identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03D1E63498447056C5CDF90EFA79FF5E.text	03D1E63498447056C5CDF90EFA79FF5E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ramalina	<div><p>Key to Ramalina in Venezuela and Colombia</p><p>1 Thallus fistulose ............................................................................................................................................................................. (2) Thallus solid .................................................................................................................................................................................. (4)</p><p>2 (1) Spores short ellipsoid, 8–12 x 3–4 µm; apothecia reddish brown; substances mostly in the protocetraric acid complex; Venezuela .................................................................................................................................................................................... R. subcalcarata Spores long ellipsoid or fusiform, 12–17 x 5–7 µm; substances mostly depsides; East Africa and South America (Brazil, Colombia and Venezuela)................................................................................................................................................................................ (3)</p><p>3 (2) Divaricatic acid present; apothecia yellowish brown; ascospores ellipsoid, 12–15 x 5–7 µm; ..................................... R. calcarata Sekikaic acid and its aggregates present; apothecia pale or reddish brown; ascospores ellipsoid-fusiform, 15–17 x 5–7 µm ........... ............................................................................................................................................................................................. R. pusiola</p><p>4 (1) Thallus reticulate; branches finely to widely perforated; northern South America (paramos from Colombia and Venezuela)........... ............................................................................................................................................................................................ R. dictyota Thallus not reticulate; branches not perforated ............................................................................................................................... (5)</p><p>5 (4) Pycnidia apparent ............................................................................................................................................................................ (6) Pycnidia not apparent ...................................................................................................................................................................... (7)</p><p>6 (5) Pycnidia apical, blackened; thallus with simple laciniae, corticolous, mostly terete toward base, more or les flattened above, surface foveolate, undulate; soralia absent; apothecial disc convex; Venezuela (paramos).................................................. R. lopezii Pycnidia marginal or laminal, honey-colored with ostioles pale; thallus branched, saxicolous; soralia subapical to apical; Venezuela (dry forest) .................................................................................................................................................................... R. microphylla</p><p>7 (5) Lower cortex absent at best in part; branches compact, flattened, palmate, surface rugose; cartilaginous tissue from medulla forms a reticular structure.......................................................................................................................................................................... (8) Lower cortex present ....................................................................................................................................................................... (9)</p><p>8 (7) Psoromic and 2ˊ–O–demethylpsoromic acids present; Australia, East Africa and South America ................ R. reducta var. reducta Norstictic acid present; Colombia (paramos)........................................................................................... R. reducta var. colombiana</p><p>9 (7) Thallus sorediate or having isidial structures ................................................................................................................................ (10) Thallus not sorediate and lacking isidial structures....................................................................................................................... (35)</p><p>10 (9) Isidial structures common on branchlets ....................................................................................................................................... (11) Isidial structures absent ................................................................................................................................................................. (18)</p><p>11 (10) Isidial structures coralliform, laminal or marginal, ellipsoid; ascospores 1–3 septate, sigmoid to ellipsoid, 10–11 x 5–6 µm.... (12) Isidial structures not coralliform; ascospores 1–septate................................................................................................................ (15)</p><p>12 (11) Depsides and/or depsidones present.............................................................................................................................................. (13) No medullary substances present; northern South America (Colombia and Venezuela) ................. R. canaguensis var. canaguensis</p><p>13 (12) Divaricatic and protocetraric acids present; Colombia (paramo)...................................................... R. canaguensis var. colombiana Divaricatic and protocetraric acids absent..................................................................................................................................... (14)</p><p>14 (13) Hypoprotocetraric acid and triterpenoids present; Venezuela (paramo) ..................................... R. canaguensis var. mucumpisensis Salazinic and stictic acids present; Colombia (paramo).................................................................. R. canaguensis var. guascasensis</p><p>15 (11) Isidial structures verruciform; salazinic acid present; thallus up to 15 cm long, South America (Colombia, Brazil, Venezuela)....... .................................................................................................................................................................................... R. rectangularis Isidial structures not verruciform; thallus up to 10 cm long ......................................................................................................... (16)</p><p>16 (15) Isidial structures globuliform ...; ascospores 1–septate, curved or sigmoid, 12–14 x 5–6 µm; no medullary substances present: the Caribbean, Central America and South America....................................................................................................... R. camptospora Isidial structures granular or cylindrical, raised on tubercles or plane; branches sorediate.......................................................... (17)</p><p>17 (16) Isidial structures cylindrical, laminal; branches canaliculated; ascospores 1–septate, ellipsoid, straight, 12–15 x 4–5 µm; .............. ........................................................................................................................................................................................ R. victoriana Isidial structures granular or cylindrical, sometimes absent, raised on tubercles or plane; branches flat; apothecia not seen; protocetraric acid complex, salazinic, sekikaic or boninic acids present .......................................................................... R. asahinae</p><p>18 (10) Soralia helmet-shaped ................................................................................................................................................................... (19) Soralia variable, not helmet-shaped .............................................................................................................................................. (21)</p><p>19 (18) Sekikaic acid and its aggregates present; chondroidal tissue continuous...................................................................................... (20) Chondroidal tissue discontinuous; with very short, numerous, divergent branchlets; cryptochlorophaeic acid present; Venezuela (paramo) ..................................................................................................................................................................... R. escorialensis</p><p>20 (19) Pseudocyphellae not tuberculate; surface smooth; the Caribbean, Central America and South America (Colombia, Venezuela, Perú and Brazil) ....................................................................................................................................................................... R. cochlearis Pseudocyphellae tuberculate; surface nodulose; northern South America (Colombia and Venezuela) ............................ R. vareschii</p><p>21 (18) Branches not contorted or filiform ................................................................................................................................................ (22) Branches contorted or filiform ...................................................................................................................................................... (33)</p><p>22 (21) Branches strictly flattened............................................................................................................................................................. (23) Branches not strictly flattened ....................................................................................................................................................... (25)</p><p>23 (22) Salazinic acid present; pseudocyphellae raised on small tubercles............................................................................................... (24) Sekikaic, homosekikaic or divaricatic acids present; pseudocyphellae flattened; northern South America (Colombia and Venezuela) ................................................................................................................................................................... R. chiguarensis</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D1E63498447056C5CDF90EFA79FF5E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Marcano, Vicente;Méndez, Antonio Morales;Prü, Ernesto Palacios	Marcano, Vicente, Méndez, Antonio Morales, Prü, Ernesto Palacios (2021): The genus Ramalina Acharius (Ascomycota, Lecanoromycetes, Ramalinaceae) in northern South America. Phytotaxa 504 (1): 1-77, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.504.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.504.1.1
03D1E634984F7053C5CDFB4AFD23F797.text	03D1E634984F7053C5CDFB4AFD23F797.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ramalina anteojina A. Morales & V. Marcano 2021	<div><p>4. Ramalina anteojina A. Morales &amp; V. Marcano sp. nov.; Mycobank #838604 (Fig. 30)</p><p>Thallus saxicolus, parvus. Laciniae filiformes, subteretiusculae. Pseudocyphellae lineares. Soralia lateralia vel laminalia. Pycnidia non visa. Apothecia nulla. Acida usnicum, sekikaicum, hypoprotocetraricum et succinprotocetraricum continens.</p><p>Type:― VENEZUELA. Mérida: Laguna Anteojos, near Pico Espejo, Sierra Nevada National Park, 4100 m, V . Vareschi &amp; L. Vareschi 6900 (holotype VEN) .</p><p>Thallus saxicolous, rigid, erect, up to 1 cm long, pale yellow, older parts often discolored, with a distinct, delimited holdfast. Branches striate, filamentous, irregular, more or less terete, 0.8–1.0 mm broad, with numerous soralia producing ecorticate granules. Pseudocyphellae linear, longitudinally arranged. Cortical tissue paraplectenchymatous, 70–155 µm thick, peripheral tissue prosoplectenchymatous, 270–285 µm thick, medulla dense. Pycnidia not seen. Apothecia not seen.</p><p>Chemistry (TLC, HPTLC): Sekikaic, hypoprotocetraric and succinprotocetraric (tr.) acids.</p><p>Ecology and distribution: Ramalina anteojina is a rare species in the Venezuelan Andes known from alpine elevations (4100 m) where it is found in paramo, growing on rocks (Fig. 30). This is the Ramalina species that grows at the highest altitude in Venezuela.</p><p>Remarks: Ramalina anteojina is distinguished by the erect thallus, striate, with more or less subterete, sorediate branches; elliptic or linear, marginal pseudocyphellae; a very compact cortex; and the presence of sekikaic, hypoprotocetraric and succinprotocetraric acids. Ramalina anteojina is morphologically similar to R. tenuissima (Marcano &amp; Morales 1994a) . Both species are characterized by striate, filamentous laciniae, with linear, longitudinally arranged pseudocyphellae and the presence of sekikaic acid. However, R. anteojina is saxicolous, very small (&lt;1 cm) and contain additional hypoprotocetraric and succinprotocetraric acids, whereas R. tenuissima is corticolous, up to 32 cm long and contains only sekikaic acid. The SEM study shows that the upper surface is characterized by a scabrose, disrupted surface, comprising numerous, small, fragmented and flake-like hyphae (Fig. 19).</p><p>The name of the species refers to the type locality.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D1E634984F7053C5CDFB4AFD23F797	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Marcano, Vicente;Méndez, Antonio Morales;Prü, Ernesto Palacios	Marcano, Vicente, Méndez, Antonio Morales, Prü, Ernesto Palacios (2021): The genus Ramalina Acharius (Ascomycota, Lecanoromycetes, Ramalinaceae) in northern South America. Phytotaxa 504 (1): 1-77, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.504.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.504.1.1
