taxonID	type	description	language	source
03DD87C2FE5D560CFF0AFA24A113FD73.taxon	description	Pseudasphondylia kiwiphila sp. nov. Lin, Tokuda & Yang (Figs. 2 – 3; Table 2) urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 2 CFC 9093 - 2918 - 4 D 80 - B 2 E 9 - BF 2 FC 36231 CC Type material: Holotype: Male (on a slide, TFRI). TAIWAN: Taipei City, Erziping trial, 11. x. 2014, leg. HL Lee. Paratypes. TAIWAN: 3 ò, 4 ñ, 8 exuviae (on slides, TFRI), same data as holotype; 5 exuviae (in ethanol, NCHU), same data as holotype; 1 pupa (in ethanol, TFRI), 1 larva (on a slide, TFRI), Taipei City, Erziping trial, 1. ix. 2017, leg. CT Hsu; 9 larvae (8 on slides, 1 in ethanol, TFRI) Taipei City, Mt. Yangming (GPS: N 25.1717072, E 121.5403027), 19. viii. 2018, leg. J Liu. Distribution: Taiwan and Japan. Etymology: The species name refers to its host which is derived from the common name of the fruit “ kiwi ” and favorite in Greek “ phila ”. Host: Actinidia rufa (Siebold & Zucc.) Planch. ex Miq. Gall: One or several chambers in each fruit gall, gall size 9 – 10 mm in diameter; smaller than normal fruit (Tung et al. 2018). Early stages of gall development occur at host flowering season in April to May. Galls continuously develop and mature in July or August. Galled fruit falls to the ground in October or November. Life history: According to Tung et al. (2018), females lay their eggs on flowers of A. rufa during April and May, and larvae mature in the fruit galls in August and September. They pupate during September to October, and adults emerge from September to October. The life cycle of the new species is similar to the Japanese congener P. matatabi, which also has one generation on Actinidia from spring to autumn. The remaining parts of the life history are still unclear, but the gall midge possibly alternates host plant (s) to overwinter as has been suggested for P. matatabi and another congener P. kiritanii in Japan (Tokuda and Yukawa 2005). Some immature larvae of the new species, possibly diapausing, were found in fallen galls in winter. Adult: Head. Eye bridge five to six facets long. Frontoclypeal setal counts as in table 2. Palpus three-segmented (Fig. 2 A), first palpal segment 35 – 50 μm long, same as width; second 1.3 × as long as first; third 3.7 × as long as first. Scape and pedicel with rather dense setae and scales; male first flagellomere ca. 200 μm long, 4.0 × as long as wide and 1.1 × as long as second, 1.6 × as long as fifth, distal three segments similar length (Fig. 2 B); female first flagellomere ca. 230 μm, 1.4 × as long as second and fifth, distal three flagellomeres gradually shortened and terminal one subglobular (Fig. 2 C). Thorax: Thoracic setal and scale counts as in table 2. All legs covered with many blackish scales, first tarsomeres of all legs with apical spur. Claws simple and strongly curved on all legs; pulvilli shorter than claws; empodia slightly longer than claw (Fig. 2 D – E). Male wing 2.6 – 3.1 mm long, 2.2 × as wide; female wing 3.0 – 3.5 mm long, 2.2 × as long as wide; densely covered with dark grayish hairs; R 5 joining costa a little beyond wing apex (Fig. 2 F – G). Male Abdomen: First through seventh tergites rectangular with three to six rows of posterior setae; elsewhere covered with scales on first through seventh tergites; eighth tergite without setae. Terminalia (Fig. 3 A): cerci incised deeply by U-shaped emargination, apex setose; hypoproct incised deeply by V-shaped emargination, each lobe with one apical seta; gonostylus suboval, situated posteriorly to gonocoxite; mediobasal lobe present, shorter than cerci and hypoproct; aedeagus laterally sclerotized, distally tapering. Female abdomen: Ovipositor protractile, slender, aciculate, basally with a bilobed cerci-like structure; needle part 1.6 mm long, 2.8 × as long as the length of seventh sternite. Otherwise as in male. Pupa: Body length ca. 3.2 mm, pupal skin not pigmented except for antennal horns. Antennal horn 320 – 