (F1) VI.1996 [coll. FH, No. 0300-14];  PT, ♂: Celebes,  Loka am Lompa Batang-Geb. , leg. Sarasin [NHMB]. n. stat., n. comb  . </p>
            <p> Comments: This species has originally been described as a subspecies of  N. aberrans (Günther, 1953) but re-examination has shown the ♂♂ of  emiri to exhibit more than prolific features for regarding it as a separate species. Hence, it is here raised to species status (n. stat.). It is here selected as the type-species of the newly described genus  Neomyronides n. gen. because it is the only species of that genus, which is known from both sexes and the eggs. Illustrations are provided below to complement the generic description. </p>
            <p>Distribution: S-Sulawesi, Prov. Sulawesi Selatan, Rantepao Palopo km39, ca. 900 m [coll. FH]; S-Sulawesi, Prov. Sulawesi Selatan, Tana Toraja, 700 m [MNHU, coll. FH]; S-Sulawesi, Prov. Sulawesi Selatan, Gunung Lompobattang, Loka [NHMB].</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DB87EEFFCC9D6AFF405DC5FD95F511	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hennemann, Frank H.	Hennemann, Frank H. (2021): Stick insects of Sulawesi, Peleng and the Sula Islands, Indonesia- a review including checklists of species and descriptions of new taxa (Insecta: Phasmatodea). Zootaxa 5073 (1): 1-189, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5073.1.1
03DB87EEFFCC9D6AFF40585DFB3BF581.text	03DB87EEFFCC9D6AFF40585DFB3BF581.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Neomyronides obsolefactum (Gunther 1935) Hennemann 2021	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> 3.  Neomyronides obsolefactum (Günther, 1935: 4, pl. 1: 2 (♂ )) [  Prisomera ]. </p>
            <p> HT, ♂: Tanke Salokko 1500 m; S-O. Celebes, Mengkoka-Geb., 1.1932, G. Heinrich; Typus [MNHU]. n. comb . </p>
            <p>Distribution: SE-Sulawesi, Mengkoka Mountains, Gunung Tanke Salokko [MNHU].</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DB87EEFFCC9D6AFF40585DFB3BF581	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hennemann, Frank H.	Hennemann, Frank H. (2021): Stick insects of Sulawesi, Peleng and the Sula Islands, Indonesia- a review including checklists of species and descriptions of new taxa (Insecta: Phasmatodea). Zootaxa 5073 (1): 1-189, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5073.1.1
03DB87EEFFCF9D17FF405EFDFED6F684.text	03DB87EEFFCF9D17FF405EFDFED6F684.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paramanduria Hennemann 2021	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Genus  Paramanduria n. gen.</p>
            <p>(Figs. 25–26)</p>
            <p> Type-species:  Neopromachus celebensis Günther, 1935: 14 , pl. 2: 10, by present designation. </p>
            <p> Neopromachus, Günther, 1935: 14 , pl. 2: 10 (♀). </p>
            <p>Günther, 1938: 58 (in part).</p>
            <p>Hennemann, 1998: 120.</p>
            <p>Zompro, 2005: 258.</p>
            <p> Diagnosis: ♀ (Fig. 25). Fairly small (body length 70.0 mm) and stocky  Lonchodinae (Figs. 25A–B) with a birdbeak like ovipositor (figs. 25C–D). General colour brown. Entire body granulose and tuberculose to a variable degree and with a blunt longitudinal median keel along most of dorsal body surface. Head distinctly longer than wide, roundly rectangular in dorsal aspect, the vertex flattened (Fig. 25E) and with an impressed coronal line; between eyes with a pair of blunt swellings. Antennae slender, reaching to abdominal segment II and conisting of about 40 antennomeres; scapus compressed dorsoventrally and somewhat deflexed laterally, pedicellus cylindrical, IV–XXX increasing in length, the apical ten antennomeres much shorter. Antennomere XIV with a shiny, knob-like sub-basal dorsal swelling. Pronotum with a prominent, impressed transverse sulcus and at least two enlarged median tubercles at anterior margin. Mesothorax about 4.5x longer than prothorax and almost uniform in width; mesonotum with a variable number of enlarged blunt spiniform tubercles near lateral margins. Metanotum roughly 1/3 the length of mesonotum and almost 2x longer than median segment. Meso- and metapleurae with several enlarged spiniform tubercles; sterna less densely granulose or tuberculose than terga. Abdomen longer than head and thorax combined. Median segment roughly quadrate. Segments II–VI very slightly increasing in length and parallel-sided, II quadrate and VI about 1.3x longer than wide. VII slightly longer than all previous and gently gradually narrowing towards the posterior. Sternum VII with a prominent Preopercular organ that is formed by a scale-like median projection at posterior margin (Fig. 25C). Terga VI–IX with a posteromedian hump, which is indistinct on VI but forming a prominent, rounded bi-dentate projection on IX. Anal segment strongly narrowed and declining in lateral aspect, the apex strongly elongated into a lanceolate projection that is somewhat narrowed medially and pointed apically (Fig. 25D). Cerci very small and hidden under anal segment. Epiproct very small and also hidden under apical projection of anal segment. Subgenital plate moderately convex, keeled longitudinally with apex elongated, sub-angular and reaching about half way along apical projection of anal segment (Fig. 25C). Legs of moderate length, profemora a little longer than mesothorax, mesofemora about equal in length to mesothorax and hind legs projecting beyond apex of abdomen. All carinae to a variable degree lobulate or bluntly dentate. Profemora curved and compressed basally. Protibiae with distinct blunt teeth dorsally. Mesofemora with large lobes on anteroventral carina (Fig. 25B) that increase in size towards the apex of femur and somewhat smaller but enlarged lobes on anterodorsal carina. Basitarsi about equal in length to following three tarsomeres combined, probasitarsus with dorsal carina gently raised apically. </p>
            <p> Differential diagnosis: Apparently close to the Philippine endemic  Manduria Stål, 1877 and  Neomyronides n. gen. but also morphologically similar to the principally New Guinean  Neopromachus Giglio-Tos, 1912 . Females, the only sex known, share most features with the Sulawesian endemic  Neomyronides n. gen. but readily differ by the presence of a beak-like ovipositor that is shaped by the apically elongated and lanceolate anal segment and elongat-ed subgenital plate (Figs. 25C–D), as well as the just very slightly apically raised dorsal carina of the probasitarsus. The conspicuous dorsal sub-basal swelling on antennomere XIV is much more developed than in  Neomyronides n. gen. . The ovipositor and prominent uni-lobate Preopercular organ on abdominal sternum VII (Fig. 25C) are shared with  Manduria but the type-species of this new genus differs by the more stocky appearance, not longitudinally tectinate mesosternum, broadened and sub-angular apex of the subgenital plate, distinctly multi-lobate legs (only single dorsal lobes are present exclusively on the mesofemora and mesotibiae in  Manduria ) and much longer tarsi. In addition to the geographic separation the prominent Preopercular organ on abdominal sternum VII in this new genus represents the main feature that distinguishes ♀♀ from  Neopromachus . </p>
            <p> Comments: Already Günther (1935) was in doubt about the generic position of this Sulawesian species. The author commented that it takes on a very isolated position within  Neopromachus Giglio-Tos, 1912 and that he believed it has in fact no particularly close phylogenetic relationship to the New Guinean species of that genus and rather represents a peculiar faunistic element of the island of Sulawesi “ Wenngleich generische Unterschiede zwischen dieser merkwürdigen neuen Art und all den übrigen Species des Genus  Neopromachus Giglio-Tos nicht zu finden sind, so macht sie doch unter ihnen allen einen sehr aberranten und isolierten Eindruck. [...] Aber ich glaube doch, dass die vorliegende neue Art, die ich generisch von  Neopromachus nicht zu trennen vermag, phylogenetisch mit den neuguineeischen Arten nicht zusammenhängt und eine selbständige Fauneneigentümlichkeit der Insel Celebes darstellt. (Günther (1935: 15)”. Indeed, morphology of the ♀♀ rather supports close relation to the Sulawesian endemic  Neomyronides n. gen. and the Philippine  Manduria Stål, 1877 than to the New Guinean  Neopromachus . Günther (1938: 79) described  Prisomera nodosum based on a ♂ and nymph from the valley of Bone, South Sulawe-si (Fig. 26). He estimated this species might represent the previously unknown ♂ of  P. celebensis (Günther, 1935) and if that was the case a new genus would have to be established for incorporating these two species: “ Diese Art stellt vielleicht die ♂♂ von  Neopromachus celebensis K. Gthr. 1936 dar; das würde, wenn es sich so verhält die Er-richtung einer neuen Gattung bedingen. (Günther, 1938, 79, footnote 2)”. The presence of tooth-like lobes on both the posterodorsal and both outer ventral carinae of the mesofemora and the conspicuous sub-basal dorsal swelling on antennomere XIV suggest  nodosum might be congeneric to  celebensis . However, they obviously represent two distinct species and without having at hand for examination ♂♂ and ♀♀ of either species from the same locality, this hypothesis cannot be confirmed at the present state of our knowledge. Consequently,  nodosum is here attributed to  Paramanduria n. gen. with doubt and is not incorporated in the generic description presented above. Any broader discussion, differentiation and incorporation of the ♂♂ in the generic description must await availability of additional material and the still unknown eggs. </p>
            <p> Etymology: The name refers to the strong visual resemblance and assumed close relation to the Philippine genus  Manduria Stål, 1877 . Feminine. </p>
            <p>Distribution: Sulawesi (endemic).</p>
            <p>Species included:</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DB87EEFFCF9D17FF405EFDFED6F684	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hennemann, Frank H.	Hennemann, Frank H. (2021): Stick insects of Sulawesi, Peleng and the Sula Islands, Indonesia- a review including checklists of species and descriptions of new taxa (Insecta: Phasmatodea). Zootaxa 5073 (1): 1-189, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5073.1.1
03DB87EEFFB19D17FF405BA0FBEAF534.text	03DB87EEFFB19D17FF405BA0FBEAF534.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paramanduria celebensis (Gunther 1935) Hennemann 2021	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> 1.  Paramanduria celebensis (Günther, 1935: 14, pl. 2: 10 (♀ )) [  Neopromachus ]. </p>
            <p> HT, ♀: Celebes, Matinangeb., 600m, X.1930, G. Heinrich leg.; Typus [MNHU]. n. comb . </p>
            <p>Distribution: N-Sulawesi, Prov. Sulawesi Tengah, Matinan Mountains [MNHU].</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DB87EEFFB19D17FF405BA0FBEAF534	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hennemann, Frank H.	Hennemann, Frank H. (2021): Stick insects of Sulawesi, Peleng and the Sula Islands, Indonesia- a review including checklists of species and descriptions of new taxa (Insecta: Phasmatodea). Zootaxa 5073 (1): 1-189, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5073.1.1
03DB87EEFFB19D17FF405830FBABF5F8.text	03DB87EEFFB19D17FF405830FBABF5F8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paramanduria Hennemann 2021	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> 2.  Paramanduria (?)  nodosum (Günther, 1938: 79, figs. 16–17 (♂ )) [  Prisomera ]. </p>
            <p>  HT, ♂: Sarasin 8.I.1894, BoneTal ca. 200M, Nord-Cel.; Typus;  Prisomera nodosum n. sp. K. Günther det. [NHMB, VI.D.136]  ;  PT, ♂ nymph: N-Celebes, Bone-Tal ca. 700m, leg. Sarasin 14.I.1894; det. Günther [SMTD]. n. comb . </p>
            <p>Distribution: S-Sulawesi, Sulawesi Selatan, Bone valley [NHMB, SMTD].</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DB87EEFFB19D17FF405830FBABF5F8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hennemann, Frank H.	Hennemann, Frank H. (2021): Stick insects of Sulawesi, Peleng and the Sula Islands, Indonesia- a review including checklists of species and descriptions of new taxa (Insecta: Phasmatodea). Zootaxa 5073 (1): 1-189, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5073.1.1
03DB87EEFFB09D16FF405C0CFBFBF1D1.text	03DB87EEFFB09D16FF405C0CFBFBF1D1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Periphetes borealis Hennemann 2021	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> 1.  Periphetes borealis n. sp.</p>
            <p>Distribution: NE-Sulawesi, Prov. Sulawesi Utara, Minahasa, Masarang Mountains [NHMB]; NE-Sulawesi, Prov. Sulawesi Utara, Minahasa, Mount Mahawu, summit ca. 1300 m [NHMB].</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DB87EEFFB09D16FF405C0CFBFBF1D1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hennemann, Frank H.	Hennemann, Frank H. (2021): Stick insects of Sulawesi, Peleng and the Sula Islands, Indonesia- a review including checklists of species and descriptions of new taxa (Insecta: Phasmatodea). Zootaxa 5073 (1): 1-189, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5073.1.1
03DB87EEFFB09D16FF405C9CFA96F74D.text	03DB87EEFFB09D16FF405C9CFA96F74D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Periphetes forcipatus (Bates 1865)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> 2.  Periphetes forcipatus (Bates, 1865: 338) [  Lonchodes ]. (Fig. 67C) </p>
            <p> =  Lonchodes duivenbodei Kaup, 1871: 30 ., pl. 2: 3 (♀). [Synonymised by Hennemann &amp; Conle, 2007: 53] </p>
            <p> =  Dixippus furcatus Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907: 279. [Synonymised by Hennemann &amp; Conle, 2007: 53] </p>
            <p> =  Periphetes sangirensis Dohrn, 1910: 408 . [Synonymised by Hennemann &amp; Conle, 2007: 53] </p>
            <p> =  Periphetes duivenbodei elongatus Günther, 1938: 58 , 75. [Synonymised by Hennemann &amp; Conle, 2007: 53] </p>
            <p>Distribution: S-Sulawesi, Prov. Sulawesi Selatan, Tana Toraja, Rantepao, 700 m [coll. FH]; S-Sulawesi, Prov. Sulawesi Selatan, Bungadidi [coll. FH]; S-Sulawesi, Prov. Sulawesi Selatan, Saddan-Toraya [coll. OC]; SSulawesi, Prov. Sulawesi Selatan, Bungadidi [coll. FH]; SE-Sulawesi, Prov. Sulawesi Tenggara, Buton Island [coll. FH, coll. OC]; Central Sulawesi, Prov. Sulawesi Tengah, Lake Poso [NHMB]; N-Sulawesi, Sulawesi Utara, Minhasa, Menado [OXUM, HLDH]; N-Sulawesi, Prov. Gorontalo, Kota Gorontalo [HLDH].</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DB87EEFFB09D16FF405C9CFA96F74D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hennemann, Frank H.	Hennemann, Frank H. (2021): Stick insects of Sulawesi, Peleng and the Sula Islands, Indonesia- a review including checklists of species and descriptions of new taxa (Insecta: Phasmatodea). Zootaxa 5073 (1): 1-189, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5073.1.1
03DB87EEFFB09D16FF405AE8FB0CF7D9.text	03DB87EEFFB09D16FF405AE8FB0CF7D9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Periphetes parastatidon Gunther 1935	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> 3.  Periphetes parastatidon Günther, 1935: 11 , pl. 1: 7 (♀) &amp; 8 (♂). </p>
            <p> Distribution: S-Sulawesi, Prov. Sulawesi Selatan,  Gunung Latimojong , 1500 m [MNHU]. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DB87EEFFB09D16FF405AE8FB0CF7D9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hennemann, Frank H.	Hennemann, Frank H. (2021): Stick insects of Sulawesi, Peleng and the Sula Islands, Indonesia- a review including checklists of species and descriptions of new taxa (Insecta: Phasmatodea). Zootaxa 5073 (1): 1-189, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5073.1.1
03DB87EEFFB09D16FF405EFDFDA9F120.text	03DB87EEFFB09D16FF405EFDFDA9F120.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Periphetes Stal 1877	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Genus  Periphetes Stål, 1877</p>
            <p>(Fig. 27)</p>
            <p> Type-species:  Phasma graniferum Westwood, 1859: 35 , pl. 3: 4, by original designation. </p>
            <p> Comments: A discussion of this genus and list of species included has been presented by Hennemann &amp; Conle (2007: 53), who described a new species from the Philippines and established new synonymies of the most common species in Sulawesi,  P. forcipatus (Bates, 1865) . Precise type data of the latter taxa can be found in Hennemann &amp; Conle (2007: 54) and are therefore omitted in the list of species below. </p>
            <p>Distribution: Philippines, Sulawesi &amp; Sangihe.</p>
            <p>Species recorded from Sulawesi:</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DB87EEFFB09D16FF405EFDFDA9F120	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hennemann, Frank H.	Hennemann, Frank H. (2021): Stick insects of Sulawesi, Peleng and the Sula Islands, Indonesia- a review including checklists of species and descriptions of new taxa (Insecta: Phasmatodea). Zootaxa 5073 (1): 1-189, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5073.1.1
03DB87EEFFB09D15FF405B78FE50F661.text	03DB87EEFFB09D15FF405B78FE50F661.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Periphetes borealis Hennemann 2021	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Periphetes borealis n. sp.</p>
            <p>(Fig. 27)</p>
            <p> Phasgania furcata, Günther, 1938: 74 , fig. 14 (§). </p>
            <p> Carausius furcatus, Hennemann, 1998: 118 . </p>
            <p> Periphetes sp. , Hennemann &amp; Conle, 2007: 53. </p>
            <p>  HT, ♂: Sarasin, IX.1894, Masarang-Kette, Nord-Celebes;  Phasgania furcata Br. v. W. K. Günther det. [NHMB]  . </p>
            <p> PT,   ♂: Malawù Gipfel. Celebes, 25. VII.94. Sar.;  Phasgania furcata Br. v. W. K. Günther det. [NHMB]  . </p>
            <p> Etymology: The name (  borealis lat. = northern) refers to the distribution of this new species in the very northeastern part of Sulawesi. </p>
            <p> Differential diagnosis: Males of this new species (the only sex known) are very similar to  P. parastatidon Günther, 1935 , but differ by the considerably more slender form and relatively longer body segments, more roughly granulose head, smaller pair of spines between the eyes (Fig. 27D) and much shorter processes of the anal segment (figs. 27F–G). </p>
            <p>Description. The colouration is described from the paratype only, because the holotype is discoloured to yellowish brown by provisional storage in spirits (Figs. 27A–B).</p>
            <p>♂ (Figs. 27A–B). Fairly small for the genus (body length 55.0– 57.5 mm), shape moderately slender. As typical for the genus, the entire body surface densely granulose. Entire dorsal body surface with a very weakly indicated longitudinal keel. General colour olive green, head and basal portion of profemora dark green, most of prothorax, posterior portion of meso- and metathorax as well as portions of abdominal segments VIII, IX and poculum dark ochre to brown. Apices of femora washed black and apical portion of tibiae mid brown. Scapus and pedicellus very dark green with a slight blackish wash, rest of antennae very dark reddish brown. Eyes reddish brown.</p>
            <p>Head: Ovoid, about 1.4x longer than wide, broadest just behind the eyes (Fig. 27C) and vertex rather flat (Fig. 27D). Entire surface granulose and with a pair of fairly short but acutely pointed and anteriad directed spines between the eyes (Fig. 27D). Granules in the interocular portion more rough than elsewhere. Eyes circular in outline and projecting hemispherically, their length contained 2x in that of genae. Antennae long, filiform and roughly reaching to abdominal segment II. Scapus compressed dorsoventrally, slighly narrowed towards the base and 2x longer than wide (Fig. 27C. Pedicellus round in cross-section and slightly constricted towards apex.</p>
            <p>Thorax: Pronotum slightly shorter and narrower than head, the anterior portion a little broader than posterior portion, the transverse median sulcus prominent, gently curved and expanding over entire segment (Figs. 27C–D). Anterior margin with a transverse row of tubercles and two clusters of enlarged tubercles medially. Mesothorax slender and elongate, 5.5x longer than pronotum and notably widened in posterior portion. Metanotum a little less than 2/3 the length of mesonotum, gently widened medially and with posterior portion widened. Meso- and metanotum with posterior margin slightly, obtusely swollen.</p>
            <p>Abdomen: Median segment slightly less than ¼ the length of metanotum. Abdomen excluding median segment somewhat less than complete thorax. Segment II about 2x longer than median segment, II–VI almost uniform in length and width, VII slightly shorter; II–VI on average 2.2x longer than wide. TergaVIII and IX acutely keeled longitudinally, VIII trapezoidal with posterior margin 1.8x wider than anterior margin and about 3/5 the length of VII. IX shorter than VIII and notably narrowing towards posterior. Anal segment strongly tectiform split to form two movable hemi-terga, which have the lower angle protruded into a narrow, in-curving hook-like process that terminates in an acutely pointed inward directed spine; the interior surfaces with 1–2 smaller teeth (Fig. 27G, H) and the lateral outer surface with an obtuse longitudinal keel. Epiproct very small and not visible in dorsal aspect. Cerci very small, slender and somewhat compressed laterally at the base. Poculum fairly large, roundly cup-shaped with the posterior margin broadly rounded (Fig. 27H) and the surface minutely rugulose, slightly projecting over posterior margin of tergum IX (Figs. 27E–F).</p>
            <p>Legs: Moderately long, the meso- and metafemora somewhat swollen and thickened with their base narrowed. All carinae minutely granulose. Profemora with a distinct, curved, black tipped sub-apical spine on medioventral carina. Meso- and metafemora with a fairly prominent and acute, triangular sub-apical tooth on both outer ventral carinae. Medioventral carina of meso- and metafemora moderately distinct and like all other carinae marked by a longitudinal row of minute granules. Basitarsi slender and longer than following three tarsomeres combined.</p>
            <p> Comments: These two ♂♂ have been briefly described by Günther (1938: 74), who misidentified them as  Phasgania furcata (Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907). Examination has readily shown that they represent another as yet undescribed species. Females and eggs unknown. </p>
            <p>Distribution: NE-Sulawesi, Province Sulawesi Utara, Minahasa, Masarang Mountains &amp; Mount Mahawu, summit ca. 1300 m [NHMB].</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DB87EEFFB09D15FF405B78FE50F661	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hennemann, Frank H.	Hennemann, Frank H. (2021): Stick insects of Sulawesi, Peleng and the Sula Islands, Indonesia- a review including checklists of species and descriptions of new taxa (Insecta: Phasmatodea). Zootaxa 5073 (1): 1-189, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5073.1.1
03DB87EEFFB59D13FF405DBDFB6AF70D.text	03DB87EEFFB59D13FF405DBDFB6AF70D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ramulus extensus Hennemann 2021	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> 1.  Ramulus extensus n. sp.</p>
            <p>Distribution: S-Sulawesi, Prov. Sulawesi Selatan, Luwu, Boran Djaladja, lowland [NHMB].</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DB87EEFFB59D13FF405DBDFB6AF70D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hennemann, Frank H.	Hennemann, Frank H. (2021): Stick insects of Sulawesi, Peleng and the Sula Islands, Indonesia- a review including checklists of species and descriptions of new taxa (Insecta: Phasmatodea). Zootaxa 5073 (1): 1-189, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5073.1.1
03DB87EEFFB59D13FF405A28FEC2F62C.text	03DB87EEFFB59D13FF405A28FEC2F62C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ramulus globosicaput (Brunner von Wattenwyl 1907)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> 2.  Ramulus globosicaput (Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907: 192) [  Clitumnus ]. </p>
            <p>  HT, ♂: S. Celebes,  Patuhuang , Jan. 1896,  H. Fruhstorfer ; det. Br. v. W.  Clitumnus globosicaput; 20.756 [NHMW, No. 322]. </p>
            <p> =  Dagys balia Günther, 1935a: 3 , pl. 1: 1. HT, ♂ nymph: Celebes, Latimodjong Geb. Oeroe 800 m, G. Heinrich 8.30; Type [MNHU]. (Synonymised by Hennemann, 1998: 124) </p>
            <p>Distribution: S-Sulawesi, Prov. Sulawesi Selatan, Patuhuang (= Pattunuang near Maros?) [NHMW, No. 322]; S-Sulawesi, Prov. Sulawesi Selatan, Lembang, Maris [coll. FH]; Central Sulawesi, Prov. Sulawesi Tengah, Lake Poso [NHMB].</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DB87EEFFB59D13FF405A28FEC2F62C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hennemann, Frank H.	Hennemann, Frank H. (2021): Stick insects of Sulawesi, Peleng and the Sula Islands, Indonesia- a review including checklists of species and descriptions of new taxa (Insecta: Phasmatodea). Zootaxa 5073 (1): 1-189, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5073.1.1
03DB87EEFFB59D13FF405B0BFE9FF6D9.text	03DB87EEFFB59D13FF405B0BFE9FF6D9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ramulus melanurus Hennemann 2021	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> 3.  Ramulus melanurus n. sp.</p>
            <p>Distribution: S-Sulawesi, Prov. Sulawesi Selatan, Latimojong Mountains, Gunung Rantemario, Uru 800 m MNHU].</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DB87EEFFB59D13FF405B0BFE9FF6D9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hennemann, Frank H.	Hennemann, Frank H. (2021): Stick insects of Sulawesi, Peleng and the Sula Islands, Indonesia- a review including checklists of species and descriptions of new taxa (Insecta: Phasmatodea). Zootaxa 5073 (1): 1-189, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5073.1.1
03DB87EEFFB59D13FF405B87FB0FF531.text	03DB87EEFFB59D13FF405B87FB0FF531.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ramulus pelengense Hennemann, Le Tirant & Purwanto 2021	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> 4.  Ramulus pelengense n. sp.</p>
            <p> Distribution: Sulawesi, Prov. Sulawesi Tengah, Banggai Islands,  Peleng Island , Tinanasu. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DB87EEFFB59D13FF405B87FB0FF531	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hennemann, Frank H.	Hennemann, Frank H. (2021): Stick insects of Sulawesi, Peleng and the Sula Islands, Indonesia- a review including checklists of species and descriptions of new taxa (Insecta: Phasmatodea). Zootaxa 5073 (1): 1-189, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5073.1.1
03DB87EEFFB59D13FF40583EFC8CF427.text	03DB87EEFFB59D13FF40583EFC8CF427.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ramulus recessus (Brunner von Wattenwyl 1907)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> 5.  Ramulus recessus (Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907: 207) [  Cuniculina ]. </p>
            <p>  HT, ♀: Key Tual,  Rohde , ex coll. H. Fruh-storfer; Collectio Br. v. W.; det. Br. v. W.  Cuniculina recessa ; 22.661 [NHMW, No. 376]  . </p>
            <p> Comments: This species was originally described from a unique ♀ in NHMW and has never been recorded since. Examination shows this fairly small (body length 92.0 mm), blackish brown insect to be very similat to several of the smaller Javanese species, e.g.  R. lobipes (Brunner v. W., 1907),  R. serrulatus (Brunner v. W., 1907) or  R. verecundus (Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907). Thus, the locality is not unlikely to be erroneous. </p>
            <p>Distribution: Kai Islands, N-Kai Ketjil, Tual [NHMW].</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DB87EEFFB59D13FF40583EFC8CF427	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hennemann, Frank H.	Hennemann, Frank H. (2021): Stick insects of Sulawesi, Peleng and the Sula Islands, Indonesia- a review including checklists of species and descriptions of new taxa (Insecta: Phasmatodea). Zootaxa 5073 (1): 1-189, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5073.1.1
03DB87EEFFB59D13FF405F01FDADF0B3.text	03DB87EEFFB59D13FF405F01FDADF0B3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ramulus Saussure 1862	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Genus  Ramulus Saussure, 1862</p>
            <p>(Figs. 28–35)</p>
            <p> Type-species:  Bacillus humberti Saussure, 1862: 472 [=  Ramulus pseudoporus (Westwood, 1859: 42, pl. 4: 6)], by original monotypy. </p>
            <p> Comments: This is one of the most speciose genera of Australasian  Phasmatodea and due to intraspecific variability in ♀♀ and strong sexual dimorphism obviously comprises numerous synonyms that have yet to be revealed. There-fore, the entire genus deserves a comprehensive revision at the species level. Günther (1938: 58) and Hennemann (1998: 124) have listed the species of  Ramulus recorded from Sulawesi. A list of all species that have so far been recorded from Wallacea is presented below. The author is aware of at least four further potentially undescribed species from Sulawesi, but while one is only known from the ♀♀ and is not unlikely be the opposite sex of  Ramulus supernumerarius (Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907; see comments on this species below), the other three species are only known from single rather incomplete ♂ specimens. It is hope that more material of this genus from Sulawesi becomes available to increase our knowledge of the true diversity of  Ramulus on the island. </p>
            <p>Species recorded from Wallacea:</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DB87EEFFB59D13FF405F01FDADF0B3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hennemann, Frank H.	Hennemann, Frank H. (2021): Stick insects of Sulawesi, Peleng and the Sula Islands, Indonesia- a review including checklists of species and descriptions of new taxa (Insecta: Phasmatodea). Zootaxa 5073 (1): 1-189, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5073.1.1
03DB87EEFFB59D12FF405900FB55F3CD.text	03DB87EEFFB59D12FF405900FB55F3CD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ramulus redemptus (Brunner von Wattenwyl 1907)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> 6.  Ramulus redemptus (Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907: 190) [  Clitumnus ]. </p>
            <p>  LT [by present designation], ♂: Coll. Br. v. W., Molukken, Depuiset det.; det. Br. V. W.,  Clitumnus redemtus ; 5022 [NHMW, No. 312]  ;   PLT, ♂ penul-timate instar: Moluques, Obi  Major, D. Waterstradt 1902; Type  Clitumnus redemptus Br. ; Tipo; MNCN 7633 [MNCN]  . </p>
            <p>Comments: The ♂ in NHMW is here selected as the lectotype.</p>
            <p>Distribution: Maluku Islands „ Molukken “[NHMW, No. 312]; Maluku Islands, Obi [MNCN].</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DB87EEFFB59D12FF405900FB55F3CD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hennemann, Frank H.	Hennemann, Frank H. (2021): Stick insects of Sulawesi, Peleng and the Sula Islands, Indonesia- a review including checklists of species and descriptions of new taxa (Insecta: Phasmatodea). Zootaxa 5073 (1): 1-189, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5073.1.1
03DB87EEFFB49D12FF405F69FBCFF1E9.text	03DB87EEFFB49D12FF405F69FBCFF1E9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ramulus supernumerarius	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> 7.  Ramulus supernumerarius (Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907: 261) [  Lonchodes ]. </p>
            <p>  HT, ♂: S. Celebes, Bua-Kraeng, 5000´  Febr . 1896,  H. Fruhstorfer ; Brunner v. W. et Redtenbacher det. 1903  Type; Lonch.  supernumerarius Br. v. W. [ETHZ]. n. comb. </p>
            <p> =  Cuniculina melanocephala Carl, 1913: 18 . LT, ♂ [by present designation]: S. Celebes, Bua-Kraeng, 5000´Febr. 1896, H. Fruhstorfer;  Cuniculina melanocephala Carl [MHNG]; PLT, 2 ♂♂: S. Celebes, Lompa-Battau, 3000´März 1896, H. Fruhstorfer;  Cuniculina melanocephala Carl [MHNG] n. syn. </p>
            <p> Comments: Examination of the ♂ holotype of  Lonchodes supernumerarius Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907 in ETHZ have clearly shown this species to belong in the genus  Ramulus . Comparison with the type-specimens of Carl’s  Cuniculina melanocephala have furthermore proven this to be a synonym of Brunner’s very distinctive  R. supernumerarius (n. syn.). The ♂ from Gunung Bawakaraeng is here selected as the lectotype of Carl’s  melanocephala . The possible ♀♀ have been briefly described by Hennemann (1998: 116) as „  Baculum nematodes (deHaan, 1842) var.?“. </p>
            <p>Distribution: S-Sulawesi, Prov. Sulawesi Selatan, Gunung Bawakaraeng “Bua Kraeng” [ETHZ, MHNG], SSulawesi, Prov. Sulawesi Selatan, Gunung Lompobatang “Lompa-Battau” [MHNG].</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DB87EEFFB49D12FF405F69FBCFF1E9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hennemann, Frank H.	Hennemann, Frank H. (2021): Stick insects of Sulawesi, Peleng and the Sula Islands, Indonesia- a review including checklists of species and descriptions of new taxa (Insecta: Phasmatodea). Zootaxa 5073 (1): 1-189, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5073.1.1
03DB87EEFFB49D12FF405D74FDA7F044.text	03DB87EEFFB49D12FF405D74FDA7F044.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ramulus togianense Hennemann 2021	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> 8.  Ramulus togianense n. sp.</p>
            <p>Distribution: Togian Islands.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DB87EEFFB49D12FF405D74FDA7F044	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hennemann, Frank H.	Hennemann, Frank H. (2021): Stick insects of Sulawesi, Peleng and the Sula Islands, Indonesia- a review including checklists of species and descriptions of new taxa (Insecta: Phasmatodea). Zootaxa 5073 (1): 1-189, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5073.1.1
03DB87EEFFB49D12FF405DE0FD35F709.text	03DB87EEFFB49D12FF405DE0FD35F709.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ramulus torajanus Hennemann 2021	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> 9.  Ramulus torajanus n. sp.</p>
            <p>Distribution: S-Sulawesi, Prov. Sulawesi Selatan, Rantepao Palopo km39, ca. 900 m [coll. FH]; S-Sulawesi, Prov. Sulawesi Selatan, Tana Toraja, 700 m [coll. FH]; S-Sulawesi, Prov. Sulawesi Selatan, Gunung Latimo-jong, Rantemario, Uru 800 m [MNHU].</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DB87EEFFB49D12FF405DE0FD35F709	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hennemann, Frank H.	Hennemann, Frank H. (2021): Stick insects of Sulawesi, Peleng and the Sula Islands, Indonesia- a review including checklists of species and descriptions of new taxa (Insecta: Phasmatodea). Zootaxa 5073 (1): 1-189, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5073.1.1
03DB87EEFFB49D10FF405A08FB1DF3A8.text	03DB87EEFFB49D10FF405A08FB1DF3A8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ramulus extensus Hennemann 2021	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Ramulus extensus n. sp.</p>
            <p>(Fig. 28)</p>
            <p> Baculum globosicaput, Günther, 1938: 60 . </p>
            <p> HT,   ♂: Sarasin 28.I.–1. II.1895, Luwu, Flachland, Goran-Djaladja, Centr. - Cel.;  Baculum globosicaput Br. v. W. Günther det. [NHMB] </p>
            <p> Etymology: The name (  extensus lat. = extended, elongated) refers to the strongly elongated terminal two abdominal terga of ♂♂ of this new species (Figs. 28B–C). </p>
            <p>Differential diagnosis: Males, the only sex known, differ from all other species so far known from Sulawesi by the enlarged terminal three abdominal terga which together are equal in length to abdominal segments II and III combined (Figs. 28B–C); notably shorter than II and III combined in all other Sulawesian species). Abdominal tergum IX is almost 2x longer than high (at best slightly longer than high in the other species) and the anal segment is about 3x longer than high (at best 2.2x longer than high in the other species).</p>
            <p>Description: The following description is based on the unique holotype, which has provisionally been preserved in spirits. Thus, the specimen is with great certainty discoloured and the description of the colours must be taken with caution. The specimen lacks the tips of both antennae and the left fore leg.</p>
            <p>♂ (Fig. 28A). Of moderate size (body length 106.0 mm) for the genus, very thin and stick-like with a strongly globose head and characteristically elongated abdominal terga IX and X. General colour uniformly buff (believed to be orange when alive), the terminal three abdominal segments reddish brown with the apical portion of the anal segment ochre. Antennae blackish brown with the two basal segments dark brown. Cerci ochre. Eyes yellowish grey.</p>
            <p>Head: Fairly large, strongly globose, slightly longer than wide, narrowed posteriorly, smooth and broadest just behind the eyes (Fig. 28D). Between the bases of the antennae with a slight impression and between the eyes with two very slightly swollen, oval areas. Eyes very large, projecting more than hemispherically and their diameter contained about 1.9x in length of genae. Antennae almost reaching apex of profemora and laid back reaching at least half way along mesonotum (broken in the holotype). Scapus compressed dorsoventrally, narrowed towards the base and about 2x longer than wide. Pedicellus cylindrical and roughly half the length of scapus. Antennomere III longer than scapus and pedicellus combined.</p>
            <p>Thorax: Pronotum shorter and notably narrower than head, roundly rectangular in outline with the posterior portion slightly expanded laterally and wider than anterior portion (Fig. 28D). Transverse median sulcus distinctly impressed, weakly W-shaped and reaching to lateral margins of segment. Mesothorax very elongate and 11.8x longer than prothorax but just 1.26x longer than metanotum; very gently widened posteriorly. Metathorax somewhat constricted medially. Meso- and metanotrum with a very faint medio-longitudinal line.</p>
            <p>Abdomen: Median segment slightly trapezoidal, just slightly longer than wide and only 0.12x the length of metanotum. Segment II about 3x longer than median segment. II–V almost uniform in length, VI and VII slightly decreasing in length with VII only about 2/3 the length of II–V; all uniform in width but VII very weakly widening towards the posterior. II–V almost 5x and VII only 3.3x longer than wide. Terga VIII–X much broader than all preceding with VIII widest and 2x wider than preceding segmens; VIII–X together equal to combined length of II and III. VIII about 2/3 the length of VII, swollen, strongly widening towards the posterior, trapezoidal in dorsal aspect and with the lateral margins somewhat deflexed. IX distinctly longer than VIII, 2x longer than high and gradually narrowed towards the posterior. Terga VIII and IX both with a fairly distinct medio-longitudinal carina. Anal segment 1.2x longer than IX, split longitudinally, strongly tectiform and 3x longer than high; the hemi-terga in lateral aspect with the apical one third gradually narrowing, basically triangular in outline and rounded at the apex (Fig. 28B), interiorly they are armed with several small, blackish brown teeth (Fig. 28C). Cerci slender, gently in-curving and narrowing towards a slightly club-shaped apex. Poculum very small, scoop-shaped, obtusely keeled longitudinally and with the posterior margin somewhat labiate; not reaching posterior margin of tergum IX.</p>
            <p>Legs: All long and very slender and entirely unarmed. Profemora slightly longer than head, pro-, meso- and metanotum combined, mesofemora somewhat longer than head, pro- and mesothorax combined and metafemora reaching half way along abdominal segment VII. All basitrarsus roughly 2x longer than combined length of remaining tarsomeres.</p>
            <p> Comments: The unique ♂ holotype from Boran-Djaladja in the collection of NHMB was erroneously listed as  R. golobosicaput by Günther (1938: 60). Comparison with the specimen has show the specimen to represent a distinct species that is well characterized by the notably enlarged three terminal abdominal segment and strongly elongated two terminal abdominal terga. Female and egg unknown. </p>
            <p>Distribution: So far only known from Djaladja in the Luwu Regency of South Sulawesi.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DB87EEFFB49D10FF405A08FB1DF3A8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hennemann, Frank H.	Hennemann, Frank H. (2021): Stick insects of Sulawesi, Peleng and the Sula Islands, Indonesia- a review including checklists of species and descriptions of new taxa (Insecta: Phasmatodea). Zootaxa 5073 (1): 1-189, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5073.1.1
03DB87EEFFB69D1EFF405D10FE90F0F5.text	03DB87EEFFB69D1EFF405D10FE90F0F5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ramulus globosicaput (Brunner von Wattenwyl 1907)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Ramulus globosicaput (Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907) </p>
            <p>(Figs. 29, 35A–B)</p>
            <p> Clitumnus globosicaput Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907: 192. HT, ♂: S. Celebes, Patuhuang, Jan. 1896,  H. Fruhstorfer ; det. Br. v. W.  Clitumnus globosicaput ; 20.756 [NHMW, No. 322]. </p>
            <p> Baculum globosicaput, Günther, 1935a: 2 . </p>
            <p>Brock, 1998: 31.</p>
            <p> Hennemann, 1998: 115, 123 (in part—see coments on  Ramulus torajanus n. sp. below). </p>
            <p>Otte &amp; Brock, 2005: 302.</p>
            <p> Dagys balia Günther, 1935a: 3 , pl. 1: 1. HT, ♂ nymph: Celebes, Latimodjong Geb. Oeroe 800 m, G. Heinrich 8.30; Type [MNHU]. (Synonymised by Hennemann, 1998: 124) Günther, 1938: 61. </p>
            <p>Hennemann, 1998: 124.</p>
            <p>Otte &amp; Brock, 2005: 302.</p>
            <p>Zompro, 2005: 255.</p>
            <p> [Not:  Baculum globosicaput, Günther, 1938: 60 → Misidentification; this is  Ramulus extensum n. sp. above] </p>
            <p> Further material:   2 ♀♀, 1 ♂, 1 ♂ n4, 1 egg: S-Sulawesi, Sulawesi Selatan, Lembang,  Maros , leg. Gunawan XII.1995 [coll. FH, No’s. 0303-1 to 4 &amp; E]  ;   1 ♀: S-Sulawesi, Prov. Sulawesi Selatan, Tana Toraja,  Rantepao 700 m, leg. Tajuddin X.1995 - II.1996 [coll. FH, No. 0303-5]  . </p>
            <p> Differential diagnosis: This species is well recognized by the colouration of the head of both sexes, which is green in ♂♂ and bears characteristic dark markings in both sexes, which however are variable in size and shape in ♀♀. Both sexes are similar to the sympatric  R. torajanus n. sp. but differ by on avarage smaller size, more stocky shape, relatively shorter limbs and more prominent ventral sub-apical tooth of the meso- and metafemora. Males differ by the green head that bears conspicuous brown markings (Figs. 29L–M; plain orange in  torajanus n. sp. , Figs. 34K–L), not notably darkened three terminal abdominal segments and shorter, broader hemi-terga of the anal segment (Fig. 29E). Females can be separated by the more globose head that bears much larger dark markings (Figs. 29H–K), relatively shorter anal segment that has the posterior margin less deeply incised medially and smaller, more triangular epiproct (Fig. 29D). The eggs readily differ from those of  R. torajanus n. sp. by the smaller size, shorter and more strongly sculptured capsule surface and larger dorsal projection of the operculum (Figs. 35A–B). </p>
            <p>Variability: The three ♀♀ at hand show considerable chromatic variability. While one is generally olive green in colour and has all of the dark markings and flecks much more pronounced and almost black (coll. FH, 0303-2, Fig. 29A), the other two examples are rather drab greenish in colour with the dark markings notably less distinct and less defined (Fig. 29B). Moreover, the first specimen also has the markings of the vertex united to form a distinct black T-shaped mark (Figs. 29H, K), they form a rather pale brown Y-like mark in another specimen (coll. FH, No. 0303-1) and the third specimen merely has three separate pale brown markings (coll. FH, No. 0303-5, Fig. 29J). The specimen from the Tana Toraja highland is slightly larger (body length 115.0 mm) than the two examples from Maros (101.0– 102.5 mm). No such remarkable chromatic variability is seen in the two known ♂♂, the specimen from the authors collection (coll. FH, No. 0303-3) merely being lighther and more yellowish to orange in colour than the holotype with the markings on the vertex comparatively less defined. Both specimens have a body length of 89.0 mm.</p>
            <p>Comments: Descriptions of the ♀ and egg were provided by Hennemann (1998). Comparative illustrations are presented below to allow better distinction of the three closely related new species described herein. The ♂ holotype in the collection of NHMW is labelled “Patuhuang”, which is believed to relate to Pattunuang, a village situated nearby to Maloku in the vicinity of Sulawesi’s capital Ujung Pandang (Fig. 4).</p>