03D1E634984E706DC5CDF8E1FD26FAEC.text	03D1E634984E706DC5CDF8E1FD26FAEC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ramalina asahinae W. Culberson & C. Culberson	<div><p>5. Ramalina asahinae W. Culberson &amp; C. Culberson</p><p>J. Jap. Bot. 51: 374 (1976). Type:― MEXICO. Chiapas: 11 km west of San Cristobal Las Casas, 2154 m (holotype DUKE).</p><p>Ramalina grumosa Kashiwadani, in H. Inoue (ed.), Stud. Crypt. South. Perú, Tokai Univ. Pres., 134 (1987). Type:― PERÚ. Pasco: Oxapampa, around Laguna El Oconal, on tree bark, 1500 m, H . Kashiwadani 22541 (holotype TNS) .</p><p>Thallus corticolous, fruticose, whitish green in field, pale yellow in herbaria, growing from a narrow holdfast, up to 2.0 mm in thick, branching dichotomously anisotomic. Branches solid, irregular flat, 5–10 cm long, 0.25–1.25 mm wide, surface smooth, slender or broad, soft or stiff. Pseudocyphellae ellipsoid to short linear, 0.5–4 mm wide, lateral. Isidial structures granular or cylindrical, sometimes absent. Soralia granular, ellipsoid to labriform. Cortical tissue distinct. Chondroid tissue weakly, or not, cracked. Medulla white, compact. Pycnidia and apothecia not seen.</p><p>Chemistry (TLC, HPTLC): This species presents 8 strains which are summarized in the Table 4. Strain 1. Galbinic (tr.), consalazinic, salazinic and protocetraric acids (Vareschi 6208). Strain 2. Salazinic and protocetraric acids (Vareschi 6212). Strain 3. Homosekikaic, sekikaic, boninic, succinprotocetraric and protocetraric acids (Vareschi 3495). Strain 4. Protocetraric acid (Marcano 171–92; Morales 138, Marcano 150–92, 151–92, 152–92, 154–92; Morales 88). Strain 5. Sekikaic and protocetraric acids (Marcano 161–92). Strain 6. Sekikaic and boninic acids (Aguirre &amp; Sipman 5727–C). Strain 7. Sekikaic, ramalinolic and boninic acids (Valencia &amp; Boekhout 164–A; Sipman et al. 23613–A, Florschütz 3618–A). Strain 8. Salazinic, consalazinic acids and 1 unknown compound (Vareschi 6174).</p><p>Ecology and distribution: This species grows on trees dead trunks tree in pastures at 950–3500 m. It is known from México and South America (Brazil, Ecuador, Perú, Colombia, Venezuela, Paraguay and Uruguay).</p><p>Remarks: Ramalina grumosa is considered to be a synonym of R. asahinae as both species have branchlets which often change into granular or cylindrical isidial structures and/or show granular soralia in its ending. Field observations usually revealed the presence of individuals (Morales 88, 138; Marcano 154–89) from a single population having isidiform-granular structures, others without isidial structures, and an irregularly continuous chondroid tissue (Fig. 25). Likewise, these individuals showed several chemosyndromes. Ramalina asahinae is a chemically variable species with sekikaic, boninic and ramalinolic acids (strains 3, 6, 7) and/or salazinic, protocetraric acids and aggregates (strains 1, 2, 4, 5, 8) as major metabolites (Table 4). Kashiwadani &amp; Kalb (1993) showed that R. asahinae from Brazil contained boninic acid as a major chemical substance, accompanied by 2– O –methylsekikaic and 4– O –methylpaludosic acids as minor compounds. The same substances were reported by these authors from specimens of R. grumosa . Chester &amp; Elix (1978) identified these substances for first time from the type of R. asahinae . However, 2– O –methylsekikaic and 4– O –methylpaludosic acids were not found in the specimens of this species from Colombia and Venezuela. More recently Gumboski (2016) reported only boninic acid in R. asahinae from Brazil.</p><p>Populations of R. asahinae from Venezuela and Colombia, and Brazil could represent different ecological and geographical varieties such as occur in R. reducta and R. canaguensis . Therefore, molecular studies including specimens from those three countries are necessary in order to determine the significance of its morphological variation and distribution pattern.</p><p>Specimens examined: COLOMBIA: Cundinamarca: Between Cogua and San Cayetano, near Laguna Seca, 3450 m, 13 September 1972, P. A . Florschütz 3618– A (B); Municipio San Francisco, vereda Sabaneta, near Cueva Grande, 2500 m, 17 July 1986, H . Sipman, H . Cardozo &amp; M . Ballestreros 23613– A (B, COL) . Tolima: Municipio Santa Isabel, El Ochoral, near quebrada Las Damas, 3130 m, 25 march 1988, H . Valencia &amp; T . Boekhout 166– A (B, COL) . Huila: Municipio La Plata, E-side of Cordillera Central, vereda La Candelaria, Finca Merenberg, 2400 m, 30 September 1984, J . Aguirre &amp; H . Sipman 5727– C (B, COL). Valle: Municipio Zarzal, Hacienda El Medio, between la Paila and Zarzal, 950 m, 17 February 1988, P. A . Silverstone-Sopkin 3577 (B) . VENEZUELA: Miranda: Near Los Guayabitos, 1 August 1954, Vareschi 3495 (VEN); Los Guayabitos, 8 January 1956, Vareschi 6208, 6212 (VEN); Los Guayabitos, 8 January 1957, Vareschi 6174 (VEN) . Mérida: La Culata massif, Paramo de los Conejos road, 2600 m, 6 april 1989, V . Marcano 154–89 (MER), Santo Domingo, Paramo de Mucubají, 3500 M , March 1992, V . Marcano 150–92, 151–92, 152–92, 161–92, 171–92, 174– B – 92 (MER); Hacienda Los Topes, San Juanito, Chiguará, 1200 m, 9 April 1983, A . Morales 88 (B, MERF); near Chiguará, Los Topes, A . Morales 138 (MER) .</p><p>. Ramalina aspera Räsänen</p><p>Ann. Bot. Soc. Zool. Bot. Fenn. Vanamo 20: 5 (1944). Type:― PARAGUAY. Chaco: Rio Verde, Villa Hayes, W . G . Herter 3 (holotype H!) .</p><p>Thallus corticolous, rugose, 1–2 cm high, pale yellow, sparingly branched. Branches solid, flat, dorsiventral Pseudocyphellae tuberculated, laminal or marginal, 0.1–0.3 mm wide. Cortex yellowish, chondroid tissue not cracked, discontinuous, medulla white, algal layer continuous. Soredia absent. Pycnidia not seen. Apothecia rounded, subapical to apical, laminal or marginal, concave to flat, weakly pruinous. Ascospores 1–septate, ellipsoid, 10–12 x 3.5–4 µm.</p><p>Chemistry (TLC,HPTLC):Strain1.Protocetraric acid(Vareschi3323).Strain2.Divaricatic and cryptochlorophaeic acids (Marcano 1–92; Vareschi 6156).</p><p>Ecology and distribution: This species was found growing over Citrus sp. and Cactaceae in dry forests at 1200– 1900 m. It is known from East Africa (Kenya) and South America (the Galápagos Islands, Brazil, Paraguay and Venezuela).</p><p>Remarks: This species may be confused with R. caracasana, but the latter species is distinguished by possessing fusiform spores (17–20 µm long) (Krog &amp; Swinscow 1975). Kashiwadani &amp; Kalb (1993) reported the spores to be 12–14 µm long in R. aspera from Brazil. In East Africa, R. aspera exhibits two chemical strains, one with boninic acid, the other with cryptochlorophaeic acid (Krog &amp; Swinscow 1975, Swinscow &amp; Krog 1988), whereas the Brazilian specimens contain divaricatic acid (strain 1) and cryptochlorophaeic acid (strain 2) (Kashiwadani &amp; Kalb 1993, Gumboski 2016). Kashiwadani &amp; Kalb (1993) and Aptroot &amp; Bungartz (2007) claimed that R. aspera might be confused with R. complanata, which differs in having more flattened lobes containing salazinic acid, protocetraric acid and its aggregates and lacking cryptochlorophaeic acid.</p><p>Specimens examined: VENEZUELA: Lara: Near to Barquisimeto, on xerophytic vegetation, 1200 m, Vareschi 3323 (VEN) . Miranda: Los Guayabitos, on lemon tree, 1 January 1957, Vareschi 6156 (VEN) . Mérida: Near Bailadores, Las Playitas, 1900 m, 13 April 1992, V . Marcano 1–92 (MER) .</p><p>. Ramalina asperula Krempelhuber</p><p>Verhandl. Zool. Bot. Gesellsch Wien. 26: 441 (1876) . Type:― PERÚ. Lima: leg. Dr Barranca, comm. Dr Wawra (lectotype in M, fide Krog &amp; Swinscow 1975).</p><p>Thallus solid, 1–3 cm long, moderately branched. Branches pale yellow or greenish, dorsiventral, irregular flat, rugose or reticulately wrinkled. Pseudocyphellae punctiform, plane or depressed, laminal, on both sides of the branch. Soredia not seen. Pycnidia not seen. Apothecia lateral, subapical, concave; thalline exciple pseudocyphellate, reticulately wrinkled. Ascospores 1–septate, ellipsoid, 9–12 x 3–3.5 µm.</p><p>Chemistry (TLC, HPTLC): Strain 1. Divaricatic and protocetraric acids (Vareschi 2089–A, 2291). Strain 2. Divaricatic, salazinic and protocetraric acids (Morales 155).</p><p>Ecology and distribution: This species is corticolous, growing over Cordia sp. in submontane and montane forests at 200–1200 m. It is known from East Africa (Kenya, Tanzania) and South America (Perú, Venezuela).</p><p>Remarks: Ramalina asperula can be confused with R. africana, but the latter species has tuberculate pseudocyphellae and larger spores (11–14 µm long). In Colombia and Venezuela R. asperula can be distinguished from R. aspera chemically by the occurrence of divaricatic acid without accompanying cryptochlorophaeic acid. Salazinic and protocetraric acids, which are present in chemical strain 2 from Venezuela, have not been reported in specimens from other regions e.g. Perú, East Africa (Krog &amp; Swinscow 1975, Kashiwadani 1987, Swinscow &amp; Krog 1988).</p><p>Specimens examined: VENEZUELA: Bolívar: Caroni Falls, 1 November 1952, Vareschi 2089a (VEN) . Dto. Federal: Cerro Casquillo, Caracas-La Guaira road, km 27, 20 January 1947, T . Lasser 2291 (VEN) . Mérida: Near Chiguará, Los Topes, 1200 m, A . Morales 155 (MER) .</p><p>. Ramalina bogotensis Nylander</p><p>Prodrom. Florae Nov. Granat., Lichen.: 16 (1864). Type:― COLOMBIA. Bogotá: 2700 m, In sylvis et ramis arborum longe pendula, A. Lindig 2752 (holotype H –NYL! 37512) .</p><p>Thallus corticolous, pendulous, contorted, yellowish to whitish, densely branched, up to 40 cm long. Branches flattened. Soralia variable, apical, having abundant granular soredia. Cortex distinct, yellowish, 5–10 μm thick, chondroid tissue distinctly cracked, continuous. Pycnidia not seen. Apothecia marginal or laminal, up to 0.8 mm diameter. Ascospores long-fusiform, with pseudosepta, 18–20 x 2.5–3 µm.</p><p>Chemistry (TLC, HPTLC): Strain 1. Divaricatic, 4ˊ– O –demethylsekikaic, boninic, 2ˊ– O –methylsekikaic, sekikaic, fumarprotocetraric and protocetraric acids (Mägdefrau 674). Strain 2. Sekikaic and 4ˊ– O –demethylsekikaic acids (Aguirre &amp; Sipman 5811).</p><p>Ecology and distribution: This species is corticolous on shrubs in low secondary and montane forests at 10–2300 m. It is known only from northern South America (Colombia and Venezuela).</p><p>Remarks: This rare species is usually confused in several herbaria with R. usnea . Both species have a contorted thallus, fusiform spores and are very similar chemically. However, R. bogotensis is distinguished by the presence of spores with pseudosepta and apical soralia producing abundant coarse granules which are absent in R. usnea . In R. bogotensis the major substances present are sekikaic acid and its aggregates, whereas in R. usnea the major substances are divaricatic acid and substances of the protocetraric acid complex. Ramalina bogotensis could be confused with R. tenaensis but the latter can be distinguished by the branches with verruculose surface, and lacks of soralia, pseudocyphellae and protocetraric acids and its aggregates.</p><p>Specimens examined: COLOMBIA: Huila: Municipio La Plata, vereda La Candelaria, E-side of Cordillera Central, headwaters of Rio La Candelaria, 2300 m, 1 October 1984, J . Aguirre &amp; H. J. Sipman 5811 (B, COL). VENEZUELA: Carabobo: Near to Puerto Cabello, 6 April 1958, K . Mägdefrau 674 (VEN).</p><p>. Ramalina calcarata Krog &amp; Swinscow</p><p>Norw. J. Bot. 21: 115 (1974). Type:― KENYA. Rift Valley Prov.: Uasin Gishu District, 5 km NW of Timboroa Summit, 2650 m , H. Krog &amp; T. D. V. Swinscow no. 2k19/12y (holotype O, isotype BM).</p><p>Thallus corticolous, fistulose, subdichotomously or irregularly branched, up to 4 cm long. Branches partly compressed, dorsiventral, 0.6–2.2 mm thick, surface smooth, having coalescing perforations, orbicular or irregular, separated by strands of chondroid tissue, fibrose-reticulate. Chondroid tissue not cracked, continuous. Medulla white, continuous. Pseudocyphellae and soredia not seen. Pycnidia not seen. Apothecia numerous, subapical or apical, spurred, plane or convex, up to 1 cm diameter, yellowish brown. Ascospores 1–septate, long ellipsoid, straight or curved, 12–15 x 5–7 µm.