420 µm long, triangular, lateral smoothly (Fig. 3 B); cephalic papilla with seta, 90 – 110 µm long; frons without horns; a pair of lateral facial papillae on each side; prothoracic horn 380 – 530 µm long; stigmatal tubercles present on second to fifth abdominal segments (Fig. 3 C), 140 – 240 µm long; second to seventh abdominal segments with 5 to 6 and eight abdominal segments with 3 to 5 transverse rows of spines, respectively; 6 dorsal papillae on first to seventh abdominal segments, outer and inner pairs, each with seta; 2 dorsal papillae on eighth abdominal segment, each with seta; each abdominal segment with pleural papilla, each with seta. Mature larva: Body length ca. 2.9 – 3.5 mm, body color in life yellow; Second antennal segment short; cervical papillae without seta; sternal spatula 480 – 520 µm long (Fig. 3 D) anteriorly with two lobes; 2 sternal papillae present on all thoracic and first to seventh abdominal segments, each with seta; 3 lateral papillae (Fig. 3 E) present on each side of all thoracic segments, inner two with seta; 2 pleural papillae present on each side of thoracic and abdominal segments, each with seta; 4 ventral papillae on first to seventh abdominal segments and 2 ventral papillae on eighth abdominal segment, each with seta; 4 dorsal papillae on each side of all thoracic and first to seventh abdominal segments, 2 dorsal papillae on eighth abdominal segment, each with seta; 8 terminal papillae present, two of them each with large seta, four of them each with minute seta, and remaining two without setae. Remarks: The new species is morphologically similar to Japanese P. matatabi, but distinguishable by having the ovipositor (needle part: 1.6 mm) and palpal segments (35 – 50, 55 – 70, and 140 – 180 μm) that are longer than those of P. matatabi (needle part: 1.4 mm; palpal segments: 25, 45 – 62.5, and 76.5 – 130 μm) (Tokuda and Yukawa 2005). In addition, the mediobasal lobe of gonostyli in male is shorter than cerci in the new species but longer in P. matatabi.	en	Hidaka, Chiho, Yang, Chien-Hui, Wakabayashi, Kaori (2022): Biogeography and Ecological Differentiation of Pseudasphondylia gall midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) Distributed in Taiwan and Japan, with Description of a New Species P. kiwiphila sp. nov. and the Southernmost Record of P. elaeocarpi. Zoological Studies 61 (39): 1-13, DOI: 10.6620/ZS.2022.61-39, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12827276
03DD87C2FE585602FF13FD25A19BFE70.taxon	description	(Fig. 4) Diagnosis: Adult palpus three-segmented, first to sixth tergites with a single row of posterior setae, hypoproct basally rather wide and extremely narrowing at apex. Pupal antennal horn triangular, well developed (Fig. 4 A). Pupal stigmatal tubercles present on second to fourth abdominal segments (Fig. 4 B), reduced on fifth to eighth abdominal segments. Larval sternal spatula with four lobes and the inner pairs longer than the outer (Fig. 4 C). Material examined: Type materials: JAPAN: ò (on slide, Holotype, ELKU), Shiroyama, Kagoshima, Kyushu, galls collected 1. v. 1976 and adult emerged on 2. v. 1976., leg. J Yukawa; 10 ò, 6 ñ, 7 Larvae (on slides, Paratypes, ELKU), same data as holotype; 3 ò (on slides), Shiroyama, Kagoshima, Kyushu, 15. iv. 1971, J Yukawa; 2 ñ (on slides) Shiroyama, Kagoshima, Kyushu, galls collected on 22. iv. 1974 and adults emerged 26. iv. 1974, leg. K Takahashi; 2 ò, 5 ñ, 2 Pupae (on slides) Kekura, Kagoshima, Kyushu, galls collected on 29. iv. 1977 and adults emerged 4 – 11. v. 1977, leg. T Sunose; 1 ò, 1 ñ, 2 Pupae (on slides), Yona, Kunigami, Okinawa Island, 24. ii. 2001, leg. M Tokuda and J Yukawa. Other materials examined: TAIWAN: [Taichung City] 2 ò, 2 ñ, 6 Pupae (on slides, NCHU), Mt. Tung-mao, galls collected on 25. iv. 2017 and adults emerged on 3. v. 2017, leg. SF Lin; 2 ò, 7 ñ (in EtOH, NCHU), Mt. Tung-mao, galls collected on 25. iv. 2017 and adults emerged on 8 – 11. v. 2017, SF Lin; [Pingtung Co.] 