taxonID	type	description	language	source
03DC87D4FF89FF93FE00FB10FD3146D9.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Body cylindrical, dorsal pores absent. Clitellum annular or saddle-shaped (juvenile?), tubercula pubertatis absent. Male pores paired on 16, rarely on 15 (erroneous?) within copulatory pouches which when everted form clasper-like “ appendages ”. Spermathecal pores multiple, praeclitellar frequently inconspicuous. Oesophageal gizzard 5, intestinal gizzard and calciferous glands absent. Supra-oesophageal vessel present. Tubular, prostate-like setal glands associated with copulatory pouches and the genital setae present. Excretory system holoic.	en	., D] D, Qgudnrwr, Csuzdi, Cs., Blanchart, E. (2011): New and little known giant earthworms from Madagascar (Oligochaeta: Kynotidae). African Invertebrates 52 (2): 285-294
03DC87D4FF89FF95FE75FA60FF604163.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: MADAGASCAR: near of the Amber Hill national park, along the road near Joffre- YLOOH LQ $ QWVLUDQDQD (l 2 ° 28 ‵ 46. ƽ ̎ 6: 49 ° l 2 ‵ 47.8 ̎ (), 8. LL. 2 Ɵll, 0. 5 D] D ¿ QGUDNRWR & (. % ODQFKDUW (+ 1 + 0 AF / 5538 1 ex., ZMUA- 069 1 ex.). Habitat: The vegetation in the locality is formed by mango plants and Tithonia diversifolia, the soil is covered by Thelepogon elegans mixed with Sida rhombifolia and Corchorus olitorius. 7 KH GHDG PDQJR OHDYHV DUH KXPL ¿ HG RQ WKH VRLO DQG WKH UDLQ EULQJV some sandy soil and other organic materials. Remarks: Kynotus longus var. friderici Michaelsen, 1931 was described possibly on a regenerated specimen (Michaelsen 1931: 533); this might be the reason for the much smaller length (330 mm) given. Michaelsen argued that friderici is very close to the typical form and there are differences only in the spermathecal system, which is entirely intraparietal in friderici but large and intracoelomic in longus. This is a difference with WD [RQRPLF VLJQL ¿ FDQFH WKHUHIRUH K. longus var. friderici is hereby elevated to species rank.	en	., D] D, Qgudnrwr, Csuzdi, Cs., Blanchart, E. (2011): New and little known giant earthworms from Madagascar (Oligochaeta: Kynotidae). African Invertebrates 52 (2): 285-294
03DC87D4FF8FFF97FDD0FDC9FD504656.taxon	description	Figs 3 – 5 Etymology: From Latin giganteus (giant), in reference to the size of the captured worms. Diagnosis: Length alive 1350 – 1400 mm, diameter 20 – 25 mm; preserved length 1080 – 1840 mm diameter 15 – 20 mm. Colour slightly reddish at the head, pale after the clitellum. Segments 1 – 2 simple, 3 – 16 double ringed. Setae ab and cd appear from segment 17. Male pore on 16, on the second ringlet. Clitellum indistinct on 22 – 47, 48. Setae closely paired, both ab and cd lateral. Spermathecal pores from above ab to Md, 9 – 14 on each side in 13 / 14, 14 / 15, 15 / 16. Spermathecae intramuscular. Genital setal glands in 14, 15, 16. Genital setae spoon-shaped, slightly tetrahedral. Length ca 6 mm, diameter 0.04 mm, ornamentation dense serrations. Description: Holotype: Preserved length 1450 mm, diameter after clitellum 15 mm (Fig. 3). Segment number: 1330. Paratypes: 1080 – 1840 mm in length 15 – 20 mm in diameter. Segment number: 1300 – 1350. Weight of preserved worms ranges between 184 – 195 g. Colour: Alive slightly reddish at head, whitish after clitellum; preserved greyish. Head: Prolobous. Segments: 1 – 2 simple, 3 – 16 clearly double ringed. Dorsal pores: Lacking. Setae: Small, both ab and bc became observable on segment 17. All setae lateral, setal ratio aa: ab: bc: cd: dd = 100: 1: 10: 1: 90. Nephridial pores: Begin on segment 2, somewhat dorsal to setal line ab. Clitellum: Only indistinctly developed on segments 22 – 47, 48. Male pore: Ventral on 16, large oval slit on second ringlet. Female pores: Small slits on 14, in line of male pores. Spermathecal pores: In intersegmental furrows 13 / 14, 14 / 15, 15 / 16, numerous, 9 – 14 on each