            <p> Re-examination of the material at hand from the authors collection and listed by Hennemann (1998: 115) has proven this to comprise two distinct species, one of which is here described as  Ramulus torajanus n. sp. (see below). Examination of the ♂ from Mapane in the collection of NHMB recorded as  Dagys balia by Günther (1938: 61) has proven this to be not conspecific to  R. globosicaput , clearly differing by the slender shape, unicolorous head and more slender hemi-terga of the anal segment. It most likely represents another as yet undescribed species but since this fairly freshly moulted specimen has been preserved in spirits and thus is discoloured, it is not described herein. The ♀ from Mapane recorded by Günther (1938: 61) is a penultimate instar specimen and the specimen from Lake Poso is a small nymph. Hence, no confirmed decision on these specimens in the collection of NHMB can be made at this point. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DB87EEFFB69D1EFF405D10FE90F0F5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hennemann, Frank H.	Hennemann, Frank H. (2021): Stick insects of Sulawesi, Peleng and the Sula Islands, Indonesia- a review including checklists of species and descriptions of new taxa (Insecta: Phasmatodea). Zootaxa 5073 (1): 1-189, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5073.1.1
03DB87EEFFB89D1CFF405A54FD9AF2EE.text	03DB87EEFFB89D1CFF405A54FD9AF2EE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ramulus melanurus Hennemann 2021	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Ramulus melanurus n. sp.</p>
            <p>(Fig. 30)</p>
            <p> Baculum globosicaput, Günther, 1935a: 2 . </p>
            <p> HT,   ♂: Celebes, Latimodjong-Geb.,  Oeroe , 800 m, G. Heinrich 8.30 [MNHU] </p>
            <p> Etymology: The name (  melanurus lat. = blacktail) refers to the black three terminal abdominal segments of ♂♂ of this new species (Fig. 30B). </p>
            <p> Differential diagnosis: Males, the only sex known, differ from all other species so far known from Sulawesi by the typical colouration, being uniformly orange with only the complete antennae and three terminal abdominal segments contrasting black.  The most similar species is  R. torajanus n. sp. , but morphologically ♂♂ of this new species can be distinguished by the almost spherical head, posteromedian humps on abdominal terga V and VI and the comparatively more elongate and slender hemi-tergites of the anal segment. </p>
            <p>Description: The following description is based on the unique holotype, which unfortunately lacks both pro-and metatibiae and the left mid leg.</p>
            <p>♂ (Fig. 30A). Of average size (body length 88.0 mm) for the genus, moderately thin and stick-like with an almost spherical head and characteristic colouration. General colour uniformly dull orange with faint dark brown hues on abdominal terga II and III. Complete antennae including scapus and pedicellus and terminal three abdominal segments black; cerci orange. Head with two very faint, washed brown markings between the eyes and the bases of the antennae black. Mesotibiae with a slight greenish wash.</p>
            <p>Head: Large, almost spherical and smooth; broadest just behind the eyes (Fig. 30C). Between the bases of the antennae with a shallow indention and between the eyes with two very slightly swollen areas. Eyes very large, projecting more than hemispherically and their diameter contained about 1.6x in length of genae. Antennae almost reaching apex of profemora and laid back reaching about half way along metanotum. Scapus compressed dorsoventrally, somewhat narrowed towards the base and about 2x longer than wide; the interior margin very gently convex. Pedicellus cylindrical and about half the length of scapus. Antennomere III longer than scapus and pedicellus combined.</p>
            <p>Thorax: Pronotum shorter and much narrower than head (Fig. 30C), roundly rectangular in outline with the anterior portion slightly expanded laterally; remainder of the lateral margins parallel-sided. Transverse median sulcus fairly distinct, impressed, straight and almost reaching lateral margins of segment. Mesothorax very elongate and almost 8.5x longer than prothorax but just 1.2x longer than metanotum; very gently widened posteriorly. Metathorax somewhat constricted medially.</p>
            <p>Abdomen: Median segment roughly rectangular, just slightly longer than wide and only 0.2x the length of metanotum. Segment II about 3x longer than median segment. II–V uniform in length, VI and VII slightly decreasing in length with VII only about 2/3 the length of II–V; all uniform in width and very slightly widened posteriorly. II–V almost 5x and VII only 3.5x longer than wide. Terga V and VII with posterior margin swollen and raised to form an obtus, conical median hump. Terga VIII–X broader than all preceding, VIII only half the length of VII but distinctly widening towards the posterior with the lateral margins somewhat deflexed and roundly convex. Tergum IX slightly shorter than VIII and almost quadrate in dorsal aspect. Anal segment almost as long as VIII and IX combined, split longitudinally and strongly tectiform; the hemi-terga in lateral aspect with the apical half gradually narrowing, very gently up-curving and obtusely rounded at the apex (Fig. 30B), interiorly armed with several small, blackish teeth. Cerci slender, gently in-curving and narrowed in the apical portion. Poculum very small, scoop-shaped, obtusely keeled longitudinally and with the posterior margin somewhat labiate; reaching to posterior margin of tergum IX (Fig. 30B).</p>
            <p>Legs: All long and very slender; unarmed except for a single, minute and fairly blunt sub-apical tooth on the medioventral carina. Profemora almost 1.4x longer than head, pro- and mesothorax combined, mesofemora slightly longer than head, pro- and mesothorax combined and metafemora reaching to posterior margin of abdominal segment VI. Mesobasitrarsus 1.25x longer than combined length of remaining tarsomeres.</p>
            <p> Comments: The unique ♂ holotype from Uru in the collection of MNHU was misidentified as  R. golobosicaput by Günther (1935a: 2). Comparison with the holotype of that species show the specimen to differ by the almost spherical and plain orange head, which only has two very faint darker spots between the eyes, black scapus and pedicellus, the black three terminal abdominal segments and slender hemi-tergites of the anal segment. Hence, it is here described as a new species. Female and egg unknown. </p>
            <p>Distribution: So far only known from Uru, at Mount Rantemario in the Latimojong Mountains of South Sulawesi (Province Sulawesi Selatan).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DB87EEFFB89D1CFF405A54FD9AF2EE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hennemann, Frank H.	Hennemann, Frank H. (2021): Stick insects of Sulawesi, Peleng and the Sula Islands, Indonesia- a review including checklists of species and descriptions of new taxa (Insecta: Phasmatodea). Zootaxa 5073 (1): 1-189, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5073.1.1
03DB87EEFFBA9D19FF405C2CFB6FF632.text	03DB87EEFFBA9D19FF405C2CFB6FF632.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ramulus pelengense Hennemann, Le Tirant & Purwanto 2021	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Ramulus pelengense Hennemann, Le Tirant &amp; Purwanto n. sp.</p>
            <p>(Figs. 31, 35G–H)</p>
            <p> HT,   ♂: O-Sulawesi, Prov. Sulawesi Tengah, Banggai-Inseln,  Peleng Island , VII.2011 [ZSMC, ex coll. FH]  . </p>
            <p> PT,   3 ♂♂: O-Sulawesi, Prov. Sulawesi Tengah, Banggai-Inseln,  Peleng Island , VII.2011 [FH, No’s 0790-1 to 3]  . </p>
            <p> PT,   1 ♀, 1 egg (ex ovipositor): O-Sulawesi, Prov. Sulawesi Tengah,  Banggai-Inseln , W-Peleng Island, Buko-District, Tinanasu, XII.2011 [ZSMC, ex coll. FH]  . </p>
            <p> PT,   12 ♂♂, 12 ♀♀, 3 eggs (ex ovipositor): O-Sulawesi, Prov. Sulawesi Tengah,  Banggai-Inseln , W-Peleng Island, Buko Dis-trict, Tinanasu, XII.2011 [coll. FH, No’s 0790-4 to 26, E]  . </p>
            <p> PT,   10 ♂♂, 6 ♀♀: O-Sulawesi, Prov. Sulawesi Tengah,  Banggai-Inseln , W-Peleng Island,  Buko District , btw. Tatendeng village and Eben village 400-550 m, IX.2011 [FH, No’s 0790-27 to 42]  . </p>
            <p> PT,   10 ♂♂, 10 ♀♀: O-Sulawesi, Prov. Sulawesi Tengah,  Banggai-Inseln , W-Peleng Island,  Buko District , btw. Tatendeng vil-lage and Eben village 400-550 m, IX.2011 [IMQC]  . </p>
            <p> PT,   ♂: Indonesia:  Peleng Island , Tinagkung Utara, near Luksagu village, April 2017, leg. A. Brata, ex coll. Alexandre Banko [IMQC]  . </p>
            <p> PT,   2 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀: E-Sulawesi, Prov. Sulawesi Tengah,  Banggai-Islands , W-Peleng Island,  Bulagi District , Alul village near Bulagi, VI.2020  [coll. EB]. </p>
            <p>Etymology: The name refers to the distribution of this new species, which is an endemic of Pulau Peleng, the largest of the Banggai Islands east of Sulawesi.</p>
            <p> Differential diagnosis: Males of this new species are easily recognized by their distinctive colouration, being plain orange to yellowish ochraceous with only the median segment (Fig. 31J) and the head except for the frons contrasting black (Fig. 31K–L). Females are similar to those of  R. togianense n. sp. from the Togian Islands and  R. globosicaput (Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907) from Sulawesi but differ from both by the somewhat longer, apically pointed and tapered subgenital plate, which slightly projects over the apex of the abdomen (Figs. 31D–F), as well as the smooth posterodorsal carina of the profemora (Fig. 31N) and plain colouration. From the first species ♀♀ also differ by the lack of cephalic spines (Figs. 31M–N) and from the second species by larger size on average and their more slender and elongate appearance. The eggs differ from those of  R. togianense n. sp. by the more elongate and slender shape, more prominent dorsal projection of the operculum and single very large pear-shaped posterolateral impression of the capsule (Figs. 35G–H). From those of  R. globosicaput the eggs differ by the much more densely sculptured capsule surface, having the micropylar plate roughly in the mid of the dorsal egg surface (distinctly displaced towards the posterior in globosicaput), slightly shorter and less acute dorsal projection of the operculum and larger posterolateral impression oft he capsule (Figs. 35G–H). </p>
            <p>Description: The description of the colouration of ♀♀ is described only from dried specimens and that of ♂♂ from pictures of live paratypes kindly forwarded to the author by Edy Bhaskara (Indonesia).</p>
            <p>♀ (Figs. 31A–B). Fairly large for the genus (body length including subgenital plate 131.0–148.0 mm), form slender, body surface entirely smooth, the head strongly globose and unarmed and the epiproct and subgenital plate somewhat elongated and projecting over apex of abdomen (Figs. 31D–F). Meso- and metatibiae sometimes with triangular lobe-like teeth. General colour various shades of dull ochre and drab to greyish mid brown, sometimes with a slight greenish hue. Genae usually dark brown to black in portion anterior to the eyes (Figs. 31M–N). Eyes dark reddish brown. Antennae with scapus and pedicellus coloured like body, the gradually becoming darker and almost black at the apex. Teeth and lobes of mesotibiae (if present) mid to dark brown.</p>
            <p>Head: Strongly globose, sub-spherical, unarmed and just indistinctly longer than wide, broadest at eyes; vertex rounded and smooth (Figs. 31M–N). Frons with two very shallow widely C-shaped furrows. Eyes circular in outline, projecting almost hemispherically and their diameter contained about 2x in length of genae. Antennae 1.7x longer than head and pronotum combined, consisting of 24 antennomeres (Fig. 31N). Scapus strongly flattened dorsoventrally with the outer lateral margin strongly deflexed and rounded and the interior lateral margin gently deflexed, ovoid in dorsal aspect and much longer than wide. Pedicellus less than 1/3 the length of scapus, cylindrical. III much longer than pedicellus, the following antennomeres gradually decreasing in length, only the two terminal ones considerably longer than previous; terminal antennomere longest of all.</p>
            <p>Thorax: Pronotum shorter and much narrower than head, the sub-anterior portion narrower than the widened posterior half; the latter with the lateral margins gently convex (Figs. 31M–N). Transverse median sulcus distinct, gently curved and expanding over entire width of segment. Meso- and metanotum with a very fine and indistinct longitudinal median line. Mesothorax about 2.75x longer than head and pronotum combined and about 1.5x longer than metanotum. Metanotum about 5.5x longer than wide.</p>
            <p>Abdomen: Median segment quadrate and its length contained about 4.6x in that of metanotum. Abdomen excluding median segment considerably longer than head and complete thorax combined. All abdominal segment roughly uniform in with but sub-equal in length; II about 2.1x longer than median segment and 2.6x longer than wide; II–IV increasing in length, IV–VI almost equal in length and VII slightly shorter than previous; IV–VI on average 3.6x longer than wide. Preopercular organ merely represented by a distinctive black posteromedian marking on sternum VII (Fig. 31F). Tergum VIII about ¾ the length of VII, IX about ½ the length of VIII. Anal segment tectiform longitudinally, longer than IX and slightly narrowing towards the apex; posterior margin with a deep, triangular excavation and the posterolateral angles acutely triangular (Fig. 31E). Epiproct large, longer than wide with the apex acute and projecting noticeably beyond anal segment. Cerci very small, tapered towards the tip and slightly in-curving. Subgenital plate elongate, just slightly convex in post-median portion (Fig. 31D), slightly keeled longitudinally on apical half and with the apex fairly acute, gently down-curving and ± reaching tip of epiproct (Figs. 31D–F).</p>
            <p>Legs: All long and slender with all carinae covered by fine, black setae. Mesofemora occasionally with 3–4 small denticles in apical half of posterodorsal carina. Medioventral carina of meso- and metafemora well defined and with an obtuse tooth sub-apically (Fig. 31O). Mesotibiae either entire unarmed, with 1–2 teeth or triangular lobes in basal half of posterodorsal carina and/or sometimes with 1–2 teeth or triangular lobes in basal half of posteroventral carina. Metatibiae either unarmed or with a single teeth or triangular lobe ¼ off the base on posterodorsal carina. The posterodorsal carina of both the meso- and metatibiae with some minute teeth in apical half, the metatibiae with further teeth on two outer ventral carinae. Basitarsi very long, slender and notably longer than combined length of remaining tarsomeres.</p>
            <p>♂ (Fig. 31C). Of moderate size for the genus (body length 93.0–108.0 mm), very slender and with a globose head. General colour of body dull yellow with a slight greenish wash, the abdomen somewhat darker and with a more orange hue. Coxae more greenish. Head black except for a yellowish frons (Figs. 31K–L); eyes orange. Antennae black except for scapus and pedicellus. Most of median segment black (Fig. 31J). Legs dull orange, tarsi dark greenish grey. All dried specimens at hand are more or less plain orange-brown.</p>
            <p>Head: Shape generally as in ♀♀, but eyes much larger, projecting more than hemispherically and their diameter contained only 1.5x in length of genae. Between the eyes with two very shallow humps and on frons just behind the bases of the antennae with two shallow impressions (Figs. 31K–L). Antennae with 22 antennomeres, all more elongate than in ♀♀ and antennae about as long as head, pro- and mesothorax combined. Scapus 2.7x longer than wide, slightly narrowing towards the base and gently compressed dorsoventrally. Pedicellus sub-cylindrical a somewhat less than ½ the length of scapus. III very elongate and about as long as the two preceding segments combined, following antennomeres gradually decreasing in length; only terminal antennomere longer than preceding.</p>
            <p>Thorax: Pronotum as in ♀♀, shorter and notably narrower than head (Fig. 31L). The tranverse median sulcus however much more pronounced and not expanding entire width of segment. Meso- and metanotum with a very fine and indistinct longitudinal median line. Mesothorax about 4x longer than head and probotum combined and 1.4x longer than metanotum; gently widened anteriorly and posteriorly.</p>
            <p>Abdomen: Median segment somewhat trapezoidal with anterior margin narrower than posterior margin, a little longer than wide (Fig. 31J) and its length contained almost 8x in that of metanotum. Abdomen excluding median segment slightly longer than head and complete thorax combined. Segment II about 3.3x longer than median segment, III–V almost equal in length and somewhat longer than II, VI and VII notably decreasing in length with VII about ¾ the length of II; on average III–V 6x longer than wide. Terga II–VII all with a very fine longitudinal median carina. Tergum VIII about ½ the length of VII and slightly widening towards posterior; IX shorter and somewhat broader than all preceding segment. Anal segment almost as long as VIII and IX combined, split longitudinally (Fig. 31H) and strongly tectiform; the hemi-terga in lateral aspect with the apical 1/3 first constricted than widened, rounded dorsally and the apical portion roundly triangular (Fig. 31G) and interiorly armed with several small, blackish teeth (Fig. 31H). Cerci slender, gently in-curving and with the apex obtusely rounded. Poculum very small, scoop-shaped, bluntly keeled longitudinally and with the posterior margin somewhat labiate; reaching to posterior margin of tergum IX (Fig. 31G).</p>
            <p>Legs: All very long and very slender; unarmed except for a single, small and obtuse sub-apical tooth on medioventral carina of meso- and metafemora and a few minute denticles in apical portion of all outer carinae of metatibiae. Basitarsi all very much elongated and slender, probasitarsus 2x longer than combined length of remaining tarsomeres, meso- and metabasitarsus slightly less than 2x the length of remaining tarsomeres combined.</p>
            <p>Variability: Females show considerable variability in the armature of the meso- and metatibiae, which is described above. No noteworthy variability is seen in ♂♂.</p>
            <p>Eggs (Figs.. 35G–H): Fairly large, moderately elongate and about 3.3x longer than high, strongly laterally flattened and much higher than wide. Capsule in lateral aspect slightly widened in the posterior half with polar area prominently indented, in dorsal aspect somewhat widened anteriorly. Entire capsule surface uneven, very densely and minutely granulose and all over irregularly covered with small, peg-like tubercles. The lateral surfaces with a large, pear-shaped impressed area in posterior portion and with about five smaller, rounded impression that are arranged in an almost median longitudinal line to form an indicated furrow. Dorsal and ventral surfaces with a very blunt and rounded medio-longitudinal bulge, which is on both sides marked by a slender and shallow furrow; the dorsal bulge interrupted at the slightly inserted micropylar plate and on each side with a distinct impression close to polar end of capsule. Micropylar plate fairly large and bilobed, consisting of two roughly oval portions, that expand almost half way over the lateral surfaces. Micropylar cup a small, knob-like swelling that is placed in the posteromedian gap of the plate. Median line short and indistinct. Operculum oval and with a raised, crenulate outer rim, that is protruded dorsally to form an obtuse, tooth like shape. Colour fairly plain greyish ochre. The outer margin of the micropylar plate broadly marked with chestnut brown and the outer portions in the impressed area of the lateral surfaces blackish. Measurements [mm]: Length (including operculum) 7.8, length 7.0, width 1.3, height 2.1, length of micropylar plate 2.2.</p>
            <p> Comments: This species occurs in lowland habitats in Peleng and is known to feed on the Balanda tree (  Macaranga sp. ,  Euphorbiaceae ). But since member of the genus  Ramulus are often rather polyphagous it is likely that also other plants are among the natural host plants of  R. pelengense n. sp. . In captivity in Indonesia guava (  Psidium guajava ,  Myrtaceae ) is readily accepted as an alternative food plant. </p>
            <p>Distribution: Apparently endemic to the Island of Peleng, the largest of the Banggai Islands.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DB87EEFFBA9D19FF405C2CFB6FF632	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hennemann, Frank H.	Hennemann, Frank H. (2021): Stick insects of Sulawesi, Peleng and the Sula Islands, Indonesia- a review including checklists of species and descriptions of new taxa (Insecta: Phasmatodea). Zootaxa 5073 (1): 1-189, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5073.1.1
03DB87EEFFBE9D04FF405EFDFE88F2B5.text	03DB87EEFFBE9D04FF405EFDFE88F2B5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ramulus togianense Hennemann 2021	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Ramulus togianense n. sp.</p>
            <p>(Figs. 32, 33, 35E–F)</p>
            <p> HT,  ♂: ex Zucht: F. Hennemann 2010–2014, Herkunft: O-Sulawesi, Prov. Sulawesi Tengah, Tomini Bucht, Togian-Inseln, Pulau Togean, leg. Bauduin [ZSMC, ex coll. FH] . </p>
            <p> PT,  ♀, 3 eggs: ex Zucht: F. Hennemann 2010–2014, Herkunft: O-Sulawesi, Prov. Sulawesi Tengah, Tomini Bucht, Togian-In-seln, Pulau Togean, leg. Bauduin [ZSMC, ex coll. FH] . </p>
            <p> PT,  12 ♂♂, 21 ♀♀, 51 eggs: ex Zucht: F. Hennemann 2010–2014, Herkunft: O-Sulawesi, Prov. Sulawesi Tengah, Tomini Bucht, Togian-Inseln, Pulau Togean, leg. Bauduin [coll. FH, No’s 0733-1 to 33, E] . </p>
            <p> PT,  37 ♂♂, 48 ♀♀: ex Zucht: O. Conle 2011, Herkunft: O-Sulawesi, Prov. Sulawesi Tengah, Tomini Bucht, Togian-Inseln, Pulau Togean, leg. Bauduin [coll. OC, No’s 0545-1 to 85] . </p>
            <p> PT,  1 ♂, 8 ♀♀, 5 eggs: ex Zucht: O. Conle 2020, Herkunft: O-Sulawesi, Prov. Sulawesi Tengah, Tomini Bucht, Togian-Inseln, Pulau Togean, leg. Bauduin [coll. OC, No’s 0545-86 to 95] . </p>
            <p>Etymology: The name refers to the distribution of this new species, which is an endemic of the Togian Islands in the Tomini Bay, east of Sulawesi.</p>
            <p> Differentiatial diagnosis: Males of this new species are very similar to  R. redemptus (Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907) but differ by the relatively shorter and somewhat more globose head (Fig. 32J), as well as the tapered and more distinctly protruded lower corners of the hemi-terga of the anal segment (Fig. 32G) and broadly rounded posterior margin of the poculum. Females are similar to those of  R. globosicaput (Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907) and  R. pelengense n. sp. but differ from both species by the very prominent, erect cephalic spines (Fig. 32K) and much more convex, boat-shaped subgenital plate (Fig. 32D). The eggs differ from those of both species by the comparatively less elongate and less slender shape (only 2.6x longer than high), the very indistinct and rounded dorsal projection of the operculum and the capsule having two posterolateral impressions (Figs. 35E–F). </p>
            <p>Description: The colouration is described from photographs of live specimens (Fig. 33).</p>
            <p>♀ (Figs. 32A–B). Medium-sized (body length 123.5–142.0 mm), form moderately stocky for the genus with the body surface entirely smooth and slightly shiny, the head globose and with a very prominent pair of erect spines between the eyes. Colour mid to dull green, sometimes with a slight yellowish or greyish wash and body to a variable degree flecked with black (abdomen in particular and most distinct on abdominal tergum IV). Between the cephalic horn a more or less defined black transverse band. Pronotum with a faint block longitudinal median streak. Anal segment usually pale cream. Legs banded with black and basal portion of profemora pale cream. Antennae black apically, gradually becoming grey towards the base with pedicellus and scapus coloured like body.</p>
            <p>Head: Strongly globose, broadest at the eyes, narrowed towards the posterior and with vertex moderately round-ed, convex and smooth. Between the eyes with a very prominent pair of erect and slightly laterad directed, laterally compressed horns, that are somewhat deflexed sub-basally and increasingly narrowed towards a pointed tip; projecting by at least 2/3 the height of head capsule (Fig. 32K). Between bases of antennae with a pair of shallow, transverse impressions. Eyes circular in outline, moderately projecting and their diameter contained 2.1x in length of genae. Antennae consisting of 21 antennomeres and about 1.6x longer than head and pronotum combined. Scapus compressed dorsoventrally with the lateral margin just moderately deflexed and very gently rounded; narrowing towards the base and about 3x longer than wide. Pedicellus less than 1/3 the length of scapus, cylindrical. III much longer than pedicellus, IV–XVI almost uniform in length the following gradually decreasing in length, only the two terminal ones considerably longer than preceding and terminal antennomere longest of all.</p>
            <p>Thorax: Pronotum shorter and much narrower than head, widened medially with anterior margin a little narrower than posterior margin; slightly longer than wide. Transverse median sulcus prominent, curved with the outer ends strongly in-curving towards the anterior; just not reaching lateral margins of segment (Fig. 32K). Meso- and metanotum with a fine longitudinal median carina. Mesothorax 3x longer than combined length of head and prothorax and 1.3x longer than metanotum. Metanotum about 5x3x longer than wide.</p>
            <p>Abdomen: Median segment very slightly wider than long, almost rectangular and its length contained more than 6x in that of metanotum. Abdomen excluding median segment notably longer than head and complete thorax combined. Segment II 2.8x longer than median segment. II–V slightly increasing, VI and VII decreasing in length, VII slightly longer than II; on average all about 2.5x longer than wide. Preopercular organ merely represented by a very indistinct swelling and a conspicuous black posteromedian marking on sternum VII (Fig. 32F). Tergum VIII about ¾ the length of VII and 2.25x longer than wide; IX of same width and 3/5 the length of VIII. Anal segment longer than IX, parallel-sided and with a longitudinal median carina, the posterior margin rectangular and with a small, triangular median incision (Fig. 32E). Epiproct small, triangular and just slightly projecting beyond posterior margin of anal segment (Fig. 32E). Cerci very small and gently in-curving. Subgenital plate boat-shaped, deeply keeled longitudinally with the lower margin rounded in lateral aspect and roughly reaching to tip of abdomen (Fig. 32D).</p>
            <p>Legs: All long and slender with all carinae set with fine black setae. Posterodorsal carina of profemora with a few saw-like teeth, the other carinae unarmed. In meso- and metafemora the two dorsal carinae occasionally with 2–3 very minute, black teeth and the medioventral carina armed with a single, very blunt subapical tooth (Fig. 32L). Mesotibiae unarmed or with a triangular tooth of variable size some 1/3 off the base; if present on metatibiae this tooth is much smaller. Posterodorsal carina of metatibiae with a few small teeth in apical portion. Tarsi long and slender, probasitarsus 2x longer than combined length of remaining tarsomeres, meso- and metabasitarsus about 1.5x longer than remaining tarsomeres combined.</p>
            <p> ♂ (Fig. 32C). Moderately sized (body length 90.0–115.0 mm), slender and fairly typical for the genus with a globose head. Body chestnut brown, sometimes with a yellowish or orange wash. Head dark cream or ochre, eyes pale yellow. The prothorax, posterior portions of meso- and metathorax as well as anal segment mid to dull grey; apex of anal segment pale cream. Abdominal terga VIII and IX black (Figs. 32G–H). Legs reddish brown. Antennae blackish brown . </p>
            <p>Head: Shape similar to that in ♀♀ but entirely unarmed (Fig. 32J). Two small and shallow impressions between bases of antennae. Eyes relatively larger and projecting hemispherically; their diameter contained only 1.7x in length of genae. Antennae slightly longer than head, pro- and mesothorax combined and consisting of 25 antennomeres; length relations generally as in ♀♀ but all antennomeres relatively much longer. Scapus compressed dorsoventrally and slightly narrowing towards the base and about 3x longer than wide; pedicellus cylindrical and a little less than ½ the length of scapus.</p>
            <p>Thorax: Pronotum shorter and narrower than head (Fig. 32J); shape generally as in ♀♀ with the median portion broadened and lateral margins convex in dorsal aspect. Mesothorax very elongate and slender, about 3.3x longer than head and pronotum combined and almost 1.4x longer than metanotum.</p>
            <p>Abdomen: Median segment 1.2x longer than wide and very slightly narrowing towards the anterior and its length contained about 6.75x in that of metanotum. Abdomen excluding median segment notably longer than head and complete thorax combined. Segment II 3x longer than median segment, and equal in length to III–V; these on average 5.3x longer than wide. VI–VII noticeably decreasing in length with VII only 2/3 the length of II. All of uniform width. Tergum VIII widening towards the posterior and a little more than ½ the length of VII, IX slightly shorter and widest of all segments with the lateral margins gently deflexed and rounded. Anal segment longer and higher than the two preceding terga, very strongly tectiform and split; the hemi-tergites broad and almost rectangular in basic shape with only the lower apical corner protuded into a short and blunt process (Fig. 32G); interior surfaces armed with several minute denticles (Fig. 32H). Cerci short, moderately slender and gently in-curving. Poculum fairly small, moderately scoop-shaped and with the posterior margin labiate; roughly reaching to posterior margin of abdominal tergum IX (Fig. 32G).</p>
            <p>Legs: All very long and slender; unarmed except for a very indistinct, obtuse sub-apical tubercle on medioventral carina of meso- and metafemora and a few minute teeth in apical portion of posterodorsal carina of metatibiae. Basitarsi very long and very lender, probasitarsus 2.5x longer than combined length of remaining tarsomeres, meso-and metabasitarsus almost 2x longer than remaining tarsomeres combined.</p>
            <p>Nymphs: Newly hatched nymphs are white and all over furnished with greyish green markings, that are encircled by a fine black line. The two terminal abdominal segments are black and the legs are irregularly banded with white and black. In later instars these colours gradually turn to yellow and green tones but the white or pale cream portions are retained until penultimate instar.</p>
            <p>Variability: Females show variability in colouration, armature of the mesotibiae and also slight variation is seen in the size and shape of the cephalic horns. No noteworthy variability is observable in ♂♂.</p>
            <p>Eggs (Figs. 32E–F): Medium-sized, moderately elongate and only about 2.7x longer than high, strongly flattened laterally almost 1.8x higher than wide; lateral surfaces roughly parallel-sided. Capsule in lateral aspect with the anterior one third somewhat narrowed and very slightly bent towards the ventral side. Entire capsule surface weakly uneven, very densely and minutely granulose and all over irregularly covered with small, peg-like tubercles. The polar area with a very wide, obtusely angular indention and the dorsal surface distinctly impressed at the micropylar plate. Dorsal and ventral surfaces each with a very obtusely rounded medio-longitudinal bulge, on both sides bordered by a longitudinal row of irregular, differently sized but deep impressions; the dorsal bulge interrupted at micropylar plate. Lateral surfaces flat with a few small impressions, usually two more distinct impression in anterior one third and with two very prominent, large and irregularly shaped impressions close to polar area. Micropylar plate fairly large, bilobed and consisting of two roughly oval sections the laterally expand almost half way over lateral surfaces of capsule; the outer margin very narrow and impressed. Micropylar cup a cup-like structure that is positioned in the posteromedian gap of micropylar plate. Operculum oval with the outer margin raised and forming an obtusely crenulate rim that is highest dorsally. Average measurements [mm]: Length (including operculum) 6.5, length 6.1, width 1.3, height 2.3, length of micropylar plate 1.5.</p>
            <p> Comments: Culture stock of this species is believed to have been first introduced into Europe in 2006 and is since successfully reared in captivity. It is fairly easy to rear in spacious cages and accepts numerous alternative food plants, that include bramble (  Rubus fruticosus ,  Rosaceae ), raspberry (  Rubus idaeus ,  Rosaceae ), roses (  Rosa spp. ,  Rosaceae ), hazel (  Corylus avellana ,  Betulaceae ) and oak (  Quercus robur ,  Fagaceae ). Females produce about three eggs per day and simply flick these away by an abrupt movement of the abdomen. At average temperatures of 22–25°C eggs hatch after 5–6 months with hatching rates usually above 70% when humidity is kept high. </p>
            <p>Distribution: Only know from the type-locality, Pulau Togean one of the Togian Islands in the Gulf of Tomini, East Sulawesi.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DB87EEFFBE9D04FF405EFDFE88F2B5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hennemann, Frank H.	Hennemann, Frank H. (2021): Stick insects of Sulawesi, Peleng and the Sula Islands, Indonesia- a review including checklists of species and descriptions of new taxa (Insecta: Phasmatodea). Zootaxa 5073 (1): 1-189, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5073.1.1
03DB87EEFFA29D00FF405A1DFB61F1B1.text	03DB87EEFFA29D00FF405A1DFB61F1B1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ramulus torajanus Hennemann 2021	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Ramulus torajanus n. sp.</p>
            <p>(Figs. 34, 35C–D)</p>
            <p> HT,   ♂: S-Sulawesi, Prov. Sulawesi Selatan, Tana Toraja,  Rantepao 700 m, leg. Tajuddin X.1995 – II.1996 [ZSMC, ex coll. FH]  . </p>
            <p> PT, 12 ♂♂, 1 ♀, 1 ♀ (penultimate instar), 2 ♂♂ (penultimate instar),   1 egg: S-Sulawesi, Prov. Sulawesi Selatan, Tana Toraja,  Rantepao 700 m, leg. Tajuddin X.1995 – II.1996 [FH, No’s 1064-3 to 18, E]  . </p>
            <p> PT,   2 ♂♂: S-Sulawesi, Prov. Sulawesi Selatan, Tana Toraja, Strasse von Rantepao nach  Palopo km23, ca. 800 m, leg. F. Hennemann 13.–18.VIII.1995 [coll. FH, No’s 1064-1 &amp; 2]  . </p>
            <p>Etymology: Named to honour the Toraja, an ethnic group indigenous to the central highland of South Sulawesi, the Tana Toraja regency in the province Sulawesi Selatan.</p>
            <p> Differentiatial diagnosis: Very similar and closely related to the sympatric  R. globosicaput (Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907). Both sexes differ by the avaraging larger size, more slender shape, relatively longer legs and smaller ventral sub-apical teeth oft he meso- and metafemora of both sexes. Males differ by the more or less plain brown head (Figs. 34K–L; green with dark markings in  globosicaput , Figs. 29L–M), contrasting dark brown three terminal abdominal segments and longer, more slender hemi-terga of the anal segment (Fig. 34F). Females can be distinguished by the more elongate and less globose head which only bears small dark markings, longer anal segment that has the posterior margin more deeply and narrowly incised medially and larger epiproct (Fig. 34D). The eggs readily differ from those of  R. globosicaput by the larger size, more slender and less strongly sculptured capsule surface and less distinct dorsal projection of the operculum (Figs. 35C–D). Males also strongly resemble those of  R. melanurus n. sp. but differ by the less globose head (almost spherical in  melanurus , Fig. 30C), brownish scapus and pedicellus, not black three terminal abdominal segments, somewhat broader and shorter hemi-terga of the anal segment (Fig. 34F) and lack of a posteromedian hump on abdominal terga V and VI. </p>
            <p>Description: The colouration is described from dried specimens only. Unfortunately, the unique ♀ is damaged, having the head capsule and abdomen squashed laterally and lacking the left antenna. Hence, the morphology of the eyes cannot be described because they are pushed into the head capsule.</p>
            <p>♀ (Fig. 34A). Of average size for the genus (body length 122.0 mm), form slender, body surface entirely smooth and very slightly shiny, the head fairly globose and unarmed, the subgenital plate strongly keeled longitudinally and roughly reaching apex of abdomen and the legs unarmed. General colour various shades of dull ochre with the abdomen somewhat lighter in colour and yellowish. Genae usually dark brown to black in portion anterior to the eyes. Pronotum with two closely placed, parallel, longitudinal black streaks along median line. Lateral surfaces of thoracic segments and the posterior portions of the abdominal terga irregularly marbled with dark brown or black. Abdominal terga IX and X and posterior half of subgenital plate almost entirely blackish brown. Head ochre and with distinct longitudinally directed black markings on genae, behind the eyes and posteromedially; two very conspicuous short black lateral stripes in median portion of vertex.Anterior portion of genae and upper half of mandible black. Eyes dark reddish brown. Antennae dark brown. Legs faintly annulated with ochre and mid brown, the ochre bands on both sides bordered by a narrow dark brown band; apical portion of all femora dark brown.</p>
            <p>Head: Strongly globose, ovoid and about 1.3x longer than wide, broadest at eyes; vertex rounded and smooth. Frons with two very shallow indentions. Antennae 1.3x longer than head and pronotum combined, consisting of 25 antennomeres. Scapus strongly flattened dorsoventrally with the outer lateral margin very weakly rounded and the interior lateral margin straight, somewhat narrowed towards the base and 3x longer than wide. Pedicellus a little more than 1/3 the length of scapus, cylindrical. III much longer than pedicellus, the following antennomeres gradually decreasing in length, only the two terminal ones considerably longer than preceding; terminal antennomere longest of all.</p>
            <p>Thorax: Pronotum shorter and much narrower than head, roundly rectangular in dorsal aspect with the sub-anterior portion slightly narrowed; about 1.4x longer than wide. Transverse median sulcus strongly pronounced, deeply impressed, straight in the median portion with the outer portions bent towards the anterior; expanding over entire width of segment. Meso- and metanotum with a very fine and indistinct longitudinal median line. Mesothorax about 2.8x longer than head and pronotum combined and almost 1.5x longer than metanotum. Metanotum about 6x longer than wide.</p>
            <p>Abdomen: Median segment indistinctly trapezoidal with the posterior margin slightly wider than the anterior margin, its length contained about 6.2x in that of metanotum. Abdomen excluding median segment notably longer than head and complete thorax combined. All abdominal segment roughly uniform in with but sub-equal in length; II about 3x longer than median segment and 3.2x longer than wide; II–IV increasing in length, V–VI slightly decreasing and VII as long as VI; IV–VI on average 3.6x longer than wide. Preopercular organ almost obsolete and merely represented by a very weakly swollen and shiny posteromedian area on sternum VII (Fig. 34E). Tergum VIII about ¾ the length of VII, IX about 1/3 the length of VIII. Anal segment tectiform longitudinally, longer than IX, about 1.5x longer than high and slightly narrowed in the apical portion; posterior margin with a very deep and narrow incision and the posterolateral angles obtusely angular (Fig. 34D). Epiproct fairly large, longer than wide, tectinate longitudinally, triangular and notably projecting beyond anal segment (Fig. 34D). Cerci not visible in the unique specimen at hand. Gonapophyses VIII enlarged, broadened and shovel-shaped, gonapophyses IX slender, straight and about equal in length (Fig. 34C). The gonoplacs filiform, gently up-curving and roughly reaching to apex of gonapophyses. Subgenital plate elongate, strongly convex and keeled longitudinally, the ventral margin almost straight over most of the length and gradually bent upwards only in the apical portion; the dorsal margins bent downwards apically; roughly reaching to apex of epiproct (Fig. 34C).</p>
            <p>Legs: All long and slender with all carinae covered by fine, black setae. Anterodorsal carina of profemora with a few small but acute denticles and 4–5 minute denticles present on posterodorsal carina of meso- and metafemora. A single but fairly distinct black sub-apical tooth on the well defined medioventral carina of the meso- and metafemora (Fig. 34J). Both dorsal carinae of metatibiae with a few minute teeth in apical portion. Profemora slightly longer than head, pro- and mesothorax combined, mesofemora a little longer than mesothorax, metafemora reaching about 2/3 the way along abdominal segment V and metatibiae slightly projecting beyond apex of abdomen. Basitarsi very long, slender and notably longer than combined length of remaining tarsomeres (probasitarsi in particular).</p>
            <p>♂ (Fig. 34B). Medium-sized (body length 84.8–99.5 mm), very slender and fairly typical for the genus with a moderately globose head. Body and head plain ochraceous or orange light to mid brown, the three terminal abdominal segment dark brown. Legs usually coloured like body but often with a faint greenish wash and sometimes apple green with only the apex of the femora and tibiae brownish. Antennae black with the basal two segment coloured like head and body. Eyes dark reddish brown.</p>
            <p>Head: Sub-globose, ovoid, slightly longer than wide, broadest at the eyes and somewhat narrowed towards the posterior; vertex gently convex, smooth (Figs. 34K–L). Two small and shallow impressions between bases of antennae. Eyes very large and projecting more than hemispherically; their diameter contained almost 1.7x in length of genae Antennae slightly longer than head, pro- and mesothorax combined and just not reaching to apex of profemora; consisting of 25 antennomeres; length relations generally as in ♀♀ but all antennomeres relatively much longer. Scapus compressed dorsoventrally and slightly narrowing towards the base, about 2.5x longer than wide; pedicellus cylindrical and a little less than ½ the length of scapus.</p>
            <p>Thorax: Pronotum shorter and somewhat narrower than head; shape generally as in ♀♀ with the pre-median portion slightly narrowed and the post-median portion somewhat expanded; 1.5x longer than wide. The longitudinal medina line distinctly impressed in the anterior half. Mesothorax very elongate and slender, about 3.5x longer than head and pronotum combined and almost 1.3x longer than metanotum.</p>
            <p>Abdomen: Median segment slightly trapezoidal and roughly as long as wide, very slightly narrowing towards the anterior and its length contained about 8.5x in that of metanotum. Abdomen excluding median segment a little longer than head and complete thorax combined. Segment II 2.8x longer than median segment, and equal in length to III–V; these on average 5x longer than wide. VI–VII noticeably decreasing in length with VII only 3/5 the length of II. All of uniform width and weakly constricted medially. Tergum VIII widening towards the posterior, widest of all segments and about 2/3 the length of VII, IX very slightly shorter and very weakly narowing towards the posterior; both terga with the lateral margins gently deflexed and rounded and with a well pronounced and acute mediolongitudinal carina. Anal segment 1.75x longer than IX very strongly tectiform and split; basic shape of apical half of hemi-terga roughly triangular in lateral aspect, the basal portion much broader with the dorsal surface straight and the ventral margin weakly rounded (Fig. 34F); apex blunt, swollen and slightly incurving with the interior surface armed with several minute denticles (Fig. 34G). Cerci short, fairly slender, somewhat nattowed towards the apex and gently in-curving (Fig. 34H). Poculum small, scoop-shaped and with the posterior margin narrowed and slightly tapered; roughly reaching to posterior margin of abdominal tergum IX (Fig. 34A).</p>
            <p>Legs: All very long and slender; unarmed except for a very small sub-apical tooth on medioventral carina of meso- and metafemora. Profemora almost 1.3x longer than head, pro- and mesothorax combined, metafemora reaching about half way along abdominal segment VII and metatibiae projecting strongly over apex of abdomen. Basitarsi very long and very lender, probasitarsus 2.2x longer than combined length of remaining tarsomeres, meso-and metabsitarsus about 1.5x longer than remaining tarsomeres combined.</p>
            <p>Variability: The variability of ♀♀ can not be described since so far only one specimen is known. As usual for the genus, ♂♂ are very constant and do not show any noteworthy variability other than in size and colouration of the legs. While most specimens at hand have the legs coloured like to body and with just a very faint greenish wash, three specimens have the legs distinctly apple green with only the apex of all femora and tibiae brownish.</p>