10 ò, 7 ñ, (in EtOH, NCHU), Dahan forest rd., galls collected on 4. v. 2017 and adults emerged on 8 – 25. v. 2017, leg. YM Chao and SF Lin. Distribution: JAPAN: Honshu, Kyushu, Tanegashima, Nakanoshima, Amamiohshima, and Okinawajima (Tokuda and Yukawa 2005; Yukawa et al. 2013; Tokuda 2018); and TAIWAN (New distribution records, see Table 3). Genetic distance and species delimitation Sequences of five P. kiwiphila sp. nov. (one Japanese and four Taiwanese individuals) and two Taiwanese P. elaeocarpi individuals were obtained for a partial COI gene (658 – 689 bp). Species delimitation of ABGD showed three presumptive species (Fig. 5) corresponding to our morphological examinations: (1) P. matatabi: one Japanese sequence; (2) P. elaeocarpi: one Japanese and two Taiwanese sequences; and (3) P. kiwiphila sp. nov.: one Japanese and four Taiwanese sequences. The genetic distance of P. elaeocarpi is 0.1 % within Taiwanese individuals and 2.7 % between Taiwanese and Japanese populations. As to Actinidia - associated species, the genetic distance is 0 – 2.6 % among P. kiwiphila sp. nov. and 5.1 – 6.7 % between P. kiwiphila sp. nov. and Japanese P. matatabi. Phylogeny and divergence time The phylogenetic trees constructed by Bayesian inference (Fig. 5 A) and by Maximum likelihood shared a similar topology except for the phylogenetic relationship among individuals of P. kiwiphila sp. nov., which was resolved in the IQ tree (Fig. 5 B) but not the BI tree. Leaf gallers of Pseudasphondylia, P. elaeocarpi, and P. saohimea, situated at the stem part of the tree and formed a paraphyletic group, whereas Pseudasphondylia species including all flower-bud and fruit gallers formed a monophyletic clade (PP: 0.51 and ML: 40 %). This clade is further divided into Actinidia - associated species, P. kiwiphila sp. nov. and P. matatabi, (PP: 1 and ML: 97 %) and Japanese species on other hosts (PP: 0.62 and ML: 95 %). In Actinidia - associated species, the divergence time for the two species was estimated to be 2.2 – 2.9 mya (COI genetic distance: 5.1 – 6.7 %). At the interspecific level, Taiwanese individuals of P. kiwiphila sp. nov. were paraphyletic to the Japanese individual. Taiwanese taxa of P. elaeocarpi was reconfirmed as a sister group of Japanese P. elaeocarpi (PP: 1 and ML: 100 %), and their divergence time was estimated to be around 1.2 mya (COI genetic distance: 2.7 %).	en	Hidaka, Chiho, Yang, Chien-Hui, Wakabayashi, Kaori (2022): Biogeography and Ecological Differentiation of Pseudasphondylia gall midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) Distributed in Taiwan and Japan, with Description of a New Species P. kiwiphila sp. nov. and the Southernmost Record of P. elaeocarpi. Zoological Studies 61 (39): 1-13, DOI: 10.6620/ZS.2022.61-39, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12827276
03DD87C2FE565602FF13FA45A668F9B0.taxon	biology_ecology	Host spectrum, ecology, and distribution of gall midges provide us valuable information to solve the biogeography and speciation processes of other species groups, such as Ilex- associated Schizomyia and Cinnamomoum - associated Bruggmanniella (Tokuda et al. 2004; Lin et al. 2020 b). In Actinidia - associated Pseudasphondylia species, P. matatabi occurs only in mainland Japan, whereas P. kiwiphila sp. nov. occurs in Taiwan and Kyushu. Both species have not yet been reported from the Ryukyu Islands (Tokuda and Yukawa 2005; Yukawa 2021), but host distribution and our findings provide a favorable opportunity to infer their biogeography.	en	Hidaka, Chiho, Yang, Chien-Hui, Wakabayashi, Kaori (2022): Biogeography and Ecological Differentiation of Pseudasphondylia gall midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) Distributed in Taiwan and Japan, with Description of a New Species P. kiwiphila sp. nov. and the Southernmost Record of P. elaeocarpi. Zoological Studies 61 (39): 1-13, DOI: 10.6620/ZS.2022.61-39, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12827276