side, begin around the line of nephridial pores and scattered until mid-dorsal line. Spermathecal lines sometimes interrupted and continue not in intersegmental furrow but in furrows of two ringlets. Genital setal pores: Segmental, irregularly occur on lateral sides of segments 14, 15 and 16. Internal characters: Muscular gizzard: In 5, well-developed, cylindrical. Septa: 5 / 6, 12 / 13, 13 / 14 thickened, 6 / 7 – 11 / 12 highly strengthened. Calciferous glands: Lacking, even lamellar thickening of oesophagus missing. Dorsal blood vessel: Simple. Hearts: In 6 – 11, large moniliform, especially last two pairs. Testes and sperm funnels: In 10, 11 enclosed in peritoneal sack. Seminal vesicles: Lacking. Ovaries: In 13. Copulatory chamber: Large, oval, occupies the ventral place of segments 15 – 17. Each copulatory chamber bears irregular prostate-like gland (pseudoprostate) bulging up to segment 13; gland’s position highly variable, sometimes dorsal but sometimes running towards tail. Spermathecae: Small, numerous, completely embedded in body wall, only shining sperm can be seen from inside. Cutting body wall at intersegmental furrow 13 / 14, several small oval spermathecae can be seen that open to surface with small duct (Fig. 4). Genital setal organ: Three pairs in segments 14, 15, 16. They consist of large, slightly spiral gland similar in shape to pseudoprostates and genital setal sac containing several genital setae. Genital setae: Spoon-shaped, slightly tetrahedral, ca 6 mm long, 0.04 mm in diameter and provided with characteristic serrated ornamentation (Fig. 5). Holotype: MADAGASCAR: Atsimo-Atsinanana region, Farafangana district, Fianarantsoa town, near YLOODJH RI $ QND] RPDIDLWV \ (22 ° 38 ‵ 27.8 ̎ 6: 47 ° 49 ‵ 4 Ɵ. 8 ̎ (), 4 ƽ P, 23. L. 2 ƟlƟ, 0. 5 D] D ¿ QGUDNRWR (+ 1 + 0 AF / 5513). Paratypes: Same data as holotype (HNHM AF / 5514 1 ex., ZMUA- 030 3 ex.). Habitat: The vegetation in the locality is formed by savannah and secondary forest with Ravenala madagascariensis very dominant. Remarks: The new species exceeds in size all known Kynotus species. It is similar to K. darwini Keller, 1887 (= K. madagascariensis Michaelsen, 1891) but differs from the latter in its larger size, the position of the genital setae (13 – 15 in darwini, 14 – 16 in giganteus) and in the spermathecae (which are intracoelomic and sac-shaped in K. darwini, intramuscular and egg-shaped in K. giganteus sp. n.). Regarding its spermathecal apparatus the new species is similar to K. friderici Michaelsen, 1931; however, this species possesses only two spermathecal lines (14 / 15, 15 / 16) with 2 – 2 spermathecae on each side. A further difference can be found in the genital setae, which are claw-shaped in K. friderici and spoon-shaped in K. giganteus sp. n. It is remarkable that this giant worm possesses very small spermathecae completely embedded in the body wall, similar to several giant Ecuadorian earthworms such as Martiodrilus ischuros Zicsi, 1990, Martiodrilus crassus (Rosa, 1895) and Martiodrilus olivaceous James, 1990 (each ca 1000 mm long).	en	., D] D, Qgudnrwr, Csuzdi, Cs., Blanchart, E. (2011): New and little known giant earthworms from Madagascar (Oligochaeta: Kynotidae). African Invertebrates 52 (2): 285-294
03DC87D4FF8DFF98FE25FACBFC3A46D6.taxon	description	Figs 6 – 9 Etymology: From Latin proboscis, referring to the presence of two protrusions on the prostomium. Diagnosis: Length alive ca 500 – 600 mm, diameter 15 – 20 mm; preserved length 280 – 320 mm diameter 18 – 20 mm. Colour dark red on dorsum, pale on ventrum. Head with two protrusions. Segments 1 – 3 simple, 3 – 13 double ringed. Setae ab and cd appear from segment 17. Male pore on 16. Clitellum circular on 22 – 47, 48. Setae closely paired, both ab and cd lateral. Spermathecal pores lateral, 6 – 9 on each side in 13 / 14, 14 / 15, 15 / 16. Spermathecae large, irregular sac-shaped, duct short. Genital