            <p>Eggs (Figs. 35C–D): Large, very elongate and slender, 3.7x longer than high and only 1.54x higher than wide. Capsule in lateral aspect slightly unevenly narrowing towards the anterior, the lateral surfaces roughly parallelsided. Entire capsule surface fairly even and very minutely granulose, partially and sparsely set with small peg-like scattered tubercles. Polar-area with a wide and obtusely angular indention. Lateral surfaces with a medio-longitudi-nal furrow that is least pronounced in the median portion and posteriorly terminates in a very prominent and deep, roughly oval impression; the entire furrow but the posterior impression in particular covered densely covered with wart-like, tuberculose swellings. The raised ventral portion of the lateral surface with a longitudinal line of minute tubercles. Dorsal and ventral surfaces each with an obtuse, tuberculose medio-longitudinal bulge that is on both sides marked by a shallow longitudinal furrow; these terminating in an obtuse protrusion at polar-area. Micropylar plate very indistinctly bordered with the outer margin difficult to determine; bilobed and consisting of two roughly oval sections that expand somewhat on the lateral surfaces of capsule. Micropylar cup, a semi-circular swelling positioned in posteromedian gap of plate. Median line short but distinctly raised and well identifiable. Colour plain greyish ochre, the tuberculose swellings with a yellowish hue. Measurements [mm]: Length (including operculum) 8.0, length 7.4, width 1.3, height 2.0, length of micropylar plate 1.5.</p>
            <p> Comments: Hennemann (1998: 115) erroneously regarded the type-specimens of this new species as lying within the range of intraspecific variability of  R. globosicaput (Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907). Careful re-examination of the holotype of  R. globosicaput in NHMW and comparison with the specimens at hand have however shown these to represent two distinct species. </p>
            <p>Distribution: So far only known from the central Tanah Toraja highlands of South Sulawesi</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DB87EEFFA29D00FF405A1DFB61F1B1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hennemann, Frank H.	Hennemann, Frank H. (2021): Stick insects of Sulawesi, Peleng and the Sula Islands, Indonesia- a review including checklists of species and descriptions of new taxa (Insecta: Phasmatodea). Zootaxa 5073 (1): 1-189, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5073.1.1
03DB87EEFFA69D00FF40580BFC44F4A2.text	03DB87EEFFA69D00FF40580BFC44F4A2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Anchiale Stal 1875	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Genus  Anchiale Stål, 1875</p>
            <p> Type-species:  Mantis maculata Olivier, 1792: 636 , by monotypy. </p>
            <p> Comments: Hennemann, Conle &amp; Suzuki (2015) have provided a survey of the genus with a list of the 16 known species and a distinction from other members of the tribe  Phasmatini distributed within Wallacea. The authors moreover presented a discussion of the intraspecific variability of the different island populations of the widely distributed type-species  A. maculata (Olivier, 1792) along with illustrations of specimens from various islands. </p>
            <p>Distribution: Almost entire Papuan and Australian regions: Maluku Islands, Peleng Island, Kei Islands, Aru Islands, Bismarck Archipelago, New Guinea, Solomon Islands and Australia.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DB87EEFFA69D00FF40580BFC44F4A2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hennemann, Frank H.	Hennemann, Frank H. (2021): Stick insects of Sulawesi, Peleng and the Sula Islands, Indonesia- a review including checklists of species and descriptions of new taxa (Insecta: Phasmatodea). Zootaxa 5073 (1): 1-189, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5073.1.1
03DB87EEFFA99D0FFF405EFDFEEEF00E.text	03DB87EEFFA99D0FFF405EFDFEEEF00E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Anchiale maculata (Olivier 1792)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Anchiale maculata (Olivier, 1792)</p>
            <p> Further material examined [1 ♂, 4 ♀♀]:   1 ♀: O-Sulawesi, Prov. Sulawesi Tengah, Banggai-Inseln, W-Peleng Island,  Buko District , Tinanasu, IV.2011 [coll. FH, No 0828-23]  ;   2 ♀♀: O-Sulawesi, Prov. Sulawesi Tengah, Bang-gai-Inseln, W-Peleng Island,  Buko District , btw. Tatendeng village and Eben village 400–550 m, IX.2011 [coll. FH, No’s 0828-24 to 25]  ;   1 ♀: E-Sulawesi, Prov. Sulawesi Tengah,  Banggai Islands , W-Peleng Island,  Buko District , btw. Tatendeng village and Eben village 400–550 m, IX.2011 [IMQC]  ;   1 ♂: Indonesien: Peleng Id., S of Sulawesi,  Tinanasu , IV.2011 [coll. OC]  . </p>
            <p> Comments: Hennemann, Conle &amp; Suzuki (2015) have presented a discussion of the intraspecific variability of the different island populations of this widely distributed species along with illustrations of specimens from various islands. The distributional range of  A. maculata comprises almost the whole of Wallacea from Peleng in the west and Morotai in the north towards the Kei Islands in the south-east. At that time only one ♂ was known from the island of Peleng, but which is now supplemented by several ♀♀. These specimens are morphologically most similar to examples from Sanana, the south-eastern most island of the Sula Islands. These ♀♀ have the mesonotum just sparsely supplied with low granules and rather large cerci, that reach to the apex of the subgenital plate and are just scarcely shorter than the anal segment. One specimen in the author’s collection (coll. FH) has large pale cream markings on the mesonotum and all femora distinctly annulated with white. Body length (including cerci) of ♀♀ 169.0–180.0 mm. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DB87EEFFA99D0FFF405EFDFEEEF00E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hennemann, Frank H.	Hennemann, Frank H. (2021): Stick insects of Sulawesi, Peleng and the Sula Islands, Indonesia- a review including checklists of species and descriptions of new taxa (Insecta: Phasmatodea). Zootaxa 5073 (1): 1-189, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5073.1.1
03DB87EEFFA99D0FFF405B5CFDACF66C.text	03DB87EEFFA99D0FFF405B5CFDACF66C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paracyphocrania lativentris Redtenbacher 1908	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> 1.  Paracyphocrania lativentris Redtenbacher, 1908: 466 . </p>
            <p>Distribution: South Sulawesi.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DB87EEFFA99D0FFF405B5CFDACF66C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hennemann, Frank H.	Hennemann, Frank H. (2021): Stick insects of Sulawesi, Peleng and the Sula Islands, Indonesia- a review including checklists of species and descriptions of new taxa (Insecta: Phasmatodea). Zootaxa 5073 (1): 1-189, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5073.1.1
03DB87EEFFA99D0FFF405BC8FDBAF6F8.text	03DB87EEFFA99D0FFF405BC8FDBAF6F8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paracyphocrania major Hennemann, Conle & Suzuki 2015	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> 2.  Paracyphocrania major Hennemann, Conle &amp; Suzuki, 2015: 42 , figs. 80–85, 128. </p>
            <p>Distribution: Peleng Island.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DB87EEFFA99D0FFF405BC8FDBAF6F8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hennemann, Frank H.	Hennemann, Frank H. (2021): Stick insects of Sulawesi, Peleng and the Sula Islands, Indonesia- a review including checklists of species and descriptions of new taxa (Insecta: Phasmatodea). Zootaxa 5073 (1): 1-189, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5073.1.1
03DB87EEFFA99D0FFF405D0DFED6F61F.text	03DB87EEFFA99D0FFF405D0DFED6F61F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paracyphocrania Redtenbacher 1908	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Genus  Paracyphocrania Redtenbacher, 1908</p>
            <p>(Figs. 36–37)</p>
            <p> Type-species:  Paracyphocrania lativentris Redtenbacher, 1908: 466 , by monotypy. </p>
            <p> Comments: Hennemann &amp; Conle (2006a) have provided a detailed re-description of the genus and the type-species  P. lativentris Redtenbacher, 1908 from Sulawesi. An updated re-description of the genus, that included the previously unknown ♂♂, was presented by Hennemann, Conle &amp; Suzuki (2015) who described a second species from the island of Peleng whose so far unknown ♂ is described below. </p>
            <p>Distribution: Sulawesi and Peleng.</p>
            <p>Species included:</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DB87EEFFA99D0FFF405D0DFED6F61F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hennemann, Frank H.	Hennemann, Frank H. (2021): Stick insects of Sulawesi, Peleng and the Sula Islands, Indonesia- a review including checklists of species and descriptions of new taxa (Insecta: Phasmatodea). Zootaxa 5073 (1): 1-189, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5073.1.1
03DB87EEFFA99D0DFF40585BFD4BF7DE.text	03DB87EEFFA99D0DFF40585BFD4BF7DE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paracyphocrania major Hennemann, Conle & Suzuki 2015	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Paracyphocrania major Hennemann, Conle &amp; Suzuki, 2015</p>
            <p>(Figs. 36–37)</p>
            <p> Paracyphocrania major Hennemann, Conle &amp; Suzuki, 2015: 42 , figs. 80–85, 128.   HT, ♀: Indonesien: Peleng Island (  E of Sulawesi ), via Detani IX.2009 [ZSMC, ex coll. SS]  ;   PT, ♀: Indonesien:  Peleng Island (  E of Sulawesi ), via  Detani IX.2009 [coll. SS];   PT, 3 eggs: Indonesien: Peleng Island (  E of Sulawesi ), via Detani IX.2009 [ZSMC, ex coll. SS];   PT, 8 eggs: Indonesien:  Peleng Island (  E of Sulawesi ), via Detani IX.2009 [coll. FH No. 0849-E, ex coll. SS];   PT, 10 eggs: Indonesien:  Peleng Island (  E of Sulawesi ), via  Detani IX.2009 [coll. SS]  . </p>
            <p>Conle &amp; Hennemann, 2018: 117.</p>
            <p> Further material examined [17 ♂♂, 7 ♀♀, eggs]:   2 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀: O-Sulawesi, Prov.  Sulawesi Tengah,  BanggaiInseln ,  W-Peleng Island , Buko District, Tinanasu, VIII.2010 [coll. FH, No’s 0849-1 to 4]  ;   1 ♂: ex Zucht: M. Ortiz 2018 F1-Generation, Herkunft: W-Peleng,  Buko District , Tataba, 2017 [coll. FH, No’s 0849-5]  ;   2 ♂♂, 10 eggs: ex Zucht: M. Ortiz 2020, Herkunft: W-Peleng,  Buko District , Tataba, 2017 [coll. FH, No’s 0849-6 to 7, E2];   1 ♀, 4 ♂♂: O-Sulawesi, Prov.  Sulawesi Tengah,  Banggai-Inseln , W-Peleng Island,  Buko District , btw. Tatendeng village and Eben village 400–550 m, IX.2011 [coll. FH, No’s 0849-8 to 12];   4 ♀♀, 8 ♂♂: O-Sulawesi, Prov.  Sulawesi Ten-gah,  Banggai-Inseln ,  W-Peleng Island, Buko District , btw. Tatendeng village and Eben village 400–550 m, IX.2011 [IMQC]  . </p>
            <p> Differential diagnosis: From the ♂♂ of the Sulawesian  P. lativentris (Redtenbacher, 1908) these ♂♂ readily differ by the distinctly spinose mesonotum (Figs. 36B–C; only with a few scattered tubercles in  lativentris ) and more intense yellow to orange, wholistic coloured anal fan of the alae (Fig. 36G; only with weakly defined grey markings in the outer and apical portions which fade towards the base of wing in  lativentris ). </p>
            <p>Description: The colouration is described from pictures of live wild and captive reared specimens.</p>
            <p> ♂ (Fig. 36G, 37A–B). Moderately sized  Phasmatini (body length excluding cerci 91.0–106.0 mm) with a spinose mesothorax and long alae (53.0–61.0 mm). Colouration basically a mixture of green and tones of brown. Head, prothorax, front legs (except base of profemora), tarsi and cerci pale to mid creamish or greyish brown. Bases of profemora as well as mid and hind legs green. Mesonotum, meso- and metasternum apple green, mesopleurae ochre with a slight rosy hue, the metapleurae green with the lower portion coloured like mesopleurae. Abdomen greyish green, the terminal two segments with a slight brownish wash. Tegmina mid brown with the anterior margin broadly white and the basal portion apple green. Costal region of alae light brown with a slight greenish wash, the anterior margin white basally. Anal fan transparent dull yellow to orange and all over with several bold and fairly well defined angular dark grey markings (Fig. 36G). Eyes ferrugineous. Antennae creamish mid brown dorsally and somewhat darker ventrally. </p>
            <p>Head: Strongly globose, slightly longer than wide, the vertex convex and smooth, broadest just behind the eyes (Figs 36B–C). Ocelli well developed and frons with a shallow oval impression. Eyes large, projecting hemispherically and their diameter contained almost 1.6x in length of genae. Antennae reaching to posterior margin of abdominal segment II (Fig. 36G), densely setose and consisting of 26 antennomeres. Scapus compressed dorsoventrally, rectangular in dorsal aspect and almost 1.5x longer than wide (Fig. 36C). Pedicellus short, cylindrical and less than half the length of scapus. III about 2x longer than pedicellus, IV–XIV very elongate and gradually increasing in length, the following gradually decreasing in length. XIV with a glossy and dark brown, node-like basal swelling dorsally.</p>
            <p>Thorax: Pronotum considerably shorter and narrower than head, 1.5x longer than wide, slightly narrowed premedially and with the anterior half somewhat narrower than posterior portion (Fig. 36C). Transverse median sulcus distinctly impressed, gently curved and spanning almost entire width of segment. Mesothorax about 3.6x longer than pronotum and parallel-sided with only the very posterior portion gently widened. Anterior ¾ of mesonotum unevenly armed with rather obtuse, conical spines of variable sizes, the lateral surfaces with a marginal row of granules (Figs. 36B–C). Mesopleurae only with a few minute scattered granules (Fig. 36B), the mesosternum obtusely tectinate longitudinally and set with a very few small irregularly disposed granules in posterior half. Metapleurae with 5–6 small granules along lower margin, metasternum smooth. Tegmina elongate-ovate and somewhat narrowed basally; in basal half with a fairly well developed, rounded central hump. Alae reaching about half way along abdominal segment VII (Fig. 36G).</p>
            <p>Abdomen: Median segment slightly shorter than metanotum. Segment II considerably longer then median segment, II–VI uniform in width, parallel-sided and almost uniform in length, on average 3.8x longer than wide. VII less than ¾ the length of VI, parallel-sided. VIII about 3/4 the length of VII and trapezoidal in dorsal aspect with posterior margin notably wider than anterior margin. IX roughly equal in length to VII and constricted medially. Anal segment strongly keeled and tectiform, the lateral surfaces roundly convex and the posterior margin sharply angular in lateral aspect, with the ventral corner slightly protruded and acute (Fig. 36D); interior surface of posterior margin roundly swollen posteriorly and with a longitudinal bulge that is armed three black in-curving teeth. Cerci very large, foliaceous, strongly flattened laterally, almost 2x longer than anal segment and with the apex rather obtuse (Figs. 36D–F). Poculum strongly convex, cup-shaped and with a fairly prominent, obtusely conical sub-basal projection (Fig. 36D); the posterodorsal margin labiate and broadly rounded (Fig. 36 F).</p>
            <p>Legs: All moderately long and slender. Profemora about as long as head, pro- and mesothorax combined, mesofemora almost equal to combined length of pro- and mesothorax, metafemora reaching to posterior margin of abdominal segment IV. Bases of profemora strongly compressed and curved, the dorsal margins distinctly approaching each other with the anterior margin raised; all outer carinae sparsely serrate. Medioventral carina fairly indistinct and roughly midways on ventral surface of femur. All outer carinae of protibiae as well as mid and hind legs distinctly and acutely dentate; teeth however smaller and less in number on dorsal carinae. Probasitarsi elongate, unarmed and somewhat shorter than remaining tarsomeres combined. Meso- and metabasitarsi with the ventral carinae minutely dentate and little longer than following three tarsomeres combined.</p>
            <p> Comments: The previously unknown ♂♂ are here described and illustrated for the first time. In addition to the usual green colour form also yellow ♀♀ occur in nature and in breeding stocks in Indonesia. Experiments on whether the rare yellow form only emerges from unfertilized eggs or also occurs in sexual stocks is on-going. Different colour morphs are known to occur in the related Indonesian  Eurycnema versirubra Serville, 1838 . This species has a typical green or yellow  versirubra morph with red ventral surfaces of the tegmina and alae in its natural habitat on the island of Timor. A versifasciata morph occurs in a turquoise or yellow colour form with yellow ventral surfaces of the tegmina and alae form exclusively in parthenogenetic cultures. The latter colour forms of the versifasciata morph appear to result from the loss of certain genes in parthenogenetic reproduction and the typical green colour and red undersides of the wings re-occur in the next generation if parthenogenetic ♀♀ are mated by ♂♂ (Hennemann, Conle &amp; Suzuki, 2015: 33): </p>
            <p> Culture stock originating from Tataba has been imported to Europe by M. Ortiz (France) in September of 2017 and the species is since successfully reared in captivity. Breeding appears to be modestly easy in large, well ventilated cages and high humidity. Salal (  Gaultheria shallon ,  Ericaceae ), oaks (  Quercus spp. ,  Fagaceae ), chestnut (  Castanea sativa ,  Fagaceae ) and bramble (  Rubus fruticosus ,  Rosaceae ) are frequently accepted as alternative food plant and also  Eucalyptus (Myrtaceae) is occasionally accepted. In their natural habitats in Peleng,  P. major is known to feed on cashew (  Anacardium occidentale ,  Anacardiaceae ), jackfruit (  Artocarpus heterophyllus ,  Moraceae ), guava (  Psidium guajava ,  Myrtaceae ) and avocado trees (  Persea spp. ,  Lauraceae ). Adult insects exhibit an active startle display if disturbed with both sexes frequently flashing their wings and walking away with the wings held open. While ♂♂ are capable of active flight and may fly off if disturbed (Fig. 37B) and also used their flight ability to reach mates, ♀♀ are observed to be rather stationary and to leave the feeding branch only after complete defoliation (personal communication with H. Purwanto). Females produce an average of 10– 15 eggs per week and a total of 250– 300 eggs in a life time. The eggs are flicked away singularly by an abrupt movement of the abdomen. Fertilized eggs hatch after 4 months and unfertilized eggs take about 6 months to hatch if stored in moist conditions and at temperatures of 25–28°C (personal communication with H. Purwanto). The hatching rates in the first three generations of breeding in Europe have been very high and close to 100% (personal communication with M. Ortiz). At average temperatures of 25°C ♀♀ reach maturity after about 12 months, while ♂♂ develop slightly faster. </p>
            <p>Distribution: Banggai Islands, Peleng (endemic).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DB87EEFFA99D0DFF40585BFD4BF7DE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hennemann, Frank H.	Hennemann, Frank H. (2021): Stick insects of Sulawesi, Peleng and the Sula Islands, Indonesia- a review including checklists of species and descriptions of new taxa (Insecta: Phasmatodea). Zootaxa 5073 (1): 1-189, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5073.1.1
03DB87EEFFAC9D0AFF405DA4FE39F760.text	03DB87EEFFAC9D0AFF405DA4FE39F760.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dimorphodes celebensis (Redtenbacher 1934) Redtenbacher 1908	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> 1.  Dimorphodes celebensis Redtenbacher, 1908: 367 . rev. stat. </p>
            <p>Comments: For type-data see below. The egg is described for the first time below.</p>
            <p>Distribution: S-Sulawesi, Prov. Sulawesi Selatan, Gunung Lompobatang, Loka [NHMW]; S-Sulawesi, Prov. Sulawesi Selatan, Gunung Lompobatang, 1100 m [MNHU]; S-Sulawesi, Prov. Sulawesi Selatan, Lembang, Maros [coll. FH].</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DB87EEFFAC9D0AFF405DA4FE39F760	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hennemann, Frank H.	Hennemann, Frank H. (2021): Stick insects of Sulawesi, Peleng and the Sula Islands, Indonesia- a review including checklists of species and descriptions of new taxa (Insecta: Phasmatodea). Zootaxa 5073 (1): 1-189, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5073.1.1
03DB87EEFFAC9D0AFF405ACCFBC2F634.text	03DB87EEFFAC9D0AFF405ACCFBC2F634.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dimorphodes elegans Hennemann 2021	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> 2.  Dimorphodes elegans n. sp.</p>
            <p>Distribution: Central Sulawesi, Prov. Sulawesi Selatan, Luwu [NHMB]; Central Sulawesi, Prov. Sulawesi Se-latan, Lake Poso [NHMB]; S-Sulawesi, Prov. Sulawesi Selatan, Gunung Bawakaraeng “Bua Kraeng” [ZMPA]; Central Sulawesi, Prov. Sulawesi Selatan, Luwu, Boran Djaladja, lowland [SMTD].</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DB87EEFFAC9D0AFF405ACCFBC2F634	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hennemann, Frank H.	Hennemann, Frank H. (2021): Stick insects of Sulawesi, Peleng and the Sula Islands, Indonesia- a review including checklists of species and descriptions of new taxa (Insecta: Phasmatodea). Zootaxa 5073 (1): 1-189, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5073.1.1
03DB87EEFFAC9D0AFF405B30FB3BF5C4.text	03DB87EEFFAC9D0AFF405B30FB3BF5C4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dimorphodes epidicus (Gunther 1935) Hennemann 2021	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> 3.  Dimorphodes epidicus (Günther, 1935: 5, pl. 1: 3 (♀ )). </p>
            <p> HT, ♀: Tanke Salokko 1500 m; S-O. Celebes, Meng-koka-Geb., 1.1932, G. Heinrich; Typus [MNHU]. n. comb . </p>
            <p> Comments: This tiny species was described from a unique and incomplete ♀ HT in MNHU. Already at the time of description the specimen lacked both front legs, all tarsi and most of the left antenna. Subsequently, also the entire abdomen got lost. Günther (1935: 5) originally placed this species in the genus  Menexenus but in a final amendment on page 29 of the same publication stated it should really belong in the genus  Pachymorpha because of the short antennae that only consist of 17 segments and are no more than twice the length of the head. Examination of the specimen however clearly places  epidicus in  Dimorphodes , being a rather typical member of that genus in most anatomical aspects but remarkably small (body length 32 mm according to Günther, 1935: 5). </p>
            <p>Distribution: SE-Sulawesi, Mengkoka Mountains, Gunung Tanke Salokko [MNHU].</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DB87EEFFAC9D0AFF405B30FB3BF5C4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hennemann, Frank H.	Hennemann, Frank H. (2021): Stick insects of Sulawesi, Peleng and the Sula Islands, Indonesia- a review including checklists of species and descriptions of new taxa (Insecta: Phasmatodea). Zootaxa 5073 (1): 1-189, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5073.1.1
03DB87EEFFAC9D0AFF405F05FDA9F087.text	03DB87EEFFAC9D0AFF405F05FDA9F087.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dimorphodes Westwood 1859	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Genus  Dimorphodes Westwood, 1859</p>
            <p>(Figs. 38–39)</p>
            <p> Type-species:  Dimorphodes prostasis Westwood, 1859: 81 , pl. 34: 4–5, by original monotypy. </p>
            <p> Comments: The taxonomy of the genus  Dimorphodes is much confused. Günther (1934b: 87) attempted a reorganisation which basically reduced the known diversity to five valid species with all the other known taxa either regarded as subspecies of  D. mancus Bates, 1865 and  D. prostasis Westwood, 1859 or synonymised. The genus is badly in need of a revision and without any doubt many of the taxa regarded as subspecies by Günther are in fact valid species. As a first step towards a rearrangement the two known Sulawesian taxa are here reinstated as valid species and removed from subspecies status. Redtenbacher (1908: 366) recorded  D. mancus Bates, 1865 from Sulawesi based on specimens in the collection of NHMW, however no Sulawesian specimens are present in this nor in any other collection. Thus, this record must be regarded as erroneous. </p>
            <p>Distribution: New Guinea and Wallacea.</p>
            <p>Species recorded from Sulawesi:</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DB87EEFFAC9D0AFF405F05FDA9F087	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hennemann, Frank H.	Hennemann, Frank H. (2021): Stick insects of Sulawesi, Peleng and the Sula Islands, Indonesia- a review including checklists of species and descriptions of new taxa (Insecta: Phasmatodea). Zootaxa 5073 (1): 1-189, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5073.1.1
03DB87EEFFAC9D09FF405960FC3AF3E1.text	03DB87EEFFAC9D09FF405960FC3AF3E1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dimorphodes sarasini (Redtenbacher 1934) Redtenbacher 1908	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> 4.  Dimorphodes sarasini Redtenbacher, 1908: 367 . </p>
            <p>  HT, ♀: Luwu; Coll. Br. v. W. Celebes, Dr. Sarasin; det. Redtenb.  Dimorphodes sarasini;  Dimorphodes sarasini Redt
.
 [NHMW, No. 732]. rev. stat. </p>
            <p> =  Dimorphodes bellicosus Redtenbacher, 1908: 365 . LT, ♂ (by present designation): Pic von Bouthain; Coll. Br. v. W., Celebes, Sarasin; det. Redtenb.  Dimorphodes bellicosus ;  Dimorphodes bellicosus Redt. Type [NHMW, No. 728]; PLT, ♂ (penultimate instar nymph): Coll. Br. v. W., Celebes Dr. Sarasin; det. Redtenb.  Dimorphodes bellicosus [NHMW, No. 728]. (Synonymised by Günther, 1934b: 88) </p>
            <p>Distribution: S-Sulawesi, Prov. Sulawesi Selatan, Luwu [NHMW, MNHU]; Sulawesi [NHMW]; S-Sulawesi, Prov. Sulawesi Selatan, Gunung Latimojong, Rantemario, Uru 800 m [MNHU]; Central Sulawesi, Prov.Su-lawesi Tengah, Lore Lindu National Park [coll. AJH, coll. FH].</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DB87EEFFAC9D09FF405960FC3AF3E1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hennemann, Frank H.	Hennemann, Frank H. (2021): Stick insects of Sulawesi, Peleng and the Sula Islands, Indonesia- a review including checklists of species and descriptions of new taxa (Insecta: Phasmatodea). Zootaxa 5073 (1): 1-189, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5073.1.1
03DB87EEFFAF9D09FF405F21FD2CF0D3.text	03DB87EEFFAF9D09FF405F21FD2CF0D3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dimorphodes Westwood 1859	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Keys to the Sulawesian species of  Dimorphodes</p>
            <p>♀♀</p>
            <p>1. Body length &lt;60.0 mm; pronotum and abdominal terga without paired anterior spines.............................. 2</p>
            <p>- Body length&gt; 60.0 mm; pronotum spinose and abdominal terga III–V with a prominent pair of spines near anterior margin. 3</p>
            <p> 2. Very small (body length &lt;40.0 mm) and stocky; mesonotum 2x longer than wide............................  epidicus</p>
            <p> - Larger (body length&gt; 45.0 mm) and slender species; mesonotum 3x longer than wide.....................  elegans n. sp.</p>
            <p> 3. Very large (body length&gt; 90.0 mm) and slender species; mesonotum 3x longer than wide and without distinct median and lateral spines; no distinct anterior pair of spines on abdominal tergum II (Fig. 39E)............................  sarasini</p>
            <p> - Smaller (body length &lt;70.0 mm) and more stocky species; mesonotum 2.5x longer than wide and all over armed with prominent spines; abdominal tergum II with a distinct pair of spines near anterior margin..........................  celebensis</p>
            <p>♂♂ *</p>
            <p>1. Body length&gt; 50.0 mm; tegmina and alae present; pronotum and abdominal terga III–V with prominent paired spines..... 2</p>
            <p> - Smaller (body length &lt;35.0 mm); apterous; pronotum and abdominal terga unarmed......................  elegans n. sp.</p>
            <p> 2. Alae vestigial and concealed by tegmina (length&gt; 2.0 mm); abdominal tergum II with a very prominent anterior pair of spines.......................................................................................  celebensis</p>
            <p> - Alae developed, much longer than tegmina and reaching to abdominal tergum II (Fig. 39C); tergum II unarmed (Fig. 39D)................................................................................................  sarasini</p>
            <p> * ♂♂ of  D. epidicus (Günther, 1935) are not known </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DB87EEFFAF9D09FF405F21FD2CF0D3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hennemann, Frank H.	Hennemann, Frank H. (2021): Stick insects of Sulawesi, Peleng and the Sula Islands, Indonesia- a review including checklists of species and descriptions of new taxa (Insecta: Phasmatodea). Zootaxa 5073 (1): 1-189, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5073.1.1
03DB87EEFFAF9D08FF405A77FEFEF259.text	03DB87EEFFAF9D08FF405A77FEFEF259.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dimorphodes celebensis (Redtenbacher 1934) Redtenbacher 1908	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Dimorphodes celebensis Redtenbacher, 1908 rev. stat.</p>
            <p> Dimorphodes celebensis Redtenbacher, 1908: 367 . LT, ♀ (by present designation) + 1 egg extracted from abdomen: Loka; Coll. Br. v. W., Loka, Celebes, Sarasin; det. Redtenb.  Dimorphodes celebensis ;  Dimorphodes celebensis Type [NHMW, No. 733]; PLT, 2 ♂♂: Loka, Celebes, Sarasin [NHMW, No. 733]. rev. stat. </p>
            <p>Hausleithner, 1989: 255, figs. 3B, 4h. (Brief description of egg).</p>
            <p>Sellick, 1998: 222.</p>
            <p> Dimorphodes mancus celebensis, Günther, 1934b: 90 . </p>
            <p>Günther, 1935a: 16.</p>
            <p>Günther, 1938: 59.</p>
            <p>Brock, 1998: 21. (Type data) Hennemann, 1998: 106, 123.</p>
            <p>Otte &amp; Brock, 2005: 127.</p>
            <p>Further material: 1 ♂ (nymph n4): S-Sulawesi, Lembang, Maros, leg. Gunawan XII.1995 [coll. FH, No. 0207-1].</p>
            <p>Differential diagnosis: This distinctive species is well recognized among the Sulawesian representatives of the genus by the strong dorsal spines of the pro- and mesonotum and strong pair of spines on the five basal abdominal terga.</p>
            <p> Comments: Günther (1934b: 90) regarded  D. celebensis as a subspecies of  D. mancus Bates, 1865 . Redtenbacher’s taxon however strongly differs from typical  D. mancus originally described from the island of Ternate east of Halmahera in so many morphological characters that it is here reinstated as a valid species (rev. stat.). The most striking distinguishing features, that readily separate  D. celebensis from typical  D. mancus Bates, 1865 are the prominent spines of the head and thorax as well as the very distinctive, strong paired anterior spines of abdominal terga II–V of both sexes. The unique ♀ in the collection of NHMW is selected as the lectotype to guarantee stability of the taxon. </p>
            <p> While the type specimens in NHMW are plain buff to ochre in colour (most certainly due to provisional conservation in spirits), the ♂ in the collection of MNHU and recorded by Günther 1935 is remarkable for the yellowish green colour and bright red dorsal spines of the thorax and basal abdominal terga . </p>
            <p> Hausleithner (1989: 255) provided a very brief description and drawings of a not fully developed egg extracted from the abdomen of the lectotype in the collection of NHMW. Therefore, a detailed description the fully developed egg and illustrations are provided herein . </p>
            <p>Distribution: S-Sulawesi, Prov. Sulawesi Selatan, Gunung Lompobatang, Loka [NHMW]; S-Sulawesi, Prov. Sulawesi Selatan, Gunung Lompobatang, 1100 m [MNHU]; S-Sulawesi, Sulawesi Selatan, Maros Regency, Lem-bang [coll- FH].</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DB87EEFFAF9D08FF405A77FEFEF259	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hennemann, Frank H.	Hennemann, Frank H. (2021): Stick insects of Sulawesi, Peleng and the Sula Islands, Indonesia- a review including checklists of species and descriptions of new taxa (Insecta: Phasmatodea). Zootaxa 5073 (1): 1-189, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5073.1.1
03DB87EEFFAE9D35FF405FF8FBD0F709.text	03DB87EEFFAE9D35FF405FF8FBD0F709.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dimorphodes elegans Hennemann 2021	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Dimorphodes elegans n. sp.</p>
            <p>(Fig. 38)</p>
            <p>  HT, ♀: Luwu;  Sarasin ,  Luwu ,  Flach- und Hügelland bis 500 m.  Centr. Cel. ;  Pachymorpha epidicus Gthr. K. Günther det. [NHMB]. </p>
            <p>  PT, ♂: Posso;  Sarasin , II.1895,  Posso-See ,  Centr.-Cel. ;  Pachymorpha epidicus G. Gthr. K. Günther det. [NHMB]. </p>
            <p>  PT, ♀: S. Celebes, Bua-Kraeng, 5000’ Febr. 1896,  H. Fruhstorfer ;  Pachymorpha epidicus Gthr. K. Günther det. [ZMPA]. </p>
            <p>  PT, ♀:  Sarasin 28.I.–1.II.1895,  Luwu ,  Flachland ,  Goran-Djaladja ,  Centr.-Cel. ;  Pachymorpha
epidicus Gthr. K. Günther
 det. [SMTD]. </p>
            <p> Etymology: The name (  elegans lat. = elegant) refers to the comparatively slender habitus of this small new species. </p>
            <p> Differential diagnosis: Among the Sulawesian representatives of  Dimorphodes this new species is most similar to  D. epidicus (Günther, 1935) n. comb. and  D. sarasini Redtenbacher, 1908 rev. stat. . From the much smaller  epidicus ♀♀ are readily distinguished by the more slender body and limbs, the mesonotum being about 3.2x longer than the pronotum (only 2.8x longer in  epidicus ) and almost 3x longer than wide (only 2x longer than wide in  epidicus ). In general shape, ♀♀ strongly resemble those of  D. sarasini , but they are just slightly more than half the size, have relatively longer and more slender limbs that lack acute teeth (only obtuse lobules), lack any acutely pointed spines on the dorsal surface of the head and thorax and have only one obtuse posteromedian tubercle or swelling on the abdominal terga (two distinct spines on II–V in  sarasini ). Males are at first glance separated by the much smaller size, being entire apterous (Figs. 38C–D) and lacking the prominent paired spines on the head, pro- and mesonotum and abdominal terga II–V seen in  sarasini . </p>
            <p>Description: Detailed descriptions of both sexes in German language have already been presented by Günther (1938: 62) along with information on the variability of ♀♀. The following descriptions are mainly based on the specimens in the collection on NHMB.</p>
            <p>♀ (Figs. 38A–C). Small (body length 49.0–55.0 mm) and slender for the genus with long and slender legs, that lack any distinct armature. Entire dorsal body surface obtusely tectinate longitudinally (less pronounced on abdomen although) and densely but unevenly verruculose and tuberculose. General colour plain mid brown with most of the enlarged tubercles of the head and body ochre (holotype) to dark brown with the dorsal portions of the mesonotum, metanotum and abdominal terga I–V buff (paratype in ZMPA). Antennae greyish mid brown. Armature of body and legs somewhat variable (see comments on variability below).</p>
            <p>Head: Elongate, 1.3 x longer than wide, sub-cylindrical with the genae almost parallel-sided and the vertex rather flattened (Fig. 38F); broadest just behind the eyes. Between the eyes with a pair of obtuse, forward directed tubercles; the vertex flattened but slightly raised at posterior, unevenly verruculose to tuberculose and with a pair of enlarged tubercles posteromedially, which together form a V-shaped structure. Genae just weakly granulose. Eyes rather small, slightly oval in outline, weakly projecting and their length contained 2.3x in length of genae. Antennae less than twice the length of head and consisting of 15 antennomeres. Scapus compressed dorsoventrally with the outer lateral margin with an almost semi-circular median deflexion, otherwise roughly rectangular in outline and almost 2x longer than wide. Pedicellus round in cross-section and much shorter. III more slender but almost 1.5x longer than pedicellus, IV very short and only ¼ the length of III. V just slightly longer than IV, VI about 2x the length of IV, the following somewhat longer than VI but roughly uniform in length. Terminal antennomere strongly elongated and longest of all segments, being about as long as preceding four antennomeres combined.</p>
            <p>Thorax: Pronotum about as wide but notably shorter than head and slightly widening towards the posterior. The transverse median sulcus distinct, deeply impressed but short, straight and not reaching to lateral margins of segment. Anterior margin with a pair of peg-like tubercles. Dorsal surface otherwise with two closely placed parallel longitudinal rows of obtuse tubercles, that consist of three tubercles in the anterior portion and 2–3 tubercles posterior to the transverse sulcus; the two tubercles just in front of the sulcus the largest. Surface otherwise with a few scattered low tubercles in particular along the lateral margins. Mesothorax elongate, about 3.2x longer than pronotum and weakly widened in the posterior portion. Mesonotum 3x longer than wide, distinctly but obtusely tectinate longitudinally and with a prominent bulge-like swelling anteriorly that is set with a curved transverse row of four strong peg-like tubercles (Fig. 38F). Surface densely but unevenly verruculose and in the paratype from Bawakaraeng in the collection of ZMPA with a prominent pair of stout, conical spines post-medially. Close to lateral margins with a longitudinal ridge that is set with tubercles of variable sizes. Mesopleurae irregularly rugulose, sparsely set with a few low tubercles and posteriorly armed with a fairly prominent, conical supra-coxal spine (Fig. 38C). Metanotum a little more than half the length of mesonotum, 1.3x longer than wide, tectinate longitudinally, unevenly verruculose and with the same lateral ridge seen on mesonotum. Metapleurae with the supra-coxal spine notably larger than on mesopleurae. Prosternum with a pair of raised oval sensory areas. Meso- and metasternum sparsely and unevenly set with low granules.</p>
            <p>Abdomen: Median segment 1.7x wider than long and 1/3 the length of metanotum; posteromedially with an obtuse, spiniform projection. Segment II 1.5x longer than median segment, 1.3x wider than long and rectangular. III–V slightly longer, VI as long as II and VII shortest; III very weakly widening towards posterior and VII notably narrowing, the other roughly rectangular and uniform in width. Sterna minutely and unevenly granulose, Preopercular organ on sternum VII formed by a small scale-like transverse posteromedian swelling (Fig. 38K). Tergum VIII 1.3x longer than VII and 1.2x longer than wide, IX roughly quadrate, as wide as VIII; both narrower than all preceding segments. Terga I–IX with a spiniform posteromedian projection, which is largest and most prominent on IX (Fig. 38B). VIII–X with an additional ridge-like lateral carina. Anal segment a little shorter than IX, weakly narrowed towards the posterior and the posterior margin with a small and narrow median indention; the lateral margins slightly excavated medially (Fig. 38J). Epiproct very small, transverse, scale-like and mostly hidden under anal segment (Fig. 38J). Cerci small, compressed laterally and roughly triangular in lateral aspect. Subgenital plate very large and strongly bulgy as typical for the genus with the posterior portion obtusely keeled longitudinally and rounded in lateral aspect; the posterior margin rounded and reaching to tip of abdomen (Fig. 38K).</p>
            <p>Legs: All long, slender and without prominent armature; profemora almost as long head, pro- and mesothorax combined, mesofemora longer than mesothorax, metafemora reaching to posterior margin of abdominal segment VI and metatibiae projecting considerably beyond apex of abdomen. Profemora strongly compressed and curved basally, only the posterodorsal carina with a few very blunt tooth-like swellings; same carina of protibiae similar but swellings even less pronounced. All four outer carinae of meso- and metafemora spaciously set with blunt toothlike projections, which are smaller on the ventral carinae. Meso- and metatibiae with similar but less pronounced armature but only on dorsal carinae. Basitarsi slender and longer than following three tarsomeres combined.</p>
            <p>♂ (Figs. 38C–D). Very small (body length 30.0 mm) and slender for the genus, apterous. General colour of the unique known specimen greyish chestnut brown, most of the tubercles of the body ochre. Body much less densely verruculose than in ♀♀ and the dorsal surface less prominently tectinate with only a weak medio-longitudinal keel.</p>
            <p>Head: Generally as in ♀♀ with the pair of interocular tubercles more prominent and obtuse but all the remaining armature less pronounced (Fig. 39G). Eyes relatively larger, somewhat more projecting and their length contained 2.3x in length of genae. Antennae as long as head and pronotum combined, otherwise as in ♀♀ but with the outer lateral margin of the scapus less deflexed medially.</p>
            <p>Thorax: Pronotum as in ♀♀, the longitudinal median line more distinctly impressed however (Fig. 38G). Meso-thorax much more slender than in ♀♀ and slightly constricted medially. Mesonotum 5.5x longer than wide, sparsely and unevenly set with variably sized tubercles; two prominent but obtuse, spines at anterior margin (Fig. 38G), a pair of blunt tubercles post-medially and a slightly enlarged tubercle at each posterolateral corner. A fine carina close to lateral margins, that is set with several node-like tubercles of different sizes. Metanotum a little more than half the length of mesonotum, 2.3x longer than wide, weakly narrowed medially and with a small pair of median tubercles. Pleurae irregularly granulose and only metapleurae with a very obtuse supra-coxal swelling. Prosternum with the same median pair of sensory-areas that are seen in ♀♀, the meso- and metasternum sparsely set with some irregularly placed granules.</p>
            <p>Abdomen: Median segment almost quadrate with anterior margin weakly rounded; each posterolateral corner with a node-like tubercle and posteromedially with a tooth-like swelling. Segment II slightly longer than median segment, III–VI as broad as II uniform in width and length and on average 1.6x longer than wide. VII as long II. Terga II–VII each with a node-like tubercle at each posterolateral angle and with the same tooth-like posteromedian swelling; the latter however gradually decreasing in size towards VI and on VII almost as prominent as on median segment. Sterna II–VII sparsely granulose and each with a pair of obtuse tubercles at posterior margin. Tergum VIII about as long as VII, widening towards the posterior, trapezoidal in dorsal aspect and more distinctly tectiform than preceding terga. IX notably shorter than VIII; both with an additional lateral tubercle at posterior margin. Anal segment tectiform with posterior margin excavated triangularly and the lateral margins in the middle with a hook-like protrusion (Fig. 38H) that is set with minute teeth interiorly. Cerci very small, compressed laterally and roughly triangular in lateral aspect. Poculum obtusely conical with the posterior margin strongly keeled longitudinally and the lateral surfaces set with rounded tubercles; the posterior margin with a median indention.</p>
            <p>Legs: All long and slender; profemora about as long as head and thorax combined, mesofemora almost as long as pro- and mesothorax combined, metafemora reaching to abdominal segment VIII and metatibiae strongly projecting beyond apex of abdomen. Armature almost as in ♀♀ but dorsal armature less pronounced and ventral carinae with the distant swelling somewhat more distinct. Basitarsi relatively longer and roughly as long as remaining tarsomeres combined.</p>
            <p>Variability: Some variability is seen in the colouration, body sculpturing and armature of he limbs in ♀♀. While the holotype is plain mid brown, the paratype from Bawakaraeng in ZMPA has the dorsal surface of the mesonotum, metanotum and basal five abdominal terga buff with the rest of the body is dark brown. Moreover this specimen has all the body sculpturing somewhat more pronounced and has a strong pair of post-medial spines on the mesonotum. Moreover, also the armature of the limbs is comparatively more distinct. The paratype in SMTD even has an additional pair of spines on the metanotum.</p>
            <p> Comments: All the specimens subsequently assigned to his  D. epidicus by Günther (1938: 61) are a distinct and previously unnamed species, that is herewith described. Eggs unknown. </p>
            <p>Distribution: Central Sulawesi, Prov. Sulawesi Tengah, Luwu 500 m [NHMB]; Central Sulawesi, Prov. Su-lawesi Tengah, Lake Poso [NHMB]; S-Sulawesi, Prov. Sulawesi Selatan, Gunung Bawakaraeng “Bua Kraeng” [ZMPA]; Central Sulawesi, Prov. Sulawesi Selatan, Luwu, Djaladja, lowland [SMTD].</p>
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03DB87EEFF939D34FF4058B1FD13F4AE.text	03DB87EEFF939D34FF4058B1FD13F4AE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dimorphodes sarasini (Redtenbacher 1934) Redtenbacher 1908	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Dimorphodes sarasini Redtenbacher, 1908 rev. stat.</p>
            <p>(Fig. 39)</p>
            <p> Dimorphodes sarasini Redtenbacher, 1908: 367 . HT, ♀: Luwu; Coll. Br. v. W. Celebes, Dr. Sarasin; det. Redtenb.  Dimorphodes sarasini ;  Dimorphodes sarasini Redt. [NHMW, No. 732]. rev. stat. </p>