</p><p>Chemistry (TLC, HPTLC): Strain 1. Triterpenes, divaricatic, 4ˊ– O –demethylsekikaic, salazinic and protocetraric acids (Vareschi 6161–A). Strain 2. Divaricatic and salazinic (tr.) acids (Morales 141–89). Strain 3. Salazinic acid (Morales 92–84). Strain 4. Divaricatic acid (Marcano 158–92). Strain 5. Divaricatic and protocetraric acids (Marcano 6108), the latter sometimes only in traces (Marcano 6116–B; Sipman et al. 34116–A).</p><p>Ecology and distribution: This species is corticolous in rainforests and exposed subparamo as well as in Colombia on Fraxinus in pastures at 1200–3200 m. It is known from East Africa (Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda) and South America (Brazil, Colombia and Venezuela).</p><p>Remarks: This species closely resembles R. subcalcarata and R. pusiola . All three species are fistulose, but differ in several important characters: R. subcalcarata has short ellipsoid ascospores (8–12 x 3–4 µm) whereas R. pusiola has ellipsoid-fusiform ascospores (15–17 x 5–7 µm) and R. calcarata long ellipsoid ascospores (12–15 x 5–7 µm). Ramalina pusiola contains substances in the sekikaic acid and protocetraric acid complexes. In Brazil and East Africa Ramalina calcarata produces only divaricatic and salazinic acids (Krog &amp; Swinscow 1974, Kashiwadani &amp; Kalb 1993, Gumboski 2016).</p><p>Specimens examined: COLOMBIA: Antioquia: Municipio El Retiro, along road Medellin-La Ceja, between Las Palmas and El Retiro, 2050 m, 6 July 1986, H . Sipman, M . Escobar &amp; J . Rubiano 34116 (B) . VENEZUELA: Mérida: Las Playitas, near Bailadores, 1950 m, 14 April 1992, V . Marcano 6100, 6103 (MER); Paramo de La Culata, 2800– 3200 m, January 1992, V . Marcano 158–92 (MER); near Chiguará, Los Topes, 1200 m, A . Morales 92, 141 (MER) . Miranda: Los Guayabitos, 1 January 1957, Vareschi 6161 (VEN) . Táchira: Garcia lake, near Pregonero, 1900 m, 14 April 1992, V . Marcano 6108 (MER); Near Villa Paez, Delicias, 1900–2100 m, 13 April 1992, V . Marcano 6116– B (MER) .</p><p>0. Ramalina camptospora Nylander</p><p>Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie, sér. 2, 4: 120 (1870) . Type:― CUBA, C. Wright (holotype H–Nyl. 37248).</p><p>Thallus caespitose, corticolous, branching dichotomous or irregular, up to 7 cm long. Branches flat or subterete, irregular canaliculate, surface smooth to rarely rugose, having globuliform protuberances (which are ecorticate), 0.8– 0.1 mm thick. Pseudocyphellae continuous, concave, marginal. Isidial structures globuliform, marginal. Soralia ellipsoid or linear, scattered, concave. Pycnidia not seen. Apothecia apical or subapical, margin entire, up to 5.5 mm diameter. Ascospores 1–septate, curved or sigmoid, 12–14 x 4–4.5 µm.</p><p>Chemistry (TLC, HPTLC): Nil (Vareschi 5930, 7604–A–1) or usnic acid only (Sipman &amp; Valencia 10300).</p><p>Ecology and distribution: This species is found growing on branches of shrubs in rain forests and paramo at 1200–3400 m. It is known from the Caribbean (Cuba, Jamaica and Haiti), Central America (Guatemala, Nicaragua, Costa Rica and Panama) and South America (the Galápagos Islands, Colombia, Brazil and Venezuela).</p><p>Remarks: This species could be confused with R. canaguensis var. canaguensis, but the latter can be distinguished by the dense coralliform isidial structures on branchlets, as well as the multiseptate, shorter ascospores (10–11 µm). Ramalina rectangularis is also similar, but it has punctiform pseudocyphellae and contains salazinic acid. The collections of R. camptospora from Venezuela and Colombia lacked medullary compounds. Kashiwadani &amp; Kalb (1993) and Gumboski (2016) reported that in Brazil this species also produces usnic acid.</p><p>Specimens examined: COLOMBIA: Cundinamarca: Between Bogotá and Fusagasuga, c 5 km SW of roadtoll, 2700 m, 31 January 1979, H . Sipman &amp; H . Valencia 10200 (B, COL, U) . VENEZUELA: Mérida: Laguna Coromoto, 3400 m, 13 January 1957, V . Vareschi 5930 (VEN) . Miranda: Los Guayabitos, 1200–1400 m, 1 July 1962, Vareschi 7604a–1 (VEN)</p><p>. Ramalina canaguensis var. canaguensis V. Marcano &amp; A. Morales</p><p>Ernstia 3: 101 (1993) . Type:― VENEZUELA. Mérida: El Molino, between Estanquez and Canaguá, 1500–2000 m, 5 November 1991, A. Morales 400 (holotype MERF!) .</p><p>Thallus corticolous, pendulous, dichotomous, up to 6 cm long. Branches solid, complanate or broadly canaliculate, pale yellow, 0.3–0.4 mm wide, with a smooth surface. Pseudocyphellae marginal, shortly linear to ellipsoid. Soralia rare, marginal, also laminal, producing coarse granules. Isidial structures numerous, forming a coralliform cylinder, marginal, originating from pseudocyphellae and soralia, up to 1 mm high. Pycnidia not seen. Apothecia rare, marginal, subterminal, disc concave or convex, 1.4–1.6 um diameter. Ascospores 1–3 septate, sigmoid to ellipsoid-curved, 10– 10.5 x 5–5.5 μm.</p><p>Chemistry (TLC, HPTLC): Nil (Vareschi 535–D; 3102–I; Wolf 793, 953; Cleef 6051–B) or traces of usnic acid only (Marcano 164–92; Vareschi 5356–A, 5767–A).</p><p>Ecology and distribution: Ramalina canaguensis var. canaguensis occurs in very moist, rainforests, growing on trees and shrubs. It seems to prefer exposed parts of the trunk. It is also found in paramo. In Colombia, R. canaguensis var. canaguensis grows on Weinmannia tolimensis Cuatrecasas and Neurolepis at 1410–3370 m. It is known only from northern South America (Colombia and Venezuela).</p><p>Remarks: R. canaguensis is somewhat similar to R. usnea, but it differs in having disrupted pseudocyphellae, coralliform isidial structures (Fig. 26) and in lacking lichen substances. In R. usnea the thallus is contorted, has complanate laciniae and in areas where the two species overlap, R. usnea usually contains sekikaic and ramalinolic acids. Furthermore, R. usnea has long fusiform spores and lacks soralia whereas R. canaguensis has sigmoid or curvedellipsoid spores and soralia.</p><p>Ramalina canaguensis shows four chemical races each with several chemical strains. The populations of this species are morphologically indistinguishable and but they occupy distinct ecological niches according to the acids present. In this case the chemical races are regarded as taxonomically significant (Elix 1982) and thus are here recognized at the varietal level.</p><p>Additional specimens examined: Colombia: Cundinamarca: San Cayetano, Hacienda Portugal, 2750 m, 8 November 1972, A . Cleef 6051– B (B). Riseralda: Municipio Santa Rosa, camino real between Termales of Santa Rosa and hacienda La Sierra, 3370 m, 25 February 1986, J . Wolf 793 (B, COL, U); municipio Santa Rosa, camino real between Termales of Santa Rosa and hacienda La Sierra, 3370 m, 24 April 1986, J . Wolf 953 (B, COL, U) . Venezuela: Miranda: Los Guayabitos, 1410 m, 9 December 1956, V . Vareschi 535b– A, 5767– A (VEN); Los Guayabitos, El Volcán, 1420 m, 28 December 1951, V . Vareschi 535 (VEN) . Trujillo: Paramo del Jabón, near to Carache, 1981, M . Lopez- Figueiras et H . Rodriguez 26404 (MERF); Táchira: El Portachuelo, near to Paramo El Zumbador, 21 April 1992, V . Marcano 164–92, 4285, 4286 (MERF) .</p><p>. Ramalina canaguensis var. colombiana V. Marcano &amp; A. Morales var. nov.</p><p>Thallus ut in Ramalina canaguensis var. canaguensis sed acidum divaricaticum et acidum protocetraricum continente differt. Type:― COLOMBIA. Cundinamarca: Municipio San Francisco, vereda Sabaneta, near Quebrada Cueva Grande, 2500 m, 17 July 1986 ,</p><p>H. Sipman 23625 (holotype B).</p><p>Chemistry (TLC, HPTLC): Divaricatic and protocetraric acids.</p><p>Ecology and distribution: Ramalina canaguensis var. colombiana occurs on trees along; track through pastures in strongly modified Quercus forest remnants at 2500 m. It is known only from Colombia.</p><p>Remarks: Ramalina canaguensis var. colombiana is known only from the type locality. It is mainly characterized by the presence of one orcinol para -depside (divaricatic acid). The other varieties show β-orcinol depsidones or usnic acid only.</p><p>The name of this variety refers to the type locality.</p><p>. Ramalina canaguensis var. guascasensis V. Marcano &amp; A. Morales var. nov.</p><p>Thallus ut in Ramalina canaguensis var. canaguensis sed acidum salazinicum et acidum sticticum continente differt. Type:― COLOMBIA. Cundinamarca: Municipio Guasca, Paramo de Guasca, Cordillera Pena Negra, along road Guasca-Guacheta, W-</p><p>slope, valley of El Chusqual, 3200 m, 6 September 1984, J . Aguirre &amp; H. J. M . Sipman 5147 (holotype B) .</p><p>Chemistry (TLC, HPTLC): Salazinic and stictic acids.</p><p>Ecology and distribution: Ramalina canaguensis var. guascasensis occurs as an epiphyte in mixed subparamo woodland containing Brunellia, Drimys, Miconia, Oreopanax and Clusia at 3200 m. It is known only from Colombia.</p><p>Remarks: Ramalina canaguensis var. guascasensis is known only from the type locality and is characterized by the presence of salazinic and stictic acids.</p><p>The name of this variety refers to the type locality.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D1E634984E706DC5CDF8E1FD26FAEC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Marcano, Vicente;Méndez, Antonio Morales;Prü, Ernesto Palacios	Marcano, Vicente, Méndez, Antonio Morales, Prü, Ernesto Palacios (2021): The genus Ramalina Acharius (Ascomycota, Lecanoromycetes, Ramalinaceae) in northern South America. Phytotaxa 504 (1): 1-77, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.504.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.504.1.1
03D1E6349871706CC5D3FA08FE31FF6D.text	03D1E6349871706CC5D3FA08FE31FF6D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ramalina canaguensis var. mucumpisensis V. Marcano & A. Morales 2021	<div><p>4. Ramalina canaguensis var. mucumpisensis V. Marcano &amp; A. Morales var. nov.</p><p>Thallus ut in Ramalina canaguensis var. canaguensis sed acidum hypoprotocetraricum et substantia triterpenoidea continente differt. Type.― VENEZUELA. Mérida: La Culata Massif, near Mucumpis and Paramo Mifafí, 1700 m, V. Marcano, A. Morales &amp; R. Vidal 7207</p><p>( holotype VEN, isotype herb. lich. V. Marcano) .</p><p>Chemistry (TLC, HPTLC): Strain 1. Hypoprotocetraric acid and triterpenoids (Marcano et al. 7280). Strain 2. Hypoprotocetraric and protocetraric (tr.) acids (Aguirre &amp; Sipman 5276–F).</p><p>Ecology and distribution: Ramalina canaguensis var. mucumpisensis occurs on bark or decorticated wood of trunks, canopy branches and twigs in very moist rain forests and subparamo at 1700–3400 m. It is only known from northern South America (Colombia and Venezuela).</p><p>Remarks: Ramalina canaguensis var. mucumpisensis shows similar morphological characteristics to R.canaguensis var. canaguensis (Marcano &amp; Morales 1993a) . but differs in containing triterpenoids and hypoprotocetraric acid. Both varieties possess a smooth upper surface (Fig. 24) with elliptical or linear pseudocyphellae and a micro-filamentose apothecial upper surface (Fig. 28). Ramalina canaguensis var. mucumpisensis exhibits two chemical strains, both of which contain substance hypoprotocetraric acid as the major secondary metabolite.</p><p>The name of the variety refers to the type locality.</p><p>Additional specimens examined: COLOMBIA: Cundinamarca: Municipio Supatá, Alto El Tablazo, along track from radar station to Supatá, 3400 m, 11–12 September 1984, J. Aguirre &amp; H. J. Sipman 5276–F (B) . VENEZUELA: Mérida: La Culata Massif, near Mucumpis and Paramo Mifafí, 2800–3000 m, V . Marcano, A. Morales et R . Vidal 7280 (herb. lich. V. Marcano, VEN) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D1E6349871706CC5D3FA08FE31FF6D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Marcano, Vicente;Méndez, Antonio Morales;Prü, Ernesto Palacios	Marcano, Vicente, Méndez, Antonio Morales, Prü, Ernesto Palacios (2021): The genus Ramalina Acharius (Ascomycota, Lecanoromycetes, Ramalinaceae) in northern South America. Phytotaxa 504 (1): 1-77, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.504.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.504.1.1