setal glands in 13, 14, 15. Genital setae lanceolate, length 3.2 mm, diameter 0.06 mm, ornamentation dense serrations. Description: Holotype: Contracted length 320 mm, diameter after clitellum 20 mm. Segment number: 734 (Fig. 6). Paratypes: Contracted length 280 – 320 mm, 13 – 20 mm in diameter. Segment number: 532 – 601. The weight of the preserved worms ranges between 44 – 58 g. Colour: Alive dark red on dorsum becoming pale abruptly ventrally from cd, preserved dark brown on dorsum and lighter on ventrum. Head: Prolobous with two prominent protrusions (Fig. 7). Segments: 1 – 3 simple, 4 – 13 clearly double ringed. Dorsal pores: Lacking. Setae: Small, both ab and bc became observable on segment 17. All setae lateral, setal ratio aa: ab: bc: cd: dd = 40: 1.25: 7.5: 1: 37.5. Nephridial pores: Begin on segment 2, somewhat dorsal to setal line ab. Clitellum: Circular on segments 22 – 47, 48. Male pores: Ventral on 16. Female pores: Not observable. Spermathecal pores: Lateral, 6 – 9 on each side in intersegmental furrows 13 / 14, 14 / 15, 15 / 16. Genital setal pores: Segmental, irregularly occur on lateral sides of segments 13, 14 and 15. Internal characters: Muscular gizzard: In 5, well developed, cylindrical. Septa: 5 / 6 – 12 / 13 strongly thickened. Calciferous glands: Lacking, even lamellar thickening of oesophagus missing. Dorsal blood vessel: Simple. Hearts: In 6 – 11, large moniliform, especially those in 10, 11. Testes and sperm funnels: In 10, 11 enclosed in peritoneal sack. Seminal vesicles: Lacking. Ovaries: In 13. Copulatory chamber: Large, oval, occupies ventral part of segments 15 – 20. Each copulatory chamber bears irregular prostate-like gland (pseudoprostate) bulging up to segment 25. Spermathecae: In 13 / 14, 14 / 15, 15 / 16, 6 – 9 per side, irregular sac-shaped, their size increases toward ventral pairs (Fig. 8). Genital setal organ: Three pairs in segments 13, 14, 15, consisting of slightly spiral gland similar in shape to pseudoprostates and genital setal sac containing several genital setae. Genital setae: Lanceolate, tip slightly depressed, 3.2 mm in length, 0.06 mm in diameter, with unequal serrated ornamentation. Serrations on dorsal side small and scattered, on ventral side dense and long (Fig. 9). Holotype: MADAGASCAR: Ambatondrazaka district, Toamasina town, Mangalaza (17 ° 18 ' 32.3 " S: 48 ° 46 ‵ 4 Ɵ. 6 ̎ (), 8 ƟƟ P, l 7. LLL. 2 ƟlƟ, 0. 5 D] D ¿ QGUDNRWR (+ 1 + 0 $) / ƽƽll). Paratypes: Same data as holotype (HNHM AF / 5512 1 ex, ZMUA- 027: 2 + 2 ex.); Ambatondrazaka district, 7 RDPDVLQD WRZQ, 7 VDUDKRQHQDQD (l 7 ° l 8 ‵ 4 Ɵ. l ̎ 6: 48 ° 36 ‵ ƽ 8.4 ̎ (), 93 ƽ P, 2 ƽ. LLL. 2 ƟlƟ, 0. 5 D] D ¿ QGUDNRWR (ZMUA- 029 1 ex.); Ambatondrazaka district, Toamasina town, Vohitsoa (17 ° 26 ' 57.3 " S: 48 ° 33 ' 52.3 " E), 76 ƽ P, 2 ƽ. LLL. 2 ƟlƟ, 0. 5 D] D ¿ QGUDNRWR (= 08 $ - Ɵ 28 l H [.). Habitat: At all places the vegetation is formed by bush composed of invasive species (Phytolacca acinosa, Salvia coccinea, Ageratum conyzoides, Lantana camara, Ricinus communis, Sida rhombifolia), with many dead leaves on the soil and some other plant PDWHULDO WKDW VWDUWV WR EH KXPL ¿ HG. Remarks: The new species is similar to K. kelleri Michaelsen, 1892 in its size and colour, but clearly differs from it by the higher number of spermathecae (1 – 3 per side in kelleri, 6 – 9 in proboscideus) and the presence of two prominent probosces on the prostomium. There is only one other species with similar head structure, K. schistocephalus Michaelsen, 1897, but the new species is easy to distinguish because of its longer clitellum (21 – 40 in schistocephalus, 22 – 27, 48 in proboscideus) and the higher number of spermathecae (1 – 3 in schistocephalus, 6 – 9 in proboscideus).	en	., D] D, Qgudnrwr, Csuzdi, Cs., Blanchart, E. (2011): New and little known giant earthworms from Madagascar (Oligochaeta: Kynotidae). African Invertebrates 52 (2): 285-294