            <p>Sellick, 1998: 223.</p>
            <p> Dimorphodes prostasis sarasini, Günther, 1934b: 88 . </p>
            <p>Günther, 1938: 82.</p>
            <p>Brock, 1998: 55.</p>
            <p>Hennemann, 1998: 123.</p>
            <p>Otte &amp; Brock, 2005: 129.</p>
            <p> Dimorphodes bellicosus Redtenbacher, 1908: 365 . LT, ♂ (by present designation): Pic von Bouthain; Coll. Br. v. W., Celebes, Sarasin; det. Redtenb.  Dimorphodes bellicosus ;  Dimorphodes bellicosus Redt. Type [NHMW, No. 728]; PLT, ♂ (pen-ultimate instar nymph): Coll. Br. v. W., Celebes Dr. Sarasin; det. Redtenb.  Dimorphodes bellicosus [NHMW, No. 728]. (Synonymised by Günther, 1934b: 88) </p>
            <p>Günther, 1935: 15.</p>
            <p>Otte &amp; Brock, 2005: 129.</p>
            <p> Further material:   1 ♂: Celebes,  Latimodjong Geb. Oeroe 800 m, G. Heinrich 8.1930 [MNHU]  ;   1 ♀:  Sarasin 28.I.– 1. II   .1895, Luwu, Flachland,  Goran-Djaladja , Centr. - Cel. [MNHU]  ;  3 ♀♀, 1 ♂, eggs: Indonesia, Central Sulawesi, Lore Lindu N.P., 13.–20. VIII .1993 [coll. AJH] ;  5 eggs: S-Sulawesi, Sulawesi Tengah, Lore Lindu N.P., leg. A.J.E. Harman 13.–20. VIII .1993 [coll. FH, No. 1318-E]. </p>
            <p> Differential diagnosis: Males of this species are well recognized amongst the Sulawesian members of the genus by having developed alae with a well developd fan, that are notably longer than the tegmina. Females differ from the three other known Sulawesian species by the larger size (body length&gt; 85.0 mm). The anterior pair of spines on abdominal terga III–V is shared with ♀♀ of  D. celebensis but the latter species has an additional anterior pair of spines on tergum II, is more stocky in shape and also has strong paired spines on the mesonotum. </p>
            <p>Eggs (Figs. 39A–B): Medium sized for the genus. Capsule sub-spherical in shape, slightly higher than wide, about 1.2x longer than wide and slightly oval in cross-section. Entire capsule surface densely but unevenly granulose to rugulose and covered with several very irregularly shaped, shallowly raised areas; these most pronounced on dorsal surface and around micropylar plate. Anterior margin of capsule weakly inflated. Micropylar plate pearshaped, with posterior portion 1.75 wider than anterior end and about 1.9x longer than width of posterior portion. Surface sculptured like capsule and with an obtuse medio-longitudinal bulge. Micropylar cup distinct, bowl-shaped with a blunt swelling anteriorly and placed in posteromedian gap of plate. Median line fairly distinct but short and not reaching to polar end of capsule. Operculum almost circular, roundly convex and with a distinct, conical capitulum in centre, which has a distinct central pit on top and the lateral surfaces with some obtuse, longitudinal ridges. General colour of capsule mid brown with the raised portions and the opercular collar greyish ochre. Micropylar plate slightly lighter in colour than capsule with the outer margin dark brown. Colour of operculum like that of capsule, the apical portion of the capitulum ochraceous. Measurements [mm]: Length including capitulum 4.6, length 3.9, width 3.3, height 3.5, length of micropylar plate 2.6.</p>
            <p> Comments: Günther (1934b: 88) regarded  D. sarasini as a subspecies of the type-species  D. prostasis Westwood, 1859 from the Aru islands in the very southestern Wallacea. This taxon however so strongly differs from typical  D. prostatsis in various morphological characters that valid species status appears more than justified. Therefore,  D. sarasini is here reinstated as a valid species (rev. stat.). Features that readily separate  D. sarasini from  D. prostasis are: the much shorter alae, which only reach to abdominal tergum II (V or VI in  prostasis ) and prominent paired anterior spines of abdominal terga II–V of ♂♂ as well as the distinct spines on the vertex and pronotum, much more distinct anterior pair of spines of abdominal terga II–V and lack of conspicuously enlarged lobes on the meso- and metafemora of ♀♀. </p>
            <p>  The four specimens from  Lore Lindu National Park in the personal collection of Allan J.E. Harman (Essex, U.K.) prove that Günther (1934b: 88) was correct when he synonymised  D. bellicosus Redtenbacher, 1908 as the opposite sex of  D. sarasini . For providing stability of this synonym the unique adult ♂ specimen in the collection of NHMW is here selected as the lectotype  . </p>
            <p>  The three ♀♀ from Lore Lindu National Park are all rather plain dark brown in colour and have the anterior pair of spines of the mesonotum more pronounced than the holotype and ♀ from Luwu in the collection of MNHU. The latter specimen was originally recorded from NHMB and is yellowish ochre in colour with various dark brown markings all over the head, body and legs (Fig. 39E). In addition to the specimen in MNHU Günther (1938: 82) recorded a second ♀ from the same locality in the collection of SMTD, but this specimen was not examined for the present study  . </p>
            <p>Distribution: Central Sulawesi, Prov. Sulawesi Selatan, Luwu [NHMW, MNHU]; Sulawesi [NHMW]; S-Su-lawesi, Prov. Sulawesi Selatan, Gunung Latimojong, Rantemario, Uru 800 m [MNHU]; Central Sulawesi, Sulawesi Tengah, Lore Lindu N.P. [coll. AJH, coll. FH].</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DB87EEFF939D34FF4058B1FD13F4AE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hennemann, Frank H.	Hennemann, Frank H. (2021): Stick insects of Sulawesi, Peleng and the Sula Islands, Indonesia- a review including checklists of species and descriptions of new taxa (Insecta: Phasmatodea). Zootaxa 5073 (1): 1-189, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5073.1.1
03DB87EEFF949D32FF405F05FD37F1D0.text	03DB87EEFF949D32FF405F05FD37F1D0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Platycrana Gray 1835	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Genus  Platycrana Gray, 1835</p>
            <p> Type-species:  Mantis viridana Olivier, 1792: 636 , by subsequent designation of Kirby, 1904: 385. </p>
            <p> Comments: The very numerous citations of this monotypical genus may be looked up in the  Phasmida Species File Online (http://  Phasmida .SpeciesFile.org). The misspelling “  Platycrania ” introduced by Burmeister (1838: 581) was repeated by subsequent authors including Stål (1875), Westwood (1859) and Redtenbacher (1908). Hennemann (2020) provided clarification of the systematic position of  Platycrana and transferred all other genera formerly attributed to  Platycraninae :  Platycranini to the newly described subfamily  Megacraniinae . </p>
            <p>Distribution: Wallacea and Philippines</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DB87EEFF949D32FF405F05FD37F1D0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hennemann, Frank H.	Hennemann, Frank H. (2021): Stick insects of Sulawesi, Peleng and the Sula Islands, Indonesia- a review including checklists of species and descriptions of new taxa (Insecta: Phasmatodea). Zootaxa 5073 (1): 1-189, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5073.1.1
03DB87EEFF949D32FF405D73FEEEF4B4.text	03DB87EEFF949D32FF405D73FEEEF4B4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Platycrana viridana (Olivier 1792)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Platycrana viridana (Olivier, 1792)</p>
            <p> Platycrana viridana Olivier, 1792: 636 . ST, ♀, ♂: Amboina [not traced]. (Name for figure on pl. 6: 20–21 by Stoll, 1788) Gray, 1835: 60. </p>
            <p>Otte &amp; Brock, 2005: 279.</p>
            <p>Hennemann, 2020: 169, figs. 9–10, 12 J–K.</p>
            <p> Platycrania viridana, Kirby, 1904: 385 . </p>
            <p>Bruner, 1915: 233.</p>
            <p> Phasma edule Lichtenstein, 1796: 3 ,77. ST, ♀, ♂: Amboina [not traced]. (Name for figure on pl. 6: 20–21 by Stoll, 1788) Junior objective synonym </p>
            <p> Platycrana eduli s, Günther, 1938: 59 . [In checklist of Sulawesi fauna] </p>
            <p>Hennemann, 1998: 124. [In catalogue of Sulawesi fauna]</p>
            <p> Platycrania edulis, Redtenbacher, 1908: 369 . [First record from Sulawesi] </p>
            <p> 
Phasma grandis 
Thunberg, 1815: 295 . HT, ♀: no data [UZIU, No. 15706]. Junior synonym </p>
            <p> Phasma jamaicensis Stoll, 1813: 76 . (Name for figure on pl. 6: 20–21 by Stoll, 1788) Junior objective synonym </p>
            <p> Mantis viridis Donovan, 1800: 2 , pl. 10. HT, ♀: Amboina [not traced]. (Synonymised by Gray, 1835: 36. </p>
            <p>Het Groene Spook, Stoll, 1788: 17, pl. 6: 20–21 (♀ and ♂). ST, ♀, ♂: Amboina [not traced].</p>
            <p> Material examined:   1 ♀:  Nord Celebes ; Coll. Br. v. W. Celebes (Nord) Thorey; det. Br. v. W.  Platycrania edulis Licht. , 76. 5701;5701 [NHMW, No. 734]  ;   2 ♀♀: O-Sulawesi, Prov. Sulawesi Tengah,  Banggai-Inseln ,  W-Peleng Island , Buko District, between Tatendeng village and Eben village, 400–550 m, IX. 2011 [coll. FH, No. 0173–14 &amp; 15]  . </p>
            <p> Comments: Only selected citations are included in the list above, which are either relevant for the taxonomic status of  P. viridana or provide records from Sulawesi. The complete citations may be looked up in the  Phasmida Species File Online (http://  Phasmida .SpeciesFile.org). This well-known species shows a very wide distribution and has been recorded from many islands throughout almost entire Wallacea and the southern Philippines. Redtenbacher (1908: 369) recorded it from Sulawesi based on specimens from NHMW, MNHN and SMTD of which only the NHMW specimen has been traced. The exact data of this ♀ are given above. Unfortunately, there have not been any recent records from Sulawesi and the species must be regarded either as very rare or local on that island. Two ♀♀ in the author’s collection are the first record of  P. viridana from the island of Peleng. They are typical for the species in every aspect and have body lengths of 159.0 mm and 150.0 mm including the subgenital plate. The anal fan of the alae is translucent pink and the basal portion of the costal region intensively pink. Eggs laid by specimens from the village of Tatendeng, Peleng were examined from photographs kindly provided by E. Bhaskara (Malang, Indonesia) and fully agree with examples from the Philippines in the author’s collection and illustrated by Hennemann (2020: 173, fig. 12 J–K). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DB87EEFF949D32FF405D73FEEEF4B4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hennemann, Frank H.	Hennemann, Frank H. (2021): Stick insects of Sulawesi, Peleng and the Sula Islands, Indonesia- a review including checklists of species and descriptions of new taxa (Insecta: Phasmatodea). Zootaxa 5073 (1): 1-189, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5073.1.1
03DB87EEFF979D3FFF405EB5FED6F3A8.text	03DB87EEFF979D3FFF405EB5FED6F3A8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Nesiophasma Gunther 1934	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Genus  Nesiophasma Günther, 1934</p>
            <p>(Figs. 40–47)</p>
            <p> Type-species:  Nesiophasma eremothocus Günther, 1934: 5 [=  Myronides spinulosus Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907: 254], by original designation of Günther, 1934: 5. </p>
            <p> Nesiophasma Günther, 1934: 5 . Günther, 1935a: 139. Günther, 1935b: 29. Günther, 1953: 555. Bradley &amp; Galil, 1977: 193. Hennemann, 1998: 124. Zompro, 2004: 314. Otte &amp; Brock, 2005: 227. Hennemann &amp; Conle, 2008: 57, Fig. 60a 6 b. </p>
            <p> Mylothrus Günther, 1935b: 18 . [Synonymised by Günther, 1935b: 29 (Nachtrag 3)] Günther, 1934b: 78. </p>
            <p> Description: ♀, ♂. Medium to very large (body length ♂♂ 76.0– 186.5 mm, ♀♀ incl. subgenital plate 174.0–301.0 mm), slender and elongate, fully apterous  Stephanacridini . Body smooth and unarmed, often slightly shiny in ♂♂; rarely with a few small granules on mesopleurae in ♀♀. Sexual dimorphism strongly developed with ♂♂ much shorter and very much more slender than ♀♀. Head ovoid, longer than wide with vertex gently convex and smooth. No ocelli. Gula a ± rectangular plate that expands considerably less than 1/3 of cervical membrane. Antennae moderately long and filiform, laid back at least reaching to metanotum or projecting as far back as abdominal segment V; comparatively longer in ♂♂. Mesothorax&gt; 2x longer than head and pronotum combined; comparatively longer in ♂♂. In ♀♀ ± distinctly swollen pre-medially, in ♂♂ very slender and parallel-sided. Meso- and metasternum gently tectiform longitudinally or with a weak longitudinal median keel (less defined on metasternum). Median segment short, less than ½ the length of metanotum. Abdomen excluding median segment notably longer than combined length of head and complete thorax. Abdominal segments II–VII slender, parallel-sided and considerably longer than wide in ♂♂; longer than wide in ♀♀ but sometimes gently broadened medially (only two species with lateral margins roundly expanded to form lobes). Abdominal sterna II–VI smooth; VII in ♀♀ with a moderate Preopercular that is represented by one or two granules or spiniform tubercles some distance off the posterior margin. Terminalia of ♀♀: Anal segment of a very typical shape, having the lateral margins strongly excavated near the bases of the cerci and the posterior margin with a deep and narrow median incision; the two portion on each side of the median incision forming a ± rounded to obtusely angular lobe. Cerci small and conical with a pointed tip. Epiproct small, mostly hidden under anal segment. Gonapophysis VIII elongated and often projecting considerably beyond anal segment; inner surface often with a deep longitudinal furrow. Subgenital plate long and lanceolate, projecting beyond apex of abdomen by more than length of anal segment. Terminalia of ♂♂: Anal segment simple, gently tectiform with the posterior margin ± excavated and the outer lateral angles ± obtuse and/or expanded and set with a variable number of small denticles ventrally. Epiproct very small and fully hidden under anal segment. Vomer a strongly sclerotised, ± triangular plate with a single, up-curving terminal hook. Cerci small and round in cross-section. Poculum fairly small, cup-like and not projecting over posterior margin of tergum IX. Legs all long and slender with all carinae to a variable degree dentate and/or serrate. Base of profemora strongly compressed and curved. Medioventral carina of profemora indistinct and midways on ventral surface of profemur; of meso- and metafemora moderate and either smooth are sparsely set with small spines. Tarsi long, probasitarsus longer than remaining tarsomeres combined; meso- and metabasitarsus longer than combined length of following three tarsomeres with all carinae ± dentate. Basitarsi sometimes with dorsal carinae gently raised and rounded. </p>
            <p>Egg (Fig. 47): Medium to large, capsule notably longer than wide or high; ± strongly laterally compressed and with an obtuse ± prominent longitudinal bulge or keel surrounding egg-capsule except for impressed polar-area and region around micropylar plate. Capsule surface sculptured, ranging from coriaceous to being all over covered with irregularly raised ridges and bulges. Micropylar plate small, less than 1/3 the length of capsule and positioned roughly in centre of dorsal egg surface; rhomboidal to spear-shaped. Median line distinct. Operculum oval and flat, in centre with an irregularly shaped and strongly sculptured ± conical capitulum.</p>
            <p> Differential diagnosis: Morphologically very similar and most likely very closely related to  Sadyattes Stål, 1875 (Type-species:  Sadyattes borrii Stål, 1875 ) and  Eucarcharus Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907 (Type-species:  Lonchodes feruloides Westwood, 1859 ). Both genera are however geographically restricted to the Oriental region west of the Wallace Line and the Philippines. In contrast to  Nesiophasma both genera have a comparatively longer median segment in both sexes, that is longer than the median segment, and ♂♂ are winged. In all other aspects morphological differences are hard to define and thus it is hoped that molecular data will sometime clarify whether  Nesiophasma can reliably be separated from these two genera on a generic basis. </p>
            <p> Comments: The tribe  Stephanacridini Günther, 1953 was partly redefined and reorganized by Hennemann &amp; Conle (2008: 54), who transferred several genera that were previously attributed to the tribe  Pharnaciini . Currently,  Stephanacridini contains eight genera that are mostly distributed throughout Wallacea, New Guinea and Melanesia with only a few representatives in the Philippines and Sundaland. The type-genus  Stephanacris Redtenbacher, 1908 was re-described by Hennemann &amp; Conle (2006b) and the genus  Macrophasma Hennemann &amp; Conle, 2006 was established to comprise the New Guinean species formerly placed in the principally Melanesian  Hermarchus Stål, 1875 .  Phasmotaenia Návas, 1907 was removed from  Pharnaciini and transferred to  Stephanacridini by Hennemann &amp; Conle (2008: 57) and a revision of the genus was presented subsequently (Hennemann &amp; Conle, 2009). The monotypical  Diagoras Stål, 1875 is only known from the ♀♀ and endemic to the Palau Islands. The three remaining genera deserve a more comprehensive treatment. </p>
            <p> Nesiophasma Günther, 1934 comprises median to very large exclusively apterous species that are mostly distributed throughout Wallacea. Only one species has been described from New Guinea, but this record must be regarded as doubtful and deserves confirmation by fresh material of the concerned species. Most of the species are very rarely encountered and the eggs have previously been unknown. Recent collections on the islands of Peleng (Banggai Islands) and Sanana (Sula Islands) have revealed two gigantic as yet unrecognised species that are described herein. These two new species and the fact that the author had in manuscript an unfinished revision of  Nesiophasma , that was originally compiled in the course of the revision of  Pharnaciini sensu Günther, 1953 (Hennemann &amp; Conle, 2008), seemed like reason enough to present a review of  Nesiophasma herein. </p>
            <p> As mentioned above the morphologically most similar and presumably most closely related genera are  Sadyattes Stål, 1875 and  Eucarcharus Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907. The species currently attributed to either  Sadyattes or  Eucarcharus are very similar in almost all aspects and suggest these two genera are likely to be synonymous. Both are paraphyletic in their present recognition and  Sadyattes even is polyphyletic because it has recently been enriched by a species that definitely belongs in the tribe  Pharnaciini . The tribes  Pharnaciini (subfamily  Clitumninae ) and  Stephanacridini (subfamily  Platycraninae ) have been clearly separated by obvious morphological characters that differ fundamentally between these two clades by Hennemann &amp; Conle (2008: 60, table 1) and this distinction is moreover well supported an in accordance to phylogenetic approaches based on morphological data (Buckley et al., 2010) and molecular data (Robertson et al., 2018). In aspect of this morphologically very obvious and well supported distinction between these two not closely related clades, it is very questionable why Seow-Choen (2017: 151) removed the well-known  Phobaeticus chani (Bragg, 2008) from the tribe  Pharnaciini and erroneously transferred it to  Sadyattes (tribe  Stephanacridini ). Males of  Phobaeticus chani have an anal segment that is longitudinally split into two hemiterga and lack a vomer, ♀♀ have a fairly prominent Preopercular organ, both sexes have the medioventral carina of the profemora distinctly displaced towards the anteroventral carina and eggs have an open internal micropylar plate and s well as a stalked capitulum. All these key features more than clearly place  Ph. chani in the tribe  Pharnaciini (subfamily  Clitumninae ) and the egg morphology in particular justifies the original taxonomic position within the genus  Phobaeticus Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907. In the tribe  Stephanacridini (subfamily  Platycraninae ), to which the genus  Sadyattes belongs (Hennemann &amp; Conle, 2008; Hennemann, 2020), ♂♂ have a simple anal segment and a well developed vomer, ♀♀ merely have an indistinct Preopercular organ and extremely elongated, filiform go-napophysis VIII, that project considerably beyond the apex of the abdomen, and both sexes have profemora that are trapezoidal in cross-section with the rather indistinct medioventral roughly midways on the ventral surface of the femur. All of theses key features of  Stephanacridini are not true for  Phobaeticus chani (Bragg, 2008) and therefore this species is here transferred back to its original genus (rev. comb.). </p>
            <p>Distribution: Sulawesi, Peleng Island, Selayar Island, Kalaotoa Island, Sanana Island, Romang Island, Sangihe Island and Talaud Islands. New Guinea with doubt.</p>
            <p>Species included:</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DB87EEFF979D3FFF405EB5FED6F3A8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hennemann, Frank H.	Hennemann, Frank H. (2021): Stick insects of Sulawesi, Peleng and the Sula Islands, Indonesia- a review including checklists of species and descriptions of new taxa (Insecta: Phasmatodea). Zootaxa 5073 (1): 1-189, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5073.1.1
03DB87EEFF999D3FFF405EB4FD38F205.text	03DB87EEFF999D3FFF405EB4FD38F205.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Nesiophasma giganteum Hennemann, Le Tirant & Purwanto 2021	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> 1.  Nesiophasma giganteum n. sp.</p>
            <p>Distribution: Banggai Islands (Peleng).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DB87EEFF999D3FFF405EB4FD38F205	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hennemann, Frank H.	Hennemann, Frank H. (2021): Stick insects of Sulawesi, Peleng and the Sula Islands, Indonesia- a review including checklists of species and descriptions of new taxa (Insecta: Phasmatodea). Zootaxa 5073 (1): 1-189, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5073.1.1
03DB87EEFF999D3FFF405F20FDA4F291.text	03DB87EEFF999D3FFF405F20FDA4F291.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Nesiophasma kuehni , Gunther 1934	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> 2.  Nesiophasma kuehni (Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907: 185). </p>
            <p>Distribution: Pulau Romang.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DB87EEFF999D3FFF405F20FDA4F291	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hennemann, Frank H.	Hennemann, Frank H. (2021): Stick insects of Sulawesi, Peleng and the Sula Islands, Indonesia- a review including checklists of species and descriptions of new taxa (Insecta: Phasmatodea). Zootaxa 5073 (1): 1-189, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5073.1.1
03DB87EEFF999D3FFF405FDCFE5CF2EC.text	03DB87EEFF999D3FFF405FDCFE5CF2EC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Nesiophasma oligarches (Gunther 1935)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> 3.  Nesiophasma oligarches (Günther, 1935a: 18, pl. 2: 12). </p>
            <p>Distribution: S-Sulawesi.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DB87EEFF999D3FFF405FDCFE5CF2EC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hennemann, Frank H.	Hennemann, Frank H. (2021): Stick insects of Sulawesi, Peleng and the Sula Islands, Indonesia- a review including checklists of species and descriptions of new taxa (Insecta: Phasmatodea). Zootaxa 5073 (1): 1-189, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5073.1.1
03DB87EEFF999D3FFF405C48FD54F178.text	03DB87EEFF999D3FFF405C48FD54F178.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Nesiophasma plateni (Dohrn 1910)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> 4.  Nesiophasma plateni (Dohrn, 1910: 404) . </p>
            <p>Distribution: Sangihe Islands &amp; Talaud Islands.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DB87EEFF999D3FFF405C48FD54F178	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hennemann, Frank H.	Hennemann, Frank H. (2021): Stick insects of Sulawesi, Peleng and the Sula Islands, Indonesia- a review including checklists of species and descriptions of new taxa (Insecta: Phasmatodea). Zootaxa 5073 (1): 1-189, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5073.1.1
03DB87EEFF999D3FFF405CE4FD1CF1D5.text	03DB87EEFF999D3FFF405CE4FD1CF1D5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Nesiophasma sananaense Hennemann 2021	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> 5.  Nesiophasma sananaense n. sp.</p>
            <p>Distribution: Sula Islands (Sanana Island).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DB87EEFF999D3FFF405CE4FD1CF1D5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hennemann, Frank H.	Hennemann, Frank H. (2021): Stick insects of Sulawesi, Peleng and the Sula Islands, Indonesia- a review including checklists of species and descriptions of new taxa (Insecta: Phasmatodea). Zootaxa 5073 (1): 1-189, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5073.1.1
03DB87EEFF999D3FFF405C90FD6FF044.text	03DB87EEFF999D3FFF405C90FD6FF044.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Nesiophasma spinulosum Br. V. W., K. Gunther 1935	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> 6.  Nesiophasma spinulosum (Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907: 254). </p>
            <p> =  Nesiophasma eremothocus Günther, 1934a: 6 , fig. 1. </p>
            <p>Distribution: Pulau Selayar &amp; Pulau Kalaotoa.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DB87EEFF999D3FFF405C90FD6FF044	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hennemann, Frank H.	Hennemann, Frank H. (2021): Stick insects of Sulawesi, Peleng and the Sula Islands, Indonesia- a review including checklists of species and descriptions of new taxa (Insecta: Phasmatodea). Zootaxa 5073 (1): 1-189, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5073.1.1
03DB87EEFF999D3FFF405DE1FE65F0D0.text	03DB87EEFF999D3FFF405DE1FE65F0D0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Nesiophasma turbans Gunther 1935	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> 7.  Nesiophasma turbans (Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907: 186). </p>
            <p>Distribution: Sulawesi.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DB87EEFF999D3FFF405DE1FE65F0D0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hennemann, Frank H.	Hennemann, Frank H. (2021): Stick insects of Sulawesi, Peleng and the Sula Islands, Indonesia- a review including checklists of species and descriptions of new taxa (Insecta: Phasmatodea). Zootaxa 5073 (1): 1-189, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5073.1.1
03DB87EEFF999D3FFF405D9CFC96F72D.text	03DB87EEFF999D3FFF405D9CFC96F72D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Nesiophasma zanum Hennemann 1999	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> 8.  Nesiophasma zanum Hennemann, 1999: 213 , figs. 1–2. </p>
            <p>Distribution: New Guinea (? - see comments below).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DB87EEFF999D3FFF405D9CFC96F72D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hennemann, Frank H.	Hennemann, Frank H. (2021): Stick insects of Sulawesi, Peleng and the Sula Islands, Indonesia- a review including checklists of species and descriptions of new taxa (Insecta: Phasmatodea). Zootaxa 5073 (1): 1-189, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5073.1.1
03DB87EEFF999D3EFF405AECFAF0F250.text	03DB87EEFF999D3EFF405AECFAF0F250.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Nesiophasma Gunther 1934	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Keys to the species of  Nesiophasma</p>
            <p>♀♀ *</p>
            <p>1. Abdominal terga II–VI with lateral margins at best gently rounded.............................................. 2</p>
            <p> - Abdominal terga II–VI strongly laterally deflexed and convex (Fig. 43D); Pulau Romang........................  kuehni</p>
            <p>2. Gonapophysis VIII short and not projecting over posterior margin of anal segment................................. 3</p>
            <p>- Gonapophysis VIII long and notably projecting over posterior margin of anal segment.............................. 4</p>
            <p> 3. Small species (body length incl. subgenital plate &lt;180.0 mm); median segment&gt; 2/3 the length of metanotum; abdominal terga VII–IX with slender posteriad-directed posterolateral lobe; subgenital plate short and only slightly projecting over apex of abdomen; New Guinea (?)........................................................................  zanum</p>
            <p> - Very large species (body length incl. subgenital plate&gt; 250.0 mm); median segment only ¼ the length of metanotum (Figs. 43A–B); abdominal terga VII–IX not lobed; subgenital plate very long, lanceolate and projecting over apex of abdomen by more than combined length of terga VIII–X (Figs. 45P–R); Sangihe &amp; Talaud Islands...........................  plateni</p>
            <p>4. Slender and very elongate insects; mesonotum at least 4.5x longer than wide; basitarsi slender........................ 5</p>
            <p> - More stocky (Fig. 43C); mesonotum 4x longer than wide and expanded pre-medially; basitarsi with dorsal carinae raised and rounded; Pulau Selayar &amp; Pulau Kalaotoa..........................................................  spinulosum</p>
            <p> 5. Mesonotum 6x longer than wide and slender (Figs. 40D–F); antennae reaching to median segment; Pulau Sanana (Sula Islands).................................................................................  sananaense n. sp.</p>
            <p> - Mesonotum 4.5x longer than wide and gently swollen pre-medially (Figs. 40A–C); antennae reaching to abdominal segment II; Peleng (Banggai Islands)...................................................................  giganteum n. sp.</p>
            <p> * ♀♀ of  N. oligarches (Günther) and  N. turbans (Brunner v.Wattenwyl, 1907) are not known </p>
            <p>♂♂ *</p>
            <p>1. Body length&gt; 100.0 mm; abdominal terga II–VI&gt; 3x longer than wide.......................................... 2</p>
            <p> - Smaller; abdominal terga II–VI 2.5x longer than wide; Sulawesi (Fig. 44D)................................  oligarches</p>
            <p>2. Head and pronotum of same colour as remainder parts of body; body ± uniform in colour............................ 3</p>
            <p> - Head and pronotum contrasting blackish; dark streak along entire lateral surfaces of body; Pulau Selayar &amp; Pulau Kalaotoa.............................................................................................  spinulosum</p>
            <p>3. Body length &lt;160.0 mm; colouration more or less uniform.................................................... 4</p>
            <p> - Body length&gt; 160.0 mm; bases of all femora and knees contrasting black; Sangihe Islands &amp; Talaud Isalnds.........  plateni</p>
            <p> 4. Very slender species (Fig. 44A); median segment very short and only 1/6 the length of metanotum; Sulawesi .......  turbans</p>
            <p> - More stocky (Figs. 44B–C); median segment &lt;1/3 the length of metanotum; Peleng....................  giganteum n. sp.</p>
            <p> * ♂♂ of  N. kuehni (Brunner v.Wattenwyl, 1907),  N. zanum Hennemann, 1999 and  N. sananaense n. sp. are not known </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DB87EEFF999D3EFF405AECFAF0F250	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hennemann, Frank H.	Hennemann, Frank H. (2021): Stick insects of Sulawesi, Peleng and the Sula Islands, Indonesia- a review including checklists of species and descriptions of new taxa (Insecta: Phasmatodea). Zootaxa 5073 (1): 1-189, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5073.1.1
03DB87EEFF989D27FF405FF0FDAFF64D.text	03DB87EEFF989D27FF405FF0FDAFF64D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Nesiophasma giganteum Hennemann, Le Tirant & Purwanto 2021	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Nesiophasma giganteum Hennemann, Le Tirant &amp; Purwanto n. sp.</p>
            <p>(Figs. 40A–C, 41A, 42, 44B–C, 45A–C &amp; N, 46A &amp; J–L, 47A–B)</p>
            <p> HT,   ♀: O-Sulawesi, Prov. Sulawesi Tengah,  Banggai-Inseln , W-Peleng Island,  Bulagi District , Alul village near Bulagi, XII.2011 [IMQC]  . </p>
            <p> PT,   9 ♀♀: E-Sulawesi, Prov. Sulawesi Tengah,  Banggai-Islands , W-Peleng Island,  Bulagi District , Alul village near Bulagi, XII.2011 [IMQC]  . </p>
            <p> PT,   2 ♂♂: O-Sulawesi, Prov. Sulawesi Tengah,  Banggai-Inseln , W-Peleng Island,  Buko District , btw. Tatendeng village and Eben village 400–550 m, IX.2011 [IMQC]  . </p>
            <p> PT,   3 ♀♀, 2 eggs (ex ovipositor): O-Sulawesi, Prov. Sulawesi Tengah, Banggai-Inseln,  Peleng Island , 2008, via S. Suzuki (Ja-pan) 2009 [coll. FH, No’s 0656-1 to 3, E1]  . </p>
            <p> PT,   3 ♂♂, 5 ♀♀, 10 eggs: O-Sulawesi, Prov. Sulawesi Tengah,  Banggai-Inseln , W-Peleng Island,  Bulagi District , Alul village near Bulagi, XII.2011 [coll. FH, No’s 0656-4 to 11, E2]  . </p>
            <p> PT,   7 ♂♂, 10 ♀♀: O-Sulawesi, Prov. Sulawesi Tengah,  Banggai-Inseln , W-Peleng Island,  Buko District , btw. Tatendeng village and Eben village 400-550 m, IX.2011 [coll. FH, No’s 0656-12 to 28]  . </p>
            <p> PT,   2 ♀♀: Indonesia: E-Peleng Island,  Tinangkung Utara , near Luksagu village, 1–25.VIII.2018, leg. A. Brata [coll. FH, No’s 0656-29 to 30]  . </p>
            <p> PT,   13 ♀♀: Indonesia: E-Peleng Island,  Tinangkung Utara , near Luksagu village, 1–25. VIII  .2018, leg. A. Brata [IMQC] . </p>
            <p> PT,   ♀: Indonesia: E-Peleng Island,  Tinangkung Utara , near Luksagu village, 1–25. VIII  .2018, leg. A. Brata [CMN] . </p>
            <p> PT,   ♀: Indonesia: E-Peleng Island,  Tinangkung Utara , near Luksagu village, 1–25. VIII  .2018, leg. A. Brata [LEMQ] . </p>
            <p> PT,   ♀: Indonesia: E-Peleng Island,  Tinangkung Utara , near Luksagu village, 1–25. VIII  .2018, leg. A. Brata [MNHN] . </p>
            <p> PT,   2 ♀♀: Indonesia: E-Peleng Island,  Tinangkung Utara , near Luksagu village, 1–25. VIII  .2018, leg. A. Brata [MNHU] . </p>
            <p> PT,   2 ♀♀: Indonesia: E-Peleng Island,  Tinangkung Utara , near Luksagu village, 1–25. VIII  .2018, leg. A. Brata [NHMB] . </p>
            <p> PT,   2 ♀♀: Indonesia: E-Peleng Island,  Tinangkung Utara , near Luksagu village, 1–25. VIII  .2018, leg. A. Brata [NHMUK] . </p>
            <p> PT,   2 ♀♀: Indonesia: E-Peleng Island,  Tinangkung Utara , near Luksagu village, 1–25. VIII  .2018, leg. A. Brata [RMNH] . </p>
            <p> PT,   2 ♀♀: Indonesia: E-Peleng Island,  Tinangkung Utara , near Luksagu village, 1–25. VIII  .2018, leg. A. Brata [SMFM] . </p>
            <p> PT,   2 ♀♀: O-Sulawesi, Prov. Sulawesi Tengah,  Banggai-Inseln , W-Peleng Island,  Buko District , btw. Tatendeng village and Eben village 400–550 m, IX.2011 [IRSN]  . </p>
            <p> PT,   2 ♀♀: Coll. R.I.Sc.N.B., Indonesia:  Peleng Isl. , III.2019  , local collector [IRSN]. </p>
            <p> PT,   2 ♀♀: O-Sulawesi, Prov. Sulawesi Tengah,  Banggai-Inseln , W-Peleng Island,  Buko District , btw. Tatendeng village and Eben village 400–550 m, IX.2011 [NHMW]  . </p>
            <p> PT,   6 ♀♀: O-Sulawesi, Prov. Sulawesi Tengah, Banggai Ids., W-Peleng Island,  Buko District , Tinanasu, VI.2016 [coll. OC, No’s 0544-1 to 6]  . </p>
            <p> PT,   2 ♀♀: O-Sulawesi, Prov. Sulawesi Tengah,  Banggai-Inseln , W-Peleng Island,  Buko District , btw. Tatendeng village and Eben village 400-550 m, IX.2011 [coll. OC, No’s 0544-7 &amp; 8]  . </p>
            <p> PT,   ♀: Indonesia: E-Peleng Island,  Tinangkung Utara , near Luksagu village, 1–25. VIII.2018, leg. A. Brata [coll. AB]  . </p>
            <p> PT,   ♀: Indonesia: E-Peleng Island,  Tinangkung Utara , near Luksagu village, 1–25. VIII.2018, leg. A. Brata [coll. RTC]  . </p>
            <p> PT,   2 ♂♂, 4 ♀♀: E-Sulawesi, Prov. Sulawesi Tengah,  Banggai-Islands , W-Peleng Island,  Bulagi District , Alul village near Bulagi, VI.2020  [coll. EB]. </p>
            <p> Etymology: The name (giganteus lat. = huge, giant, enormous) refers to the very large size of this new species, which is the so far largest known representative of the genus  Nesiophasma and together with  N. plateni (Dohrn, 1910) from the Sangihe and Talaud Islands may be regarded as the longest of all insects of Wallacea. </p>
            <p> Differential diagnosis: Females of this gigantic new species most closely resemble those of  N. sananaense n. sp. (Figs. 40D–F, 41B) from Sanana, Sula Islands by the more stocky appearance, longer antennae that reach as far back as abdominal segment II (median segment only in  sananaense ), shorter and less lanceolate subgenital plate (Figs. 45A–C), less prominent tubercle of the Preopercular organ (Fig. 45C), and differently shaped anal segment, which has the posterior lobes broader and more angular (Fig. 45B). From those of  N. spinulosum (Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907; Fig. 43C) from the Selayar Islands south of Sulawesi these ♀♀ readily differ by the much larger size and more slender shape, parallel-sided abdominal terga II–VII, more globose head and slender not dorsally lobed probasitarsus. From the similarly large  N. plateni (Dohrn, 1910; Figs. 43A–B) ♀♀ differ by being more stocky in shape with comparatively shorter and stronger legs, as well as having the subgenital plate considerably shorter (projecting over apex of abdomen by less than combined length of three terminal abdominal terga; Figs. 45A–C). Males are very similar to those of  N. turbans (Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907; Fig. 44A) from Minahasa, N-Sulawesi but differ by the slightly smaller size, more stocky shape with relatively shorter body segments, legs and tarsi, as well as the less curved cerci and differently shaped vomer (Fig. 46J). The eggs are similar to those of  N. kuehni (Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907) from Pulau Romang but differ by being slightly more elongate and having the ventral keel of the capsule less distinct (Figs. 47A–B). </p>
            <p>Description: The colouration of ♀♀ is described from pictures of live specimens kindly provided by Edy Bhaskara (Indonesia) and specimens reared by Hari Purwanto, that of the ♂♂ based only on preserved specimens.</p>
            <p>♀ (Figs. 40A–C, 41A). Very large (body length including subgenital plate 251.0–301.0 mm) and moderately stocky for the genus with a fairly long and lanceolate subgenital plate. General colouration ranging from very pale whitish grey over various shades of mid grey and ochre to dark greyish brown (Fig. 42A), more rarely with a slight greenish hue (e.g. HT, Fig. 41A); paler specimens with more distinct brown speckles and mottling all over the head body and legs. Lateral surfaces of meso- and metanotum as well as meso- and metapleurae in particular with dark brown to black mottling. Genae as well as lateral surfaces of abdominal tergum II and III in anterior half with dark mottling or a cluster of dark speckles. Paraprocts, gonoplacs and gonapophyses dull red (Fig. 42D). Legs with irregular annulations formed by dark speckles. Antennae greyish brown with basal portion black ventrally. Eyes pale ochre.</p>
            <p>Head: Ovoid, moderately globose with vertex gently rounded and smooth (Fig. 45N), broadest a slight distance behind the eyes; about 1.4x longer than wide. Between the bases of antennae with a short but distinct and slightly curved furrow. Eyes small and their length contained about 3x in that of genae. Antennae reaching about half way along abdominal segment II. Scapus compressed dorsoventrally, pedicellus cylindrical, III narrowing towards apex and almost 2x longer than pedicellus.</p>
            <p>Thorax: Pronotum shorter and notably narrower than head (Fig. 45N), rectangular and with a longitudinal median furrow over entire length; transverse median sulcus moderate, very short and straight. Mesothorax about 5.3x longer than prothorax, about 4.5x longer than wide and gently swollen pre-medially (fig. 42C). Metanotum more than half the length of mesonotum, rectangular and 3x longer than wide. Meso- and metasternum with a very weak longitudinal median keel.</p>
            <p>Abdomen: Abdomen considerably longer than head and complete thorax combined. Median segment roughly quadrate and a little more than 1/3 the length of metanotum. Abdominal segments II–VI slightly increasing in length, II 1.6x and VI almost 2x longer than median segment; on average 1.7x longer than wide. IV and V broadest segments, the remaining ones gently but gradually narrowing. Terga III–VI somewhat deflexed with lateral margins very gently convex. Preopercular organ formed by a blunt black tubercle some distance off the posterior margin of sternum VII (Fig. 45C). Tergum VIII slightly longer than wide, IX transverse. Anal segment slightly tectiform longitudinally, the lateral margins with a large and deep angular excavation near the base of cerci (Fig. 45A), the posterior margin with a very deep but narrow median incision and the lateral portions each forming an obtuse angular lobe (Fig. 45B). Cerci strongly conical, strongly constricted towards a very pointed tip and not reaching apex of anal segment. Gonapophyses VIII projecting considerably over posterior margin of anal segment but not reaching apex of subgenital plate (Figs. 42A–B); gently up-curving and the inner surface with a deep longitudinal furrow. Subgenital plate long, lanceolate, bulgy in basal portion, weakly down-curving (Fig. 45A) in apical half and gradually narrowed towards a narrow but blunt tip; projecting over apex of abdomen by at least the length of abdominal terga IX and X combined (Figs. 45A–C).</p>
            <p>Legs: All moderately long and stocky, profemora longer than mesothorax, mesofemora reaching to posterior margin of abdominal segment II, metafemora projecting over posterior margin of abdominal segment IV and metatarsi roughly reaching tip of subgenital plate. All carinae dentate; teeth of tibiae smaller but more numerous. Both posterior carinae of profemora distinctly serrate. Medioventral carina of all femora indistinct, that of profemora unarmed and that of meso- and metafemora just sparsely armed with minute spines. The two apical teeth of the two outer ventral carinae of meso- and metafemora notably enlarged. Basitarsi slender. Probasitarsus as long, meso- and metabsitarsus somewhat shorter than remaining tarsomeres combined; the latter two with all carinae minutely dentate.</p>
            <p>♂ (Figs. 44B–C). Medium sized (body length 139.5–153.0 mm), shape moderately slender for the genus. Entire body smooth and very slightly shiny. General colour apple green to dull greenish brown. Genae with a very faint, broad dark postocular streak; the vertex and lower portion of genae ± yellow (Fig. 42E). Posterior portion of poculum pale cream (Fig. 42F). Legs coloured like body with the apex of all femora and tibiae as well as of all tarsomeres blackish brown; leg armature black. Antennae ochre to greyish mid brown with the basal quarter black ventrally. Eyes greyish brown (Fig. 42E).</p>
            <p>Head: Moderately globose, almost 1.4x longer than wide and broadest at the eyes, genae narrowing and vertex very gently rounded and smooth. Eyes very large, circular in outline and strongly projecting, their length contained a little less than 2x in that of genae. Antennae long and filiform, reaching to posterior of abdominal segment IV. Basal three segments as in ♀♀.</p>
            <p>Thorax: Pronotum notably shorter and much narrower than head, rectangular in outline, the transverse median sulcus moderately developed, almost straight and not reaching lateral margins of segment; about 1.7x longer than wide (Fig. 46K). Entire surface with a fine but distinct impressed longitudinal median line. Mesothorax very slender and elongate, very slightly widened posteriorly, about 8x longer than pronotum and almost 18x longer than wide. Metanotum a little less than half the length of mesothorax with anterior and posterior portion gently widened. Meso-and metaststernum very indistinctly tectinate longitudinally.</p>
            <p>Abdomen: Abdomen excluding median segment longer than head and complete thorax combined. Median segment gently narrowed medially and about 4x longer than wide and somewhat less than 1/3 the length of metanotum. Segments II–VII slightly decreasing in length, II about 1.8x longer than median segment and 6.3x longer than wide, VII a little more than 3/5 the length of II and roughly 4.5x longer than wide. All slightly constricted medially. Sterna II–VII all very slightly tectinate longitudinally. Tergum VIII about 2/3 the length of VII and gradually widened towards posterior, IX slightly shorter, narrowed medially and with anterior margin broader than posterior margin. Anal segment slightly tectinate longitudinally, almost as long as IX and slightly broadening towards posterior; the anterior portion roundly swollen laterally, the posterior margin broadly concave (Figs. 42G, 46A) and the outer corners bluntly rounded, somewhat downward directed, swollen and minutely dentate ventro-interiorly (Fig. 46J). Poculum small and moderately convex, roundly cup-shaped (Fig. 42F) with the posterior margin broadly rounded (Fig. 46J); reaching about half way along tergum IX. Vomer roundly triangular, about 1.5x longer than wide, the ventral surface convex and fairly smooth, the basal portion broadly rounded, the apical portion distinctly narrowed and terminating in a single, strong and up-curving black hook (Fig. 46J). Cerci obtuse, round in cross-section, very gently in-curving and notably projecting over posterior margin of anal segment (Fig. 42F).</p>