03D1E63498707063C5D3FE88FDADF8CE.text	03D1E63498707063C5D3FE88FDADF8CE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ramalina caracasana Muller Argoviensis	<div><p>5. Ramalina caracasana Müller Argoviensis (Fig. 31)</p><p>Flora, Jena: 64: 86 (1881). Type:― VENEZUELA. Caracas: A . Ernst 230 (holotype G) .</p><p>Thallus corticolous, erect, coarser, robust, moderately to densely branched, up to 5 cm long. Branches pale yellow or greenish, solid, surface wrinkled-ridged. Pseudocyphellae punctiform, raised on tubercles. Soralia not seen. Pycnidia not seen. Apothecia lateral, subapical or apical, spurred. Ascospores fusiform, 16–19 x 4.5–5 µm.</p><p>Chemistry (TLC; HPTLC): Strain 1. Stictic, boninic, hypoprotocetraric, succinprotocetraric and protocetraric acids (Ortiz et al. 663). Strain 2. Protocetraric acid (Vareschi 4392, Vareschi 7759).</p><p>Ecology and distribution: This species grows over trees and shrubs in rainforests; 1000–1320 m. It is known only from northern Venezuela.</p><p>Remarks: Ramalina caracasana is a rare species which could be confused with R. africana, but the latter species cointains the sekikaic acid complex and has ellipsoid spores (11–14 x 3.5–4.0 µm). Although R. caracasana contains accessory stictic and boninic acids, it is characterized in the main by substances in the protocetraric acid complex. Krog &amp; Swinscow (1975) reported the presence of protocetraric acid in this species.</p><p>Specimens examined: VENEZUELA: Miranda: La Guairita, Cave El Indio, 1000–1200 m, 15 August 1984, Ortiz et al. 663 (VEN); near Tejerias, 1200 m, 12 July 1962, V . Vareschi 7759 (VEN); Los Guayabitos, 1320 m, 6 November 1955, V . Vareschi 4392 (VEN).</p><p>. Ramalina celastri (Sprengel) Krog &amp; Swinscow</p><p>Norw. J. Bot. 23: 159 (1976). – Parmelia celastri Sprengel, Syst. Veg. 4: 328 (1827). Type:― SOUTH AFRICA. Cap ., C. F. Ecklon (holotype S).</p><p>Thallus corticolous, conspicuous, rigid, subpendulous, very variable, up to 25 cm long, branching dichotomously anisotomic to irregular. Branches solid, flattened, lanceolate, surface smooth or furrowed, 0.9–6.0 mm wide, older branches longitudinally or reticulately ridged from strands of cartilaginous tissue, often with holes or cracks. Pseudocyphellae short linear, marginal and/or laminal, abundant, plane or concave. Chondroid tissue not cracked, continuous. Pycnidia not seen. Apothecia abundant, rounded, lateral or laminal, disc flat or convex, up to 1.7 mm diameter. Ascospores 1–septate, short fusiform, 13–17 x 3.5–5 µm.</p><p>Chemistry (TLC, HPTLC): Nil (Morales 92; Cleef 4190; Sipman &amp; Velosa 32725; Rubiano 433, 434, 435; Sipman et al. 34117; Silvestone-Sopkin 3099; Aguirre &amp; Sipman 6119; Vareschi 37, 2466–B, 2833, 3208–E, 3499, 3957, 5717, 6160, 6207–A, 7265, 7758, 8033, 8475, 8603, 8602, 8604, 8696, 9842; Pittier 11899; Morillo &amp; Manara 390; Sipman et al. 34043), or usnic acid only (Allart 74; Vareschi 5721).</p><p>Ecology and distribution: This species is frequent in diverse habitats, where it is found growing on rocks and bark, in pastures, rainforests and paramo. In Colombia, it occurs on the bark of Salix sp., Facara sp. ( Rutaceae), Eucalyptus sp., Fraxinus sp., Xylosma sp., Vallea sp., Citrus sp. as well as other shrubs in pastures, and in forests with Anacardium sp. at 950–3500 m. It is known from Australia, Tasmania, East Africa, South Africa, and South America (Chile, Brazil, Perú, Colombia, Venezuela, Uruguay and Argentina).</p><p>Remarks: Ramalina celastri is one of the most common Ramalina species in Colombia and Venezuela. Ramalina celastri resembles R. cumanensis but R. cumanensis has canaliculate branches and 1–septate, ellipsoid ascospores (8–12 x 4–5 µm). Both species lack medullary compounds.</p><p>Specimens examined: COLOMBIA: Cauca: Popayan, Los Robles, campus of Fundación Universitaria, c. 15 km towards Timbío, 1750 m, 29 May 1986, H . Sipman &amp; R . Velosa 32725 (B). Valle: Municipio Zarzal, hacienda El Medio, Road Panamerican, between La Paila and zarzal, 950 m, 16 April 1987, F . A . Silverstone-Sopkin, N . Paz &amp; J . Larrahondo 3099 (B). Antioquia: Municipio Medellín, finca Yaromal, vereda Chuscal, c 10 km from San Antonio de Prado, 2300 m, 3 July 1986, H . Sipman, M . Escobar &amp; J . Rubiano 34043 (B); Municipio El Retiro, along road Medellín – La Ceja, between Las Palmas and El Retiro, Hacienda Fizebad, entrance of reconstructed farm, 2050 m, 6 July 1986, H . Sipman, M . Escobar &amp; J Rubiano 34117 (B). Huila: E-slope of Cordillera Central, La Plata, hacienda Limana, ca. 5 km from La Plata towards Paicol, 1000 m, 8 October 1984, J . Aguirre &amp; H . J . M. Sipman 6119 (B). Cundinamarca: Represa del Neusa, near rio Neusa, 3 km southern Represa Neusa, 2750 m, 26 May 1972, A . M . Cleef &amp; R . Jaramillo 4190–c (B); Tequendama, Archaeological Park, 2600 m, 15 September 1972, P . A . Florschütz 3714 (B, COL, U); Zipaquirá, 2550 m, 16 june 1983, L . J . Rubiano 435, 436– A (B); Zipaquirá, 2550 m, 15 April 1983, L . J . Rubiano 433, 434 (B) . VENEZUELA: Dto. Federal, El Avila National Park, road Los Castillitos – El Rincón, 1200 m, 22 February 1971, G . Morillo &amp; B . Manara 390 (VEN); Dto. Federal, Caracas, Sabana Grande, 15 July 1950, V . Vareschi 37; El Avila National Park, between Cotiza and Los Venados, October 1924, Allart 74 (VEN). Mérida: Los Topes, San Juanito, near Chiguará, 1200 m, 12 February 1984, A . Morales 92 (B, MERF); Sierra Santo Domingo, Mucubaji lake, 3500 m, 19 May 1993, D. Martinez, V . Marcano &amp; L . Galiz 190, 191, 195 (herb. lich. V. Marcano, VEN); Paramo Los Conejos road, 2200–2400 m, 6 April 1989, V . Marcano s/n (herb. lich. V. Marcano, VEN); Paramo La Negra, 2900–3100 m, 15 April 1954, V . Vareschi 3208– E (VEN); Near Chachopo, above hacienda Schwarzkopf, 3150 m, 10 August 1969, V . Vareschi 8475 (VEN); Chachopo, near Motatan river, 3100 m, 20 August 1972, V . Vareschi 8602, 8603, 8604 (VEN); near Timotes, 3000 m, 5 september 1964, V . Vareschi 8033 (VEN); Ejido, 1700 m, 10 November 1952, V . Vareschi 2466– B (VEN); Chachopo, on rock, 3000 m, 11 November 1958, Vareschi 7265 (VEN); near Chachopo, 3000 m, 5 September 1956, V . Vareschi 5214 (VEN); Raiz de Agua, Parque Sierra Nevada de Merida, 2700 m, 28 July, 2020, V . Marcano &amp; L . Castillo 20–92, 20–96 (herb. lich. V. Marcano). Miranda: Near Los Guayabitos, 1100 m, 1 August 1964, V . Vareschi 3499 (VEN); Lomas de Sartaneja, near Los Guayabitos, 6 July 1955, V . Vareschi 3957 (VEN); Sebucan, near Los Dos Caminos, 27 September 1925, H . Pittier 11899 (VEN); Near Colonia Tovar, 2000 m, 5 November 1979, V ., Vareschi 9842 (VEN); Tiara, near Tejerias, 1200 m, 12 July 1963, V . Vareschi 7758 (VEN); Los Guayabitos, 1 January 1957, Vareschi 6160 (VEN); Los Guayabitos, 8 January 1956, Vareschi 6207– A (VEN) ; Los Guayabitos, 1200 m, 22 March 1953, V . Vareschi 2833 (VEN). Táchira: Between Betania and Villa Paez, 2200–2400 m, 15 April 1992, V . Marcano s/n (MER); Garcia lake, near Pregonero, 14 April 1992, V . Marcano A and B (MER); Paramos, 3000 m, 3 October 1956, V . Vareschi 5717 (VEN) .</p><p>. Ramalina chiguarensis V. Marcano &amp; A. Morales</p><p>The Bryologist 97: 27 (1994) . Type:― VENEZUELA. Mérida: Chiguará, El Paramito, 1000 m, 12 February 1984, A. Morales 96 (holotype MERF!) .</p><p>Thallus corticolous, pendulous, soft, tufted from holdfast, densely and dichotomously branched, up to 12 cm long. Branches pale yellow, subshiny, complanate (1–1.5 mm broad). Pseudocyphellae lateral, laminal, linear, orbicular, ellipsoid, abundant on underside. Soralia abundant, lateral, laminal, producing coarse granules. Cortical tissue paraplectenchymatous, 6–8 μm thick, disrupted in lateral parts. Peripheral chondroid tissue sometimes forming continuous upper and lower layers, 30–45 μm thick. Pycnidia and apothecia not seen.</p><p>Chemistry (TLC, HPTLC): Strain 1. Sekikaic and homosekikaic acids (Lopez-Figueiras &amp; Keogh 9224– B; Morales 123, 129). Strain 2. Sekikaic, homosekikaic and salazinic acids (Morales 97). Strain 3. Sekikaic acid (Marcano 174–92). Strain 4. Divaricatic acid (Morales 96; Aguirre &amp; Sipman 5728–B). Strain 5. Divaricatic and cryptochlorophaeic acids and an unknown compound (Morales 96, 97).</p><p>Ecology and distribution: Ramalina chiguarensis occurs on the bark or decorticated wood of trunks and canopy branches; on dead wood in pastures (Colombia); and on twigs in moist, secondary forests and paramo at 1000–3500 m. It is known only from northern South America (Colombia and Venezuela).</p><p>Remarks: Ramalina chiguarensis closely resembles R. rectangularis as both species are characterized by dichotomous branches with lateral pseudocyphellae (Fig. 6) and complanate laciniae. However, the two species can be distinguished by both morphological and chemical character: R. rectangularis has isidiform soralia and contains salazinic acid, whereas R. chiguarensis lacks isidiform soralia and contains sekikaic acid (strains 1, 2 and 3) or divaricatic acid (strains 4 and 5) as major chemical substances. Ramalina chiguarensis is also very similar to R. andina (see above). Specimens of R. chiguarensis from a single population were found to contain different acids. For example, strains 1, 2 and 5 were collected in a single population on decorticated wood of trunks at Hacienda Los Topes, near Chiguará, Mérida. More surprisingly, different branches of a single thallus (Morales 96) were found to be of different strains (strains 2 and 5) including sekikaic, homosekikaic, divaricatic and cryptochlorophaeic acids.</p><p>Additional specimens examined: COLOMBIA: Huila: E-side of Cordillera Central, La Plata, vereda la Candelaria, Finca Merenberg, 2400 m, 30 September 1984, J . Aguirre &amp; H. J. M . Sipman 5728– B (B) . VENEZUELA. Mérida. Sierra la Culata, 3500 m, October 1993, V . Marcano 7168 (MER); La Carbonera, between Mérida City and La Azulita, 1975, Lopez-Figueiras &amp; Keogh 9224– B (MERF); Hacienda Los Topes, near Chiguará, 1300–1400 m, 12 February 1984, A . Morales 96, 97 (B); El Guamo, near Caña Brava, 1989, A . Morales 123 (MERF); Chiguará, El Paramito, 1400 m, 1989, A . Morales 129 (MERF) .</p><p>. Ramalina chilensis Bertero ex Nylander</p><p>Bull. Soc. Linn. Normand., sér 2, 4: 124 (1870) . Type:― CHILE. Quillota: 1829, C, G. Bertero 1213 (holotype H –NYL! 37513, isotype G) .</p><p>Thallus pendulous, rarely up to 30 cm long, contorted, flattened, whitish. Branches strongly flattened, apices subterete, reticulate, surface pale with prominent white striations, 1.8–5.2 mm broad, Soredia absent. Pseudocyphellae linear, striated, continuous. Pycnidia not seen. Apothecia lateral or laminal, common. Ascospores fusiform, 12–14(–16) x 2–2.5 µm.</p><p>Chemistry (TLC, HPTLC): Strain 1. Homosekikaic, sekikaic, boninic, succinprotocetraric (tr.) and protocetraric acids (Vareschi 2952, 2568; Morales 136). Strain 2. Sekikaic acid (Cleef 6043–b, 6055–a). Strain 3. Homosekikaic, sekikaic, boninic, and protocetraric (tr.) acids (Vareschi 2568).</p><p>Ecology and distribution: This species is found growing over trees, such as Quercus (in Colombia) in submontane and montane forests at 200–2780 m. It is known from South America (Brazil, Chile, Colombia and Venezuela).</p><p>Remarks: This species is very similar to R. usnea, but the latter lacks pseudocyphellae and has long-fusiform ascospores (18–28 x 3–3.5 µm). In Colombia R. chilensis contains only sekikaic acid (strain 2), whereas in Venezuela, it contains sekikaic acid, homosekikaic and divaricatic acids as major components (strains 1 and 3), as well as accessory substances in the protocetraric acid complex. In Brazil, Kashiwadani &amp; Kalb (1993) reported the presence of two strains, one containing sekikaic, boninic and 4ˊ– O –demethylsekikaic acids, and the other with norstictic acid. In Chile (Rundel 1978a), R. chilensis contains salazinic, norstictic and sekikaic acids.</p><p>Ramalina chilensis could be confused with R. tenaensis and R. bogotensis . These species have contorted thalli. However, R. tenaensis can be distinguished by branches with a verruculose surface and containing divaricatic, boninic and 2ˊ– O –methylsekikaic acids whereas R. bogotensis has abundant granular soredia and long-fusiform spores (18–20 µm).</p><p>Specimens examined: COLOMBIA: Cundinamarca: San Cayetano, hacienda Portugal, Alto de Sendales, 2750– 2780 m, 8 November 1972, A . Cleef 6043–b, 6055–a (B) ; VENEZUELA: Mérida: Near Chiguará, Los Topes, A ., 1200 m, Morales 136 (MER) . Monagas: Near to Barrancas, in the margins of Orinoco river, 200–400 m, 25 August 1953, Vareschi 2952 (VEN); Casacoima, margins Orinoco river, 7 January 1953, Vareschi 2568 (VEN)</p><p>. Ramalina cochlearis Zahlbruckner</p><p>Bull. Herb. Boiss. ser. 2, 5: 542 (1905). Type:― BRAZIL. Cachoeira: Ad ramos arborum in sylvis, L . B . Damazio 1449 (holotype W) .</p><p>Thallus corticolous, fruticose, erect, up to 4.5 cm long. Branches dichotomous, solid, canaliculated (Fig. 4), pale yellow or whitish, surface smooth, 500–925 μm broad. Pseudocyphellae not tuberculate, marginal, orbicular or ellipsoid (Fig. 7). Soralia helmet-shaped, present on the upper surface. Cortical tissue 18–22 um thick. Chondroid tissue continuous, 22–28 μm thick. Medulla white, loose. Pycnidia and apothecia not seen.