            <p>Legs: All very long and slender, with all carinae minutely and densely dentate; teeth less distinct but positioned narrower to each other on tibiae. Profemora longer than head, pro- and mesothorax combined, mesofemora slightly longer than mesothorax, metafemora reaching to posterior margin of abdominal segment V and metatibiae projecting considerably over apex of abdomen. Medioventral carina of all femora well defined and armed with a row of minute spines. Tarsi elongate and slender (probasitarsus in particular), basitarsi 1.3x longer than remaining tarsomeres combined, meso- and metabasitarsi with a few minute teeth on ventral carinae.</p>
            <p>Eggs (47A–B): Medium sized, general colour greyish mid brown. Capsule elongate-ovoid, about 2x longer than wide, the ventral surface and lower region of dorsal surface with an indistinct blunt longitudinal keel. Capsule surface strongly sculptured; all over covered with an irregular network of broad raised ridges and very minutely granulose. Polar area gently flattened if seen in lateral aspect. Micropylar plate spearhead-shaped, less than half the length of capsule with lower portion strongly narrowed; the inner portion dark brown. Outer margin of plate bulging and of same colour as capsule. Micropylar cup small, bowl-shaped and placed just above the constricted portion of capsule. Median line impressed and almost reaching to polar area. Operculum almost circular and brown. Capitulum irregularly conical and morel-like, colour slightly darker than capsule. Measurements [mm]: Overall length 5.1–5.4, length 4.1–4.3, width 2.0–2.1, height 2.6–2.7, length of micropylar plate 1.9–2.0.</p>
            <p> Comments: Together with  N. plateni (Dohrn, 1910) this new species is the longest insect known to occur in Wallacea. It is apparently endemic to the island of Peleng, the largest of the Banggai Islands positioned east of Sulawesi and is distributed throughout the lowland regions of the island. Its host plants are the Gamal tree (  Gliricidia sepium ,  Fabaceae ) and cashew tree (  Anacardium occidentale ,  Anacardiaceae ) but it is occasionally also found feeding in guava (  Psidium guayava ,  Myrtaceae ). In captivity it feeds well on guava and breeding attempts in Europe have shown also bramble (  Rubus fruticosus ,  Rosaceae ) and salal (  Gautheria shallon ,  Ericaceae ) to be accepted as alternative food plants. Eggs are flicked away by the adult ♀♀ singularly and an average of 3– 5 eggs is produced per day and ♀. At average temperatures of 25°C eggs hatch after about five months. Newly hatched nymphs have a body length of about 18.0 mm and are bright apple green with the tip of the abdomen brown and the legs dark brown with contrasting white annulae. Nymphs are green throughout their entire development with ♀♀ getting their final grey or brown colouration only by the final ecdysis. </p>
            <p>Distribution: Endemic to the Island of Peleng, Banggai Islands Regency (Bulagi District, Alul village near Bulagi; Tinangkung Utara District, near Luksagu village 60 m; Buko District, Tatendeng village 400–550 m; Buko District, Eben village 400–550 m).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DB87EEFF989D27FF405FF0FDAFF64D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hennemann, Frank H.	Hennemann, Frank H. (2021): Stick insects of Sulawesi, Peleng and the Sula Islands, Indonesia- a review including checklists of species and descriptions of new taxa (Insecta: Phasmatodea). Zootaxa 5073 (1): 1-189, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5073.1.1
03DB87EEFF809D26FF405EFDFB90F7DC.text	03DB87EEFF809D26FF405EFDFB90F7DC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Nesiophasma kuehni Gunther 1934	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Nesiophasma kuehni (Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907) </p>
            <p>(Figs. 43D, 45K–M, 47C–D)</p>
            <p> Phobaeticus kuehni Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907: 185. LT (by present designation), ♀: Coll. Br. v. W., Ins. Roma, Timor, W. Kühn; det. Br. v. W.  Phobaeticus kuehni [NHMW, No. 309]; PLT, 3 ♀♀ + 1 egg (ex ovipositor): Coll. Br. v. W., Ins. Roma, Timor, W. Kühn; det. Br. v. W.  Phobaeticus kuehni 23.011 [NHMW, No. 309]. </p>
            <p>Brock, 1998 b: 37.</p>
            <p> Nesiophasma kuehni, Günther, 1934a: 5 . </p>
            <p>Günther, 1935a: 29.</p>
            <p>Otte &amp; Brock, 2005: 227.</p>
            <p>Differential diagnosis: Females of this distintive species are easily separated from all other known representatives of the genus by the roundly deflexed lateral margins of abdominal terga II–VII and prominently enlarged teeth of the extrimities (Fig. 43D).</p>
            <p>Eggs (Figs. 47C–D): Medium sized, general colour greyish drab. Capsule elongate-ovoid, about 1.7x longer than wide, the ventral surface and lower region of dorsal surface with a blunt longitudinal keel. Capsule surface strongly sculptured; all over covered with an irregular network of raised ridges, granulose and with several more distinct small impressions. Polar area moderately impressed if seen in lateral aspect. Micropylar plate spearheadshaped, less than half the length of capsule with lower portion strongly narrowed. Micropylar cup small, bowlshaped and placed just above the constricted portion of capsule; dark reddish brown. Median line short. Operculum almost circular and khaki-brown, the central portion gently indented and of slightly paler colour. Capitulum irregularly conical, brown. Measurements [mm]: Length 4.1, width 2.4, height 2.5, length of micropylar plate 2.0.</p>
            <p>Comments: The colouration of the four type-specimens ranges from dull green over ochre to greyish mid brown. A faint dark longitudinal stripe along the lateral margins of the pronotum is seen in all specimens and the leg armature is of a darker and more intense colour than the body and legs themselves, being intensively dark green in the green specimens and blackish brown to black in the brown specimens. A fully developed egg could be removed from the ovipositor of one of the paralectotypes and is now stored in a gelatine capsule together with the type-series (Figs. 47C–D). It is here described and illustrated for the first time. One of the green ♀♀ is here selected as the lectotype (Fig. 43D). ♂♂ unknown.</p>
            <p>Distribution: So far only known from the type-locality. Pulau Romang [also Roma] is one of the Barat Daya Islands, located east of Wetar Island in the southern Maluku Province, Indonesia.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DB87EEFF809D26FF405EFDFB90F7DC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hennemann, Frank H.	Hennemann, Frank H. (2021): Stick insects of Sulawesi, Peleng and the Sula Islands, Indonesia- a review including checklists of species and descriptions of new taxa (Insecta: Phasmatodea). Zootaxa 5073 (1): 1-189, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5073.1.1
03DB87EEFF829D24FF405EFDFB0FF1F3.text	03DB87EEFF829D24FF405EFDFB0FF1F3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Nesiophasma oligarches (Gunther 1935)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Nesiophasma oligarches (Günther, 1935)</p>
            <p>(Figs. 44D, 46E–H)</p>
            <p> 
Mylothrus oligarches 
Günther, 1935a: 18 , pl. 2: 12 (♂). HT, ♂: S.- Celebes,  Lompabatang 1100 m, Sept. 1931, G. Heinrich; Typus [MNHU]. </p>
            <p> Nesiophasma oligarches, Günther, 1935a: 29 . </p>
            <p>Günther, 1934b: 78.</p>
            <p>Günther, 1938: 59.</p>
            <p>Hennenmann, 1998: 125.</p>
            <p>Otte &amp; Brock, 2005: 227.</p>
            <p>Zompro, 2005: 274.</p>
            <p> Differential diagnosis:   Readily distinguished from the ♂♂ of all other known species of  Nesiophasma by the remarkably small size and comparatively stocky form with abdominal segments II – VI being only 2.5x longer than wide  . </p>
            <p> Comments:  A detailed description was presented by Günther (1935). So far only known from the unique ♂ holotype in MNHU (Fig. 44D). ♀♀ and eggs unknown . </p>
            <p>Distribution: South Sulawesi: Province Sulawesi Selatan, Gunung Lompobatang 1100 m.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DB87EEFF829D24FF405EFDFB0FF1F3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hennemann, Frank H.	Hennemann, Frank H. (2021): Stick insects of Sulawesi, Peleng and the Sula Islands, Indonesia- a review including checklists of species and descriptions of new taxa (Insecta: Phasmatodea). Zootaxa 5073 (1): 1-189, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5073.1.1
03DB87EEFF829D23FF405B56FA90F1E9.text	03DB87EEFF829D23FF405B56FA90F1E9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Nesiophasma plateni (Dohrn 1910)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Nesiophasma plateni (Dohrn, 1910)</p>
            <p>(Figs. 43A–B, 45P–R)</p>
            <p> Phryganistria plateni Dohrn, 1910: 404 . LT, ♀ (by present designation): Sangir; Type [ZMPA]; PLT, 1 ♀: no data [ZMPA]; PLT, 1 ♀: Sangir; Type [ZMPA]. </p>
            <p>Günther, 1934b: 77.</p>
            <p>Liana, 1996: 5.</p>
            <p>Kevan &amp; Vickery, 1997: 333.</p>
            <p>Otte &amp; Brock, 2005: 272.</p>
            <p> Nesiophasma plateni, Günther, 1935b: 139 . </p>
            <p>Günther, 1935a: 29.</p>
            <p>Hennemann &amp; Conle, 2008: 58, Fig. 6a &amp; b (egg).</p>
            <p> Further material:   1 ♀: 1934-5,  Sangi en Talaud , Liroeng, Salibabae, Erie 1926 [RMNH]  ;   1 ♀, 1 ♂:  Sangi et Ta-laud, Karakelang, Beo, Erie 1926 [RMNH]  ;   1 ♂:  Sangi et  Talaud , Karakelang, Beo, leg. Erie 1926 [SMTD]  ;  1 ♂: no data [SMTD] . </p>
            <p>Differential diagnosis: Males of this huge species differ from those of the other large species in the genus by the distinctively black bases of the femora, and black apices of the tibiae and knees. Females differ by the very long and lanceolate subgenital plate, which projects over the apex of the abdomen by considerably more than the three terminal abdominal terga combined (Figs. 45P–R), the bifid Preopercular organ (Fig. 45R), enlarged epiproct, which projects beyond the anal segment and the short gonapophyses VIII which hardly reach to the posterior margin of the anal segment (Fig. 45Q).</p>
            <p>Eggs (Fig. 47E): Two eggs could be removed from the abdomen of a ♀ in RMNH, the better developed one of which is briefly described here. Care however must be taken because both eggs are not fully developed and may not be representative. Both eggs lack the capitulum and the operculum is detached.</p>
            <p>Large, capsule laterally compressed, 1,5x longer than high and surrounded by a blunt dorsoventral keel which is only interrupted at the micropylar plate and deeply indented polar area. Anterior portion slightly constricted, the lateral surfaces with irregular humps. Entire capsule surface irregularly rugulose. Micropylar plate very small, roundly rhomboidal and roughly in centre of dorsal egg surface; surface smooth and gently concave. Micropylar cup small, knob-like and near polar end of plate. Median line short. Operculum oval, flat and with remains of a short stalk in centre. General colour dull orange-brown, the micropylar plate dark reddish brown. Measurements [mm]: Length 7.2, width 4.0, height 4.8, length of micropylar plate 1.1.</p>
            <p> Comments:   The smaller ♀ with data and a type-label in ZMPA is here designated as the lectotype (Figs. 43A– B).  The examined specimens from the Talaud Islands differ from the type-specimens from Sangihe by the somewhat more stocky appearance and ♀♀ have the teeth of the mid and hind legs slightly more strongly developed  . </p>
            <p>Distribution: Sangihe Islands (also spelled Sangir or Sanghir) and Talaud Islands (Karakelang Island: Beo &amp; Salibabu Island: Lirung), two islands groups in the North Sulawesi Province, north of Sulawesi (Fig. 3).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DB87EEFF829D23FF405B56FA90F1E9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hennemann, Frank H.	Hennemann, Frank H. (2021): Stick insects of Sulawesi, Peleng and the Sula Islands, Indonesia- a review including checklists of species and descriptions of new taxa (Insecta: Phasmatodea). Zootaxa 5073 (1): 1-189, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5073.1.1
03DB87EEFF859D22FF405839FF4CF469.text	03DB87EEFF859D22FF405839FF4CF469.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Nesiophasma sananaense Hennemann 2021	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Nesiophasma sananaense n. sp.</p>
            <p>(Figs. 40D–F, 41,B, 45D–F &amp; O)</p>
            <p> HT,   ♀: Coll. I.R.Sc.N.B., Indonesia,  Sanana Island , Waitara, I.2013, purchased and given by B. Kneubhüler, from B. De Groof. I.G.: 32.427 [IRSN]  . </p>
            <p> PT,   5 ♀♀: Coll. I.R.Sc.N.B., Indonesia,  Sanana Island , Waitara, I.2013, purchased and given by B. Kneubhüler, from B. De Groof [IRSN] </p>
            <p> PT,   5 ♀♀: Indonesien, Prov. Maluku Utara, Sula Islands, Sanana Island,  Waifara , III.2013 [coll. FH, No’s 0822-1 to 5]  . </p>
            <p>Etymology: Named after its distribution on the island of Sanana, one south-eastern most of the Sula Islands and historically also known as Sula Besi, Sulabesi or Xulla Besi.</p>
            <p> Differential diagnosis: Females of this huge new species are similar to those of  N. giganteum n. sp. from Peleng and  N. plateni (Dohrn, 1910) from Sangihe and Talaud, but differ from both by the somewhat smaller size. </p>
            <p> From the first species they differ by the more slender and elongate form, pale greyish green base of the profemora, shorter antennae that only reach to the median segment (mid of abdominal segment II in  giganteum ), longer and narrower subgenital plate, more prominent tubercle of the Preopercular organ, and differently shaped anal segment, which has the posterior lobes narrower and less angular. From  N. plateni they can readily be distinguished by the more stocky appearance and stronger legs, relatively longer median segment, single tubercle of the preopercular organ (two tubercles in  plateni ), shorter subgenital plate, much different anal segment and small epiproct and the flat dorsal carina of the basitarsi. </p>
            <p>Description: The colouration is described exclusively from preserved specimens.</p>
            <p>♀ (Figs. 40D–F, 41B). Large (body length including subgenital plate 230.0–264.0 mm) and slender for the genus with a long and lanceolate subgenital plate. Colouration variable and ranging from mid green over various shades of grey and ochre to yellowish mid brow; all over the head body and legs with dark brown speckles and mottling. Genae and lateral body surfaces in particular with more dense dark brown to black mottling (Fig. 45O). Legs with irregular annulations formed by dark speckles. Antennae greyish brown with basal half black ventrally. Eyes dull drab to dull reddish brown.</p>
            <p>Head: Ovoid, moderately globose with vertex gently rounded and smooth, broadest some distance behind the eyes; about 1.4x longer than wide (Fig. 45O). Between the bases of antennae with two small impressions. Eyes small, almost circular and their length contained about 2,7x in that of genae. Antennae reaching to median segment. Scapus compressed dorsoventrally, rectangular and almost 2x longer than wide, pedicellus cylindrical, III slightly gradually narrowing towards apex and almost 2x longer than pedicellus.</p>
            <p>Thorax: Pronotum shorter and notably narrower than head, almost rectangular with the lateral margins very gently rounded (Fig. 45O); transverse median sulcus fairly distinct, slightly curved and almost expanding over entire width of disc. Mesothorax slender, about 6.2x longer than prothorax, over 6x longer than wide and just very indistinctly swollen pre-medially. Metanotum a little less than half the length of mesonotum, roughly rectangular with the lateral margins gently concave and 4.5x longer than wide. Meso- and metasternum with a weak longitudinal median keel.</p>
            <p>Abdomen: Abdomen much longer than head and complete thorax combined. Median segment somewhat longer than wide, tarpezoidal with anterior margin narrower than posterior margin and a little more than 1/3 the length of metanotum.Abdominal segments II–VI slightly increasing in length, II 1.7x and VI over 2x longer than median segment; on average 2x longer than wide. Preopercular organ formed by a prominent spiniform tubercle some distance off the posterior margin of sternum VII (Fig. 45F). Tergum VIII about 1.3 longer than wide and rectangular, IX transverse. Anal segment indistinctly tectiform longitudinally, the lateral margins with a deep rounded excavation near the base of cerci (Fig. 45D), the posterior margin with a very deep but narrow median incision and the lateral portions each forming an obtusely rounded lobe (Fig. 45E). Cerci conical, strongly constricted towards a pointed tip and not reaching apex of anal segment. Gonapophyses VIII projecting considerably over posterior margin of anal segment but not reaching apex of subgenital plate; gently up-curving and the inner surface with a deep longitudinal furrow. Subgenital plate long, lanceolate, bulgy in basal portion and gradually narrowed towards an obtuse tip (Figs. 45E–F); projecting over apex of abdomen by roughly the length of abdominal terga VIII–X combined. Apical portion slightly down-curving (Fig. 45D).</p>
            <p>Legs: All moderately long and stocky, profemora longer than mesothorax, mesofemora reaching to posterior margin of abdominal segment II, metafemora projecting over posterior margin of abdominal segment IV and metatarsi almost reaching tip of subgenital plate. All carinae dentate or serrate; teeth of tibiae smaller but more numerous. Both posterior carinae of profemora distinctly serrate. Medioventral carina of all femora indistinct, that of profemora smooth and that of meso- and metafemora very sparsely armed with minute spines. The apical tooth of the two outer ventral carinae of meso- and metafemora noticeably enlarged. Basitarsi slender. Probasitarsus as long, meso- and metabsitarsus somewhat shorter than remaining tarsomeres combined; the latter two with all carinae minutely dentate.</p>
            <p>Comments: Males and eggs unknown.</p>
            <p>Distribution: Presumably endemic to the Island of Sanana, the south-eastern most island of the Sula Islands Regency.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DB87EEFF859D22FF405839FF4CF469	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hennemann, Frank H.	Hennemann, Frank H. (2021): Stick insects of Sulawesi, Peleng and the Sula Islands, Indonesia- a review including checklists of species and descriptions of new taxa (Insecta: Phasmatodea). Zootaxa 5073 (1): 1-189, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5073.1.1
03DB87EEFF879D20FF405D30FE2FF27E.text	03DB87EEFF879D20FF405D30FE2FF27E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Nesiophasma spinulosum Br. V. W., K. Gunther 1935	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Nesiophasma spinulosum (Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907) </p>
            <p>(Figs. 43C, 45G–J)</p>
            <p> Myronides spinulosus Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907: 254. HT, ♂: Exp. Saleyer, Type,  Myronides spinulosus Brunner v. Wattenwyl det. 1904 [ZMAN]. </p>
            <p>Günther, 1934a: 8.</p>
            <p>Brock, 1998: 8.</p>
            <p> Nesiophasma spinulosum, Günther, 1935b: 139 . </p>
            <p>Günther, 1935a: 29.</p>
            <p>Hennemann, 1998: 125.</p>
            <p>Otte &amp; Brock, 2005: 227.</p>
            <p>Hennemann &amp; Conle, 2008: 57.</p>
            <p> Nesiophasma eremothocus Günther, 1934a: 6 , fig. 1 (♀). HT, ♀: Kalao Tua, Celebes, V. 1927, v. Plessen leg. [MNHU]. [Synonymised by Günther, 1935a: 139] </p>
            <p>Otte &amp; Brock, 2005: 227.</p>
            <p>Zompro, 2005: 261.</p>
            <p> Further material:   3 ♀♀: H.E.D. Engelhard,  Saleyer , Celebes 1880,  Nesiophasma spinulosum Br., K. Günther det. [RMNH]  ;   1 ♂: Selayar,  Nesiophasma spinulosum Br., K. Günther det. [RMNH]  ;   1 ♂: H.E.D. Engelhard, Saleyer, Celebes, 1880,  Nesiophasma spinulosum Br. V.W., K. Günther det. [SMTD]  ;   1 ♀: G.-Indië,  Nesiophasma spinulosum Br., K. Günther det. [RMNH]  . </p>
            <p> Differential diagnosis: Females differ from all other known ♀♀ of the genus by the characteristic shape of the anal segment (Figs. 45G–H), which has the posterior margin deeply incised medially to form two large, angular lobes and the basitarsi which have the dorsal carina raised triangularly in the apical portion (probasitarsi in particular). From the similar  N. giganteum n. sp. they also differ by the considerably smaller size, more stocky shape and gently convex lateral margins of abdominal terga II–VI. The convex lateral margins of abdominal terga I–VI are shared with  N. kuehni (Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907; Fig. 43D) from Pulau Romang, but that species has the abdominal terga much more distinctly deflexed and readily differs by the very prominently armed extrimities. Males of  N. spinulosum are easily recognised by their distinctive colouration, which includes a black head with pale lower genae and a blackish stripe along the lateral body surface. </p>
            <p> Comments: The synonymies of this species have been clarified by Günther (1935a: 139). Although in German language, Zompro (2005: 261) misinterpreted the synonymy established by Günther (1935a) and erroneously listed  N. eremothocus Günther, 1934 as a synonym of  M. oligarches (Günther, 1935) , which is also not possible because  eremothocus is the senior name. It is noteworthy that the ♀ holotype of  N. eremothocus (Fig. 43C) from Pulau Kalaotoa, a small island south of Selayar, is considerably larger than all examined specimens from Selayar Island itself (see table 24 below). The four ♀♀ in RMNH range in colour from pale straw over drab and dull ochre to grey-ish brown with a slight olive wash. However, since all specimens have apparently been provisionally conserved in spirits these colours might not all be representative. The largest and greyish brown specimen of the series is similar in colour to the holotype of  N. eremothocus , which has been eviscerated and stuffed with cotton. </p>
            <p>Distribution: Pulau Selayar &amp; Pulau Kalaotoa, islands of the Selayar Islands group south of Sulawesi (Province Sulawesi Selatan).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DB87EEFF879D20FF405D30FE2FF27E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hennemann, Frank H.	Hennemann, Frank H. (2021): Stick insects of Sulawesi, Peleng and the Sula Islands, Indonesia- a review including checklists of species and descriptions of new taxa (Insecta: Phasmatodea). Zootaxa 5073 (1): 1-189, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5073.1.1
03DB87EEFF869D2DFF405A11FD4BF27D.text	03DB87EEFF869D2DFF405A11FD4BF27D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Nesiophasma turbans  Gunther 1935	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Nesiophasma turbans (Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907) </p>
            <p>(Figs. 44A, 46B–D)</p>
            <p> Eucarcharus turbans Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907: 186. HT, ♂: Minabassa, Staudinger,  Phryganistria ; Carcharus?  turbans Br. ; Sintipo; MNCN Cat. Tipos No 7635 [MNCN]. </p>
            <p>Günther, 1934b: 78.</p>
            <p>Günther, 1935a: 18.</p>
            <p> Nesiophasma turbans, Günther, 1935b: 139 . </p>
            <p>Günther, 1935a: 29.</p>
            <p>Günther, 1938: 59 &amp; 82.</p>
            <p>Hennenmann, 1998: 125.</p>
            <p>Otte &amp; Brock, 2005: 227.</p>
            <p> Further material:  1 ♂: Sulawesi [IRSN] ;   1 ♂: Celebes,  Eucarcharus turbans Br. [SMTD]  . </p>
            <p> Differential diagnosis: Males, the only sex known, are very similar to  N. giganteum n. sp. from Peleng but differ by the somewhat larger size, more slender and elongate body and legs as well as the differently shaped anal segment (Fig. 46B) and vomer (Fig. 46D). </p>
            <p>Description: The following description is solely based on the holotype specimen in MNCN.</p>
            <p>♂ (Fig. 44A). Large (body length 153.0–157.0 mm), shape very slender for the genus. Entire body smooth and very slightly shiny. General colour dull greyish green with the head, prothorax, anterior and posterior portions of the meso- and metathorax and most of the abdomen greyish ochre (abdomen certainly discoloured due to preservation). Legs dull greyish green, the meso- and metafemora dull orange at the base and the apex of all femora and tibiae as well as of all tarsomeres black. Leg armature dark brown, tarsi sepia. Antennae dark reddish brown and becoming darker towards their base.</p>
            <p>Head: Moderately globose, slightly longer than wide and broadest at the eyes, genae narrowing and vertex very gently rounded and smooth. Eyes dark reddish brown, very large, circular in outline and strongly projecting, their length contained about 1.7x in that of genae. Antennae long and filiform, reaching to abdominal segment III. Scapus compressed dorsoventrally, pedicellus cylindrical, III considerably shorter than pedicellus. Following antennomeres gradually increasing in the length, the terminal 20 or so antennomeres gradually decreasing in length.</p>
            <p>Thorax: Pronotum somewhat shorter and much narrower than head, rectangular in outline, the transverse median sulcus moderately developed, almost straight and just not reaching lateral margins of segment. Mesothorax very slender and elongate, very slightly widened anteriorly and posteriorly, about 9.25x longer than pronotum and almost 29x longer than wide. Metanotum about 3/5 the length of mesothorax with anterior and posterior portion gently widened. Meso- and metasternum slightly tectinate longitudinally.</p>
            <p>Abdomen: Abdomen including median segment about equal in length to head and complete thorax combined. Median segment with posterior margin wider than anterior margin, gently narrowed medially and about 2.3x longer than wide; just a little more than 1/6 the length of metanotum. Segments II–VII slightly decreasing in length, II about 2.8x longer than median segment and 7x longer than wide, VII about 3/5 the length of II and roughly 5x longer than wide. All slightly constricted medially. Sterna II–VII all very slightly tectinate longitudinally. Tergum VIII a little more than half the length of VII and gradually widened towards posterior, IX equal in length and gently narrowing towards posterior. Anal segment slightly tectinate longitudinally, ¾ the length of IX and roughly of uniform width, the posterior margin with a shallow, roundly triangular excavation (Fig. 46B) and the outer corners bluntly rounded, swollen and minutely dentate ventro-interiorly (Fig. 46D). Poculum small and moderately convex, roundly cup-shaped with a small and blunt backward pointing sub-basal projection (Fig. 46C) and the posterior margin rounded; posterior half with a fine longitudinal median carina (Fig. 46D). Vomer almost 2x longer than wide, the ventral surface with several, fine, slightly curved transverse impressions, the apical portion distinctly narrowed and terminating in a single, up-curving hook (Fig. 46D). Cerci obtuse, round in cross-section, notably up-curving (Fig. 46C) and somewhat projecting beyond posterior margin of anal segment.</p>
            <p>Legs: All very long and slender, with all carinae minutely and densely dentate (less distinct on tibiae). Profemora longer than head, pro- and mesothorax combined, mesofemora slightly longer than mesothorax, metafemora reaching to abdominal segment VI and metatibiae projecting considerably over apex of abdomen. Medioventral carina of all femora faint and unarmed. Tarsi very elongate and slender (probasitarsus in particular), basitarsi 1.3x longer than remaining tarsomeres combined, meso- and metabasitarsi with a few minute teeth.</p>
            <p> Comments: This species was originally described from a unique ♂ from Minahasa, North Sulawesi (Brun-ner v. Wattenwyl, 1907: 186). No subsequent author has since examined the specimen, why a re-description and illustration of the holotype appears warranted and is presented here. The ♂ in IRSN (Fig. 44A) has the body more brownish than the holotype. The ♀♀ are unknown but the author has seen photographs of a specimen from Biak east of  Luwuk. These show a gigantic insect that is considerably more elongate and slender than ♀♀ of either  N. giganteum n. sp. or  N. spinulosum (Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907) and in general appearance most closely resembles  N. plateni (Dohrn, 1910) . As a distinctive characteristic, the mesopleurae bear a longitudinal row of acute tubercles. The subgenital plate is very long, lanceolate and projects over the apex of the abdomen by more than the length of the three terminal abdominal segments. The legs are very slender and just minutely dentate. The colouration is mainly mid greyish brown with pale markings along the lateral body surfaces but the abdominal terga in particular and the legs bear pale annulations. Eggs unknown. </p>
            <p>Distribution: North Sulawesi: Province Sulawesi Utara, Minahasa [MNCN]; Eastern Central Sulawesi, Su-lawesi Tengah, Biak nr. Luwuk [photographic record].</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DB87EEFF869D2DFF405A11FD4BF27D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hennemann, Frank H.	Hennemann, Frank H. (2021): Stick insects of Sulawesi, Peleng and the Sula Islands, Indonesia- a review including checklists of species and descriptions of new taxa (Insecta: Phasmatodea). Zootaxa 5073 (1): 1-189, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5073.1.1
03DB87EEFF8B9D2CFF405A45FE4DF125.text	03DB87EEFF8B9D2CFF405A45FE4DF125.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Nesiophasma zanum Hennemann 1999	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Nesiophasma zanum Hennemann, 1999</p>
            <p> 
Nesiophasma zanus 
Hennenmann, 1999: 213 , figs. 1–2 (♀). HT, ♀: Nouvelle Guinée, leg. Fruhstorfer [IRSN]. </p>
            <p> Nesiophasma zanum, Otte &amp; Brock, 2005: 227 . </p>
            <p> Tirachoidea zanus Redtenbacher , in litt. (MS name). </p>
            <p>Vanschuytbroeck &amp; Cools 1981: 17.</p>
            <p>Differential diagnosis: Females, the only sex known of this fairly small species, differ from all other known members of the genus by the slender, posteriad directed posterolateral lobes of abdominal terga VII–IX, the comparatively short subgenital plate, that projects beyond the apex of the abdomen by hardly more than the length of the anal segment, as well as the contrasting pale cream probasitarsus, which has the dorsal carina strongly raised to form a rounded lobe.</p>
            <p> Comments: This species is so far only known from the unique holotype ♀. In aspect of the geographic distribu-tion with all other members of the genus exclusively known from within the boundaries of Wallacea west of  Weber’s line, the locality “Nouvelle Guinée ” must be regarded as doubtful. Judging from the fairly small size and taking known size relations of ♂♂ and corresponding ♀♀ in  Nesiophasma into account, this species is not unlikely to be the unknown ♀ of  N. oligarches (Günther, 1935) from Sulawesi. However, for any broader discussion and clarification of this hypothesis more material of both taxa is necessary and hoped to become available. Moreover, the generic position of this species is not fully confirmed because it shows strong resemblance to  Eucarcharus Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907 in various aspects. ♂♂ and eggs unknown. </p>
            <p>Distribution: New Guinea.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DB87EEFF8B9D2CFF405A45FE4DF125	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hennemann, Frank H.	Hennemann, Frank H. (2021): Stick insects of Sulawesi, Peleng and the Sula Islands, Indonesia- a review including checklists of species and descriptions of new taxa (Insecta: Phasmatodea). Zootaxa 5073 (1): 1-189, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5073.1.1
03DB87EEFF8A9D2CFF405D0CFDCDF5A0.text	03DB87EEFF8A9D2CFF405D0CFDCDF5A0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Asceles Redtenbacher 1908	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Genus  Asceles Redtenbacher, 1908</p>
            <p>(Fig. 48)</p>
            <p> Type-species:  Necroscia malaccae Saussure, 1868: 69 , by subsequent designation of Brock, 1995: 87. </p>
            <p>Comments: This speciose genus is widely distributed throughout most of the Oriental region and also has species in New Guinea. On Sulawesi it is represented with only one known species, that is briefly discussed below.</p>
            <p> The Philippine  Sipyloidea morio Redtenbacher, 1908 was described from a unique male from an unspecified locality. The authors collections contains three ♂♂ from the island of Mindoro, Philippines and these have shown  S. morio to be very similar and apparently congeneric to the Sulawesian  Asceles rufescens (Redtenbacher, 1908) . Therefore, Redtenbacher’s species is here transferred to  Asceles and now becomes  Asceles morio (n. comb.). One of the syntypes of  Asceles rulanda rulanda Redtenbacher, 1908 in the collection of NHMW is from the island of Luzon, Philippines, while all other syntypes are from New Guinea and the island of Buru in Wallacea. Hence, this Philippine specimen is likely to be the opposite sex of  A. morio but this assumption deserves scrutiny of the entire syntype series at NHMW.  Asceles rulanda modestior (Redtenbacher, 1908) from “ Moluccas ” was placed as a subspecies of  A. rulanda by Günther (1934b: 85) but unfortunately the status of this taxon cannot be surveyed because the holotype is not traced in the collection of MNCN. Examination of the type specimens of  Sipyloidea roseonotata Redtenbacher, 1908 from “ Moluccas ” in NHMW and Roon Island (Bismarck Archipelago) in ZMUH has proven this species to be a likely synonym of either  A. rulanda rulanda or  A. rulanda modestior . Consequently, and because there can be no doubt it is congeneric to either of these  roseonotata is here transferred to  Asceles and now becomes  Asceles roseonotata (n. comb.). The authors collection contains a series of specimens from the islands of Buru and Seram as well as from the Aru islands, which all key out to  rulanda and  roseonotata but apparently represent two distinct species. Much further work is needed for clarifying the identities, possibly synonymies and relationships of modestior,  roseonotata ,  rulanda and  morio . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DB87EEFF8A9D2CFF405D0CFDCDF5A0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hennemann, Frank H.	Hennemann, Frank H. (2021): Stick insects of Sulawesi, Peleng and the Sula Islands, Indonesia- a review including checklists of species and descriptions of new taxa (Insecta: Phasmatodea). Zootaxa 5073 (1): 1-189, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5073.1.1
03DB87EEFF8C9D2AFF405EFDFC9FF641.text	03DB87EEFF8C9D2AFF405EFDFC9FF641.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Asceles rufescens (Redtenbacher 1908)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Asceles rufescens (Redtenbacher, 1908)</p>
            <p>(Fig. 48)</p>
            <p> Siyploidea rufescens Redtenbacher, 1908: 546 . HT, ♂: S-Celebes, Patuhuang, Jan. 1896, H. Fruhstorfer; det. Redtenb.  Sipyloidea rufescens ; 20.750 [NHMW, No. 1105]. </p>
            <p>Günther, 1938: 59, 88.</p>
            <p>Brock, 1998: 54.</p>
            <p> Asceles rufescens, Hennemann, 1998: 111 , pl. 3: 2, 4: 4, figs. 16–17. [Description of ♀] </p>
            <p>Otte &amp; Brock, 2005: 54.</p>
            <p> Further material: 1 ♂: S-Celebes, Patuhuang, Jan. 1896,  H. Fruhstorfer ;  Sipyloïdea rufescens Redtenb. K. Günther det. [ZMPA]; 1 ♂: Nord-Celebes, Toli-Toli, Nov.-Dez. 1895,  H. Fruhstorfer ;  Sipyloïdea rufescens Redtenb. K. Günther det. [ZMPA]; 2 ♂♂: S-Sulawesi, Tana Toraja, Rantepao 700 m, leg. Gunawan X.1995 [coll. FH, No’s 0312-1 &amp; 2]; 1 ♂: S-Sulawesi, Tana Toraja, leg. Tajuddin X.1995 – III.1996 [coll. FH, No. 0312-3]; 1 ♀: S-Sulawesi, Lembang, Maros, leg. Gunawan XII.1995 [coll. FH, No. 0312-4]. </p>
            <p> Differential diagnosis: Similar and apparently closely related to the Wallacean and New Guinean  A. rulanda (Redtenbacher, 1908; see comments on possible subspecies above), the Wallacean  A. roseonotata (Redtenbacher, 1908) and the Philippine  A. morio (Redtenbacher, 1908) . From  A. rulanda the ♀♀ of this species differ by the somewhat shorter alae that only reach to abdominal segment VI (VII in  rulanda ), lack of three black longitudinal lines on the vertex that are seen in  rulanda , comparatively more slender limbs that lack the undulate posteroventral carina of the femora seen in  rulanda as well as the dorsally smooth abdominal terga VIII and IX (Fig. 48D) and much smaller and narrower anal segment, that is only half as wide as tergum IX (Fig. 48D). Males can be separated from those of  rulanda and  roseonotata by lacking the black longitudinal coronal line of the vertex (Fig. 48J), more densely granulose mesonotum that has all the granules more rounded and node-like (Fig. 48J), lacking the red base of the alae seen in  rulanda , dark red femora as well as the longer cerci and broader posteromedian indention of the anal segment. From the ♂♂ of  A. morio those of  A. rufescens may be distinguished by the much more pronounced granulation of the mesonotum, lack of the red base of the alae, contrasting dark red femora and much longer not apically acuminate cerci. </p>
            <p> Comments: Hennemann (1998: 111) described and illustrated the previously unknown ♀ (Figs. 48A–B) and transferred the species to  Asceles Rectenbacher, 1908 . For an easier identification of  A. rufescens new and more detailed illustrations and a proper distinction from similar species are provided here. Body lengths: ♀♀ 75.5 mm, ♂♂ 59.0– 64.8 mm. Full sets of measurements were presented by Hennemann (1998: 112). Eggs unknown. </p>
            <p>Distribution: S-Sulawesi, Province Sulawesi Selatan, Patahuang [NHMW, ZMPA]; S-Sulawesi, Prov. Sulawe-si Selatan, Tana Toraja, Rantepao [coll. FH]; S-Sulawesi, Prov. Sulawesi Selatan, Maros Regency, Lembang [coll. FH]; N-Sulawesi, Prov. Sulawesi Utara, Toli-Toli [ZMPA].</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DB87EEFF8C9D2AFF405EFDFC9FF641	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hennemann, Frank H.	Hennemann, Frank H. (2021): Stick insects of Sulawesi, Peleng and the Sula Islands, Indonesia- a review including checklists of species and descriptions of new taxa (Insecta: Phasmatodea). Zootaxa 5073 (1): 1-189, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5073.1.1
03DB87EEFF8C9D2AFF405B99FBDEF5A4.text	03DB87EEFF8C9D2AFF405B99FBDEF5A4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Calvisia (Conocalvisia) Seow-Choen 2016	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Subgenus  Conocalvisia Seow-Choen, 2016</p>
            <p> Type-species:  Necroscia virbius Westwood, 1859: 154 , pl. 16: 2, by original designation. </p>
            <p>Comments: Principally, this is a Sundaland genus and subgenus, which has by far most of its representatives distributed throughout Borneo. It is represented on Sulawesi with only one known species.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DB87EEFF8C9D2AFF405B99FBDEF5A4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hennemann, Frank H.	Hennemann, Frank H. (2021): Stick insects of Sulawesi, Peleng and the Sula Islands, Indonesia- a review including checklists of species and descriptions of new taxa (Insecta: Phasmatodea). Zootaxa 5073 (1): 1-189, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5073.1.1
03DB87EEFF8C9D29FF405967FCF6F7A3.text	03DB87EEFF8C9D29FF405967FCF6F7A3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Calvisia (Conocalvisia) hippolyte (Westwood 1859)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Calvisia (Conocalvisia) hippolyte (Westwood, 1859)</p>
            <p> Necroscia hippolyte Westwood, 1859: 182 . HT, ♀: Mak.;  Necroscia hippolyte Westw. ; E. coll. (1830-73) W.W. Saunders, Purchased and pres ‘73 by Mrs. F.W. Hope [OXUM, No. 678]. </p>
            <p> Calvisia hippolyte, Kirby, 1904: 370 . </p>
            <p>Redtenbacher, 1908: 569.</p>
            <p>Günther, 1935: 27.</p>
            <p>Günther, 1938: 59.</p>
            <p>Hennemann, 1998: 120.</p>
            <p>Otte &amp; Brock, 2005: 77.</p>
            <p> Calvisia (Conocalvisia) hippolyte, Seow-Choen, 2016: 55 . </p>
            <p> Calvisia octo-lineata Redtenbacher, 1908: 570 . LT (by present designation), ♀: Samanga, S. Celebes, Nov. 1895, H. Fruhstorfer; Collectio Br. v. W.; det. Redtenb.  Calvisia octo-lineata ; 19.987 [NHMW, No. 1155]; PLT, ♀: Celebes, Dongola, Kükenth. 94.; Collectio Br. v. W.; det. Redtenb.  Calvisia octo-lineata ; 22751 [NHMW, No. 1155]. n. syn. </p>
            <p> Calvisia octolineata, Günther, 1938: 59 . </p>
            <p>Hennemann, 1998: 121.</p>
            <p>Otte &amp; Brock, 2005: 78.</p>
            <p> Calvisia (Conocalvisia) octolineata, Seow-Choen, 2016: 55 . </p>
            <p> Necroscia reductipennis Redtenbacher, 1908: 561 . LT (by present designation), ♂: Samanga, S. Celebes, Nov. 1895, H. Fruh-storfer; Collectio Br. v. W.; det. Redtenb.  Necroscia reductipennis ; 20.754 [NHMW, No. 1144]; PLT, ♂: Celebes, Dongola, Kükenth. 94.; Collectio Br. v. W.; det. Redtenb.  Necroscia reductipennis ; 21.847; [NHMW, No. 1144]. n. syn. </p>
            <p>Brock, 1998: 52.</p>
            <p>Otte &amp; Brock, 2005: 226.</p>
            <p> Further material:   1 ♀: Celebes —  Bantimurung , Aug 1931, G. Heinrich;  Calvisia hippolyte K. Günther det. Westw. [MNHU]  ;   1 ♂: Celebes —  Bantimurung , Aug 1931, G. Heinrich [MNHU]  . </p>
            <p> Comments: Comparison of the type specimens of Westwood’s  hippolyte with Redtenbacher’s  Calvisia octolineata and  Necroscia reductipennis have clearly shown these to represent the same species, hence  C. octolineata and  N. reductipennis are here synonymised with Westwood’s species (n. syn.). The ♀ from Samanga, the only locality that Redtenbacher (1908: 570) erroneously cited as “Samarang”, is selected as the lectotype of  C. octolineata to guarantee stability of the synonymy and for the same reason the ♂ from the same locality is selected as the lectotype of  N. reductipennis . The two specimens from Bantimurung in MNHU have more yellow portions on the pro- and mesonotum and a more decided yellow marking on the frons, whereas the holotype of  hippolyte and lectotypes of  octolineata and  reductipennis have the entire head darker and more bluish in colour than the other specimens. The paralectotype of  octolineata has the head plain dark green and lacks the yellow marking on the frons more or less distinctly seen in all other specimens. </p>
            <p>Distribution: S-Sulawesi, Sulawesi Selatan, Makasar (= Ujung Pandang) [OXUM]; Sulawesi Barat, Buttu Samanga [NHMW]; S-Sulawesi, Sulawesi Selatan, Maros Regency, Bantimurung Bulusaraung National Park [MNHU]; C-Sulawesi, Sulawesi Tengah, Dongala [NHMW].</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DB87EEFF8C9D29FF405967FCF6F7A3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hennemann, Frank H.	Hennemann, Frank H. (2021): Stick insects of Sulawesi, Peleng and the Sula Islands, Indonesia- a review including checklists of species and descriptions of new taxa (Insecta: Phasmatodea). Zootaxa 5073 (1): 1-189, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5073.1.1
03DB87EEFF8F9DD7FF405B66FA85F4E0.text	03DB87EEFF8F9DD7FF405B66FA85F4E0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hemiplasta Redtenbacher 1908	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Genus  Hemiplasta Redtenbacher, 1908</p>
            <p> Type-species:  Necroscia styligera Bates, 1865: 354 , pl. 45: 1, by subsequent designation by Hennemann &amp; Conle, 1999: 10. </p>
            <p> Sipyloidea (Hemiplasta) Redtenbacher, 1908: 543 . Günther, 1934: 86. </p>
            <p> Hemiplasta, Bradley &amp; Galil, 1977: 182 . Günther, 1938: 88, figs. 19–22. Hennemann, 1998: 112, 121, figs. 18–20, pl. 3: 1, 6 &amp; 7, pl. 4: 1–2. Hennemann &amp; Conle, 1999: 10. [Designation of type-species] Otte &amp; Brock, 2005: 152. </p>
            <p> Comments: Originally described as a subgenus of  Sipyloidea Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1893, this very distinctive genus appears to be endemic to Sulawesi, the Talaud Islands, Banggai Islands and the Sula archipelago. While previously only known from the ♀♀, also the now available ♂♂ of certain species and egg of one species still do not allow a proper definition of  Hemiplasta and separation from  Cylindomena Günther, 1935 rev. stat. (→ see below). Hence, a sufficient re-description is still inappropriate and must await more comprehensive knowledge of both genera. </p>