</p><p>CHEMISTRY (TLC, HPTLC). This species presents 12 strains which are summarized in the Table 5. Strain 1. Homosekikaic, sekikaic, ramalinolic, 4’– O –demethylsekikaic, 4ˊ– O –methylnorhomosekikaic and 4’– O – methylnorsekikaic acids. Strain 2. Boninic and 2ˊ– O –methylsekikaic acids. Strain 3. Sekikaic, 4ˊ– O –demethylsekikaic, boninic, 2ˊ– O –methylsekikaic and salazinic (tr.) acids (Vareschi 4333). Strain 4. Homosekikaic, sekikaic, 4ˊ– O – demethylsekikaic, boninic, 2ˊ– O –methylsekikaic and protocetraric (tr.) acids (Pittier 9283). Strain 5. Homosekikaic, sekikaic, 4ˊ– O –demethylsekikaic, boninic, hypoprotocetraric and protocetraric acids (Vareschi 5718). Strain 6. Homosekikaic, sekikaic and boninic acids (Sipman et al. 34116–A; Aguirre &amp; Sipman 5744–B; Vareschi 768,1 Aguirre &amp; Sipman 5558; Wolf 530). Strain 7. Homosekikaic and sekikaic acids (Rubiano 436–B). Strain 8. Homosekikaic, sekikaic, 4ˊ– O –demethylsekikaic and boninic acids (Sipman &amp; Valencia 10296). Strain 9. Homosekikaic, sekikaic, ramalinolic (tr.), 4ˊ– O –demethylsekikaic, boninic, succinprotocetraric, protocetraric and fumarprotocetraric acids (Vareschi 3392, Sipman &amp; Velosa 32727, Cleef &amp; Jaramill 4190–e). Strain 10. Homosekikaic, sekikaic and protocetraric acids (Vareschi 5931). Strain 11. Homosekikaic, sekikaic, 4ˊ– O –demethylsekikaic, boninic and protocetraric acids (Sipman &amp; Velosa 33711). Strain 12. Sekikaic and ramalinolic acids (Cleef &amp; van Rens de Cleef 4849–B).</p><p>Ecology and distribution: This species is corticolous, growing in cloud forests and paramo (940–3750 m). In the Guayana Highlands, it grows associated with Usnea spp., Ramalina celastri, Teloschistes flavicans (Swartz 1788: 147) Norman (1853: 229), Heterodermia spp. and Parmotrema crinitum (Acharius 1814: 196) M. Choisy (1952: 175), whereas in the Andes it is associated with R. celastri, R. cumanensis, Teloschistes flavicans and Heterodermia sp. (Fig. 30). In Colombia, R. cochlearis grows in Quercus humboldtii Bonpland (1805: 155) forests, and on dead trunks in pastures; it is also found on bark of Weinmannia, Xylosma, Vallea, Salix, Cyatheaceae and Brunnellia. This lichen is known from the Caribbean, Central America (México, Guatemala and Honduras) and South America (Colombia, Venezuela, Perú and Brazil).</p><p>Remarks: Ramalina cochlearis is a very common species in northern South America. It closely resembles R. escorialensis, R. vareschii and R. xalapensis V. Marcano &amp; A. Morales (1994c: 198), but R. escorialensis can be distinguished by the presence of cryptochlorophaeic acid and R. vareschii by the tuberculate pseudocyphellae. Ramalina xalapensis is known only from México and is characterized by marginal isidial structures and a lack pseudocyphellae. The morphological and chemical characters of these species have been described in detail by Marcano &amp; Morales (1994c).</p><p>Specimens of R. cochlearis from Colombia and Venezuela showed 12 chemical strains. All the specimens examined did not contain usnic acid in detectable amounts. The major chemical substances found were homosekikaic, sekikaic and boninic acids, whereas accessory substances included some sekikaic acid derivatives and substances in the protocetraric acid complex (Table 5). Kashiwadani (1988) and Kashiwadani &amp; Kalb (1993) reported only two chemical strains for this species in Perú and Brazil, and Marcano &amp; Morales (1994c) reported two strains from Honduras. The high chemical variability (chemosyndromic) of R. cochlearis in northern South America could be explained by an active and progressive chemical evolution where the chemosyndromes are ordinated by side-chain length of the constituent compounds (Culberson &amp; Culberson 1976). This chemical evolution could be hypothetically driven by differing evolutionary selection pressures within the Andean cordillera, such as those taking place in the steep altitudinal gradient viz. effects of exposing to ultraviolet radiation, and by other ecological constraints (Rundel 1978a,b, Sheard 1978a,b, Culberson et al. 1990, Bjerke et al. 2002, Marcano et al. 2010, Marcano &amp; Sipman 2021).</p><p>Specimens examined: COLOMBIA: Risaralda: Santa Rosa de Cabal, ca. 500 km E of Termales santa Rosa, 2325 m, 13 December 1985, J . Wolf &amp; A . Wolf 2250 (B, COL, U); Santa Rosa de Cabal, ca. 500 km E of Termales santa Rosa, 2460 m, 11 December 1985, J . Wolf 530 (B, COL, U); W-slope of Cordillera Central, Santa Rosa de Cabal, along track from termales de Santa Rosa to Termales Antiguos, 2000 m, 19 September 1984, J . Aguirre &amp; H . J . M. Sipman 5558 (B, COL) . Huila: E-side of Cordillera central, La Plata, vereda La Candelaria, Finca Merenberg, 2400 m, 30 September 1984, J . Aguirre &amp; H . J . M. Sipman 5744–b (B) . Cundinamarca: ca. 5 km SW of La Calera, Valle Teusacá, 2850 m, 9 July 1972, A . Cleef &amp; M . van Rens de Cleef 4849 (B); between Bogota and Fusagasuga, ca. 5 km SW of roadtoll, 2700 m, 31 January 1979, H . Sipman &amp; H . Valencia 10296 (B, COL, U); Represa del Neusa, near Valle Rio Neusa, 3 km southern Represa, 2750 m, 26 May 1972, A . M . Cleef &amp; R . Jaramillo 4190– E (B); Zipaquirá, 2550 m, 16 June 1983, L . J . Rubiano 436– B (B) . VENEZUELA. Aragua: Colonia Tovar, 1900 m, 20 March 1921, H . Pittier 9283 (VEN) . Bolívar: Near Río Surukún, South Caroní river, 940 m, 30 March 1988, V . Marcano 1341 (VEN) . Falcón. Sierra de San Luis, between Curimagua and La Tabla, 1400 m, López-Figueiras 19341 (MERF); Sierra de Barbacoas, Paramo de los Népes, 2400–2500 m, 31 January 1980, López-Figueiras 22154 (MERF) . Lara: Los Potreritos, near Paramo Los Nepes, 2100–2600 m, López-Figueiras 17158 (MERF); between Fundo Buenos Aires and Humocaro Alto, 1700–1800 m, 29 March 1979, López-Figueiras &amp; M . Hale 19643, 19653 (MERF, US); Serranía de Ziruma or Empalado, around Cerro Azul, 1890 m, 17 August 1979, López-Figueiras &amp; R . Wingfield 21622 (MERF). Mérida: Laguna Coromoto, 3400 m, 13 January 1957, Vareschi 5931 (VEN); Serranía La Culata, Monte Zerpa, 2500–3800 m, 28 February 1993, V . Marcano 4779, 4780, 4781 (B, MERF); Las Playitas, near Bailadores, 2300 m, 14–April 1992, V . Marcano 4498, 4499, 4500 (MERF); slopes next to El Morro, 2000 m, 18 February 1976, López-Figueiras &amp; M . Keogh 12317 (MERF); La Carbonera, Mérida-La Azulita road, 2200 m, López-Figueiras, T . Ahti &amp; P . Jørgensen 17917 (MERF); Cloud forest, Raiz de Agua, Parque Sierra Nevada, 2400 m, 18 May 2020, V . Marcano 20–56 (herb. V. Marcano, VEN). Miranda: Los Guayabitos, 1350 m, 20 June 1954, V . Vareschi 3392 (VEN). Táchira: Near Villa Paez, Delicias, 1900–2100 m, 13 April 1992, V . Marcano, 6116– C (MER); Paramos, 3000 m, 3 October 1956, V . Vareschi 5718 (VEN); Near Laguna García, 1900 m, 25 February 1981, López-Figueiras &amp; H . Rodriguez 25439 (MERF); Valle del Tamá, between Betania and San Vicente, 2750 m, 5 January 1983, López-Figueiras 29924 (MERF); Parque Nacional El Tamá, to South Betania, 2750 m, 15 April 1992, V . Marcano 4800 (MERF); Pregonero, near La Grita, 1750–1800 m, 21 April 1993, V . Marcano 4861, 4862, 4863 (B, MERF); Paramo La Negra, 9 September 1955, V . Vareschi 4333 (VEN). Trujillo. Fila de San Isidro, SO Paramo de Cendé, 2300 m, 21 August 1981, Lopez-Figueiras &amp; H . Rodriguez 26354 (MERF); Las Palmas, road Carache-Agua de Obispo, 2300 m, 20 August 1981, Lopez-Figueiras &amp; H . Rodriguez 26295 (MERF), Lopez-Figueiras, J . Cuatrecasas &amp; H . Rodriguez 23400 (MERF) .</p><p>0. Ramalina complanata (Swartz) Acharius</p><p>Lich. Univ.: 599 (1810). – Lichen complanatus Swartz in Acharius, K . Vet. Nya. Handl. 18: 290 (1797). – Parmelia complanata (Swartz) Acharius, Meth. Lich.: 259 (1803). Type:― JAMAICA. India occidentalis: Swartz (holotype S; isotypes BM, H – ACH 1821) .</p><p>Ramalina denticulata (Eschweiler) Nylander, Acta Soc. Scient. Fenn. 7: 434 (1863).– Parmelia denticulata Eschweiler in Mart., Fl. Bras. 1 (1): 221 (1833).</p><p>Thallus caespitose, corticolous, more or less erect, pale yellow, up to 8 cm long, densely branched. Branches solid, more or less flattened, 0.9–3.2 mm wide, upper surface slightly sinuose, more or less rugose (Fig. 17). Soralia absent. Pseudocyphellae laminal, marginal, punctiform, tuberculate (Fig. 12). Chondroid tissue weakly to distinctly cracked, discontinuous. Pycnidia not seen. Apothecia subterminal to terminal, concave, not spurred. Ascospores 1–3 septate, long-ellipsoid, 10–14 x 3.5–4.5 µm.</p><p>Chemistry (TLC, HPTLC): This species presents 9 strains which are summarized in the Table 6. Strain 1. Stictic, salazinic, protocetraric and norstictic acids. Strain 2. Homosekikaic, 4ˊ– O –demethylsekikaic and salazinic acids (Vareschi 2834). Strain 3. Protocetraric acid (Vareschi 424–III, 2785, 4395, 7760). Strain 4. Salazinic, protocetraric and stictic (tr.) acids (Vareschi 5257, 6213). Strain 5. Salazinic acid (Morales 144–89, 145–89; Vareschi 3447, 5256). Strain 6. Salazinic and protocetraric (tr.) acids (Morales 2). Strain 7. Homosekikaic, sekikaic, salazinic, consalazinic and protocetraric acids (Marcano 146–92). Strain 8. Homosekikaic, sekikaic and salazinic acids (Morales 142–89, 153–89, 156–89; Sipman &amp; Velosa 32765, 32728). Strain 9. Norstictic (tr.) and protocetraric acids (Vareschi 3208– D).</p><p>Substances (acids) Str.1 Str.2 Str.3 Str.4 Str.5 Str.6 Str.7 Str.8 Str.9 Total 4ˊ– O –demethylsekikaic X</p><p>Consalazinic X</p><p>Homosekikaic X X X</p><p>Norstictic X X(tr.) Protocetraric X X X X(tr.) X X</p><p>Salazinic X X X X X X X</p><p>Sekikaic X X</p><p>Stictic X X(tr.)</p><p>Usnic X X X X 4 Total 5 4</p><p>Ecology and distribution: This species is corticolous, growing on Citrus, Clusia and other trees and shrubs in rainforests and paramo from 1200–3800 m. It is known from the USA, Bermuda, the Caribbean (Jamaica, Puerto Rico and Santo Domingo) and South America (the Galápagos Islands, Brazil, Paraguay, Colombia and Venezuela). In the USA, the Caribbean and the Galápagos Islands, R. complanata is a distinctly coastal species.</p><p>Remarks: Ramalina complanata is a very problematic species, the circumscription of which many authors have disagreed on (Nylander 1870, Krempelhuber 1876c, Vainio 1890, Zahlbruckner 1902, Malme 1934, Jones 1973). For instance, R. denticulata (Eschweiler 1833: 221) Nylander (1863: 434), a species described from Brazil, was occasionally confused with R. complanata in the literature, because it agrees well morphologically and chemically with R. complanata . Hence, it is considered to be a synonym of R. complanata in this paper. Furthermore, the specimens examined of R. complanata from Venezuela and Colombia exhibited several morphotypes, which mainly varied in the width of the lobes with tubercles/papillae, and in the chemical composition. The spores of the Colombian and Venezuelan specimens are smaller than for specimens from Brazil (Kashiwadani &amp; Kalb 1993, Gumboski 2016), which are reported to be short-fusiform (12–16 x 4–5 µm). Kashiwadani &amp; Kalb (1993) recognized two morphotypes of R. complanata in Brazil: one with narrow (up to 1 mm wide) and subcanaliculate branches, and a second with broad (1.5–3 mm wide) and more or less flat branches. Some Brazilian specimens, however, can be hard to place within these two types (Kashiwadani &amp; Kalb 1993).</p><p>In Colombia and Venezuela, the major substances found in R. complanata are salazinic and protocetraric acids, with sekikaic acid and related substances and other β-orcinol depsidones as accessory substances (Table 6). In the Galápagos Islands (Aptroot &amp; Bungartz 2007) this species has only one chemical strain characterized by salazinic acid, while in Brazil (Kashiwadani &amp; Kalb 1993) the species exhibits two strains: one with the divaricatic and salazinic acids, and another with salazinic acid.</p><p>Ramalina complanata is rare in Colombia (Sipman et al. 2008) but common in Venezuela. In northern South America, R. complanata could be confused with R. africana and R. caracasana, but R. africana has spurred apothecia and contains the sekikaic acid complex whereas R. caracasana has fusiform spores (17–20 x 5–6 µm) and contains protocetraric acid. Most specimens here treated are reported from high-elevation rainforest and paramo whereas other are reported from coastline (e.g. Falcón, Vareschi 3447). In the USA, the Caribbean and Galápagos Islands, R. complanata appears as a coastal species occupying dry zones. Other Ramalina species likewise occupying wide altitudinal and ecological ranges are R. usnea and R. cochlearis . Therefore, ecological, morphological and chemical differences observed between specimens of R. complanata from Colombia, Venezuela, including Brazil, could suggests the occurrence of several varieties.</p><p>Specimens examined: COLOMBIA: Cauca: Popayan, Los Robles, campus of Fundacion Universitaria, c. 15 km towards Timbio, 1750 m, 29 May 1986, H . Sipman &amp; R . Velosa 32728, 32765 (B) . VENEZUELA: Aragua. Rancho Grande, 7 July 1956, V . Vareschi 5256, 5257 (VEN) . Falcón: Near Tucacas, 10 m, 4 July 1954, V . Vareschi 3447 (VEN) . Mérida: Near Mérida City, Arenal de Lourdes, 17 January 1992, V . Marcano &amp; A . Morales 153 (MER); Santo Domingo, Paramo de Mucubají, 3500–3800 m, March 1992, V . Marcano 146–92 (MER); Paramo de la Culata, 3500 m, January 1992, V . Marcano 156–92 (MER); near Chiguará, Los Topes, 1200 m, A . Morales 142, 144, 145 (MER); San Juanito, Chiguará, A . Morales 2 (MER); Paramo La Negra, 2900–3100 m, 15 Abril 1954, Vareschi 3208–d (VEN) . Miranda. Gavilán, near Los Guayabitos, 23 February 1953, Vareschi 2785 (VEN); Los Guayabitos, 6 November 1955, Vareschi 4395 (VEN); Los Guayabitos, 1350 m, 9 September 1951, V . Vareschi 424–III (VEN); Los Guayabitos, 2 March 1953, Vareschi 2834 (VEN); Los Guayabitos, 8 January 1956, Vareschi 6213 (VEN) .</p><p>. Ramalina crispata A. Morales &amp; V. Marcano</p><p>The Bryologist 97: 28 (1994) . Type:― VENEZUELA. Mérida: Chiguará, Los Topes, 1200 m, 16 April 1988, A. Morales 200 (holotype MERF!) .</p><p>Thallus corticolous, more or less erect, rigid, fragile, intricately and irregularly branched, up to 1 cm high, pale yellow or gray-green. Branches solid, palmate to sublinear, 1–2(–3) mm broad, flat. Pseudocyphellae punctiform (Fig. 13), raised on tubercles, abundant on under and upper sides. Soralia absent. Cortical tissue paraplectenchymatous 14–18 μm thick, hyphae thick-walled, peripheral chondroid tissue forming discontinuous layers. Medulla very dense. Pycnidia not seen. Apothecia rare, lateral, subapical or apical, disc perforate, 2.6–4.0 mm diameter, margin pseudocyphellate, densely laciniate. Ascospores short-fusiform, 11–12 x 3.5–4 μm.</p><p>Chemistry (TLC, HPTLC): Salazinic acid.</p><p>Ecology and distribution: Ramalina crispata grows on shrubs and trees in a secondary forest at 1200–3200 m. It is known only from the Venezuelan Andes.</p><p>Remarks: Ramalina crispata is morphologically similar to R. africana . Both species have punctiform pseudocyphellae raised on tubercles. However, R. crispata but differs in having an intricately branched, smaller thallus (up to 1 cm high); flat branches with abundant pseudocyphellae on both sides; apothecia with laciniate margins; and salazinic acid as a chemical constituent. Ramalina africana is characterized by linear, canaliculate, flat branches, that are 3–5 (–8) cm long, often with short secondary branchlets; abundant pseudocyphellae on the underside; and sekikaic acid as the principal chemical constituent.</p><p>Additional specimens examined. VENEZUELA. Táchira. Between Betania and Villa Páez, near Tamá National Park, 2800–3200 m, 1992, V . Marcano 5169 (MERF) .</p><p>. Ramalina cumanensis Fée (Fig. 32)</p><p>Essai sur Les Cryptogames: 135 (1824) . Type:― VENEZUELA. Sucre: Cumana, Humboldt &amp; Bonpland (holotype P).</p><p>Thallus corticolous, caespitose, dichotomously branched, up to 6 cm long. Branches canaliculate, smooth, pale yellow. Pseudocyphellae continuous, marginal and laminal. Soralia not seen. Pycnidia not seen. Apothecia abundant, disc concave or plane. Ascospores 1–septate, curved or ellipsoid, 8–12 x 4–5 µm.</p><p>Chemistry (TLC, HPTLC): Nil (López-Figueiras 12126; Vareschi 535–A, 4322, 7151, 8697; Marcano 7270, Marcano &amp; Galiz 193; Sipman et al. 34115; Cleef 2290, 4849–D; Sipman &amp; Valencia 10301; Flørschutz 3618–B), traces of usnic acid only (Martinez et al. 193; Sipman &amp; Aguirre 27454; Sipman &amp; Reyes 34456; Vareschi 7481, 8697, 9822), usnic acid and triterpenoid (Aguirre &amp; Sipman 5563).</p><p>Ecology and distribution: This species is found growing on Podocarpus branches, Clusia, Pithecellobium dulce, Hypericum sp. and Fraxinus sp. (Colombia); on shrubs, rocky banks; dead tree trunks in pastures; and on Weinmannia, Vallea stipularis and Miconia spp. in submontane, montane forests and paramo at 1000–3765 m (Fig. 30). It is known only from northern South America (Colombia and Venezuela). Nevertheless, Krempelhuber (1876c) reported a specimen growing on bark and identified as R. cumanensis, collected by Glaziou (no. 1855) in the Brazilian Amazonas, near Rio Janeiro.</p><p>Remarks: Ramalina cumanensis is very common in Colombia and Venezuela (Marcano et al. 1996, Sipman et al. 2008, Marcano &amp; Castillo 2020). It could be confused with R. puiggarii because both species have continuous, marginal pseudocyphellae but lack soralia. However, R. puiggarii has multiseptate, longer fusiform spores (18–24 x 4– 4.5 µm). Krog &amp; Swinscow (1976) considered R. cumanensis to be a growth form of R. celastri . Both species are rather common in northern South America. However, R. celastri has lanceolate, flat branches and short-fusiform ascospores (13–17 x 3.5–5 µm). Ramalina cumanensis has been confused in the literature with R. calicaris (L.) Fr., which occurs in northern Europe (Krog &amp; James 1977; see excluded species, below) and produces sekikaic and homosekikaic acids. Ramalina cumanensis, however (like R. puigarii and R. celastri) always lacks medullary metabolites.</p><p>Specimens examined: COLOMBIA: Boyaca: Paramos to NW Belen, vereda San Jose de la Montaña, Altos de las Cruces, 3765 m, 6 March 1972, A . Cleef 2290 (B); Municipio Cucaita, c. 10 km W of Tunja along road to Villa de Leiva, 2950 m, 12 July 1986, H . Sipman &amp; O . Reyes 34456 (B) . Huila: Municipio La Plata, E-side of Cordillera Central, vereda La Candelaria, Finca Merenberg, 2400 m, 30 September 1984, J . Aguirre &amp; H . Sipman 5726 (B, COL) . Cundinamarca: Valle Teusacá, c. 5 km SW La Calera, 2850 m, 9 July 1972, A . Cleef &amp; M . van Rens de Cleef 4849–D (B); between Bogota and Fusagasuga, c. 5 km SW of roadtoll, 2700 m, 31 January 1979, H . Sipman &amp; H . Valencia 10301 (B, COL, U); between Cogua and San Cayetano, near Laguna Seca, 3450 m, 13 September 1972, P . A . Florschütz 3618– B (B) ; Municipio Supatá Alto El Tablazo, along track from radar station to Supatá, 3200 m, 20 October 1988, H . Sipman &amp; J . Aguirre 27454 (B) . Antioquia: Municipio El Retiro, along road Medellín-La Ceja, between Las Palmas and El retiro, Hacienda Fizebad, entrance of reconstructed farm, 2050 m, 6 July 1986, H . Sipman, M . Escobar &amp; J . Rubiano 34115 (B) . Risaralda: W-slope of Cordillera Central, Municipio Santa Rosa de Cabal, along track from Termales de Santa Rosa to Termales Antiguos, 2000 m, 19 September 1984, J . Aguirre &amp; H . J . Sipman 5563 (B). Valle: Cali, University of Valle, 1000 m, 1986, J . Rubiano s/n– B (B) . VENEZUELA: Mérida: Mucumpís road, Paramo de Mifafí, La Culata, 2800–3200 m, October 1993, V . Marcano 7270 (MER); Sierra de Santo Domingo, Mucubají lake, 3500 m, March 1992, V . Marcano s/n (MER); Sierra de Santo Domingo, Mucubají lake, 3500 m, 19 May 1993, D. Martinez, V . Marcano &amp; L . Galiz 193 (MER); Sierra Nevada de Mérida, Las Escaleras, road Mucuchíes – El Carrizal, 2800–3100 m, 6 April 1979, M . Lopez-Figueiras &amp; M . Hale 20526 (MER); near Mucubaji Lake, 9 september 1958, V . Vareschi 7151 (VEN); Near Chachopo, 3200 m, 31 November 1977, V . Vareschi 8697 (VEN); Paramo La Negra, 9 September 1955, V . Vareschi 4322 (VEN); near Timotes, 3200 m, 25 September, 1979, V . Vareschi 9822 (VEN) . Miranda: Los Guayabitos, El Volcán, 1420 m, 28 December 1951, V . Vareschi 535– A (VEN) . Trujillo: Near la Puerta, 2100 m, 28 July 1960, V . Vareschi 7481 (VEN); Paramo de Tuñame, 3320 m, 4 February 1976, López Figueiras 12126 (MERF, VEN) . Táchira: Garcia lake, near Pregonero, 14 April 1992, V . Marcano s/n (MER): Paramo La China, bosque montano siempre verde y bajo seco, vegetación arbustiva, 2120 m, L . Castillo &amp; V . Marcano 209 (MER); Laguna La Verdosa, muscícola, subparamo, paramo, 3250–3300 m, L . Castillo &amp; V . Marcano 042 (MER) .</p><p>. Ramalina dendriscoides Nylander</p><p>Flora, Jena 59: 412 (1876) . Type:― CUBA. C. Wright, Lich. Cub. Ser. 2: 738 (lectotype H –NYL 37025, fide Krog &amp; Swinscow 1976; isotypes FH, G) .</p><p>Thallus corticolous, shrubby to intrincately branched, up to 10 cm high, yellowish. Branches solid, flat or more or less terete, surface smooth sorediate, apical on short lateral branchlets, 0.6–1.2 mm wide. Pseudocyphellae elliptic. Soralia scattered, terminal in secondary branches. Soralia isidiform not seen. Chondroid tissue cracked, discontinuous. Medulla white, compact. Pycnidia not seen. Apothecia marginal, laminal, abundant.Ascospores elliptic, 10–12 x 3–3.5 µm.</p><p>Chemistry (TLC, HPTLC): This species presents 7 strains which are summarized in the Table 7. Strain 1. Salazinic and consalazinic (tr.) acids (Vareschi 5255, 6019). Strain 2. Salazinic and fumarprotocetraric acids (Dennis 1538). Strain 3. Salazinic acid and UV + rose pigments (Vareschi 6204–B, Vareschi 6205, Mägdefrau 673). Strain 4. Salazinic acid (Vareschi 5260, 6204–A, 6214; Dennis 1513–B). Strain 5. 4ˊ– O –demethylsekikaic, stictic and salazinic acids (Vareschi 3208). Strain 6. Salazinic, succinprotocetraric and protocetraric acids (Vareschi 6199). Strain 7. Sekikaic, ramalinolic and 2ˊ– O –methylsekikaic acids (Sipman et Escobar 34050).</p><p>Ecology and distribution: Growing on the tree branches and shrubs in submontane forest, montane forest and paramo; in Colombia epiphytic on Quercus; 400–3100 m. Known from East Africa (Kenya, Tanzania), México, Florida and Texas (USA), Cuba, Puerto Rico and South America (Brazil, Colombia and Venezuela).</p><p>Remarks: Ramalina peruviana and R. tenella can be confused with R. dendriscoides, but R. peruviana lacks apical and lateral pseudocyphellae, has thinner branches (0.1–0.4 mm wide) and contains the sekikaic acid complex as major medullary substances, while R. tenella has a shorter and more delicate thallus (up to 4 cm high), with more or less flattened branches, predominantly dichotomous branching and produces salazinic acid only. The latter species also lacks accessory substances (Krog &amp; Swinscow 1976, Stevens 1987). Ramalina dendriscoides contains salazinic acid as the major substance together with sekikaic, ramalinolic, 4ˊ– O –demethylsekikaic and 2ˊ– O –methylsekikaic acids and substances in the protocetraric acid complex as accessory compounds (Table 7). In Brazil (Kashiwadani &amp; Kalb 1993, Gumboski 2016) this species has only one chemical strain characterized by salazinic acid and atranorin (traces). In East Africa (Krog &amp; Swinscow 1976) it contains salazinic acid only.</p><p>Specimens examined: COLOMBIA: Antioquia: Municipio Santa Rosa de Osos, vereda Santa Rosa, Vallecitos, 2550 m, 5 July 1986, H . Sipman &amp; M . Escobar 34050 (B) . VENEZUELA: Aragua: Rancho Grande National park, 7 July 1956, V . Vareschi 5255, 5260 (VEN) . Carabobo: Near Puerto Cabello, 6 April 1958, K . Mägdefrau 673 (VEN). Dto. Federal: near to Chichiriviche, 6 J 1958 , Dennis 1538 (VEN) . Miranda: Cortada del Guayabo, 1200 m, 9 July 1958, Dennis 1513– B (VEN); Los Guayabitos, El Volcán, 1400 m, 5 January 1957, V . Vareschi 6199, 6204, 6205 (VEN); Los Guayabitos, 1400 m, 8 January 1956, V . Vareschi 6214 (VEN) . Mérida: Paramo La Negra, 2900–3100 m, 15 April 1954, V . Vareschi 3208– A (VEN) . Sucre: Vecinity Los Pocitos, above Manacal, Northwest Irapa, 400 m, 11 July 1972, Dumont 6019 (NY, TRTC, VEN) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D1E63498707063C5D3FE88FDADF8CE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Marcano, Vicente;Méndez, Antonio Morales;Prü, Ernesto Palacios	Marcano, Vicente, Méndez, Antonio Morales, Prü, Ernesto Palacios (2021): The genus Ramalina Acharius (Ascomycota, Lecanoromycetes, Ramalinaceae) in northern South America. Phytotaxa 504 (1): 1-77, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.504.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.504.1.1