            <p> Apparently,  Hemiplasta is closely related to  Cylindomena Günther, 1935 rev. stat. (type-species:  Parasipyloidea acuminata Redtenbacher, 1908 ) with which it shares the distinctive morphology of the genitalia of ♀♀ (Fig. 49). In both genera, the subgenital plate is strongly elongated, gradually narrowed towards an acutely pointed apex and has both lateral surfaces strongly up-curving and coalescent to form a more or less tube-like structure. The gonapophyses VIII and IX are enormously elongated but hidden within the subgenital plate in the resting position. While the lower pair of gonapophyses (VIII) are slender, rather filiform and tri-carinate in cross-section with a fine medio-longitudinal carina interiorly, the even longer upper pair (IX) are much broadened, laterally flattened and sword-blade like in shape (Fig. 49). The two apterous Javanese species that belong in  Cylindomena according to Günther (1935b: 139), this is  C. acuminata (Redtenbacher, 1908) and  C. scalprifera Günther, 1935 , merely differ from ♀♀ of  Hemiplasta by the more stocky shape and averaging smaller size. Although not recorded as a synonym Brock (1998: 12) listed the type-species of  Cylindomena ,  C. acuminata (Redtenbacher, 1908) , in the original genus  Parasipyloidea Redtenbacher, 1908 , hence erroneously synonymised  Cylindomena with  Parasipyloidea . Since this was obviously unwanted and  Cylindomena strikingly differs from the type-species of  Parasipyloidea in various morphological aspects,  Cylindomena is here re-established as a valid genus (rev. stat.) and comprises the two species originally attributed by Günther (1935b: 139, see above). A proper delimitation of the genus and separation from  Hemiplasta must await knowledge of the still unknown ♂♂ of  Cylindomena . However, taking into account the remarkable morphological resemblance to the only known apterous ♀ of  Hemiplasta ,  H. aptera Günther, 1938 (Figs. 50E–G), suggests  Cylindomena might turn out to be synonymous. </p>
            <p> Another genus that certainly is closely related to  Hemiplasta and  Cylindomena , is the monotypical Sulawesian endemic  Moritasgus Günther, 1935 (type-species:  Moritasgus stresemanni Günther, 1935 ). Females of  Moritasgus exhibit the same distinctive morphology of the genitalia described for the other two genera above, but has the lateral surfaces of the subgenital plate less strongly coalescent and subgenital plate as well as the gonapophyses less distinctly elongated. Both sexes may however be separated by the two rounded posterior swellings of the head and expanded posterolateral angles of the abdominal terga II–VII. Males furthermore differ by the shape of the cerci, which are obtusely thickened towards an angular and interiorly impressed apex. A ♀ of an as yet undescribed spe-cies of  Moritasgus (Fig. ##) has the abdominal terga armed with posterior spines, the abdominal sterna set with small lobes, the thoracic segments unevenly tuberculose to spinulose and all three pairs of femora irregularly furnished with tooth-like lobes. </p>
            <p>Distribution: Sulawesi, Talaud Islands, Banggai Islands and Sula archipelago.</p>
            <p>Species included</p>
            <p> 1.  Hemiplasta aptera Günther, 1938: 90 , figs. 21–22. </p>
            <p> Distribution : Central Sulawesi, Prov. Sulawesi Selatan (“Talekadjo-Mountains” 1200-1600 m) </p>
            <p> 2.  Hemiplasta flavifrons n. sp.</p>
            <p>Distribution: Central Sulawesi (Luwuk).</p>
            <p> 3.  Hemiplasta mustea (Bates, 1865: 355, pl. 45: 8). n. comb. </p>
            <p> =  Aruanoidea densegranulosa Redtenbacher, 1908: 521 . n. syn. </p>
            <p> =  Hemiplasta falcata Redtenbacher, 1908: 550 , pl. 27: 2. n. syn. </p>
            <p>Distribution: Sula Islands (Pulau Mangole &amp; Sanana “Sulabesi”); Banggai Islands (Pulau Peleng: Tinangkung Utara District: nr. Luksagu village; Buko District, btw. Tatendeng and Eben village, 400–550 m &amp; Tinanasu).</p>
            <p> 4.  Hemiplasta nigra (Hennemann, 1998: 108, fig. 12, pl. 3: 5). n. comb. </p>
            <p>Distribution: Central Sulawesi; Prov. Sulawesi Selatan (Tana Toraja: Rantepao 700–800 m).</p>
            <p> 5.  Hemiplasta parva n. sp.</p>
            <p>Distribution: Central Sulawesi, Prov. Sulawesi Tengah (Palu).</p>
            <p> 6.  Hemiplasta rostrata Redtenbacher, 1908: 550 . rev. stat. </p>
            <p>Distribution: N-Sulawesi, Prov. Sulawesi Utara (Minahasa).</p>
            <p> 7.  Hemiplasta sarasinorum Günther, 1938: 88 , figs. 19–20. </p>
            <p>Distribution: Central Sulawesi, Prov. Sulawesi Selatan (Luwu: Lempongpangi).</p>
            <p> 8.  Hemiplasta styligera (Bates, 1865: 354, pl. 45: 1). </p>
            <p>Distribution: Sula Islands (Pulau Mangole); Peleng Island (Buko District, btw. Tantendeng village &amp; Eben village, 400–550 m); Central Sulawesi, Prov. Sulawesi Selatan (Tana Toraja: Rantepao 700–800 m); Talaud Islands (Karakelang Island: Lobo).</p>
            <p> Keys to the species of  Hemiplasta</p>
            <p>♀♀ *</p>
            <p>1. Winged............................................................................................. 2</p>
            <p> - Apterous; Sulawesi (Fig. 50E).......................................................................  aptera</p>
            <p>2. Alae long and at least reaching to abdominal segment V....................................................... 3</p>
            <p> - Brachypterous, alae only reaching posterior margin of median segment; Sulawesi (Fig. 50A)................  sarasinorum</p>
            <p>3. Cerci strongly elongated, much longer than anal segment...................................................... 4</p>
            <p> - Cerci shorter than anal segment, not projecting beyond apex of abdomen; Sula Islands, Sulawesi and Talaud Islands (Figs. 58D–G).......................................................................................  styligera</p>
            <p>4. Stocky species; alae at best reaching to abdominal segment VI................................................. 5</p>
            <p> - Slender species; alae reaching to abdominal segment VIII; Sulawesi (Fig. 57)................................  rostrata</p>
            <p> 5. Brown; mesothorax 3.9x longer than prothorax; tegmina with three pale green spots; Sulawesi (Fig. 54).............  nigra</p>
            <p> - Multicoloured; mesothorax 5x longer than prothorax; no pale spots on tegmina; Sula Islands &amp; Peleng (Figs. 52A–B)....................................................................................................  mustea</p>
            <p> * ♀♀ of  H. flavifrons n. sp. and  H. parva n. sp. are not known </p>
            <p>♂♂ *</p>
            <p>1. Large, body length&gt; 48 mm; alae at least reaching posterior margin of abdominal segment VI........................ 2</p>
            <p> - Small species, body length &lt;45 mm; alae only reaching half way along abdominal segment VI; Sulawesi (Fig. 57)...................................................................................................  parva n. sp.</p>
            <p>2. Rather robust insects: mesonotum heavily granulose; head without longitudinal lines................................ 3</p>
            <p> - Very slender insects; mesonotum only with a few scattered granules; head with a distinct black postocular and coronal line; Sulawesi, Sula Islands and Talaud Islands (Fig. 59A)...................................................  styligera</p>
            <p>3. Abdominal segments VII–X club-shaped and notably broader than preceding segments.............................. 4</p>
            <p> - Abdominal segments VIII–X indistinctly wider than preceding (Fig. 51E); head with a bold yellow marking on frons (Fig. 51C); Sulawesi ............................................................................  flavifrons n. sp.</p>
            <p> 4. Brown (Fig. 55A); costal region of alae plain brown; posterior margin of anal segment widely concave (Fig. 55C); Sulawesi .................................................................................................  nigra</p>
            <p> - Multicolourous (Fig. 53L); costal region of alae green with anterior margin orange to brown; posterior margin of anal segment excavated triangularly (Fig. 53E); Sula Islands &amp; Peleng.................................................  mustea</p>
            <p> * ♂♂ of  H. aptera Günther, 1938 ,  H. sarasinorum Günther, 1938 and  H. rostrata Redtenbacher, 1908 are not known </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DB87EEFF8F9DD7FF405B66FA85F4E0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hennemann, Frank H.	Hennemann, Frank H. (2021): Stick insects of Sulawesi, Peleng and the Sula Islands, Indonesia- a review including checklists of species and descriptions of new taxa (Insecta: Phasmatodea). Zootaxa 5073 (1): 1-189, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5073.1.1
03DB87EEFF709DD4FF405851FB74F662.text	03DB87EEFF709DD4FF405851FB74F662.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hemiplasta flavifrons Hennemann 2021	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Hemiplasta flavifrons n. sp.</p>
            <p>(Fig. 51)</p>
            <p> HT,   ♂: Eastern Central Sulawesi,  Prov. Sulawesi Tengah , Banggai District,  Luwuk , II.2007 [MNHU, ex coll. FH, No. 0788-1] </p>
            <p>Etymology: The name is a combination of the latin flavus (= yellow) and frons (= forehead) and refers to the distinctive bold yellow marking on the frons of ♂♂ of this new species (Fig. 51C).</p>
            <p> Differential diagnosis: Males of this new species, the only sex known, are very similar to  H. nigra (Hennemann, 1998) n. comb. and  H. mustea (Bates, 1865) n. comb. . However, they readily differ from both species by the bold yellow marking on the frons between the bases of the antennae and the eyes (Fig. 51C) as well as the just weakly concave posterior margin of the anal segement (fig. 51D), which has the posterolateral angles somewhat more protruded and with more distinct denticles on their interior surface (Fig. 51F), and the club-shaped apex of the cerci. From the first they also differ by the dull green general colouration, green tegmina and costal region of the alae, which have the portion anterior to the radius orangey brown. The colour of the tegmina and costal region of the alae resembles  H. mustea but from ♂♂ of this species they can be separated by the non-annulated limbs, which are plain brown with only the basal half of the femora green, and notably more abrasive and node-like granulae of the mesonotum (Fig. 51C). </p>
            <p>Description: ♂ (Figs. 51A–B). Medium-sized (body length 54.8 mm), form fairly slender for the genus, with well developed alae (28.5 mm) that reach to abdominal segment VI, a densely granulose mesonotum and a distinctive yellow marking on the frons (Fig. 51C). General colour ochraceous brown, abdominal terga II–IX somewhat darker bown dorsally. Head with a bold, roughly circulur yellow marking on the frons between the bases of the antennae and the eyes, the genae with a very faint ochre postocular streak. Granules of mesothorax ochre. Tegmina mid green with the radius marked by a bright apple green streak and the partion anterior of the radius reddish mid brown. Costal region mid green with the portion anterior to the radius reddish mid brown; the anal fan hyaline with all major veins greyish brown. Legs generally reddish brown with the basal half of all femora green; the tibiae very faintly annulated with pale green. Antennae greyish mid brown and with a slight greenish wash towards the apex, scapus and pedicellus chestnut brown and antennomeres III and IV blackish and slighly glossy ventrally.</p>
            <p>Head (Fig. 51C): Broad, subquadrate in dorsal aspect, broadest at the eyes with the vertex very gently convex and smooth; coronal line very weakly impressed. Frons with a shallow widely V-shaped impression and the yellow area between the eyes with two very low humps. No ocelli. Eyes very large, circular in out line, projecting hemispherically and their diameter conatined about 1.3x in length of genae. Scapus somewhat compressed dorsoventrally, pedicellus, round in cross-section, sub-spherical and notably shorter than scapus. Antennomere thickened basally. Antennae longer than body.</p>
            <p>Thorax: Pronotum shorter and distinctly narrower than head, the anterior portion somewhat expanded and gently narrowing towards the posterior; surface sparsely and irregularly set with low granules (Fig. 51C). Median line impressed over entire length of segment and transverse median sulcus distint, very weakly arched and expanding entire width of segment. Mesothorax elongate, slender and somewhat constricted medially; 4.5x longer than pronotum (Fig. 51C). Mesonotum with a very fine and indistinct medio-longitudinal carina and all over covered with node-like granules (Fig. 51C), which however become slightly less pronounced and less numerous in the posterior portion; a granulose marginal carina close to lateral margins (a smooth lateral area present post-medially). Mesopleurae and meststernum sparsely and unevenly set with low granules, the sternum weakly tectinate longitudinally. Metapleurae and metasternum smooth. Tegmina roundly angular in shape with a very shallow and obtuse central hump. Alae reaching to posterior margin of abdominal segment VI.</p>
            <p>Abdomen: Segment II slightly longer than median segment. II–IV very slightly increasing, V–VII decreasing in length; all uniform in width and longer than wide, VII shortest and less than ¾ the length of VI. Tergum VIII very gently widened towards the posterior and about 4/5 the length of VII. IX almost 1.3xc longer than IX, widest of all segments and increasing in height towards the posterior. Anal segment short, somewhat cucullate and less than half the length of preceding, the lateral surface somewhat convex and declining in lateral aspect (Fig. 51D); the posterior margin gently concave (Fig. 51E) and the outer angles protruded into and obtusely rounded swelling that has the intero-ventral surface set with several minute teeth. Epiproct very small, rounded and hardly visible in dorsal aspect (Fig. 51E). Vomer roughly triangular and with a short, up-curving terminal hook. Cerci long, slender, very gently in-curving and with the apex thickened and club-shaped; slightly longer than anal segment. Sternum IX bulgy and with the posterior margin very strongly expanded towards the posterior (Fig. 51D). Poculum cup-shaped, moderately convex, obtusely carinate longitudinally and narrowed towards the apex which is notched medially (Fig. 51F).</p>
            <p>Legs: All long, slender and entirely unarmed. Profemora almost as long as head, pro- and mesothorax combined, metafemora reaching to posterior margin of abdominal segment IV and metatibiae projecting notably beyond tip of abdomen. Tarsi all long and slender with the basitarsi longer than the following three tarsomeres combined.</p>
            <p>Comments: So far only known from the unique ♂ holotype. Female and egg unknown.</p>
            <p>Distribution: Eastern Central Sulawesi, Prov. Sulawesi Tengah, Banggai District (Luwuk).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DB87EEFF709DD4FF405851FB74F662	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hennemann, Frank H.	Hennemann, Frank H. (2021): Stick insects of Sulawesi, Peleng and the Sula Islands, Indonesia- a review including checklists of species and descriptions of new taxa (Insecta: Phasmatodea). Zootaxa 5073 (1): 1-189, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5073.1.1
03DB87EEFF759DD1FF405EFDFEAEF741.text	03DB87EEFF759DD1FF405EFDFEAEF741.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hemiplasta mustea (Bates 1865) Hennemann 2021	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Hemiplasta mustea (Bates, 1865) n. comb.</p>
            <p>(Figs. 52–53)</p>
            <p> Necroscia mustea Bates, 1865: 355 , pl. 45: 8 (3). HT, ♂: Sula;  Necroscia mustea Bates ♂; E. coll. (1830-73) W.W. Saunders, Purchased and pres ‘73 by Mrs. F.W. Hope [OXUM, No. 646]. </p>
            <p>Kirby, 1904: 377.</p>
            <p> Marmessoidea mustea, Redtenbacher, 1908: 513 . </p>
            <p>Bruner, 1915: 236.</p>
            <p>Otte &amp; Brock, 2005: 194.</p>
            <p> Aruanoidea densegranulosa Redtenbacher, 1908: 521 . HT, ♂: Sula Besi, Doherty, ex coll.  H. Fruhstorfer ; Insel östl. v. Celebes; Fruhstorfer vend. 25.X.1898.; 133 [ZMUH]. n. syn. </p>
            <p>Bruner, 1915: 237.</p>
            <p>Weidner, 1966: 228. (Catalogued)</p>
            <p>Zompro, 2002: 184. (Catalogued)</p>
            <p> Necroscia densegranulosa, Hennemann, 1998: 121 . </p>
            <p>Otte &amp; Brock, 2005: 211.</p>
            <p> Sipyloidea (Hemiplasta) falcata Redtenbacher, 1908: 550 , pl. 27: 2 (♀). LT (by present designation), ♀: Sula Mangoli, Oct.– Novbr. Doherty, ex coll.  H. Fruhstorfer [NHMW, No. 1089]; PLT, ♀: Sula Mangoli, Oct.–Novbr. Doherty, ex coll.  H. Fruhstorfer ; Insel östl. v. Celebes; Fruhstorfer vend. 25.X.1898.; 153 [ZMUH]. n. syn. </p>
            <p>Zompro, 2002: 186. (Catalogued)</p>
            <p> Sipyloidea falcata, Bruner, 1915: 238 . </p>
            <p>Weidner, 1966: 232.</p>
            <p>Brock, 1998: 28.</p>
            <p> Hemiplasta falcata, Hennemann, 1998: 121 , fig. 20 (♀). </p>
            <p>Otte &amp; Brock, 2005: 153.</p>
            <p>
                 Further material:   1 ♂: Indonesien, Banggai Arch.,  Peleng Island , II.2007 [coll. FH, No. 0297-33]  ;   1 ♂: Indonesien, Banggai Arch., W-Peleng Island,  Buko District , Tinanasu, XII.2012 [coll. FH, No. 0297-34]  ;   1 ♀, 1 ♂: Indonesien, Banggai Arch., Peleng Id.,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 123.42333/lat -1.2833333)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=123.42333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-1.2833333">Tinagkung Utara district</a>
                 , nr. Luksagu village, 60 m, 1°17’ S 123°25.4’E [coll. FH, No’s 0297-35 &amp; 36]  ;   5 ♀♀, 5 ♂♂: Indonesien, Banggai Ids., W-Peleng Island,  Buko District , btw. Tatendeng village and Eben village 400–550 m, IX.2011 [coll. FH, No’s 0297-37 to 46]  ;   5 ♀♀, 5 ♂♂: Indonesien, Banggai Ids., W-Peleng Island,  Buko District , btw. Tatendeng village and Eben village 400–550 m, IX.2011 [IMQC]  ;   10 ♀♀, 19 ♂♂, 1 ♀ (n5), 30 eggs: ex Zucht F. Hennemann 2008/09, Herkunft:  Sulawesi , Peleng Island, leg. D. Dupont 2006 (PSG No. 285) [coll. FH, No’s 0297-2 to 31, E]  ;   1 ♀: Indonesien, Prov. Maluka, Tanimbar Ids., Yamdena Id. VI.2007 [coll. FH,  No. 0297-32—locality doubtful, see comment below]  . 
            </p>
            <p> Differential diagnosis: Very similar to  H. nigra (Hennemann, 1998) n. comb. with which ♀♀ share the fairly stocky shape, slightly shortened alae and strongly elongated cerci (Figs. 53A–C). Females however readily differ from those of  H. nigra by their pretty and complex colouration, being mostly green with pink and black annulated legs and an orange, pink or red head that is in the posterior half variably furnished with black longitudinal streaks and markings (Fig.53H); furthermore the ventral surface of the body is irregularly flecked with black. Morphologically they may be distinguished from  H. nigra by the less acutely granulose and relatively longer mesothorax, which is about 5x longer than the prothorax (only 4x longer in  nigra ), and differently shaped anal segment, which is somewhat broader with the posterolateral angles more triangular than in  nigra (Fig. 53B). Males differ from those of  H. nigra by the dull blueish green general colour (Fig. 53L), orange anterior margin of the alae, dull green and black annulated legs, slightly longer and less prominently granulated mesonotum (Fig. 53G), more prominent and rather triangular median excavation of the posterior margin of the anal segment (Fig. 53E) and broader, more obtusely rounded posterior margin of the poculum (Fig. 53F). </p>
            <p>Eggs (Figs. 53J–K): The eggs have not yet been formally described, hence a description is provided here based on a good number of examples originating from the culture stock from Peleng.</p>
            <p>Elongate, bullet-shaped, somewhat compressed laterally and oval in cross-section; about 2.8x longer than wide and 3.8x longer than hight. Anterior and ventral as well as lateral surfaces almost parallel-sided throughout most of the length, the polar area somewhat narrowed. Entire surface of capsule very minutely and fairly evenly granulose but with a few more distinct granules and rugulae anterior and posterior of the micropylar plate. Micropylar plate very elongate, slender and spear-shaped, widened sub-posteriorly and with the anterior 2/3 gradually narrowing towards and acutely pointed anterior end. The outer margin slightly swollen and raised and the ventral portion with a shallow longitudinal bulge; surface otherwise as that of capsule. Micropylar cup very smalla nd with a V-shaped ridge ventrally. Operculum elliptical, bent in lateral aspect and displaced towards the dorsal egg surface with the dorsal portion more narrowed the ventral portion; surface unevenly tuberculose with the outer rim smooth. Colour plain greyish mid brown, the outer margin of the micropylar plate and the V-shaped ridge of the micropylar cup dark brown. Measurements [mm]: Length 4.8–5.0, width 1.7–1.8, height 1.2–1.3, length of micropylar plate 2.5–2.6.</p>
            <p> Comments: Bates (1865: 355) originally described  N. mustea based on a unique ♂ holotype collected on the Sula Islands by Alfred Russel Wallace and now in the collection of OXUM. The species was subsequently transferred to  Marmessoidea Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1893 by Redtenbacher (1908) where it was retained since. Redtenbacher (1908: 550) originally described  H. falcata based on two ♀♀ from Pulau Mangole, Sula Islands. The specimen in NHMW is here selected as the lectotype to guarantee stability of the name and justify the synonymy here introduced. Detailed examination of the ♂ holotype of  Aruanoidea densegranulosa from the island of Sulabesi (= Sanana), the southeasternmost island of the Sula archipelago has shown this to be the opposite sex. Comparison of the type-specimen of  A. densegranulosa with the holotype of  N. mustea leaves no doubt they are the same species, hence both of Redtenbacher’s species become junior synonyms of the species originally described by Bates (n. syn.). Like in two wild caught ♂♂ from Peleng in the author’s collection (coll. FH, No’s 0297-33 &amp; 34), the holotype of  mustea has the distinctive orange anterior margin of the costal region of the alae faded, which presumably was caused by provisional storage in ethanol. But also the captive reared specimens at hand show that this colour trait in particular tends to fade easily in dried specimens and is difficult to preserve properly. The distinct annulations of the legs seen in live insects appear also to fade notably when the specimens are dried and may almost disappear if liquids like ethanol are used for preservation. </p>
            <p> A ♀ recorded from Sulawesi and attributed to  H. falcata by Hennemann (1998: 114, fig 20) has proven to be the opposite sex of  H. nigra (Henneman, 1998) n. comb. which is here transferred to  Hemiplasta . Hence,  H. densegranulosa has not yet been recorded from Sulawesi and appears to be restricted to the Banggai and Sula Islands. A ♀ in the author’s collection is said to be from Pulau Yamdena, the main island of the Tanimbar archipelago in the very southeast of Wallacea and almost 1000 km away from the Sula Islands. Since, this record is inexplicable in biogeographic aspecs and violates all known distributions of related biota within Wallacea, this record must be regarded as very doubtful and most certianly wrong. Possible “Tanimbar” was confused with Taliabu, the main island of the Sula archipelago. </p>
            <p> Culture stock of  H. densegranulosa was collected on the island of Peleng by D. Dupont (France) in 2005 and the species is since then successfully reared in Europe. Various species of  Hypericum (Fam.  Hypericaceae ) are accepted as alternative food plants. Nymphs show colourations that are very different from that of adults, being various sahes of yellow and pale green flecked with black and white. Females use their long and sword-like subgenital plate to stick eggs into substrates like moss, lichens, bark or soil. </p>
            <p>Distribution: Sula Islands: Pulau Mangole &amp; Sanana “Sulabesi”; Banggai Islands: Pulau Peleng, Tinangkung Utara District, nr. Luksagu village; Buko District, Tinanasu; Buko District, btw. Tatendeng village &amp; Eben village 400– 550 m.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DB87EEFF759DD1FF405EFDFEAEF741	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hennemann, Frank H.	Hennemann, Frank H. (2021): Stick insects of Sulawesi, Peleng and the Sula Islands, Indonesia- a review including checklists of species and descriptions of new taxa (Insecta: Phasmatodea). Zootaxa 5073 (1): 1-189, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5073.1.1
03DB87EEFF799DDBFF405EFDFD7EF27E.text	03DB87EEFF799DDBFF405EFDFD7EF27E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hemiplasta nigra (Hennemann 1998) Hennemann 2021	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Hemiplasta nigra (Hennemann, 1998) n. comb.</p>
            <p>(Figs. 54–55)</p>
            <p> Nescicroa nigra Hennemann, 1998: 550 . HT, ♂: 7921; Holotypus;  Nescicroa nigra Hennemann n. sp. ♂, det. F. Hennemann IV. 1996; S-Sulawesi (Tana Toraja), Rantepao 700 m, leg. Tajuddin 10.95–3.96 [MNHU, No. 7921]. PT, 2 ♂♂: Indonesien: S-Sulawesi, Tana Toraja, Rantepao, 700 m, leg. Tajuddin X.1996 – III.1996 [coll. FH, No’s 0289-1 &amp; 2]. </p>
            <p>Otte &amp; Brock, 2005: 225.</p>
            <p>Zompro, 2005: 273. (Catalogued)</p>
            <p> Hemiplasta falcata, Hennemann, 1998: 115 , fig. 20, pl. 3: 1 (in part—only the illlustrated specimen from Sulawesi) </p>
            <p> Further material:   1 ♀: Indonesien, S-Sulawesi,  Tana Toraja , Highland c. 800 m, leg. Tajuddin X.1995 – III.1996 [coll. FH, No. 0289-3]  . </p>
            <p> Differential diagnosis: Very similar to  H. mustea (Bates, 1865) n. comb. with which ♀♀ share the fairly stocky shape, fairly shortened alae and strongly elongated cerci (Figs. 54D–F). Females however readily differ from those of  H. mustea by the dark brown general colour and faint yellowish to pale green spots of the tegmina and costal region of the alae. Morphologically they can be distinguished from  H. mustea by the notably more pronounced and acute granules and more distinct medio-longitudinal carina of the mesonotum (Fig. 54C), relatively shorter mesothorax which is only about 3.9x longer than the prothorax (5x longer in  mustea ), and differently shaped anal segment, which is somewhat more slender with the posterolateral angles more obtuse and broader than in  mustea (fig. 54E). Males differ from those of  H. mustea by the dull brown the blackish general colour (Fig. 55A), plain brown tegmina and costal region of the alae, less distinctly annulated legs, slightly shorter and more prominently granulose mesonotum (Fig. 55F), which has the medio-longitudinal carina notably more pronounced and acute, wider and more shallow posteromedian excavation of the anal segment (Fig. 55C) and more narrowed posterior margin of the poculum (Fig. 55D). </p>
            <p>Description: The following descriptions are based on the unique known ♀ and the three ♂ types specimens.</p>
            <p> ♀ (Figs. 54A–B): Medium-sized (boy length incl. subgenital plate 71.0 mm), form stocky for the genus, with moderately long alae (31.5 mm) that reach to abdominal segment VI and very long, filiform cerci.  General colour of the unique specimen mid brown with a slight greenish wash on the head, pronotum, tegmina and costal region the alae.  Abdominal tergum VIII with a central pair of roundish, washed dark brown markings.  Granulation of the pro- and mesonotum yellow to ochre.  Basal quarter of antennae annulated with dull ochre and brown; pedicellus black.  Tegmina with three very pale creamish green spots just in front of the radius, otherwise with a few very faint green speckles and the portion anterior to the radius more greenish than the posterior portion. Costal region of alae weakly and unevenly flecked with pale green in the portion anterior to the radius; the radius itself unevenly marked by dark brown spots. Anal region of alae translucent grey with all radial veins weakly marked by some darker spots. Meso- and metatibiae with three faint dull ochre transverse bands. </p>
            <p>Head: Subquadrate in dorsal aspect, slightly longer than wide with the genae almost parallel-sided and the vertex smooth and very weakly convex (Fig. 54C). Two very low raised areas between the eyes, a small V-shaped median impression on frons and a slightly impressed coronal line on vertex. No ocelli. Eyes strongly projecting, slightly ovoid in outline and their length contained about 1.6x in that of genae (Fig. 54C). Scapus compressed dorsoventrally, 1.3x longer than wide, pedicellus shorter and slightly oval in cross-section and antennomere III somewhat longer than pedicellus. Antennae reaching to abdominal segment VIII.</p>
            <p>Thorax: Pronotum about as long but notably narrower than head and slightly gradually narrowing towards the posterior; the lateral margins very weakly concave (Fig. 54C). Median line impressed almost over entire length of segment, the transverse median sulcus almost straight and not reaching to lateral margins. Surface minutely and unevenly granulose. Mesothorax 3.9 longer than pronotum, slightly constricted post-medially and widest about one quarter behind anterior margin. Mesonotum with a fine but distinct and acute longitudinal median carina and distinctly granulose (Fig. 54C); the granules close to the medio-longitudinal carina most pronounced and each bearing a single stiff bristle. Lateral surfaces of mesonotum with a granulose longitudinal carina parallel to lateral margins; the granules below more greenish in colour than the dorsal granulae. Mesosternum with an obtuse longitudinal median keel in anterior portion, otherwise granulose. Meso- and metaplaureae sparsely granulose. Tegmina ovoid in outline with the posterior margin weakly angular; the central hump very weakly developed. Alae reaching to posterior margin of abdominal segment VI.</p>
            <p>Abdomen: Segment IV slightly shorter than median segment, 1,25 longer than wide and rectangular. III–VII slightly gradually decreasing in length, terga IV–VII somewhat expanded at posterior margin and VII slightly narrowed towards posterior and a little wider than long. All terga with a very pronounced, obtuse longitudinal lateral carina parallel to lateral margins. Preopercular organ on sternum VII formed by the raised and somewhat labiate and concave posterior margin and a shallow median swelling some distance in front of the margin (Fig. 54F). Tergum VIII somewhat longer than VII and obtusely tectinate longitudinally, the lateral margins slightly deflexed and rounded in posterior half; IX similar, about equal in length but lateral margins straight. Anal segment a little longer than two preceding terga, acutely tectinate longitudinally, strongly narrowed in the apical half and the posterior margin with a moderate, triangular incision with the outer angles obtusely triangular (Fig. 54E). Epiproct small, shieldshaped and wider than long with the posterior margin very widely rounded. Cerci very long, slender, cylindrical and almost 1.6x longer than anal segment (Fig. 54D). Subgenital plate as typical for the genus, gently up-curving and projecting beyond apex of abdomen by about the combined length of the two terminal terga; apex acutely pointed (Fig. 54D).</p>
            <p>Legs: All moderately long and slender; entirely unarmed except for a blunt, tooth-like sub-apical swelling of the fairly pronounced medioventral carina of the femora. Profemora strongly curved basally and about as long as pro- and mesothorax combined, metafemora reaching to posterior margin of abdominal segment V and metatibiae projecting somewhat beyond anal segment. Basitarsi long, slender and longer than following three tarsomeres combined.</p>
            <p>♂ (Fig. 55). Of average size (body length 60.3–63.0 mm) and typical in shape for the genus, with a distinctly granulose mesonotum, plain coloured tegmina and costal region of the alae and bulgy three terminal abdominal segment. General colour dark brown with a slight greenish wash, some portion of a dull ochre hue. Granulations of the mesothorax mid brown to dull ochre. Tegmina and costal region of alae plain dark brown, the radius of the alae black; anal fan transparent grey. Basal portions of all femora dark greyish green, the apex blackish brown. Eyes greyish to reddish brown and with a faint dark longitudinal ocular streak in the dried specimens.</p>
            <p>Head (Fig. 55F): Fairly large, ovoid, broadest at the eyes with the vertex gently convex, smooth; coronal line slightly impressed. Frons with a widely V-shaped impression and between eyes with a pair of weakly convex humps, that are of a slightly lighter colour than the head capsule. No ocelli. Eyes very large, projecting hemispherically, almost circular in outline and their diameter contained only about 1.1x in length of genae. Antennae somewhat longer than body. Scapus and pedicellus generally as in ♀♀, black.</p>
            <p> Thorax: Pronotum generally as in ♀♀, about 1.5x longer than wide and somewhat narrower than head; granu-lation comparatively less pronounced. The transverse median sulcus notably displaced towards the anterior and almost reaching lateral margins of segment (Fig. 55F). Mesothorax 3.9x longer than prothorax. Mesonotum prominently and densely granulose and with a distinct medio-longitudinal carina; the granules most pronounced along the carina and a granulose longitudinal lateral carina close to lateral margins. Mesosternum very weakly tectinate longitudinally and moderately granulose. Meso- and metaplaeurae only with a few scattered granules. Mesosternum smooth. Tegmina ovoid in outline with the posterior margin very weakly and obtusely triangular interiorly, the central hump moderately developed and very obtusely conical.Alae reaching to posterior margin of abdominal segment VI to about half way along VII. </p>
            <p>Abdomen: Segment II slightly shorter than median segment and as long as III, III–VII decreasing in length and VII only a little more than half the length of II and III; all longer than wide. II–VI uniform in width and cylindrical. VII very slightly widened posteriorly. Terminal three segments strongly swollen and together of a club-like appearance; IX almost 2x the width of VI. Tergum VIII trapezoidal in dorsal aspect with the posterior margin prominently excavated triangularly and much of the dorsal surface covered by a membrane that allows folding up the terminal two segments towards the anterior (Fig. 55C). Tergum IX with a similar but much smaller membranous area anteriorly; segment about 2x longer than VIII, the lateral margins notably deflexed and slightly in-curving posteriorly. Anal segment less than half the length of IX, slightly tectiform and triangular in lateral aspect with the lateral margin slightly deflexed into a blunt tooth-like projection medially; the posterior margin with a concave excavation (Fig. 55C) and the outer angles protruded into an obtusely rounded swelling that bears several small denticles intero-ventrally (Fig. 55E). Epiproct very small. Vomer roughly triangular in shape with a fairly short and strong, up-curving terminal hook; the ventral surface obtusely tectinate longitudinally. Cerci long, slender, very gently in-curving and with the apex blunt; about as long as anal segment (Fig. 55B). Phallus prominently elongated, forming a slender and tube-like organ that is bent towards the left and laterally projects notably over the lateral margin of the poculum. Sternum IX enlarged and very bulgy with the posterior margin convex and medially expanded towards the posterior. Poculum cup-shaped, angular and obtusely keeled longitudinally, the posterior margin somewhat labiate, narrowed and roundly angular, the lateral margins concave and excavated. (Fig. 55B)</p>
            <p>Legs: All long, slender and entirely unarmed. Profemora somewhat longer than pro- and mesothorax combined, metafemora reaching about half way along abdominal segment V and metatibiae roughly reaching to tip of abdomen. Tarsi all long and slender with the basitarsi longer than the following three tarsomeres combined.</p>
            <p> Comments: Hennemann (1998: 108) originally described this species based on three ♂♂, all from Rantepao in the Tana Toraja highlands. The specimens figured (Hennemann, 1998: 108, fig. 12) is not the holotype as stated in the corresponding legend of that publication but is one of the paratypes (coll. FH, No. 0298-2). Knowledge of the previously unknown ♂♂ of other  Hemiplasta -species and careful re-examination of the type specimens has shown  N. nigra to be a member of  Hemiplasta (n. comb.). In addition to being very similar in all morphological aspects to the ♂♂ of  H. mustea , which presumably is the closely related species, this is also seen in the genital morphology of ♂♂, which includes a very long and filiform phallus. Re-examination of the ♀ from the same locality, that Hennemann (1998: 115) regarded as a variety of  H. falcata (=  H. mustea ) has proven this to be a distinct species and the opposite sex of  H. nigra . English re-descriptions of both sexes are here provided. </p>
            <p>Distribution: Central Sulawesi (Tana Toraja).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DB87EEFF799DDBFF405EFDFD7EF27E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hennemann, Frank H.	Hennemann, Frank H. (2021): Stick insects of Sulawesi, Peleng and the Sula Islands, Indonesia- a review including checklists of species and descriptions of new taxa (Insecta: Phasmatodea). Zootaxa 5073 (1): 1-189, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5073.1.1
03DB87EEFF7D9DDAFF405FDCFC3BF4AA.text	03DB87EEFF7D9DDAFF405FDCFC3BF4AA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hemiplasta parva Hennemann 2021	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Hemiplasta parva n. sp.</p>
            <p>(Fig. 56)</p>
            <p> HT,   ♂: Indonesien,  Zentral Sulawesi , Prov. Sulawesi Tengah, Palolo District,  Palu , VIII.2012 [MNHU, ex coll. FH No. 0824- 1] </p>
            <p>Etymology: The name (parvus lat. = small) refers to the small size of this new species.</p>
            <p> Differential diagnosis: Males of this new species, the only sex known, differ from all other known ♂♂ by the smaller size. The dark brown colour makes them resemble  H. nigra (Henneman, 1998) n. comb. but the slender three terminal abdominal segments, that are not notably wider than the preceding segments (Fig. 56E), and somewhat shorter alae which only reach about half way along abdominal segment VI (at least to posterior margin of VI in  nigra ) readily distinguish this new species. In relation to the body length the still unknown ♂♂ of  H. parva Günther, 1938 may be similarly small like this new species. However, in aspect of the very similar head and thoracic morphology frequently seen in the two sexes of an individual species, it is very unlikely that this new species is the ♂ of  H. aptera (Fig. 50E). The sculpturing of the mesonotum of the ♀ of  H. aptera is different, the head is much more elongate (Fig. 50F) and the fact that it is completely apterous and has a median segment that is slightly shorter than the metanotum rather suggests the corresponding ♂ to be brachypterous or at least have shorter wings than  H. parva n. sp. . </p>
            <p>Description: ♂ (Figs. 56A–B). Small (body length 44.7 mm) and fairly stocky for the genus, with well developed ale (22.0 mm) that reach about half way along abdominal segment VI and very long, club-shaped cerci. General colour plain dark brown with a very slight greenish wash on the thoracic segments. Abdomianl terga II–VII with two faint black spots just before the middle, the sterna with two faint block spots in posterior half. Tegmina and costal region of alae plain dark brown, the latter with the base ochre; anal fan of alae transulcent grey with a slight ochre hue. Basal one third of profemora very drak green, that of the meso- and metafemora apple green. Tibiae with a slight orange wash except for the basal and apical portion. Eyes mid brown, antennae very dark reddish brown.</p>
            <p>Head (fFg. 56C): Fairly large, rounded subquadrate in dorsal aspect, the genae slightly convex and broadest just behind the eyes; vertex very gently rounded, smooth and with three longitudinal indentions at posterior margin. Frons with two shallow raised areas between the eyes and a very small, V-shaped impression betwenn bases of antennae. Eyes very large and projecting sub-spherically, their diameter contained less than 1.3x in length of genae. Scapus compressed dorsoventrally, rectangular in dorsal aspect and a little longer thna wide; pedicellus cylindrical. Antennae raeching to posterior margin of abdominal segment VI.</p>
            <p>Thorax: Pronotum almost as long but notably narrower than head and narrowing towards the posterior with the lateral margins weakly concave; distinctly longer than wide (Fig. 56C). Longitudinal median line impressed over entire length, the transverse median sulcus somewhat displaced towards the anterior, very widely V-shaped and expanding entire width of segment; surface very weakly uneven with some indicated granules. Mesothorax elongate and about 3.8x longer than pronotum. Mesonotum weakly tectinate longitudinally with a fine but acute mediolongitudinal carina, surface otherwise densely set with roundes, somewhat node-like granules; the granules becoming fewer towards the posterior and post-medially with a smooth, oval area laterally. Parallel to lateral margins with a granulose carina. Mesosternum weakly tectinate longitudinally and sparsely granulose; metasternum smooth. The pleurae very weakly and sparingly set with minute granules. Tegmina roundly rectangular in outline with the central hump very shallow. Alae reaching about half way along abdominal segment VI.</p>
            <p>Abdomen: Segments II–VII uniform in width, all longer than wide with II–IV equal in length and V–VII gradually decreasing in length; VII only about 1.6x longer than wide and about 3/5 the length of II–IV. Tergum VIII about ¾ the length of VII and just very weakly widening towards the posterior (Fig. 56E), the posterior margin deeply concave and with a roundly triangular membranous are that allows to culr up the terminal two abdominal segments. IX about 1.4x longer and notably higher than VIII, the anterior margin concave and with a membranous area; rectangular in dorsal aspect. Anal segment obtusely tectinate, about 2/3 the length of IX with lateral margins almost parallel-sided; the posterior margin with a distinct triangular excavation (Fig. 56E) and the outer angles obtusely rounded and swollen (Fig. 56G) with the intero-ventral surface set with minute denticles (Fig. 56G). Epiproct very small, shield-shaped and almost semi-circular. Vomer roughly triangular in shape with a short but strongly up-curving terminal hook. Cerci very elongate, slender, gently in-curving and with the apex swollen and club-shaped; about as long as anal segment (figs. 56E–F). Phallus a long and slender, filiform organ that is gently arched towards the left and distinctly projects over the upper margin of the poculum (Fig. 56G). Sternum IX bulgy with the posterior margin labiate and distinctly expanded towards the posterior in the median portion. Poculum cup-shaped, somewhat compressed laterally and with the posterior portion narrowed; the lateral margins just weakly e,arginated (Fig. 56D).</p>
            <p>Legs: All long, slender and entirely unarmed; only medioventral carina of meso- and metafemora with a very indistinct and small sub-apical swelling. Profemora almost as long as head, pro- and mesothorax combined, metafemora reaching to posterior margin of abdominal segment V and metatibiae projecting slightly beyond tip of abdomen. Tarsi all long and slender with the basitarsi longer than the following three tarsomeres combined.</p>
            <p>Comments: So far only known from the unique ♂ holotype. Female and egg unknown.</p>
            <p>Distribution: Central Sulawesi, Prov. Sulawesi Tengah (Palu).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DB87EEFF7D9DDAFF405FDCFC3BF4AA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hennemann, Frank H.	Hennemann, Frank H. (2021): Stick insects of Sulawesi, Peleng and the Sula Islands, Indonesia- a review including checklists of species and descriptions of new taxa (Insecta: Phasmatodea). Zootaxa 5073 (1): 1-189, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5073.1.1
03DB87EEFF7F9DD8FF405D58FCC7F616.text	03DB87EEFF7F9DD8FF405D58FCC7F616.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hemiplasta rostrata (Redtenbacher 1908) Hennemann 2021	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Hemiplasta rostrata (Redtenbacher, 1908) rev. stat.</p>
            <p>(Fig. 57)</p>
            <p> Sipyloidea (Hemiplasta) rostrata Redtenbacher, 1908: 550 . LT (by present designation), ♀: Minabassa, Staudinger;  Siyploidea rostrata Br. ; Sintipo; MNCN Cat. Tipos N° 7352 [MNCN]. (Not: PLT, ♀: Sula Mangoli, Oct.–Novbr. Doherty, ex coll. H. Fruhstorfer; det. Redtenb.  Sipyloidea rostrata ;  Sipyloidea rostrata R.; 22505 [NHMW, No. 1090] → this is  H. styligera (Bates, 1865 )) Günther, 1934: 86 . [Synonymised with  H. styligera (Bates, 1865) in error] </p>
            <p> Sipyloidea rostrata, Bruner, 1915: 238 . </p>
            <p> Hemiplasta rostrata, Hennemann, 1998: 121 . [As a synonym of  H. styligera (Bates, 1865) ] </p>
            <p> Otte &amp; Brock, 2005: 153 [As a synonym of  H. styligera (Bates, 1865) ] </p>