03D1E634987F7062C5D3F826FCAEF7BD.text	03D1E634987F7062C5D3F826FCAEF7BD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ramalina dictyota Dodge & Vareschi	<div><p>4. Ramalina dictyota Dodge &amp; Vareschi (Fig. 33)</p><p>Acta Biol. Ven. 2: 8 (1956) . Type:― VENEZUELA. Mérida: Paramo La Negra, 3200 m, cloud forest of Polylepis, L. Vareschi &amp; V. Vareschi 3958 (holotype VEN!).</p><p>Thallus corticolous, pendulous, reticulate, up to 50 cm high, Branches finely to widely perforated, sorediate. Lower cortex partly or fully absent. Pycnidia not seen. Apothecia rounded, lateral or laminal, disc flat or convex, up to 8 mm in diameter. Ascospores 1–septate, straight or curved ellipsoid, 10–11 x 4.5–5 µm.</p><p>Chemistry (TLC, HPTLC): Strain 1. Divaricatic acid (Vareschi 3294; Marcano et al. 7247, 7257, 7294; Martinez et al. 192). Strain 2. Sekikaic acid (Cleef &amp; Rangel 10416).</p><p>Ecology and distribution: This species is found growing on bark, shrubs and Podocarpus branches in cloud forests and paramo at 2800–3500 m (Fig. 30). It is known only from northern South America (Colombia and Venezuela).</p><p>Remarks: Ramalina dictyota is a rare species that is morphologically distinct from all other Ramalina species found in northern South America. Ramalina dictyota is very similar to R. menziesii Taylor (1847: 189) [≡ R. reticulata (Nöhden 1800: 237, nom. illegit., Art. 53) Krempelhuber (1869: 617)], known from North America (Howe 1914, Brodo et al. 2001). It is very difficult to distinguish the two species on morphological or anatomical features and it is possible that R. dictyota may be a synonym of R. menziesii; however, the latter species contains only usnic acid (Brodo et al. 2001). Molecular studies may help to elucidate if the two taxa should be distinguished at the species level. However, R. menziesii shows more widely reticulate branches and longer ascospores (11–20 x 4–7 µm) (Howe 1914, Brodo et al. 2001). Further, the geographical distribution of the two may indicate that they are vicariant species. Ramalina dictyota shows two strains, one containing divaricatic acid and a second with usnic and sekikaic acids. Morales et al. (1991) detected only sekikaic acid in specimens of this species by mass and 13CNMR spectroscopy techniques.</p><p>Specimens examined: COLOMBIA: Magdalena: Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, between Rio Frio and Quebrada del Paramo, 2900 m, 20 August 1977, A . Cleek &amp; O . Rangel 10416 (B) . VENEZUELA: Mérida: Zanjon Hondo, Paramo de Mifafí, La Culata, 2800–3200 m, October 1994, V . Marcano, R . Vidal &amp; A . Morales 7247, 7257, 7294 (MER); Paramo La Negra, 2900 m, V . Vareschi 3294 (VEN); Sierra Santo Domingo, around Mucubaji lake, 3500 m, 19 May 1993, D. Martinez, V . Marcano &amp; L . Galiz 192 (MER); Paramo La Victoria, Los Chorros valley, 26 December 2020, V . Marcano &amp; L . Castillo 20–236 (herb. private V. Marcano) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D1E634987F7062C5D3F826FCAEF7BD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Marcano, Vicente;Méndez, Antonio Morales;Prü, Ernesto Palacios	Marcano, Vicente, Méndez, Antonio Morales, Prü, Ernesto Palacios (2021): The genus Ramalina Acharius (Ascomycota, Lecanoromycetes, Ramalinaceae) in northern South America. Phytotaxa 504 (1): 1-77, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.504.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.504.1.1
03D1E634987D707BC5D3FF1CFE76F910.text	03D1E634987D707BC5D3FF1CFE76F910.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ramalina escorialensis V. Marcano & A. Morales 1994	<div><p>5. Ramalina escorialensis V. Marcano &amp; A. Morales</p><p>Tropical Bryology 9: 194 (1994) . Type:― VENEZUELA. Mérida: Morro de San Francisco, Fila El Escorial, near Escaguey, 3500 m, 21 March, 1992, V. Marcano &amp; Raul Vidal 4998 (holotype MERF!, isotype VEN!) .</p><p>Thallus corticolous, erect, delicate, pale yellowish, up to 6.5 cm height. Branches shiny, flat, 0.4–0.8 mm broad, having short and numerous divisions. Pseudocyphellae lateral, circular, sometimes becoming sorediate. Soralia helmet-shaped, abundant, subapical. Cortical tissue 18–40 μm thick. Peripheral chondroid tissue discontinuous, 50–70 μm thick. Medulla white, compact. Pycnidia and apothecia not seen.</p><p>Chemistry (TLC, HPTLC): Sekikaic acid and cryptochlorophaeic acid.</p><p>Ecology and distribution: Ramalina escorialensis grows on shrubs in paramo; 2500–3000 m. It is known only from the Venezuelan Andes.</p><p>Remarks: The morphological and anatomical features of this species have been described in detail by Marcano &amp; Morales (1994c). Ramalina escorialensis is very similar to R. cochlearis as both species are characterized by helmetshaped soralia. However, they are readily distinguished by the anatomy and chemistry of the thalli: R. escorialensis has discontinuous chondroid tissue; flat branches with very short, numerous, divergent branchlets, and cryptochlorophaeic and sekikaic acids. Ramalina cochlearis, by contrast, has canaliculate branches, without branchlets, continuous chondroid tissue and sekikaic acid (and related substances), but never contains cryptochlorophaeic acid.</p><p>Additional specimens examined: VENEZUELA: Mérida: Raiz de Agua, Parque Sierra Nevada, near to La Mucuy Alta, 2500 m, 16 May 2020, V, Marcano 20–48 (herb. private V. Marcano) .</p><p>. Ramalina holstii Krog &amp; Swinscow</p><p>Norw. J. Bot. 22: 275 (1975). Type:― KENYA. Eastern province: Machakos District, lava flow 5 km NW of Kibwezi, Krog &amp; Swinscow 3 K 23 /145 (holotype O, isotype BM).</p><p>Thallus corticolous, densely and intrincately branched, pale gray or yellowish, up to 4.5 cm height. Branches solid, flat or broadly canaliculate, 0.3–1.5 mm broad, apically compressed, finely divided. Soredia not seen. Pseudocyphellae marginal, tuberculate. Pycnidia not seen. Apothecia frequently laciniate, with branchlets having soralia in the margins. Ascospores 1–septate, ellipsoid, 10–12 x 3–3.5 µm.</p><p>Chemistry (TLC, HPTLC): Strain 1. Salazinic, succinprocetraric, protocetraric and consalazinic acids, triterpenoids, (Dumont 6018). Strain 2. Salazinic acid (Vareschi 6162). Strain 3. Salazinic and protocetraric acids (Vareschi 6211). Strain 4. Salazinic, protocetraric and consalazinic (tr.) acids (Vareschi 3497).</p><p>Ecology and distribution: Ramalina holstii grows on trees and shrubs, in both primary rainforests and disturbed forests, at 400–1200 m. It is known from East Africa (Kenya, Tanzania) and northern South America (Venezuela).</p><p>Remarks: Ramalina holstii can be confused with R. africana, but the latter species has laminal pseudocyphellae, broader spores (4–5 µm wide) and the sekikaic acid complex as major substances. Ramalina crispata is also very similar as it also has laciniate apothecia, punctiform pseudocyphellae and salazinic acid as the major substance as well as similar-sized spores (11–12 x 3.5–4 µm); R. crispata, however, differs in possessing abundant pseudocyphellae on both its lower and upper surfaces. The thallus and branch sizes compare well with authentic material examined of this species, received from Dr H. Krog. Ramalina holstii exhibits four chemical strains, all of which contain salazinic acid as the major substance. Various β-orcinol depsidones occur as accessory substances. In East Africa (Krog &amp; Swinscow 1975, Swinscow &amp; Krog 1988), this species has also salazinic acid and further contains cryptochlorophaeic acid. Other Ramalina species co-occurring in East Africa and northern South America are R. africana, R. aspera, R. asperula, R. celastri, R. calcarata, R. dendriscoides, R. peruviana, R. pusiola, R. reducta, and R. tenella (Krog &amp; Swinscow 1975, Swinscow &amp; Krog 1988, Marcano &amp; Morales 1993b, Marcano &amp; Morales 1994b).</p><p>Specimens examined. Venezuela: Sucre: Vicinity of Los Pocitos, near Manacal, NW Irapa, 400 m, 11 July 1972, Dumont et al. 6018 (NY, TRTC, VEN) . Miranda: La Mata, near Los Guayabitos, 1 August 1954, V . Vareschi 3497 (VEN); Los Guayabitos, 8 January 1956, Vareschi 6211 (VEN); Los Guayabitos, 1200 m, 1 January 1957, Vareschi 6162 (VEN)</p><p>. Ramalina lopezii A. Morales &amp; V. Marcano</p><p>The Bryologist 97: 29 (1994) . Type:― VENEZUELA. Trujillo: East Paramo del Jabón, near Carache, 2900–3100 m, 22 August 1981, Lopez-Figueiras &amp; H. Rodriguez 26552 (holotype MERF!) .</p><p>Thallus corticolous, erect, pale yellow or pale green, up to 5 cm high, with distinct branches arising from a common holdfast. Branches simple or sparingly furcate, mostly terete towards the base, more or less flattened above (Fig. 1), 1.3–1.6 mm broad, surface foveolate, undulate, occasionally with furrows. Pseudocyphellae not seen. Peripheral chondroidal tissue discontinuous. Medula compact. Pycnidia frequent, apical, blackened. Pycnospores rod-shaped, 3–3.5 x 0.8–1 µm. Apothecia lateral, subapical, occasionally terminal, sessile, disc convex, up to 4.2 mm diameter (Fig. 1). Ascospores 1–septate, straight or slightly curved, 10–11 x 3.5–4 µm.</p><p>Chemistry (TLC, HPTLC): Stictic and norstictic acids.</p><p>Ecology and distribution: Ramalina lopezii is known only from the type locality where it grows on shrubs in the paramo. It is known only from the Venezuelan Andes.</p><p>Remarks: Ramalina lopezii is a very rare species known only from the type locality in Venezuela. Morphologically, R. lopezii is very similar to R. cuspidata (Acharius 1810: 605) Nylander (1870: 158) and R. siliquosa (Hudson 1762: 460) A. L. Smith (1918: 172), two widespread European lichens (Krog &amp; James 1977, Sheard 1978a,b, LaGreca et al. 2020). Ramalina lopezii differs from R. cuspidata in having a foveolate surface; however, both species share blackened pycnidia, a pale yellow or pale green thallus, a shiny surface, and norstictic and/or stictic acids. Ramalina siliquosa, on the other hand, has a foveolate surface much like R. lopezii, but is distinguished by its glaucous, matte surface and the presence of hypoprotocetraric, protocetraric and/or salazinic acids. There are vast ecological differences between these species as well: R. lopezii is corticolous at high elevations, while R. cuspidata and R. siliquosa both inhabit rocky shores. Recent molecular evidence reveals that these two taxa are not phylogenetic sister species (LaGreca et al. 2020).</p><p>. Ramalina maegdefraui V. Marcano &amp; A. Morales sp. nov.; Mycobank #838605 (Fig. 34)</p><p>Thallus corticolus, erectus. Laciniae intricate vel irregulariter ramulosae, complanatae. Pseudocyphelliis punctiformis. Soralia lateralia vel laminalia. Pycnidia non visa. Apothecia lateralia. Acida usnicum, salazinicum et protocetraricum continens. Type:― VENEZUELA. Lara: 30 km to the West of Barquisimeto, 28 March 1958, K . Mägdefrau 548–a (holotype VEN) .</p><p>Thallus corticolous, rigid, erect or partly decumbent, fragile, up to 2.5 cm high, intricately and irregularly branched, with several laciniae arising from a common holdfast. Branches solid, flattened, with a rugose or wrinkled surface, pale yellow, 0.5–2 mm broad. Pseudocyphellae punctiform, flattened, raised on tubercles, abundant on lower and upper sides, soredia present. Soralia abundant, lateral and laminal, producing coarse granules, abundant. Cortical tissue paraplectenchymatous, 150–180 µm thick, peripheral tissue prosoplectenchymatous, 250–300 µm thick, medulla dense. Pycnidia not seen. Apothecia subapical to apical, marginal, abundantly spurred, with rugose or wrinkled amphithecium, disc flat or concave, 0.3–1 mm diameter; thalline exciple ridged. Ascospores 1–septate, colorless, short ellipsoid, 10–12 x 3–4 µm.</p><p>Chemistry (TLC, HPTLC): Salazinic and protocetraric acids (Mägdefrau 548–A).</p><p>Ecology and distribution: Ramalina maegdefraui is known only from the type locality, where it grows on shrubs ( Peireskia sp.) in moist forests at 1000 m.</p><p>Remarks: Ramalina maegdefraui is distinguished by the complanate, sorediate thallus, flattened, tuberculate pseudocyphellae (Fig. 10) and a smooth upper surface. This species is morphologically and chemically very similar to R. mirandensis but differs in having soralia and a flattened thallus. Both species are characterized by punctiform pseudocyphellae, short ellipsoid spores and salazinic and protocetraric acids as chemical compounds. Ramalina maegdefraui could initially be confused with R. africana, R. crispata and R. holstii, but all these species lack soralia.</p><p>The name of the species is in honor of Dr Karl Mägdefrau, who collected the type material.</p><p>. Ramalina microphylla A. Morales &amp; V. Marcano</p><p>The Bryologist 97: 30 (1994) . Type:― VENEZUELA. Falcón: Península de Paraguaná, Fila Tausabana, between El Rodeo and Machuruca, 90 m, 12 October 1984, Lopez-Figueiras &amp; R. Wingfield 31022– A (holotype MERF!, isotype VEN!) .</p><p>Thallus saxicolous, erect or sunpendulous, rigid, 0.8–1 cm long, unbranched or dichotomously to irregularly branched, with a number of short laciniae from a broad holdfast. Branches palmate or sublinear, 1.5–2.7 μm broad, with short conspicuous laminal striae along their entire length. Surface puckered or wrinkled. Pseudocyphellae lateral, linear to ellipsoid. Soralia subapical to apical, producing coarse granules, capitate or labriform. Cortical tissue paraplectenchymatous, 10–16 µm thick, peripheral chondroid tissue forming discontinuous layers. Medulla dense with imbedded chondroid strands. Pycnidia marginal or laminal, with pale, honey-coloured ostioles. Pycnoconidia uniformly rodshaped, 4–4.5 μm x 0.6–0.9 μm. Apothecia not seen.</p><p>Chemistry (TLC, HPTLC): Salazinic acid only (Lopez Figueiras et al. 32498).</p><p>Ecology and distribution: Ramalina microphylla is a very rare species known only from the type locality where it grew abundantly on exposed igneous rocks in a dry forest.</p><p>Remarks: Ramalina microphylla somewhat resembles R. lopezii . Both are characterized by rigid, erect, branched thalli and medullary β-orcinol depsidones. Ramalina lopezii, however, is corticolous; lacks soralia and pseudocyphellae; bears blackened apical pycnidia; and produces stictic and norstictic acids. Ramalina dicipiens Montagne from the Canary Islands (Krog &amp; Østhagen 1980). However, it exhibits smaller thalli with lateral soralia and lacks pseudocyphellae, whereas R. decipiens has longer thalli [5–12(–18) cm], longitudinal pseudocyphellae and lacks soralia.</p><p>Additional specimens examined: VENEZUELA: Falcón: Península de Paraguaná, Fila Tausabana, 1984, Lopez- Figueiras &amp; R. Wingfield 31022–B and C (IUTC, MERF); Peninsula de Paraguaná, Fila Tausabana, El Rodeo – Muchuruca road, 90–100 m, M. Lopez-Figueiras, R. Wingfield &amp; A. Morales 32498 (MER).