            <p> Differential diagnosis: The strongly elongated and filiform cerci of ♀♀ of this species (Fig. 57C) are shared with  H. mustea (Bates, 1865) n. comb. from the Sula and Banggai Islands and the Sulawesian  H. nigra (Hennemann, 1998) n. comb. . This species however readily differs from both these species by the notably more slender and elongate shape, much longer alae which reach as far back as abdominal tergum VIII (only reaching to tergum VI in  mustea and  nigra ), just very weakly and sparsely granulose mesonotum and yellow spots of the tegmina and costal region of the alae. From  H. styligera (Bates, 1865) , with which  H. rostrata was synonymised in error (see comments below), ♀♀ readily differ by the smaller size, more stocky habitus and the long, filiform cerci. </p>
            <p>Description: The following description is based on the unique lectotype. The specimen is in fairly good condition and complete except for lacking the right front leg and left antenna.</p>
            <p>♀ (Figs. 57A–B). Medium-sized (body length including subgenital plate 73.0 mm) and fairly slender for the genus with very long alae (41.5 mm) that reach as far back as abdominal tergum VIII and long, filiform cerci. General colour of body and legs ochre to yellowish pale brown irregularly marbled with mid brown; ventral body surface generally lighter than dorsal surface. Head with faint mid brown and yellow longitudinal streaks and mesonotum with a pair of faint elongate, diverging yellow markings medially and a yellow marked mediolongitudinal carina. Eyes with a dark median ocular stripe. Antennae drab with every other antennomere black at the apex. Tegmina and costal region of alae chestnut brown with the radius yellow and with roundish yellow spots along all major longitudinal veins. Anal fan hyaline.</p>
            <p>Head: Subrectangular, slightly longer than wide with the genae roughly parallel-sided and the vertex fairly flattened; smooth. No ocelli. Eyes slightly oval in outline, moderately projecting and their diameter contained about 2x in that of genae. Antennae reaching to abdominal segment V.</p>
            <p>Thorax: Pronotum about as long but slightly narrower than head, rectangular in outline and about 1.3x longer than wide; the later margins gently concave in the median portion. Transverse median sulcus somewhat displaced towards the anterior, almost straight and expanding over entire width of segment.Anterior and posterior margin with black median spot. Mesothorax elongate and about 3.5x longer than pronotum; very slightly widened posteriorly. Mesonotum with a prominent and fairly acute longitudinal median carina and sparsely granulose on both sides of the carina (Fig. 57B); the lateral portions almost smooth buth with a fairly distinct carina paralled to lateral margins. Meso- and metapleurae as well as meso- and metasternum smooth. Tegmina elliptical in outline and unly with a shallow and obtuse central hump, that is very slightly displaced towards the posterior; the posterior margin very weakly angular. Alae very long, covering almost the entire abdomen and reaching to posterior margin of abdominal tergum VIII.</p>
            <p>Abdomen: Abdomen excluding median segment and subgenital plate almost 2x longer than head, pro- and mesothorax combined; entirely smooth. Segments II–VII gradually decreasing in length with VII just a little more than half the length of II and hardly longer than wide; other notably longer than wide and roughly uniform in width. Preopercular organ on sternum VII formed by a blunt median swelling some distance off the posterior margin (Fig. 57C); the interveining portion carinate longitudinally. Tergum VIII and IX roughly equal in length and weakly narrowing, slightly shorter and narrower than VII. Anal segment almost 1.2x longer than IX, declining and gradually narrowing towards the posterior with the apex narrow and very deeply incised to form two slender, acute points. Epiproct small, triangular and not reachint apical tips of anal segment. Cerci very elongate, slender, cylindrical and filiform; 1.7x longer than anal segment and almost reaching to tip of subgenital plate (Fig. 57C); the basal portion very weakly curved and constricted. Subgenital plate as typical for the genus, being strongly keeled longitudinally, gently up-curving and having the lateral margins expanded anteriorly tor form an almust closed sword-like structure; apex acutely pointed and subgenital plate projecting beyond apex of abdomen by almost 2x the length of anal segment.</p>
            <p>Legs: All long, slender and smooth. Profemora somewhat longer than head, pro- and mesothrax combined, metafemora slightly projecting over posterior margin of abdominal segment IV and metatibiae roughly reaching tip of anal segment. Basitarsi elongate, the probasitarsus notably longer than all following tarsomeres combined.</p>
            <p> Comments: Redtenbacher (1908. 550) originally described  H. rostrata from two ♀ syntypes, which however represent two distinct species. The foremost mentioned ♀ from Minhasa, Northern Sulawesi in MNCN is here se-lected as the lectotype to guarantee stability of the taxon. The second specimen from Pulau Mangole, Sula Islands in NHMW is a different species. Examination of both specimens has shown the latter one to be conspecific with  H. styligera (Bates, 1865) and based on this latter specimen Günther (1934: 86) synonymised Redtenbacher’s species. However, since the ♀ lectotype in MNCN is a distinct species,  H. rostrata is here re-established as a valid species (rev. Stat.). The lectotype has as yet remained the only known specimen of  H. rostrata and is here redescribed and illustrated. Male and egg unknown. </p>
            <p>Distribution: N-Sulawesi, Prov. Sulawesi Utara (Minahasa).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DB87EEFF7F9DD8FF405D58FCC7F616	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hennemann, Frank H.	Hennemann, Frank H. (2021): Stick insects of Sulawesi, Peleng and the Sula Islands, Indonesia- a review including checklists of species and descriptions of new taxa (Insecta: Phasmatodea). Zootaxa 5073 (1): 1-189, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5073.1.1
03DB87EEFF619DC3FF405AC7FE7BF102.text	03DB87EEFF619DC3FF405AC7FE7BF102.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hemiplasta styligera (Bates 1865) ) Gunther 1934	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Hemiplasta styligera (Bates, 1865)</p>
            <p>(Figs. 58–59)</p>
            <p> Necroscia styligera, Bates, 1865: 354 , pl. 45: 1. HT, ♀: Sula;  Necroscia styligera Bates ♀; E. coll. (1830-73) W.W. Saunders, Purchased and pres ‘73 by Mrs. F.W. Hope [OXUM, No. 669]. </p>
            <p>Kirby, 1904: 377.</p>
            <p> Sipyloidea (Hemiplasta) styligera, Redtenbacher, 1908: 550 . </p>
            <p> Sipyloidea styligera, Bruner, 1915: 238 . </p>
            <p> Hemiplasta styligera, Günther, 1934: 86 (in part—erroneous synonymy of  H. rostrata Redtenbacher, 1908 ). Hennemann, 1998: 113, 121, Figs. 18 &amp; 19 (in part—only the ♀). </p>
            <p>Otte &amp; Brock, 2005: 153.</p>
            <p> Sipyloidea (Hemiplasta) rostrata Redtenbacher, 1908: 550 (in part—only PLT, ♀: Sula Mangoli, Oct.–Novbr. Doherty, ex coll. H. Fruhstorfer; det. Redtenb.  Sipyloidea rostrata ;  Sipyloidea rostrata R.; 22505 [NHMW, No. 1090]) </p>
            <p> Further material:   PELENG: 5 ♀♀, 1 ♂: Indonesien,  Banggai Ids. , W-Peleng Island,  Buko District , btw. Tatendeng village and Eben village 400–550 m, IX  .2011 [coll. FH, No’s 0298-2 to 7];   3 ♀♀: Indonesien,  Banggai Ids. ,  WPeleng Island ,  Buko District , btw. Tatendeng village and Eben village 400–550 m, IX.2011 [IMQC]  .   SULAWESI: 1 ♀: Indonesien, S-Sulawesi,  Tana Toraja , Rantepao, ca. 800 m, leg. Tajuddin X.1995 [coll. FH, No. 0298-1]  . </p>
            <p> Differential diagnosis: From the very similar  H. rostrata Redtenbacher, 1908 rev. stat. ♀♀ differ by the larger size, more slender habitus and the short cerci, that are notably shorter than the anal segment (Figs. 58D–G; much longer than anal segment and filiform in  rostrata ). The short cerci of ♀♀ are shared with  H. aptera Günther, 1938 and  H. sarasinorum Günther, 1938 (Fig. 50A), but this species are readily separated from both these species by the fully developed alae that at least reach to abdominal tergum VI and distinct but fine, black postocular stripe. From  H. aptera it may furthermore be distinguished by the much larger size, much more slender shape and proportionally more elongate body segments and limbs. Males differ from all other known ♂♂ of the genus by the much more delicate shape, proportionally longer body segments and limbs, distinct black postocular stripes and black coronal line of the head, just sparsely and weakly granulose mesonotum (densely granulose in all other known species) and much less bulgy, rather scoop-shaped poculum. </p>
            <p>Description: ♂ (Fig. 59A). Large for the genus (body length 62.3 mm), shape very slender with well developed alae (32.0 mm) a weakly granulose mesonotum and a small, scoop-shaped poculum (Fig. 59C). General colour a micture of ochraceous mid brown and dark brown portions, the thoracic segments in particular with blackish markings. Head with a distnct black postocular streak and a black coronal line, the latter of which is continued over entire length of pronotum. Anterolateral portions of pronotum pale green, most of prothoracic epimerum black (Fig. 59B). The mesonotum with an irregularly defined black lateral streak, the medio-longitudinal carina green and the granules yellow; posterior portion increasingly darkened. Tegmina and alae with the radial vein marked by pale green; the costal region of the alae with some washed light grey markings and most veins slightly greenish, the anal fan transparent grey with brown veins. Most of lower portion of abdomen blackish. Profemora weakly marbled with dark brown and straw basally, the meso- and metafemora rather plain with a slight orangey wash and flecked with dark brown in the apical portion. Protibiae mostly dotted with black, the meso and metatibiae with a slight greenish wash and the apex blackish. Three basal antennomeres black ventrally, rest of antennae ochre and weakly annulated with darker brown. Eyes greyish in the dried specimen.</p>
            <p>Head (Fig. 59B): Roundly rectangular, scarcely longer than wide, rather flattened and with the genae somewhat convex; vertex smooth, flat and with a fine coronal line. No ocelli. Frons with a distinct C-shaped impression between bases of antennae. Eyes very large, slightly oval in outline and their length more than that of genae. Antennae notably longer than body. Scapus somewhat flattened, rectangular in outline and 1.25x longer than wide. Pedicellus round in cross-section and slightly shorter than scapus, antennomere III roughly equal in length and progressively constricted towards apex.</p>
            <p>Thorax: Pronotum slightly narrower but longer than head (Fig. 59B), the anterior portion somewhat deflexed and the angles with a semi-circular excavation, the lateral margins distinctly concave; roughly 1.8x longer than width in posterior portion. Surface smooth except for a few scattered and very low granules in the posterolateral portions, the medio-longitudinal line somewhat impressed and the transverse median sulcus moderately prominent almost straight and expanding over entire width of segment. Mesothorax slender, constricted medially, widened in the posterior one third and at anterior margin; 4.3x longer than pronotum. Mesonotum with a distinct and acute medio-longitudinal carina, the surface otherwise with several irregularly dispersed, low granules, two pairs of which are somewhat enlarged and positioned close to anterior margin. Mesopeurae very weakly and sparsely set with low granules, mesosternum, metapleurae and metasternum smooth. Tegmina roundly angular, scale-like and with the pre-median hump weakly pronounced and obtusely rounded. Alae reaching to posterior margin of abdominal tergum V.</p>
            <p>Abdomen: Median segment considerabyl longer than metanotum. Segments II–V roughly uniform in length and width and about 6x longer than wide. VI–VII notably decreasing in length with VII just slightly more than half the length of V. Tergum VII about 4.2x longer than width at anterior margin, the lateral margins very slightly but gradually widening towards the posterior. Tergum VIII about three-quarters the length of VII, almost parallel-sided and roughy 3x longer than wide; the posterior portion with a rather disitinct membrane. Tergum IX scarcely shorter than VIII, somewhat deflexed anteriorly and narrowed in the posterior half. Anal segment distinctly tectinate, about four-fifths the length of IX with lateral surfaces slightly convex; the posterior margin with a distinct triangular excavation and the outer angles obtusely angular and somewhat swollen with the intero-ventral surface set with minute denticles; entire posterior margin densely set with rather long setae. Epiproct very small, triangular and almost wholly concealed under anal segment. Vomer black, elongate-triangular in shape, with a short but strongly up-curving terminal hook; the apical portion somewhat keeled medio.longitudinally and the basal portion with the lateral portions strongly inflated and the central portion indented and furrowed. Cerci oval in cross-section, mderately slender and noticeably shorter than anal segment and with the apex swollen and club-shaped. Phallus rather short, just slightly projecting over dorsal margin of poculum, digitiform and pale yellow. Sternum IX fairly bulgy with the posterior margin labiate and somewhat expanded towards the posterior in the median portion. Poculum scoopshaped, in ventral aspect roundly triangular in outline and scarcely reaching to posterior margin of tergum IX; the dorsal margin somewhat undulate (Fig. 59C).</p>
            <p>Legs: All very long and delicate, moderately carinated and wholly unarmed. Profemora notably longer than head, pro- and mesothorax combined with the base strongly constricted and distinctly curved. Mesofemora somewhat longer than pro- and mesothorax combined and metafemora slightly projecting over posterior margin of abdominal segment V; medioventral carina indistinct. All basitarsi very elongate, slender and longer than remaining tarsomeres taken together.</p>
            <p>Variability: The Pelengese ♀♀ at hand show some chromatic variability concerning to the number and inten-sity of the dark markings iof the thoracic segments, tegmina and costal region of the alae. One specimen (coll. FH 0298-5) has most of the the apical half of the tegmina creamish white and in another one (coll. FH 0298-2) the three portions between the radial sector vein, anterior and posterior medial vein are pale green. The latter specimen also has the meso- and metasternum and subgenital plate wholly dotted with black.</p>
            <p> Comments: The previously unknown ♂ is here described for the first time and he series of specimens in the author’s collection and the collection of IMQC represent the first record of  H. styligera from the island of Peleng. The supposed ♂ described by Hennemann (1998: 113, pl. 3: 6–7, fig. 19) has proven to be a distinct species that is here described as  Necroscia malleoformia n. sp. that is very characteristic for the morphology of the terminalia and significantly differs from all other previously unknown ♂♂ of the genus. Redtenbacher’s  Hemiplasta rostrata is here removed from synonymy with  H. styligera and re-established as a valid species because the two ♀ syntypes represent two distinct species.  Only the paralectotype from  Pulau Mangole , Sula Islands in NHMW is a specimen of this species. The egg still remains unknown. </p>
            <p>Distribution: Sula Islands (Pulau Mangole); Peleng Island (Buko District, btw. Tantendeng village &amp; Eben village, 400–550 m); Central Sulawesi, Prov. Sulawesi Selatan (Tana Toraja: Rantepao 700–800 m); Talaud Islands (Karakelang Island: Lobo).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DB87EEFF619DC3FF405AC7FE7BF102	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hennemann, Frank H.	Hennemann, Frank H. (2021): Stick insects of Sulawesi, Peleng and the Sula Islands, Indonesia- a review including checklists of species and descriptions of new taxa (Insecta: Phasmatodea). Zootaxa 5073 (1): 1-189, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5073.1.1
03DB87EEFF659DC3FF405C00FBCDF676.text	03DB87EEFF659DC3FF405C00FBCDF676.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Necroscia Serville 1838	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Genus  Necroscia Serville, 1838</p>
            <p>(Fig. 60)</p>
            <p> Type-species:  Necroscia roseipennis Serville, 1838: 252 (=  Necroscia prasina Burmeister, 1838: 586 ), by subsequent designation of Kirby, 1904: 436. </p>
            <p> Comments: This very speciose genus has a wide distributional range and is distributed throughout almost the complete Oriental region and also has representatives on New Guinea and surrounding islands. The highest diversity of species is however found in the subregion defined as Sundaland, principally comprising Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Sumatra, Java and Borneo. Only two species have so far become known from Sulawesi, one of which is here described as new but is of somewhat questionable affiliation. The other species,  N. aruana (Westwood, 1859) , is the type-species of the synonymic genus  Aruanoidea Redtenbacher, 1908 (Hennemann, 1998: 121) . </p>
            <p> As defined currently,  Necroscia is still a polyphyletic composition although numerous taxonomic changes have already been conducted by Seow-Choen (2016, 2017, 2018). Females of  Necroscia are characterized by the specialized morphology of the genitalia, having an apically narrowed, somewhat tube-like and forked subgenital plate, that might be slightly elongated to project beyond the tip of the abdomen, and usually have more or less elongated often club-like cerci, that considerably project beyond the anal segment. Males exhibit various specializations of the terminalia but the anal segment in particular, which are too numerous to be summarized at this point. The eggs are elongate, tube-like and bullet or okra-shaped with an acutely pointed, bi- or tri-carinate polar end, which serves for the eggs being pierced into substrates like moss, lichens or gaps in tree bark. The morphology of the ♀ terminalia and eggs is shared with various other genera of  Necrosciinae including e.g.  Eurynecroscia Dohrn, 1910 , Notaspinus Seow-Choen, 2017,  Orthonecroscia Kirby, 1904 and  Paranecroscia Redtenbacher, 1908 . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DB87EEFF659DC3FF405C00FBCDF676	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hennemann, Frank H.	Hennemann, Frank H. (2021): Stick insects of Sulawesi, Peleng and the Sula Islands, Indonesia- a review including checklists of species and descriptions of new taxa (Insecta: Phasmatodea). Zootaxa 5073 (1): 1-189, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5073.1.1
03DB87EEFF659DC2FF405BAAFAA3F741.text	03DB87EEFF659DC2FF405BAAFAA3F741.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Necroscia aruana Westwood 1859	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Necroscia aruana Westwood, 1859</p>
            <p> Necroscia aruana Westwood, 1859: 134 , pl. 39: 4. HT, ♀: Aru;  aruana Westw. [OXUM, No. 653]. Hennemann, 1998: 121. </p>
            <p> Aruanoidea aruana, Günther, 1934: 85 . Günther, 1935a: 27. Günther, 1938: 59, 91. </p>
            <p> Sipyloidea bipunctata Redtenbacher, 1908: 524 . HT, ♂: Coll. Br. v. W. Nord-Buton, H. Kühne; det. Redtenb.  Aruanoidea bipunctata ; N-Buton [NHMW, No. 1013]. (Synonymised by Günther, 1934: 85) </p>
            <p> Necroscia sp. Hennemann, 1998: 112 , 121. </p>
            <p>
                 Further material: SULAWESI:   1 ♀: Tomohon, Celebes, 6.V.94  Sar. ;  Aruanoidea aruana Westw. K. Günther det. [NHMB]  ;   1 ♂:  Celebes , Ile Ile, G. Heinrich 11.XII.1930 [MNHU]  ;   1 ♀: Celebes,  Latimodjong Geb. Oeroe 800 m, G. Heinrich 8.30 [MNHU]  ;   1 ♀:  Wawo 50 m; S-O-Celebes, Mengkoka-Geb., 2.1931, G. Heinrich [MNHU]  ;   1 ♂: Indonesien, S-Sulawesi,  Tana Toraja Highland , ca. 800 m, leg. Tajuddin X.1995 – III.1996 [coll. FH,  No. 0122-3 (was FH 0310-1)]. PELENG  :   1 ♂: Indonesia, Peleng Island, Tinangkung Utara District, near  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 123.42333/lat -1.2833333)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=123.42333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-1.2833333">Luksagu village</a>
                 ca. 60 m elev., 1°17’S 123°25.4’ E, VII.2012 [coll. FH, No. 0122-2]  ;   1 ♂: O-Sulawesi, Prov. Sulawesi Tengah, Bang-gai-Inseln, W-Peleng Island, Buko District, btw.  Tatendeng village and  Eben village 400–550 m, IX  .2011 [coll. FH, No. 0122-3]. 
            </p>
            <p> Comments: This species appears to be widely distributed within Wallacea and was originally described from a unique ♀ from the Aru Islands in OXUM. The ♀ from Tomohon, Northern Sulawesi in NHMB recorded by Günther (1938: 91) is fairly small for this species (body length including the subgenital plate 74.5 mm) but appears to be conspecific with the HT. While the latter is generally light brown to ochre in colour with the alae and legs irregularly flecked with darker brown, this example is characteristic for the yellowish green general colouration and much more decided dark mottling of the extrimities. Re-examination of the ♂ referred to as “  Necroscia sp. ” by Hennemann (1998: 112, 121) has shown this specimen also to represent Westwood’s aruana. The specimens is apple green with a bold yellow postocular streak, a yellow marginal stripe along the lateral margins of the pro- and mesonotum, a distinct yellow stripe along the radial vein of the tegmina and alae and has the anal fan of the alae light transparent pink. The yellow longitudinal stripe of the tegmina is very broad in the basal portion, there are two distinctive yellow spots in the posterior region and the central marking is well developed but rather orange in colour. The costal region of the alae is irregularly flecked with yellow along the radial vein. Unfortunately, the specimen lacks most of the abdomen. </p>
            <p> Two ♂♂ in the author’s collection represent the first records of  N. aruana from the island of Peleng. The specimens are fairly large (body length 64.0–66.0 mm) and slender for the species are basically ochraceous mid brown in colour with most of the head and pronotum darker brown and has the anal region of the alae fairly intense pink. The tegmina only have a very faint and washed dark brown streak along the radial vein and a very small cream central spot. The costal region of the lae is plain in colour without any distinctive mottling. Only selected citations are given above and the entity of numerous citations may be looked up online in the  Phasmida Species File (http://  Phasmida . SpeciesFile.org). </p>
            <p>Distribution: Bismarck Archipelago, Aru Islands [OXUM]; Moluccas, Prov. Maluku Utara (Obi Island) [ANSP]; Moluccas, Prov. Maluku Utara (Buru Island) [NHMW, coll. FH]; Moluccas, Prov. Maluku Utara (Halma-hera Island) [NHMW]; Moluccas, Prov. Maluku Utara (Bacan Island) [NHMW]; Moluccas, Prov. Maluku Utara (Ambon Island) [NHMW]; Talaud Islands (Karakelang &amp; Liroeng) [RMNH, NHMW]; Sulawesi [MNHU, NHMB, SMTD, coll. FH]; Buton Island [NHMW]; Peleng [coll. FH]; Timor [SMTD]; New Guinea [NHMW].</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DB87EEFF659DC2FF405BAAFAA3F741	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hennemann, Frank H.	Hennemann, Frank H. (2021): Stick insects of Sulawesi, Peleng and the Sula Islands, Indonesia- a review including checklists of species and descriptions of new taxa (Insecta: Phasmatodea). Zootaxa 5073 (1): 1-189, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5073.1.1
03DB87EEFF649DC0FF405AC1FC0DF72D.text	03DB87EEFF649DC0FF405AC1FC0DF72D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Necroscia malleoformia Hennemann 2021	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Necroscia malleoformia n. sp.</p>
            <p>(Fig. 60)</p>
            <p> HT,   ♂: S-Sulawesi,  Selatan Prov. , Tana Toraja, leg. Tajuddin X.1995 – II.1996 [MNHU, ex coll. FH]  . </p>
            <p> PT,   ♂: S-Sulawesi,  Selatan Prov. , Tana Toraja, leg. Tajuddin X.1995 – II.1996 [coll. FH, No. 1273-1]  . </p>
            <p>Etymology: The name (malleus, malleos lat. = hammer) refers to the prominently swollen and hammer-like tip of the abdomen of ♂♂ of this distinctive new species (Figs. 60C–D).</p>
            <p> Differential diagnosis: The morphology of the terminalia of ♂♂ of this new species strongly resembles the Bornean  Scionecra clavigera (Redtenbacher, 1908) , a species originally described in the genus  Aruanoidea Redtenbacher, 1908 and now a synonym of  Necroscia . This species is however misplaced in  Scionecra Karny, 1923 why  N. malleoformia n. sp. is provisionally assigned to  Necroscia . The distinct genital morphology readily distinguishes it from  clavigera and all Sulawesian members of  Necroscia , which includes a strongly swollen abdominal tergum IX, enlarged and strongly tectiform anal segment, that is much higher than long as well as a flattened and spatulate subgenital plate. </p>
            <p>Description: ♂ (Figs. 60A–B). Of average size for the genus (body length 61.0 mm), fairly typical in shape and general appearance, with well developed alae (34.0–35.0 mm) and a characteristically swollen and hammerlike apex of the abdomen. General colour straw to pale beige in the holotype (the paratype somewhat darker) with a very slight greenish wash along lateral margins of abdominal terga and bases of femora. Head with a fine mediolongitudinal black stripe on frons that continues about the the centre of the vertex and a washed brown postocular streak on cheeks. Eyes creamish mid brown. A fine black longitudinal line near lateral margins in the anterior half of mesonotum. Pro-, meso- and metasternum with a broad blackish medio-longitudinal streak, which gradually fades on metasternum. Tegmina chestnut brown with all longitudinal veins dark yellow and the radial vein marked by a bold yellow streak. Costal region of alae ochre with some irregularly dispersed and faint yellow spots and with the same yellow veins as in tegmina; anal fan hyalinous with slightly rosy longitudinal veins. Limbs coloured like body but the apical portion of all femora ochre to slightly reddish.Antennae brown and very weakly annulated with ochre, the four basal antennomeres black ventrally.</p>
            <p>Head (Fig. 60E): Roundly rectangular, about 1.2x longer than wide, slightly flattened and the genae parallelsided; vertex smooth, flat with a fine coronal line and a C-shaped transverse impression in centre where the black stripe of the frons terminates. Area between the eyes slightly raised and very minutely but densely granulose. No ocelli. Eyes large, slightly oval in outline and their length contained about 1.2x in length of genae. Antennae almost reaching to tip of abdomen. Scapus somewhat flattened, rectangular in outline and 1.3x longer than wide. Pedicellus ovate, round in cross-section and slightly shorter than scapus, antennomere III roughly equal in length and constricted towards apex.</p>
            <p>Thorax: Pronotum slightly narrower but about equal in length to head, the anterior portion somewhat deflexed and the angles with a semi-circular excavation, remainder of segment parallel-sided; 1.25x longer than wide. A distinct pit is seen near the anterolateral angles, the remainder of the surface with a slightly impressed medio-longitudinal line; the transverse median sulcus prominent and broad in the median portion but narrow in the lateral portion, straight and expanding over entire width of segment (Fig. 60E). Mesothorax elongate, 3.75x longer than pronotum and very gently widened in the posterior one third. Mesonotum unevenly rugulose (Fig. 60E) with the rugulae gradually becoming less pronounced towards the posterior and with a fine longitudinal median carina; a transverse bulge near anterior margin. Mesopleurae very weakly and sparsely rugulose, mesosternum, metapleurae and metasternum smooth. Tegmina oval, scale-like and just with a small and obtuse pre-median hump. Alae reaching to posterior margin of abdominal tergum VI.</p>
            <p>Abdomen: Median segment considerably longer than metanotum. Segments II–V roughly uniform in length and width and about 4x longer than wide. VI–VII decreasing in length with VII three-quarters the length of V. Tergum VII with lateral margins slightly widening towards the posterior, the posterolateral angles somewhat deflexed triangularly. Sterna V–VII weakly tectinate longitudinally. Tergum VIII shortest segment and three-quarters the length of VII, the posterior margin concave and connected to tergum IX by a large membranous area that allows the folding up of the terminal two segments. Tergum IX notably longer than VIII, as long as high with the dorsal surface slightly gibbose and the lateral surfaces roundly swollen. Anal segment much short-er than IX, strongly and acutely tectinate, almost 2x higher than long (Fig. 60C) with the posterolateral angles protroded into an obtusely triangular projection that is somewhat concave interiorly and set with a few minute denticles (Fig. 60D). Epiproct very small and almost completely concealed by anal segment. Cerci rather small but elongate, round in cross-section gently in-curved and with the apex slightly club-like; downward directed. Vomer slender and with a single, gently up-curving terminal hook. Poculum slender, flat and weakly tectiform longitudinally with the apex obtusely rounded; almost reaching to posterior margin of tergum IX (Fig. 60D).</p>
            <p>Legs: All long, slender, just weakly carinated and unarmed. Profemora notably longer than head, pro- and mesothorax combined with the base strongly constricted and distinctly curved. Mesofemora longer than mesothorax and metafemora slightly projecting over posterior margin of abdominal segment IV; medioventral carina obtuse and indistinct. All basitarsi slender, pro- and metabasitarsus about as long as remaining tarsomeres combined, mesobasitarsus slightly shorter than combined length of remaining tarsomeres.</p>
            <p> Comments: This species is here placed in  Necroscia Serville, 1838 with reservation. The distinctive morphology of the terminalia most strongly resembles certain members of this genus, which however is a polyphyletic grouping and certainly deserves splitting in the future. With no ♂♂ of the genus  Hemiplasta Redtenbacher, 1908 identified at that time, Hennemann (1998: 113, fig. 19, pl. 3: 6–7) believed this species to represent the ♂♂ of  Hemiplasta styligera (Bates, 1865) and provided a description and illustrations. Availability of the true ♂♂ of  H. styligera and knowledge of the ♂♂ of several  Hemiplasta -species however has shown the concerned two specimens two represent an as yet undescribed and not congeneric species. Female and egg unknown. </p>
            <p>Distribution: South Sulawesi, Prov. Sulawesi Selatan, Tana Toraja.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DB87EEFF649DC0FF405AC1FC0DF72D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hennemann, Frank H.	Hennemann, Frank H. (2021): Stick insects of Sulawesi, Peleng and the Sula Islands, Indonesia- a review including checklists of species and descriptions of new taxa (Insecta: Phasmatodea). Zootaxa 5073 (1): 1-189, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5073.1.1
03DB87EEFF699DCBFF405EFDFD12F534.text	03DB87EEFF699DCBFF405EFDFD12F534.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Nescicroa Karny 1923	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Genus  Nescicroa Karny, 1923 rev. stat. </p>
            <p>(Figs. 61A &amp; C, 62, 63)</p>
            <p> Type-species:  Necroscia terminalis Redtenbacher, 1908: 561 , pl. 26: 6, by original designation. </p>
            <p> Nescicroa Karny, 1923: 242</p>
            <p>Günther, 1929: 629.</p>
            <p>Bradley &amp; Galil, 1977: 182.</p>
            <p>Hennemann, 1998: 121 (in part).</p>
            <p>Otte &amp; Brock, 2005: 224 (in part).</p>
            <p> Paranecroscia, Seow-Choen, 2016: 181 (in part). [Erroneous synonym] </p>
            <p> Diagnosis: ♀, ♂. Small to medium-sized (body length &lt;80.0 mm), fairly stocky  Necrosciinae with well developed alae in both sexes that at least reach to abdominal segment VI. Sexual dimorphism distinct with ♂♂ much smaller and more slender than ♀♀; also colouration may be very different between the sexes. Often colourful and ± multicoloured insects; anal fan of alae uniform in colour and ranging from hyaline over translucent grey to dark pink. Head sub-spherical to squarish and hardly longer than wide, smooth; no ocelli. Antennae shorter than body (♀♀) or ± as long as body (♂♂); filiform. Mesothorax moderately slender and in ♂♂ rarely with a slight swelling subanteriorly; &lt;3x longer than pronotum. Mesonotum with ± distinct, obtuse medio-longitudinal carina and smooth to minutely granulose. Mesosternum smooth but with a fine medio-longitudinal carina. Tegmina squamiform, rather flattened and posterior margin obtusely angular. Terminalia of ♀♀: Anal segment roughly triangular in dorsal aspect with apex ± protruded and the posterior margin rounded to obtusely pointed; covering epiproct, which is not visible in dorsal aspect (Fig. 61C). Cerci cylindrical straight and ± reaching to apex of anal segment. Gonapophysis VIII with apex narrowed and slightly elongated, fully concealed in subgenital plate (Fig. 61A). Gonoplacs very small. Subgenital plate broad, weakly scoop-shaped and with a narrowed, often ± up-curving apex (Figs. 61A, C); at beast reaching to tip of anal segment. Terminalia of ♂♂: Tergum IX not distinctly longer than VIII or X. Anal segment with a ± distinct posteromedian indention or excavation; the outer angles ± swollen and occasionally with a very few minute teeth interiorly. Epiproct scale-like and visible in dorsal aspect; sometimes projecting slightly beyond tip of anal segment. Cerci variable in size and at best projecting beyond tip of abdomen by the length of anal segment; shape slender and ± club-like with apex obtusely swollen. Vomer small with a single and mostly straight terminal hook. Poculum variable in size, mug-shaped with the posterior margin entire and at best reaching 1/3 along anal segment. Legs slender, completely unarmed and with all carinae rather obtuse and indistinct; tibiae may be almost round in cross-section. Profemora weakly compressed and curved basally. Medioventral carina of femora very obscure. Probasitarsi ± as long as following three tarsomeres combined, meso- and metabasitarsi less than combined length of tarsomeres II and III. Eggs ovate to almost spherical or barrel-shaped. </p>
            <p> Differentiation. Similar and supposedly closely related to  Singaporoidea Seow-Choen, 2017 and  Neonescicroa Seow-Choen, 2016 . Whereas a distinction from the latter genus is not possible at this juncture (see comment on  Neonescicroa below),  Nescicroa may be distinguished from  Singaporoidea by: the much stockier shape and relatively shorter body segments with the mesonotum no more than 3x the length of the pronotum; generally much more complex colouration and usually being multi-colourous (general colour mostly green or brown in  Singaporoidea ); shorter and broader, more squarish head; shorter and broader apically truncate tegmina; notably less carinated legs (tibiae may be almost round in cross-section) and less compressed and just weakly curved base of the profemora. </p>
            <p> From  Paranecroscia , with which this genus was synonymised in error,  Nescicroa can readily be separated by the morphology of the terminalia of ♀♀ (Fig. 61), by lacking a secondary ovipositor and having a simple, broad and scoop-shaped subgenital plate (Figs. 61A, C), slender and straight cerci and with the small epiproct fully concealed by the ± protruded apex of the basically triangular anal segment (Fig 61C; see detailed explanation below). In association with the ♀♀ genital morphology the eggs differ by being spherical, ovate or barrel-shaped. A reliable distinction between ♂♂ appears difficult. </p>
            <p> Comments:  Nescicroa Karny, 1923 was established without a formal description and originally only contained its type-species  N. terminalis (Redtenbacher, 1908) . Numerous species have subsequently been attributed to the genus by various authors, but a definition of the  Nescicroa has never been undertaken. Seow-Choen (2016: 181, 210) synonymised Karny’s genus with  Paranecroscia Redtenbacher, 1908 (Type-species:  P. operculata Redtenbacher, 1908: 210 ) solely for the fact that the type-species of both genera “ are similar in many aspects ”, but failed to provide any morphological characters that would justify this synonymy. Moreover, Seow-Choen (2016: 181) stated that  Nescicroa as assembled previously has been polyphyletic. Unfortunately, the very sketchy new definition of  Paranecroscia presented by Seow-Choen does also not give any morphological characters that would be useful for a generic distinction within the speciose subfamily  Necrosciinae . Instead, the only trait of definitive character mentioned “ The female operculum (= subgenital plate) boat-shaped with pointed, notched or upcurved tip ” describes two fundamentally different character stades that suggests polyphyly of  Paranecroscia as newly defined by Seow-Choen (2016: 181, 210). Actually, detailed examinations of the terminalia of ♀♀ of the type-species of  Nescicroa and  Paranecroscia (Fig. 61) prove this assumption and clearly show the synonymy introduced by Seow-Choen (2016) to be wrong. Thus,  Nescicroa is here re-established as a valid genus (rev. stat.). A new diagnosis of  Nescicroa is presented above and the justification for removing the genus from synonymy with  Paranecroscia is as follows: </p>
            <p> The type-species of  Paranecroscia and  Nescicroa exhibit two fundamentally different types of genitalia in ♀♀ (Fig. 61), which are associated with two fundamentally different egg morphologies and oviposition strate-gies. In  Paranecroscia there is a secondary ovipositor whereas this is lacking in  Nescicroa . In  Paranecroscia the subgenital plate is narrow, groove-like with the lower surface ± straight in lateral aspect (fig. 61B), elongate and usually reaches to or slightly projects over the apex of the abdomen. The apex is notched and bifid (Fig. 61D). The gonapophyses IX are prominently enlarged and mostly melted with the smaller gonapohyses VIII with both ± reaching to the tip of the subgenital plate (Fig. 61B). The gonoplacs are free, elongated, filiform and just slightly shorter than the gonapophyses. A distinct gonangulum is visible between abdominal tergum IX and the subgenital plate (Fig. 61B). The cerci are conspicuously enlarged, projecect distinctly beyond the apex of the abdomen and have the apex strongly swollen and club-like. The anal segment (= tergum X) has the posterior margin indented or excavated medially to give space to a scale-shaped epiproct that is well visible in dorsal aspect (Fig. 61B). The secondary ovipositor formed by the subgenital plate, gonapophyses and gonoplacs is used for depositing eggs in substrates like bark, moss, lichens or soil. The eggs of  Paranecroscia -species are very elongate, bullet-like or okra-shaped, notably curved in lateral aspect and have the posterior end with two distinct longitudinal carinae that converge to an acutely pointed tip. The micropylar plate is elongate and lanceolate in shape. All these characters of  Paranecroscia are shared with e.g.  Necroscia Serville, 1838 and  Orthonecroscia Kirby, 1904 and suggest close relation to these two genera. In strict contrast, no such secondary ovipositor is seen in  N. terminalis , the type-species of  Nescicroa , and all other species here re-transferred to the genus. The subgenital plate is of a simple shape, being broad, scoopshaped with a narrowed and acute, ± up-curving tip and rarely reaches the apex of the abdomen (Figs. 61A, C). Nor the gonapophyses, neither the gonoplacs are notably enlarged and all three pairs of genital valves are almost fully concealed by the subgenital plate (Fig. 61A). The cerci are simple, straight and cylindrical. The anal segment is basically triangular in dorsal aspect and has the apex ± protruded and rounded to acutely pointed. This protruded apex of the anal segment overlaps the very small epiproct, which is fully hidden under the anal segment and not visible in dorsal aspect (Fig. 61C). The eggs are spherical, ovate or barrel-shaped, have a small oval micropylar plate and are simply dropped by the ♀♀. All these characters of the ♀♀ terminalia are shared with  Neonescicroa Seow-Choen, 2016 and  Singaporoidea Seow-Choen, 2017 and suggest close relation to these to genera rather than  Paranecroscia . Hence, the overall similarity in general shape and colour of certain species of  Nescicroa and  Paranecroscia , noted by Seow Choen (2016: 181, 210) can be revealed as nothing but convergent evolution, which is very commonly observed within  Phasmatodea . </p>
            <p> The status of  Neonescicroa Seow-Choen, 2016 (type-species:  Necroscia excelsa Redtenbacher, 1908 ) is questionable and deserves scrutiny. The genus agrees with  Nescicroa in most aspects including the morphology of the ♀♀ terminalia and might be polyphyletic in the present composition. </p>
            <p> The species P.  albilateralis Hennemann, 1998 ,  P. inconspicua (Redtenbacher, 1908) ,  P. macra (Redtenbacher, 1908) ,  P. poeciloptera (Rehn, 1904) and  P. tenella (Günther, 1935) are not congeneric and are here transferred to  Singaporoidea Seow-Choen, 2017 (see below). </p>
            <p>Distribution. Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Sulawesi, Moluccas, New Guinea &amp; Solomon Islands.</p>
            <p>Species included:</p>
            <p> The following list of species inludes all species that can be confirmed as members of  Nescicroa Karny, 1923 . Several further species may belong in  Nescicroa but could either not be examined for this study or are only known from single holotypes, which lack the terminalia that are indespensable for a confirmed decision on their generic affiliation. </p>
            <p> 1.  Nescicroa angustata (Redtenbacher, 1908: 562) . rev. comb. </p>
            <p>Distribution: Borneo.</p>
            <p> 2.  Nescicroa compacta (Redtenbacher, 1908: 562) . rev. comb. </p>
            <p>Distribution: Java &amp; Sumatra.</p>
            <p> 3.  Nescicroa contracta (Redtenbacher, 1908: 562) . rev. comb. </p>
            <p>Distribution: Sumatra.</p>
            <p> 4.  Nescicroa heinrichi Günther, 1935a: 25 , pl. 2: 17. rev. comb. </p>
            <p>Distribution: Sulawesi.</p>
            <p> 5.  Nescicroa obliterata (Redtenbacher, 1908: 561) . rev. comb. </p>
            <p>Distribution: New Guinea.</p>
            <p> 6.  Nescicroa papuana (Brancsik, 1898: 65, pl. 2a–b). rev. comb. </p>
            <p>Distribution: New Guinea.</p>
            <p> 7.  Nescicroa rammei (Günther, 1935a: 26) . </p>
            <p>Distribution: Sulawesi.</p>
            <p> 8.  Nescicroa redempta (Redtenbacher, 1908: 562) . rev. comb. </p>
            <p>Distribution: Java.</p>
            <p> 9.  Nescicroa resignata (Redtenbacher, 1908: 560) . rev. comb. </p>
            <p>Distribution: New Guinea.</p>
            <p> 10.  Nescicroa rivalis (Redtenbacher, 1908: 562) . rev. comb. </p>
            <p>Distribution: Borneo.</p>
            <p> 11.  Nescicroa rufescens (Hennemann, 1998: 109, pl. 4: 7–8, figs. 14–15). rev. comb., n. stat. </p>
            <p>Distribution: Sulawesi.</p>
            <p> 12.  Nescicroa ruficeps (Kirby, 1904: 437) . n. comb. </p>
            <p>Distribution: Solomon Islands (Guadalcanal).</p>
            <p> 13.  Nescicroa sanguinata (Redtenbacher, 1908: 560) . rev. comb. </p>
            <p>Distribution: New Guinea.</p>
            <p> 14.  Nescicroa smaragdula (Bates, 1865: 357, pl. 45: 7). rev. comb. </p>
            <p> =  Necroscia albofasciata Redtenbacher, 1908: 560 . n. syn. * </p>
            <p> =  Necroscia graminea (Bates, 1865: 356) . n. syn. * </p>
            <p>Distribution: Moluccas (Halmahera &amp; Bacan), New Guinea.</p>
            <p> 15.  Nescicroa splendida n. sp.</p>
            <p>Distribution: Sulawesi.</p>
            <p> 16.  Nescicroa tereticollis (Redtenbacher, 1908: 561) . rev. comb. </p>
            <p>Distribution: New Guinea.</p>
            <p> 17.  Nescicroa terminalis (Redtenbacher, 1908: 561, pl. 27: 6). rev. comb. </p>
            <p>Distribution: Borneo.</p>
            <p> 18.  Nescicroa tumescens (Redtenbacher, 1908: 560) . rev. comb. ** </p>
            <p>Distribution: Moluccas</p>
            <p> 19.  Nescicroa viridilineata (Bates, 1865: 352) . rev. comb. </p>
            <p> =  Necroscia frontalis Redtenbacher, 1908: 522 . n. syn. *** </p>
            <p>Distribution: Moluccas (Seram, Ambon, Buru).</p>
            <p> * Examination of the holotypes of Bates  N. smaragdula and  N. graminea , both from the island of Bacan, and taking the very similar colour pattern and difference between the sexes of  N. splendida n. sp. into account leaves no doubt that  N. graminea is the opposite sex and ♀ of  N. smaragdula . Thus, it is here synonymised (n. syn.). The holotype of Redtenbacher’s  N. albofasciata in ZMAS, and also from the island of Bacan, is a typical ♀ of this species and therefore also synonymised (n. syn.). </p>
            <p> ** The type series of Redtenbacher’s  N. tumescens comprises two distinct species. The specimens from Bacan ‘Batjan’ in the collection of NHMW are  N. smaragdula (Bates, 1865) . </p>
            <p> ***  Necroscia frontalis was described from a total of seven specimens from the islands of Ambon and Buru in the collections of NHMW, MNHU and one from Java in SMTD. The latter locality stated for the ♀ in SMTD however is doubtful. Exami-nation of  Redtenbacher’s type specimens and comparison with the ♀ and ♂ of  N. viridileata Bates, 1865 from  Seram in OXUM leave no doubt they are the same species.  To provide stability to the species described by  Bates , the ♀ in OXUM is here selected as the lectotype of  N. viridilineata . Redtenbacher’s  frontalis is synonymised with the ♀ from Amboina with the left wing opened and a blue collection number label stating ‘1657’ attached to it designated as the lectotype (n. syn.). A further ♂ from Seram is contained in the author’s collection and matches very well with the paralectotype of  viridilineata . </p>
            <p> Keys to the Sulawesian species of  Nescicroa</p>
            <p>♀♀</p>
            <p>1. Subgenital plate short, not notably projecting over posterior margin of abdominal tergum IX.......................... 2</p>
            <p>- Subgenital plate longer, reaching at least half way along anal segment........................................... 3</p>
            <p> 2. Head, thorax and apex of femora and tibiae red (Figs. 62A, C)............................................  rufescens</p>
            <p> - Head, thorax dark green; apex of femora and tibiae dark yellow...........................................  rammei</p>
            <p> 3. Mesonotum 2.6x longer than pronotum; head reddish laterally; tegmina and costal region of alae with anterior margin distinctly black; anal region of alae translucent grey............................................................  heinrichi</p>
            <p> - Mesonotum only 2x longer than pronotum; head plain green with a yellow postocular streak on genae (Fig. 63D); tegmina and costal region of alae without a black anterior margin; anal fan of alae translucent pink (Fig. 63B)..........  splendida n. sp.</p>
            <p>♂♂ *</p>
            <p>1. Mesonotum&gt; 2.5x longer than pronotum, slender; epiproct projecting beyond tip of anal segment..................... 2</p>
            <p> - Mesonotum only 2.1x longer than pronotum, slightly swollen anteriorly; epiproct very small, transverse and not reaching to posterolateral angles of anal segment (Fig. 63J).................................................  splendida n. sp.</p>
            <p> 2. Head, thorax and apex of alae red; epiproct almost semicircular and hardly projecting beyond posterolateral angles of anl segment (Fig. 63G)................................................................................  rufescens</p>
            <p> - Head and thorax dark green, apex of femora dark yellow; epiproct triangular and projecting strongly beyond tip of anal segment..........................................................................................  rammei</p>
            <p> * ♂♂ of  N. heinrichi Günther, 1935 are not known. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DB87EEFF699DCBFF405EFDFD12F534	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hennemann, Frank H.	Hennemann, Frank H. (2021): Stick insects of Sulawesi, Peleng and the Sula Islands, Indonesia- a review including checklists of species and descriptions of new taxa (Insecta: Phasmatodea). Zootaxa 5073 (1): 1-189, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5073.1.1
03DB87EEFF6D9DC9FF405815FDD3F291.text	03DB87EEFF6D9DC9FF405815FDD3F291.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Nescicroa rufescens (Hennemann 1998) Hennemann 2021	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Nescicroa rufescens (Hennemann, 1998) n. stat.</p>
            <p>(Fig. 62)</p>
            <p> Nescicroa rufescens Hennemann, 1998: 109 , pl. 4: 7–8, figs. 14–15. HT, ♂: 7919; Holotypus;  Nescicroa heinrichi rufescens Hennemann, 1998 , det. F. Hennemann VI.1996 ♂; S-Sulawesi,  Luwu ,  Palopo , leg. Gunawan XI.1995 [MNHU, ex coll. FH]; AT, ♀: 7920; Holotypus;  Nescicroa heinrichi rufescens Hennemann, 1998 , det. F. Hennemann VI.1996 ♂; S-Sulawe-si, Luwu, Palopo, leg. Gunawan XI.1995 [MNHU, ex coll. FH]; PT, 2 ♀♀, 1 ♂: Indonesien, S-Sulawesi,  Sulawesi-Selatan ,  Luwu ,  Palopo , leg. Gunawan XI.1995 [coll. FH No’s 0102-1 to 3]; PT, 1 ♂: Indonesien, S-Sulawesi, Sulawesi Selatan, Tana Toraja, leg. Tajuddin X.1995 – II.1996 [coll. FH No. 0102-4]. </p>
            <p>Otte &amp; Brock, 2005: 225.</p>
            <p>Zompro, 2005. 265.</p>
            <p> Differential diagnosis: This species is very similar to  N. rammei Günther, 1935 but can readily be separated by its distinctive red colouration of the head, thorax and abdomen as well as the transparent ruby coloured anal fan of the alae of both sexes (Fig. 62). Males furthermore differ from those of  N. rammei by the much smaller and rather obtuse epiproct, which hardly projects beyond the outer lateral angles of the anal segment and comparatively shorter and broader cerci (Fig. 62G). From  N. heinrichi Günther, 1935 the ♀♀ of this species (the only sex known in  rammei ) can be distinguished at first glance by the same colour patterns mentioned above, the pronotum and mesonotum being green in  rammei with only the lateral margins marked by a rosy streak, the costal region of the alae being green medially with the anterior margin and posterior portion constrastingly black and the anal fan transparent grey. Moreover, the anal segment in  N. rufescens is much more acutely narrowed towards the apex (Fig. 62E) and the notably shorter subgenital plate merely reaches to the posterior margin of abdominal tergum IX (Figs. 62D, F). </p>
            <p> Comments: Originally described as a subspecies of  Nescicroa heinrichi Günther, 1953 rev. comb., re-examination of the type-series and detailed comparison with the type specimens of Günther’s species have shown this taxon to be a valid species. Thus it is here raised to species level and now is  Nescicroa rufescens n. stat. . Actually, it is more similar in various aspects and presumably more closely related to  N. rammei Günther, 1935 than to  N. heinrichi . Distinguishing features are summarized above. Body lengths: ♀♀ 61.5–67.0 mm, ♂♂ 49.5–53.0 mm. </p>
            <p>Distribution: S-Sulawesi, Sulawesi Selatan, Luwu Regency, Palopo [MNHU, coll. FH]; S-Sulawesi, Sulawesi Selatan,Tana Toraja Highland [coll. FH].</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DB87EEFF6D9DC9FF405815FDD3F291	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hennemann, Frank H.	Hennemann, Frank H. (2021): Stick insects of Sulawesi, Peleng and the Sula Islands, Indonesia- a review including checklists of species and descriptions of new taxa (Insecta: Phasmatodea). Zootaxa 5073 (1): 1-189, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5073.1.1
03DB87EEFF6F9DF6FF405FB1FB74F2EE.text	03DB87EEFF6F9DF6FF405FB1FB74F2EE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Nescicroa splendida Hennemann 2021	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Nescicroa splendida n. sp.</p>
            <p>(Fig. 63)</p>
            <p> HT,   ♀: Eastern Central Sulawesi,  Prov. Sulawesi Tengah , Banggai District,  Luwuk , IV.2007 [MNHU, ex coll. FH] </p>
            <p> PT,   ♂: Eastern Central Sulawesi,  Prov. Sulawesi Tengah , Banggai District,  Luwuk , IV.2007 [MNHU, ex coll. FH] </p>
            <p> PT,   3 ♀♀, 1 ♂: Eastern Central Sulawesi,  Prov. Sulawesi Tengah , Banggai District,  Luwuk , IV.2007 [coll. FH, No’s 0785-1 to 4] </p>
            <p>Etymology: The name (splendidus lat. = splendid, beautiful) refers to the pretty colouration of this new species, which, for this genus, is remarkably dichromatic between the ♂ and ♀.</p>
            <p> Differential diagnosis: In aspect of colouration, ♂♂ of this new species resemble  N. smaragdula (Bates, 1865) by having the pro and mesothorax contrasting emerald (Fig. 63E). They however differ by the pale red head (emerald in  smaragdula ), blackish femora and tibiae, red knees, dark brown tegmina and uniformly dark brown costal region of the alae, which has only the veins light green. Furthermore, ♂♂ of this new species lack the distinctive, rugulose sub-anterior swelling of the mesonotum seen in  smaragdula and relatively longer, more slender cerci. Females resemble several of the known species of the genus but can be separated from the similar Sulawesian  N. heinrichi Günther, 1935 and  N. rammei Günther, 1935 by the notably stockier form and relatively much shorter mesothorax, which is less than 2x the length of the pronotum: From  N. heinrichi the ♀♀ of this new species further-more and mostly differ by chromatic features such as the green head (Fig. 63D), lack of black anterior and posterior marginal streaks along the tegmina and costal region of the alae, pale translucent pink anal fan of the alae (dark greyish pink in  heinrichi ) and green legs which have several of the margins distinctly marked by black. From ♀♀ of  N. rammei they differ by the shorter and less acuminate apex of the anal segment (Figs. 63G–H), shorter and less slender cerci and longer subgenital plate, which reaches about half way along the anal segment (Fig. 63F; only to base of anal segment in  rammei ). Moreover, ♀♀ of  N. splendida n. sp. have the legs, tegmina and costal region of the alae basically green, whereas these body parts are contrasting blackish in  rammei . </p>
            <p>Description: ♀ (Figs. 63A–B). Of average size (body length 56.0– 58.5 mm) and rather stocky for the genus with very long alae (40.0– 41.5 mm) that cover almost the complete abdomen and a short mesothorax that is only 2x the length of the prothorax. General colour green, the legs with most of the lateral and dorsal surfaces black in the apical portion; the ventral surface of all femora entirely black. Head with a yellow postocular streak on genae (Fig. 63D). The lateral margins of pro- and mesonotum distinctly black and lateral portions with a washed pinkish streak; also anterior portion of mesopleurae black. Tegmina with the basal portion posterior to the radial vein black, the radial vein itself marked by a broad yellow streak that is to the anterior bordered by a narrow ochre line (Fig. 63D). Costal region of alae green with the apical tip black, the radial vein marked by a broad pale yellow longitudinal stripe, which is to the anterior bordered by a more narrow and arther faint ochre stripe; anal fan translucent pink with the outer margin grey. Eyes brown. Antennae buff with the ventral surface black to dark brown.</p>
            <p>Head (Fig. 63D): Globose, slightly compressed dorsoventrally, as wide as long, broadest just behind the eyes and entirely smooth. Frons with a pair of shallow diagonal impressions between bases of antennae, and between eyes with two slightly swollen, oval areas. No ocelli. Vertex weakly rounded. Eyes large, slightly oval, projecting almost hemispherically and their length contained 1.5x in that of genae. Antennae reaching to abdominal segment VI. Scapus compressed dorsoventrally, rectangular in dorsal aspect and just slightly longer thgan wide; pedicellus round in cross-section, globose and a little shorter than scapus. Antennomere III narrowing towards apex and about as long as pedicellus.</p>
            <p>Thorax: Pronotum slightly shorter and notably narrower than head, 1.3x longer than wide and basically rectangular in shape with the lateral margins roughly parallel; surface smooth. Transverse median sulcus distinctly impressed, somewhat displaced towards the anterior, almost straight and expanding over entire width of segment (Fig. 63D). A pit near both anterolateral angles and the median line slightly impressed. Mesothorax 2x longer than prothorax and slightly gardually widening towards the posterior. Mesonotum with a transverse bulge at anterior margin and an obtuse medio-longitudinal carina, surface unevenly granulose with the granulae gradually vanishing towards the posterior (Fig. 63D). A fine but uneven longitudinal close and parallel to lateral margins, which has several impressions in the anterior half. Mesopleurae with a similarly structured marginal longitudinal ridge in the lower portion; surface otherwise very sparingly set with small, scattered granules. Mesosternum smooth but with a fairly low and obtuse longitudinal median keel. Metapleurae and metasternum smooth. Tegmina scale shaped with the apical margin almost straight, diagonal and roundly angular; the central hump moderately developed and obtusely conical. Alae almost reaching to tip of abdomen.</p>
            <p>Abdomen: Medain segment considerably longer than metanotum. Segment II slightly shorter than median segment, rectangular and just slightly longer than wide. Segments II–VI roughly equal in length but III–IV slightly widening and V–VII slightly narrowing; VII notably shorter than preceding. IV widest segment and wider than long. Sterna II–VII each with an obtuse longitudinal carina parallel to lateral margins. Preopercular organ formed by a very small node-like posteromedian swelling on sternum VII (Fig. 63H). Tergum VIII rectangular and indistinctly shorter than VII, IX transverse and widening towards posterior. Anal segment tectinate longitudinally, trapezoidal in dorsal aspect and strongly narrowing towards the apex, which is angular and very weakly indented medially (Fig. 63G); lateral margins strongly concavely emarginated at base of cerci (Fig. 63F). Epiproct minute and fully hidden under elongated apex of anal segment. Cerci long, slender, round in cross-section and slightly projecting over tip of anal segment. Subgenital plate broad, bulgy longitudinally and reaching about half way along anal segment; apex narrowed acuminate and very slightly up-curving (Fig. 63F).</p>
            <p>Legs: All as typical for the genus, rather short, weakly carinate und entirely unarmed. Profemora weakly curved and compressed basally and somewhat longer than pro- and mesothorax combined. Mesofemora longer than mesothorax and metafemora almost reaching to posterior margin of abdominal segment IV. Medioventral carina of femora obtuse. Basitarsi slender and somewhat longer than following two tarsomeres combined..</p>
            <p>♂ (Fig. 63C). Of average size (body length 41.5–42.3 mm) and moderately stocky for the genus with an anteriorly swollen and short mesothorax that is only 2.2x longer than the prothorax, and long alae (27.0–28.0 mm) that reach as far as to abdominal segment IX. Colouration complex and very different from that of ♀♀. Pro- and mesothorax dark emerald, the head, metathorax, meso- and metacoxae, apex of all femora and tibiae as well as all tarsi dark orange. Head with the frons more intensely orange than remaining parts (fig. 63E). Abdomen yellowish orange to ochre (may be more intensely orange in the life insects). Tegmina black with the main veins dark yellow and the radial vein marked by a broad cream stripe. Costal region of alae black with the main veins dark yellow to light green and the radial vein green; the anal fan translucent greyish pink. Legs mostly black to dark brown. Eyes dark brown. Antennae greyish brown dorsally and blackish brown ventrally.</p>
            <p>Head (Fig. 63E): Shape generally as in ♀♀ but slightly wider than long; the two swollen areas between the eyes more pronounced and the coronal line more distinct. Eyes much larger than in ♀♀, projecting more than hemi-spherically and their length almost equal to that of genae. Antennae as in ♀♀ but slightly longer than body.</p>
            <p>Thorax: Pronotum basically as in ♀♀. Mesothorax 2.2x longer than prothorax, slightly swollen anteriorly (Fig. 63E) and somewhat widened posteriorly with the median portion rather constricted in dorsal aspect. Mesonotum with anterior portion slightly gibbose, the medio-longitudinal carina obtuse and the entire surface unevenly granulose with the granules gradually less pronounced towards the posterior; anterior margin with an obtuse transverse bulge. The lateral surfaces with a blunt longitudinal ridge parallel to lateral margins. Mesopleurae like in ♀♀, the mesosternum granulose. Metapleuare and metasternum smooth, the latter with a pair of distinct pits posteromedially. Tegmina shaped like in ♀♀, the alae projecting over posterior margin of abdominal tergum VIII.</p>
            <p>Abdomen: Segments II–VI uniform in width, II as long as VI and III–V slightly longer; VI about 2.1x longer than wide. VII trapezoidal in dorsal aspect and gradually widening towards posterior, about ¾ the length of VI. Sterna II–VII smooth. Tergum VIII much shorter than all previous segments, broadest segment and 1.7x wider than long. IX abrubtly narrower than VIII but equal in length, weakly narrowed towards the posterior with the lateral margins somewhat deflexed and down-curving posteriorly; about 1.4x wider than long. Anal segment narowing towards posterior, weakly tectinate and the posterior margin with a distinct, almost semi-circular excavation (Fig. 63J); the posterolateral angles protruded and obtusely rounded. Epiproct small, transverse, widely rounded and just slightly projecting over posterior margin of anal segment. Vomer with a small but broad and almost semi-circular base, the terminal hook long, slender, almost straight and acutely pointed; hook almost equal in length to basal portion (Fig. 63K). Cerci slender, round in cross-section with apex distinctly swollen and club-shaped; projecting beyond tip of abdomen by about half the length of anal segment. Poculum small, roundly cup-shaped with the posterior margin somewhat acuminate and very slightly projecting beyond posterior margin of tergum IX.</p>
            <p>Legs: Generally as in ♀♀ but relatively longer and more slender and even less distinctly carinate. Profemora slightly longer than hea, pro- and mesothorax combined, mesofemora as long as combined length of pro- and mesothorax, metafemora reaching about half way along abdominal segment V and metatibiae reaching to tip of abdomen. Basitarsi about as long as following three tarsomeres combined.</p>
            <p>Comments: Egg unknown.</p>
            <p>Distribution: Eastern Central Sulawesi, Prov. Sulawesi Tengah, Banggai District (Luwuk).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DB87EEFF6F9DF6FF405FB1FB74F2EE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hennemann, Frank H.	Hennemann, Frank H. (2021): Stick insects of Sulawesi, Peleng and the Sula Islands, Indonesia- a review including checklists of species and descriptions of new taxa (Insecta: Phasmatodea). Zootaxa 5073 (1): 1-189, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5073.1.1
03DB87EEFF509DF4FF405B65FE66F2B5.text	03DB87EEFF509DF4FF405B65FE66F2B5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Singaporoidea Seow-Choen 2017	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Genus  Singaporoidea Seow-Choen, 2017</p>
            <p>(Figs. 64–65)</p>
            <p> Type-species:  Necroscia meneptolemus Westwood, 1859: 141 , pl. 19: 4, by original designation. </p>
            <p> Comments: This genus was established by Seow-Choen (2017: 82) solely for Westwood’s  Necroscia meneptolemus and several further mostly Sumatran species have been attributed to it subsequently (Seow-Choen, 2018). So far, no adequate diagnosis of the genus and sufficient differentiation from supposedly closely related genera is available. Several species, formerly assigned to  Paranecroscia Redtenbacher, 1908 and the here re-established  Nescicroa Karny, 1923 have proven to be not congeneric to either genus, hence need to be removed. In most morphological aspects all of these best fit with the current composition of  Singaporoidea , why they are here provisionally transferred to that genus and greatly expand the known geographic distribution of  Singaporoidea . Two species, previously assigned to  Sipyloidea Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1893 but apparently very closely related and congeneric to the species transferred from  Paranecroscia and  Nescicroa are also transferred to  Singaporoidea accordingly. </p>
            <p> All species here transferred to  Singaporoidea (with the exception of  albilateralis Hennemann, 1998 and  janus Bates, 1865 ) are small to medium, slender and mostly green representatives of  Necrosciinae with well developed alae that have the anal fan plain translucent or pink in colour and have the mesothorax at best very weakly and sparsely set with granules. Females have an anal segment that is roughly triangular in dorsal aspect and pointed apically, straight and slender, cylindrical cerci and a a simple, scoop- to boat-shaped, longitudinally keeled subgenital plate that hardly reaches to the tip of the abdomen. Like in  Nescicroa the epiproct is hidden under the protruded apex of the anal segment and the gonapophyses are fully concealed by the subgenital plate. Males have a more or less tectiform anal segment, which has the posterior margin indented medially and the posterolateral angles more or less protruded and show a range of specialisations of the cerci, which may be straight, conspicuously elongated, incurved or hook-like. The eggs are spherical, ovate or barrel-shaped with the entire surface covered by rugulae, ridges or peg-like structures, have a small oval micropylar plate and are singularly dropped to the ground by the ♀♀. Many aspects, e.g. the morphology of the ♀♀ genitalia and shape of the eggs, suggest close relation to  Nescicroa and  Neonescicroa Seow-Choen, 2016 (see comments on nescicroa above). In true  Sipyloidea the mesothorax is strongly granulose mesothorax and the elongate, bullet-shaped eggs have a long and lanceolate micropylar plate as well as an operculum that is notably displaced towards the dorsal egg surface and are glued to a support by the flattened and sticky ventral surface. Moreover, species of  Sipyloidea produce a very characteristic potato-like smell when disturbed, which has not been observed in any of the species here transferred to  Singaporoidea . </p>
            <p>Distribution. Sundaland (Sumatra, Sinagpore, Peninsular Malaysia, Java, Borneo), Wallacea, New Guinea &amp; Solomon Islands.</p>
            <p>Species included:</p>
            <p> The following list only lists mainly Wallacean species that are here transferred to  Singaporoidea Seow-Choen, 2017 from either  Paranecroscia Redtenbacher, 1908 or  Sipyloidea Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1893. Most have formerly been assigned to  Nescicroa Karny, 1923 but have proven to be not congeneric, hence need to be removed from that genus. It is very likely that several further species belong in  Singaporoidea but this deserves scrutiny of a great number of known taxa and a more sufficient diagnosis of the genus. </p>
            <p> 1.  Singaporoidea albilateralis (Hennemann, 1998: 110, pl. 3: 3–4). n. comb. </p>
            <p>Distribution: Sulawesi.</p>
            <p> 2.  Singaporoidea dolorosa (Redtenbacher, 1908: 547) . n. comb. </p>
            <p>Distribution: Java.</p>
            <p> 3.  Singaporoidea fruhstorferi (Günther, 1938: 85, fig. 18). n. comb. </p>
            <p>Distribution: Sulawesi.</p>
            <p> 4.  Singaporoidea inconspicua (Redtenbacher, 1908: 522) . n. comb. </p>
            <p>Distribution: Sulawesi.</p>
            <p> 5.  Singaporoidea janus (Bates, 1865: 354, pl. 45: 5). n. comb. </p>
            <p>Distribution: Sulawesi.</p>
            <p> 6.  Singaporoidea lutea (Redtenbacher, 1908: 549) . n. comb. </p>
            <p>Distribution: Java.</p>
            <p> 7.  Singaporoidea macra (Redtenbacher, 1908: 523) . n. comb. </p>
            <p>Distribution: Sulawesi.</p>
            <p> 8.  Singaporoidea normalis (Redtenbacher, 1908: 547) . rev. stat., n. comb. </p>
            <p>Distribution: Sulawesi &amp; Peleng.</p>
            <p> 9.  Singaporoidea poeciloptera (Rehn, 1904: 77) . n. comb. </p>
            <p> =  Siyploidea felderi Redtenbacher, 1908: 546 . n. syn. </p>
            <p>Distribution: Maluku Islands (Obi, Buru, Ambelau, Ambon, Kelang, Mafor), Bismarck Archipelago (Aru Islands &amp; New Ireland), New Guinea, Solomon Islands.</p>
            <p> 10.  Singaporoidea pseudosipylus pseudosipylus (Redtenbacher, 1908: 546) . n. comb. </p>
            <p>Distribution: New Guinea.</p>
            <p> 11.  Singaporoidea pseudosipylus laevis (Günther, 1936: 341) . n. comb. </p>
            <p>Distribution: New Guinea.</p>
            <p> 12.  Singaporoidea pumila (Werner, 1934: 4) . n. comb. </p>
            <p>Distribution: Sulawesi.</p>
            <p> 13.  Singaporoidea tenella (Günther, 1935a: 234, pl. 2: 16). n. comb. </p>
            <p>Distribution: Sulawesi.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DB87EEFF509DF4FF405B65FE66F2B5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hennemann, Frank H.	Hennemann, Frank H. (2021): Stick insects of Sulawesi, Peleng and the Sula Islands, Indonesia- a review including checklists of species and descriptions of new taxa (Insecta: Phasmatodea). Zootaxa 5073 (1): 1-189, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5073.1.1
03DB87EEFF529DF4FF405F94FC9BF558.text	03DB87EEFF529DF4FF405F94FC9BF558.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Singaporoidea inconspicua (Redtenbacher 1908) Hennemann 2021	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Singaporoidea inconspicua (Redtenbacher, 1908) n. comb.</p>
            <p> Aruanoidea inconspicua Redtenbacher, 1908: 522 . LT (by present designation), ♂: Samanga, S. Celebes, Nov. 1895, H. Fruh-storfer.; 170;  Aruanoidea inconspicua Br., Brunner det. [MNHU]; PLT, ♂: S. Celebes, Patunuang, Jan. 1896, H. Fruhstor-fer.; det. Redtenb.  Aruanoidea inconspicua ; 20.755 [NHMW, No. 1015]. </p>
            <p> Scionecra inconspicua, Günther, 1938: 59 . </p>
            <p>Brock, 1998: 34.</p>
            <p>Hennemann, 1998: 123.</p>
            <p>Otte &amp; Brock, 2005: 312.</p>
            <p>Zompro, 2005: 267.</p>
            <p> Nescicroa macra, Günther, 1935: 24 . [Misidentification] </p>
            <p>Hennemann, 1998: 108, 122. [Misidentification]</p>
            <p> Further material:   5 ♂♂: Celebes, Latimodjong-Geb.,  Oeroe 800m, Heinrich 8.1930 [MNHU]; S-Sulawesi, Se-latan Prov., Tana Toraja, leg. Tajuddin X.1995 – II.1996 [coll. FH, No. 0288-1 &amp; 2]  . </p>
            <p> Differentiation: Males (the only sex known) are very similar to those of  S. macra (Redtenbacher, 1908) but be easily separated by the somewhat larger size, broader but very rather washed black medio-longitudinal streak on the pronotum and much shorter, broader and rather spatulate cerci (notably longer than the anal segment, slender and almost round in cross-section in  macra ), that just slightly project beyond the tip of the abdomen. </p>
            <p> Comments: This species was described from two ♂♂, of which the fully complete specimen from Samanga in the collection of MNHU is here selected as the lectotype to provide stability of redtenbachrer’s taxon. Specimens collected by G. Heinrich in MNHU (Günther, 1935: 24) and in the authors collection (Hennemann, 1998: 122) have been misidentified as  S. macra (Redtenbacher, 1908) . Detailed scrutinizing of the specimens and comparison with the type-specimens of  S. macra and  S. inconspicua have shown them to represent the latter species, which is readily seen by the much shorter and broader cerci and slightly larger size (body lengths 52.0–54.0 mm). Günther (1935: 24) misplaced  inconspicua in the genus  Scionecra Karny, 1923 , but the well developed tegmina (very small, scalelike and hardly covering base of alae in  Scionecra ) actually place Redtenbacher’s species in  Singaporoidea , why it is here transferred to that genus (n. comb.). Moreover, while all records of  inconspicua are from the southwestern portion of the island,  macra wad described from Toli-Toli in North Sulawesi. </p>
            <p>Distribution: W-Sulawesi, Sulawesi Barat, Buttu Samanga [MNHU]; S-Sulawesi, Sulawesi Selatan, Gua Pat-tunuang Nature Park [NHMW]; S-Sulawesi, Sulawesi Selatan, Latimojong Mountains, Uru 800 m [MNHU]; S-Su-lawesi, Sulawesi Selatan, Tana Toraja Highland [coll. FH].</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DB87EEFF529DF4FF405F94FC9BF558	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hennemann, Frank H.	Hennemann, Frank H. (2021): Stick insects of Sulawesi, Peleng and the Sula Islands, Indonesia- a review including checklists of species and descriptions of new taxa (Insecta: Phasmatodea). Zootaxa 5073 (1): 1-189, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5073.1.1
03DB87EEFF529DF3FF4058FBFB61F4B5.text	03DB87EEFF529DF3FF4058FBFB61F4B5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Singaporoidea normalis (Redtenbacher 1908) Hennemann 2021	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Singaporoidea normalis (Redtenbacher, 1908) rev. stat., n. comb.</p>
            <p>(Fig. 64)</p>
            <p> Sipyloidea normalis Redtenbacher, 1908: 547 . LT (by present designation), ♂: Nord-Celebes, Toli-Toli, Nov.–Dez. 1895, H. Fruhstorfer; Coll. Br. v.W.; det. Redtenb.  Sipyloidea normalis ; 20.724 [NHMW, No. 1109]; PLT, 4 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀: Nord-Ce-lebes, Toli-Toli, Nov.–Dez. 1895, H. Fruhstorfer [NHMW, No. 1109]. (  Not : PLT, 18 ♂♂, 20 ♀♀: Molukken / Aru-Ins. /  Buru / Salomonen / Ind. or. [NHMW, No. 1109]; PLT, ♀:  Key-Inseln ,  Semper [MNHU]; PLT, ♂:  Mafor ,  Fruhstorfer ; H. Fruhstorfer vend. 6.III.1898; 169 [ZMUH]; PLT, ♂:  Roon ,  Fruhstorfer ; H. Fruhstorfer vend. 6.III.1898; 168 [ZMUH] → these are  S. poeciloptera Rehn, 1904 , see comments below). Type specimens from  New Guinea in HNHM, Budapest were destroyed in fire. Possible type material in ZMAS listed by Brock (2007: 52). rev. stat. </p>
            <p> Sipyloidea poeciloptera, Günther, 1933: 161 . [Erroneous synonymization of  S. normalis Redtenbcher, 1908 ] </p>
            <p> Nescicroa poeciloptera, Günther, 1935a: 23 . [Misidentification] Günther, 1938: 59. [Misidentification] Hennemann, 1998: 109, pl. 1: 3–4, fig. 13. [Misidentification] </p>
            <p> Further material:   SULAWESI: 2 ♀♀, 6 ♂♂, 14 eggs: S-Sulawesi, Selatan Prov.,  Strasse von Rantepao nach Palopo km39, 900m, leg. F. Hennemann 13.– 17.8.1995; on Guava (  Psidium guayava ) [coll. FH, No’s 0103-1 to 8, E];   1 ♀: S-Sulawesi,  Selatan Prov. ,  Tana Toraja , Rantepao, 700m, leg. Gunawan X.1995 [coll. FH, No. 0103-9];   1 ♀: S-Sulawesi,  Selatan Prov. ,  Tana Toraja , leg. Tajuddin X.1995 – II.1996 [coll. FH, No. 0103-10];   1 ♂: Zentral Sulawesi,  Prov. Sulawesi Tengah , Banggai District,  Luwuk , II.2007 [coll. FH, No. 0103-11];   2 ♂♂: Indonesien,  Zentral Sulawesi ,  Prov. Sulawesi Tengah , Palolo District,  Palu , I.2012 [coll. FH, No’s 0103-13 &amp; 14]. PELENG:   1 ♀: Indonesien,  Peleng ,  Tinanasu XII.2012 [coll. FH, No. 0103-12]  . </p>
            <p> Differential diagnosis:   This species is very similar to  S. poeciloptera (Rehn, 1904) but, in addition to being geographically separated with  S. normalis most likely endemic to Sulawesi and Peleng, it differs from that species by the somewhat longer mesothorax of both sexes.  This is 3.6–3.7x (♀♀) or 4.7 (♂♂) longer than the prothorax, whereas it is only 3.5x (♀♀) or 4x (♂♂) longer in  poeciloptera . Females may also be separated by the somewhat shorter and apically less acute subgenital plate (Fig. 64D), that reaches less than half the way along the anal segment. Males can be easily separated by a differently shaped anal segment, that has the lateral margins and surfaces gently convex (Fig. 64J), a relatively longer and more slender abdominal tergum IX and almost rectangularly inward angled, distinctly hook-shaped cerci (Figs. 64F–H; in-curving in  poeciloptera )  . </p>
            <p> From the very similar Javanese  S. dolorosa (Redtenbacher, 1908) , ♀♀ differ by the more slender and realtively longer cerci that project considerably beyond the apex of the abdomen and ♂♂ can be separated by a differently shaped anal segment and the typically hook-like cerci (just gently curved in Javanese examples of  dolorosa ). Since the type-series of  S. dolorosa apparently comprises more than one species, any more detailed differentiation must await a detailed and critical assessment of Redtenbacher’s  dolorosa . </p>
            <p> From the two Sulawesian  S. inconspicua (Redtenbacher, 1908) and  S. tenella (Günther, 1935) both sexes are easily separated by the much more slender general shape, realtively longer body segments and limbs and almost plain green colouration. For a more detailed differentiation between ♀♀ of  normalis and  tenella see differential diagnosis for  S. tenella below. </p>
            <p> Comments: Since Redtenbacher (1908: 547) listed Sulawesi as the first locality and in order to provide stability of the synonymy introduced by Günther (1933) a ♂ from Toli-Toli, North Sulawesi in NHMW bearing the indi-vidual collection number 20.724 and illustrated in the  Phasmida Species File Online (http://  Phasmida .SpeciesFile. org) is here selected as the lectotype of  Sipyloidea normalis . The three possible syntypes (now paralectotypes) of  S. normalis listed by Brock (2007: 52) in the collection of ZMAS were not mentioned in the list of type depositories in the monograph by Redtenbacher (1908: 547), hence they are not included in the type-listing above. However, it is known that some specimens were clearly exchanged with other museums, hence not all depositories cited in the monograph may be correct. The brown ♂ from Toli-Toli-Sulawesi, which lacks the abdomen is not  S. normalis but a specimen of  Necroscia aruana Westwood, 1859 . </p>
            <p> A ♀ from Peleng in the author’s collection is the first record of  S. normalis from that island. All records based on paralectotypes of the original type-series do not relate to  S. normalis but represent  S. poeciloptera . Hence,  S. poeciloptera is an erroneous record for Sulawesi (e.g. Günther, 1935a, 1938; Hennemann, 1998). </p>
            <p> A description and drawings of the eggs were presented by Hennemann (1998: 109, fig. 13). A more comprehensive illustration of both sexes and eggs using the better photographic equipment now available is provided herein. Breeding was attempted in 1996 with about 40 eggs (Fig. 64M) that were laid by the specimens collected by the author in 1995 in Tana Toraja. Although the hatching rate was at about 70% all of the tiny and very fragile bright yellow nymphs refused all alternative food plants that were offered. Surprisingly, also guava (  Psidium guayava ,  Myrtaceae ) was refused although the collected specimens had exclusively been found and average sized guava shrubs alongside the road from Rantepao to Palopo at km39. </p>
            <p>Body lengths of specimens in the author’s collection (coll. FH) are as follows: ♂♂ 45.5–62.3 mm, ♀♀ 74.3– 84.0 mm.</p>
            <p>Distribution: Sulawesi (Toli-Toli; Luwu, Lempongpangi; Boran-Djaladja; Samanga; Bua Karaeng; Tana Toraja; Latimojong Mountains, Uru) [MNHU, NHMB, NHMW, ZMPA, coll. FH]; Peleng [coll. FH].</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DB87EEFF529DF3FF4058FBFB61F4B5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hennemann, Frank H.	Hennemann, Frank H. (2021): Stick insects of Sulawesi, Peleng and the Sula Islands, Indonesia- a review including checklists of species and descriptions of new taxa (Insecta: Phasmatodea). Zootaxa 5073 (1): 1-189, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5073.1.1
03DB87EEFF579DF1FF405EFDFC69F491.text	03DB87EEFF579DF1FF405EFDFC69F491.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Singaporoidea poeciloptera (Rehn 1904) Hennemann 2021	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Singaporoidea poeciloptera (Rehn, 1904) n. comb.</p>
            <p> 
Sipyloidea poeciloptera 
Rehn, 1904: 77 . HT, ♂:  Obi Island , Moluccas;  Hebard Collection ;  Sipyloidea poeciloptera Rehn , TYPE No. 5150 [ANSP]; AT, ♀: Obi Island, Moluccas; Hebard Collection;  Sipyloidea poeciloptera Rehn , TYPE No. 5151 [ANSP]. </p>
            <p>Redtenbacher, 1908: 547.</p>
            <p>Günther, 1933: 161.</p>
            <p>Günther, 1937: 9.</p>
            <p>Otte, 1978: 78.</p>
            <p>Herwaarden, 1998: 73.</p>
            <p> 
Sipyloidea normalis 
Redtenbacher, 1908: 47 (in part—only the following paralectotypes: PLT, 18 ♂♂, 20 ♀♀: Molukken / Aru-Ins. /  Buru / Salomonen / Ind. or. [NHMW, No. 1109]; PLT, ♀:  Key-Inseln ,  Semper [MNHU]; PLT, ♂:  Mafor ,  Fruhstorfer ; H. Fruhstorfer vend. 6.III.1898; 169 [ZMUH]. (  Not : PLT, ♂: Roon, Fruhstorfer; H. Fruhstorfer vend. 6.III.1898; 168 [ZMUH] → this is a different species and deserves evaluation). </p>
            <p> Necroscia poeciloptera, Kirby, 1904: 375 . </p>
            <p> Sipyloidea felderi Redtenbacher, 1908: 546 . LT (by present designation), ♂: 3024.;  Amboina Felder ;  Sipyloidea felderi Br., Brunner det. [MNHU—specimen with abdomen]; PLT, ♂: 3024.;  Amboina Felder ;  Sipyloidea felderi Br., Brunner det. [MNHU]. n. syn. </p>
            <p> Further material:   AMBELAU: 1 ♂, 1 ♀: Indonesien, Molukken, Prov. Maluku Utara, Pulau Ambelau,  SE of Buru , X.2012 [coll. FH, No’s 1293-1 &amp; 2].   KELANG: 1 ♀: Indonesien, Molukken, Prov. Maluku Utara,  Pulau Kelang ,  W of Seram , X.2012 [coll. FH, No. 1293-3]  . </p>
            <p> Comments: This species was originally described from a ♂ and ♀ from the island of Obi, Moluccas deposited in the collection of ANSP. Redtenbacher (1908: 547) assumed his  Siyploidea normalis might be identical to Rehn’s  S. poeciloptera and it was synonymised by Günther (1933: 161). Scrutiny of the type-specimens of  S. poeciloptera in the collection of ANSP and examination of most of Redtenbacher’s type-series of  S. normalis however revealed that the latter comprises at least two different species. Most specimens not from Sulawesi but from the Maluku province are conspecific to Rehn’s speciesm, but the specimens from Sulawesi are not. Hence, Redtenbacher’s  S. normalis can be retained as a valid name for the species from Sulawesi and is here reinstated (see comments on  S. normalis above). </p>
            <p> Examination of the type specimens of  Sipyloidea felderi in MNHU has proven this species to have be erroneously synonymised with the Javanese  S. dolorosa (Redtenbacher, 1908) . Actually,  S. felderi is a synonym of  S. poeciloptera (n. syn.) and hence here removed from synonymy with  S. dolorosa . The more complete ♂ which still has the abdomen attached is selected as the lectotype tu guarantee stability of the synonymy here introduced. The very similar and closely related Javanese  S. dolorosa is here removed from  Sipyloidea and transferred to  Singaporoidea (n. comb.). Also the syntype-series of this latter species comprises at least two distinct species with the syntypes from the islands of Ambon and Misool as well as the Key Islands likely to represent  S. poeciloptera . Therefore, once a lectotype is designated for Redtenbacher’s  dolorosa this should be one of the Javanese specimens. </p>
            <p> Like  Necroscia aruana Westwood, 1859 , this species has a very wide distribution that comprises entire Wallacea, the Bismarck Archipelago, New Guinea and even the Solomon Islands. This very wide distribution as well as notable chromatic and morphological variability made Günther (1938: 87) doubt that all of the specimens that have since been attributed to  N. poeciloptera are conspecific. Not all recorded specimens have been examined in detail for this study, hence further evaluation is needed for either supporting or rejecting the doubts expressed by Günther. At least the ♂ paralectotype from Roon island in the collection of ZMUH is a different species, why this record must be regarded as erroneous and is excluded from the list below. </p>
            <p> The specimens from Peleng, Ambelau and Kelang are the first records of  N. poeciloptera from these islands.All are fairly typical for the species and match well with Rehn’s type-specimens from Obi in ANSP: </p>
            <p>Distribution: Moluccas, Prov. Maluku Utara (Obi Island) [ANSP, ZMUH]; Moluccas, Prov. Maluku Utara (Buru Island) [NHMW]; Moluccas, Prov. Maluku Utara (Ambon Island) [MNHU, ZMUH]; Moluccas, Prov. Ma-luku Utara (Kelang Island) [coll. FH]; Moluccas, Prov. Maluku Utara (Ambelau Island) [coll. FH]; Moluccas (Ma-for Island) [ZMUH]; Bismarck Archipelago, Aru Islands [NHMW]; Bismarck Archipelago, New Ireland [MNHU]; Key Islands [MNHU]; New Guinea [ZMUH]; Solomon Islands [NHMW].</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DB87EEFF579DF1FF405EFDFC69F491	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hennemann, Frank H.	Hennemann, Frank H. (2021): Stick insects of Sulawesi, Peleng and the Sula Islands, Indonesia- a review including checklists of species and descriptions of new taxa (Insecta: Phasmatodea). Zootaxa 5073 (1): 1-189, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5073.1.1
03DB87EEFF569DFFFF405EFDFE78F629.text	03DB87EEFF569DFFFF405EFDFE78F629.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Singaporoidea tenella (Gunther 1935) Hennemann 2021	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Singaporoidea tenella (Günther, 1935) n. comb.</p>
            <p>(Fig. 65)</p>
            <p> 
Necroscia tenella 
Günther, 1935: 24 , pl. 2: 16. HT, ♂: Celebes, Latimodjong-Geb., Oeroe 800m,  Heinrich 8.1930; Typus;  Necroscia tenella Gtr. [MNHU]. </p>
            <p>Günther, 1938: 59.</p>
            <p> Nescicroa tenella, Hennemann, 1998: 107 , 122, pl. 1: 1–2, fig. 11. [Descriptions of ♀ and egg] </p>
            <p>Otte &amp; Brock, 2005: 226.</p>
            <p>Zompro, 2005: 282.</p>
            <p> Further material:   6 ♀♀, 8 ♂♂, 12 eggs: S-Sulawesi,  Selatan Prov. , Strasse von Rantepao nach Palopo km 43, 900m, leg. F. Hennemann 17.VIII.1995 [coll. FH, No’s 0101-1 to 14, E]  ;   1 ♀: S-Sulawesi,  Selatan Prov. , Tana Toraja, Rantepao, 700m, leg. Gunawan X.1995 [coll. FH, No. 0101-16]  ;   1 ♂: S-Sulawesi,  Selatan Prov. , Tana Toraja, leg. Tajuddin X.1995 – II.1996 [coll. FH, No. 0103-15]  . </p>
            <p> Differentiation: The club-like terminalia as well as the short and obtuse cerci of ♂♂ (Figs. 65H–J) readily separate  S. tenella from ♂♂ of the Sulawesian  S. macra (Redtenbacher, 1908) n. comb. and  S. normalis (Redtenbacher, 1908) n. comb. , these two species having the terminal three abdominal segments rather slender, all longer than wide and the cerci fairly long, slender and strongly incurving (  macra ) or hook-like (  normalis ). These ♂♂ are very similar to  S. inconspicua (Redtenbacher, 1908) n. comb. but can be differentiated by the smaller size (body length 43.0– 45.5 mm versus 50.0–54.0 mm in  inconspicua ) and somewhat more stocky shape, having the anal segment less swollen and globose in shape and not broader than the previous terga, lacking pale spots on the mesonotum, having the tegmina green with only the anterior margin brown and having a hyalinous anal fan of the alae (transparent grey in  inconspicua ). The ♀♀ of  S. inconspicua and  S. macra are not known. From those of  S. normalis however, ♀♀ of  S. tenella can easily be separated by the averaging smaller size, more stock shape and relatively shorter body segments and limbs with the mesonotum being no more than 3.3x the length of the pronotum (&gt; 3.5x in  normalis ), lack of the distinctively light green granules of the mesonotum, notably shorter and broader head, more obtuse apex of the anal segment (fig. 65F), notably shorter and less elongate cerci, that just slightly project beyond the anal segment and shorter subgenital plate which merely reaches to the posterior margin of abdominal tergum IX (Figs. 65E, G). </p>
            <p> Comments: This species was automatically transferred to  Paranecroscia Redtenbacher, 1908 (see comments on  Nescicroa Karny, 1923 above) and is here transferred to  Singaporoidea (n. comb.). German descriptions of the ♀ and egg as well as drawings of the genitalia of ♀♀ and eggs were provided by Hennemann (1998: 107), who trans-ferred the species to  Nescicroa Karny, 1923 . A more comprehensive illustration of  S. tenella appears helpful and is here provided making use of the much better photographic equipment now available along with a more detailed differentiation from closely related Sulawesian taxa. </p>
            <p> Moreover, the interesting information on the habitat of  S. tenella and collecting event provided by Hennemann (1998: 107) shall at this point be reproduced in English. It was interesting to observe a very plentiful occurence of this species on a single 5–6 m tall and unidentified tree with a fairly broad crown directly next to the road leading from Rantepao to Palopo on a fairly steep slope. This tree was severely damaged and almost completely defoliated. The total number of insects on this particular tree was estimated to exceed 300 individuals. All stages were present although only a low percentage of specimens were adult with the great majority being immatures between 2 nd and 5 th instar. Within a few days the ♀♀ collected at this event laid about 60 eggs (Fig. 65K), which hatched back in Europe after 6–7 weeks and at a rate of about 80% but unfortunately, the small citreous nymphs refused all alternative food plants offered. </p>
            <p>Distribution: S-Sulawesi, Sulawesi Selatan, Latimojong Mountains, Uru, 800 m [MNHU]; S-Sulawesi, Su-lawesi Selatan, Road Rantepao → Palopo km 43, 900 m [coll. FH]; S-Sulawesi, Sulawesi Selatan, Tana Toraja, Rantepao 700 m [coll. FH].</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DB87EEFF569DFFFF405EFDFE78F629	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hennemann, Frank H.	Hennemann, Frank H. (2021): Stick insects of Sulawesi, Peleng and the Sula Islands, Indonesia- a review including checklists of species and descriptions of new taxa (Insecta: Phasmatodea). Zootaxa 5073 (1): 1-189, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5073.1.1