</p><p>0. Ramalina mirandensis V. Marcano &amp; A. Morales sp. nov.; Mycobank #838606</p><p>Thallus corticolus, erectus. Laciniae irregulariter ramulosae, complanatae. Pseudocyphelliis punctiformis, laminalis. Soralia non visa.</p><p>Pycnidia non visa. Apothecia laminalia. Sporae ellipsoideae. Acida salazinicum et protocetraricum continens. Type:― VENEZUELA. Miranda: Near La Mata, 1100 m, 1 August 1954, V . Vareschi 3484 (holotype VEN) .</p><p>Thallus corticolous, flattened or subterete, up to 0.9 cm long, dichotomously or irregularly branched. Upper branches terete. Soralia absent. Pseudocyphellae tuberculate, elliptical, laminal. Chondroid tissue prosoplectenchymatous, continuous, never cracked. Medulla dense. Pycnidia not seen. Apothecia abundant, terminal, margiinal, disc plane or concave. Ascospores 1–septate, short-ellipsoid, 8–9 x 3.5–4 µm.</p><p>Chemistry (TLC, HPTLC): Salazinic, stictic (tr.) and protocetraric acids (Vareschi 3484).</p><p>Ecology and distribution: This species is known only from the type locality where it was collected growing on shrubs in disturbed forests at 1000–1200 m.</p><p>Remarks: Ramalina mirandensis seems to be a very rare species in northern South America (Marcano 2020). Chemically it produces β-orcinol depsidones only. This species could be confused with R. complanata (strain 11, salazinic, stictic, and protocetraric acids), but the latter species has multiseptate, long-ellipsoid ascospores (10–14 x 3.5–4.5 µm). Furthermore, R. complanata has flat (more or less canaliculate) branches, whereas R. mirandensis has flattened to subterete thalli with terete upper branches. In northern South America, R. mirandensis could be confused with R. africana and R. caracasana, but R. africana has short, spurred apothecia and contains the sekikaic acid complex whereas R. caracasana has fusiform spores (17–20 x 5–6 µm) and contains protocetraric acid (Marcano and Morales 1994b).</p><p>The name of the species refers to the type locality.</p><p>. Ramalina morrocoyensis A. Morales &amp; V. Marcano (Fig. 35).</p><p>Mem. Soc. Ci. Nat. La Salle 55: 35 (1995) . Type:― VENEZUELA. Falcón: Parque Nacional Morrocoy, Playa Azul, sea level, 27 March 1991, A. Morales 316 (holotype MERF!, isotype VEN!) .</p><p>Thallus corticolous, erect, more or less decumbent, up to 2 cm high, 0.5–1 mm wide, with a number of short branches originating from a broad holdfast. Branches solid, complanate, irregularly branched, 0.5–1 mm wide, 220–240 μm thick, apices rod-shaped. Pseudocyphellae absent. Soralia absent. Chondroid layer prosoplectenchymatous, 50–70 μm thick, forming a continuous cylinder. Medulla dense. Pycnidia not seen. Apothecia numerous, marginal, subterminal, shortly pedicellate, disc convex, 0.5–1.5 mm in diameter. Ascospores 1–septate (occasionally multiseptate), fusiform, 17–19 x 3.5–4 µm.</p><p>Chemistry (TLC, HPTLC): Strain 1. Sekikaic and boninic acids (Steyermark &amp; Manara 110846). Strain 2. Divaricatic acid (Steyermark &amp; Manara 110308).</p><p>Ecology and distribution: This species grows on the bark of shrubs ( Suriana maritima L., Surianaceae) in dry forests in exposed, coastal areas at 0– 2 m. It is known only from northeast Venezuela (Fig. 30).</p><p>Remarks: Ramalina morrocoyensis is characterized by a corticolous, more or less decumbent thallus, a smooth surface, a lack of pseudocyphellae and soralia, complanate branches and fusiform spores (Morales &amp; Marcano 1995). Ramalina morrocoyensis can be confused with R. tenaensis, but the latter has contorted branches a verruculose surface, and grows in Colombian submontane forests. Ramalina morrocoyensis is found associated with R. paradisensis in similar ecological niches, along the west coast Venezuela. Chemically and anatomically R. morrocoyensis is very similar to R. paradisensis, but the latter has branches with furcate, terete apices as well as pseudocyphellae and soralia.</p><p>Additional specimens examined. Venezuela: Falcón: Cayo Borracho, NE Chichiriviche, 1–2 m, 28 August 1974, J . Steyermark &amp; B . Manara 110308 (MO, VEN); Cayo Boca Seca, Northern Boca Grande, 1 m, 29 August 1974, J . Steyermark &amp; B . J . Manara 110846 (VEN) .</p><p>. Ramalina paradisensis A. Morales &amp; V. Marcano (Fig. 36)</p><p>Mem. Soc. Ci. Nat. La Salle 55: 38 (1995) . Type:― VENEZUELA. Falcón: Parque Nacional Morrocoy, Playa Azul, sea level, 27 March, 1991, A. Morales 315 (holotype MERF, isotype VEN) .</p><p>Thallus corticolous, erect, dichotomously and intricately branched, 3–6 cm long, 1–2 mm wide, pale yellow. Branches solid, fragile, complanate, 0.5–0.6 mm wide, 240 μm thick; apices furcate, terete. Pseudocyphellae marginal, linear, punctiform, elliptic. Soralia laminal, forming coarse granules. Chondroid layer prosoplectenchymatous, 40–78 μm thick, forming a continuous cylinder, algal layer 9–14 μm thick. Pycnidia and apothecia not seen.</p><p>Chemistry (TLC, HPTLC): Sekikaic acid.</p><p>Ecology and distribution: Ramalina paradisensis is a very rare species known only from the type locality where it occurs abundantly on the bark of Suriana maritima L. ( Surianaceae) in mangrove forests near the shore (Fig. 30). It is known only from Venezuela.</p><p>Remarks: Ramalina paradisensis is characterized by a corticolous, erect, intricately branched thallus; complanate branches, terminating in furcate terete apices; marginal pseudocyphellae; and laminal soralia (Morales &amp; Marcano 1995). Ramalina paradisensis could be confused with R. peruviana, as both species have mainly terete branches, soralia and contain sekikaic acid and/or aggregates. However, R. peruviana has a thinner thallus and bears marginal or lateral soralia. Ramalina paradisensis also resembles R. farinacea (Linnaeous 1753: 1146) Acharius (1810: 606), a common and widespread species in western Europe and North America (Krog &amp; James 1977, Krog &amp; Østhagen 1980, Brodo et al. 2001). However, R. paradisensis bears marginal pseudocyphellae and contains sekikaic acid, while R. farinacea lacks pseudocyphellae and contains β-orcinol depsidones.</p><p>. Ramalina peruviana Acharius</p><p>Lich. Univ.: 1599 (1810). Type:― PERÚ. Lagasta: (holotype H – ACH) .</p><p>Thallus corticolous, densely branched, up to 7 cm high, pale yellow, growing from a common holdfast. Branches solid, thin, terete, striate, surface smooth, 0.2–1.0 mm in wide, rarely with cylindrical branchlets. Pseudocyphellae concave, scattered, ellipsoid or elongate. Soralia lateral, laminal, punctiform, covering the tips of branches, producing soredia. Chondroid tissue not cracked, irregular, continuous. Medulla white, loose or compact. Pycnidia not seen. Apothecia marginal, laminal. Ascospores fusiform, 15–16 x 3–4.5 µm.</p><p>Chemistry (TLC, HPTLC): Strain 1. Homosekikaic, sekikaic, ramalinolic, 4ˊ– O –demethylsekikaic, boninic, succinprotocetraric (tr.) and protocetraric acids (Vareschi 3356). Strain 2. Protocetraric acid and triterpenes (Marcano 172–92). Strain 3. Hypoprotocetraric acid (tr.) (Aguirre &amp; Sipman 5562). Strain 4. Homosekikaic, sekikaic, ramalinolic and boninic acids (Vareschi 4334).</p><p>Ecology and distribution: This species occurs on bark and rocks in rainforests, disturbed forests and paramo at 1400–3500 m. It is known from East Africa (Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda), Australia, New Zealand, the Pacific Islands, Texas (USA) and South America (the Galápagos Islands, Perú, Brazil, Paraguay, Colombia, Venezuela).</p><p>Remarks: Ramalina peruviana could be confused with R. dendriscoides and R. tenella, but these species have capitate soralia, ellipsoid spores (10–12 x 3–3.5 µm) and contain salazinic acid. Four distinct chemical strains are found in specimens of R. peruviana from Colombia and Venezuela. One strain (strain 1) contains sekikaic acid as major medullary substance together with associated meta-depsides and β-orcinol depsidones (protocetraric acid complex); strain 4 contains only sekikaic acid and its aggregates and strains 2 and 3 only contain the protocetraric acid complex. In North Atlantic Islands (Aptroot &amp; Schumm 2008), East Africa (Krog &amp; Swinscow 1976, Swinscow &amp; Krog 1988), Australia (Stevens 1987), New Zealand (Galloway 2007), Perú and Brazil (Kashiwadani 1987, Kashiwadani &amp; Kalb 1993, Gumboski 2016) R. peruviana only contains sekikaic acid and its aggregates, and lacks substances in the protocetraric acid complex. The strains with substances in the protocetraric acid complex may suggest the occurrence of a South American evolutionary line that originated after the uplift of the Andean chains and separation of the Gondwanaland.</p><p>Specimens examined: COLOMBIA: Risaralda: Municipio Santa Rosa de Cabal, W-slope of Cordillera Central, 2000 m, 19 September 1984, J . Aguirre &amp; H . Sipman 5562 (B, COL) . VENEZUELA: Mérida: Miranda: El Volcan, 1400 m, 2 May 1954, Vareschi 3356 (VEN) . Táchira: Southern Betania, near Villa Paez, 3500 m, 13 April 1992, V . Marcano 172–92 (MER) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D1E634987D707BC5D3FF1CFE76F910	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Marcano, Vicente;Méndez, Antonio Morales;Prü, Ernesto Palacios	Marcano, Vicente, Méndez, Antonio Morales, Prü, Ernesto Palacios (2021): The genus Ramalina Acharius (Ascomycota, Lecanoromycetes, Ramalinaceae) in northern South America. Phytotaxa 504 (1): 1-77, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.504.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.504.1.1
03D1E6349867707AC5D3F94CFCAFFD90.text	03D1E6349867707AC5D3F94CFCAFFD90.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ramalina puiggarii Muller Argoviensis	<div><p>4. Ramalina puiggarii Müller Argoviensis</p><p>Flora, Jena 64: 83 (1881) . Type:― BRAZIL. Crescit prope Apiali, March 1880, J.–J. Puiggari (holotype G).</p><p>Thallus corticolous, dichotomously branched, up to 7 cm long, growing from a narrow holdfast. Branches solid, canaliculate,flat,smooth, 0.4–1.7mm wide.Pseudocyphellae marginal,linear.Soralia absent.Pseudocyphellae marginal, continuous, linear. Cortex indistinct. Chondroid tissue not cracked, continuous. Pycnidia not seen. Apothecia rounded, submarginal, up to 1.8 mm diameter, geniculate branches, discs concave to mainly flat. Ascospores multiseptate, longfusiform, 16–24 x 3–5 µm.</p><p>Chemistry (TLC, HPTLC): Traces of usnic acid only (Vareschi 4389) or nil (Vareschi 2783, 5451, 5932, 6182).</p><p>Ecology and distribution: This species grows on shrubs and orange trees in primary and secondary forests and subparamo at 1320–3400 m. It is known from South America (the Galápagos Islands, Brazil and Venezuela).</p><p>Remarks: Previously R. puiggarii was known only from Brazil (Kashiwadani &amp; Kalb 1993, Gumboski 2016) and the Galápagos Islands (Aptroot &amp; Bungartz 2007). Ramalina cumanensis closely resembles R. puiggarii, but has shorter, uniseptate, ellipsoid spores (8–12 x 4–5 µm). Ramalina camptospora could also be confused with R. puiggarii, but the former species has marginal soralia with isidiform structures, and curved or sigmoid spores (12–14 x 4–4.5 µm). All three species lack medullary substances.</p><p>Specimens examined: VENEZUELA: Mérida. Laguna Coromoto, 3400 m, 13 January 1957, Vareschi 5932 (VEN) . Miranda: Los Teques-Los Guayabitos road, 28 February 1953, Vareschi 2783 (VEN) ; Los Guayabitos, 1320 m, 6 Noviembre 1955, Vareschi 4389 (VEN) ; Los Guayabitos, 1 January 1957, Vareschi 6182 (VEN) . Táchira: Paramo del Batallón, 3100–3350 m, 3 October 1956, Vareschi 5451 (VEN) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D1E6349867707AC5D3F94CFCAFFD90	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Marcano, Vicente;Méndez, Antonio Morales;Prü, Ernesto Palacios	Marcano, Vicente, Méndez, Antonio Morales, Prü, Ernesto Palacios (2021): The genus Ramalina Acharius (Ascomycota, Lecanoromycetes, Ramalinaceae) in northern South America. Phytotaxa 504 (1): 1-77, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.504.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.504.1.1
03D1E63498667077C5D3FDCCFB9BF798.text	03D1E63498667077C5D3FDCCFB9BF798.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ramalina pusiola Muller Argoviensis	<div><p>5. Ramalina pusiola Müller Argoviensis</p><p>Flora, Jena 73: 338 (1890) . Type:― TANZANIA. Süden von Usumbara: Tumakauya, Dr Hans Meyer, sept. 1888 (lectotype-Stein 12 WRSL, isotype G).</p><p>Thallus fistulose, corticolous, rigid, ascendent, pale yellow, irregularly and densely branched, up to 5.0 cm long, growing from a broad holdfast, producing crystals on the upper surface (Fig. 22). Branches dorsiventral, hollow, sometime partly compressed, unevenly inflated, often having perforations at the tips, surface smooth. Pseudocyphellae not seen. Soralia not seen. Chondroid tissue not cracked, continuous. Pycnidia not seen.Apothecia rounded, subterminal to terminal, concave, spurred, up to 4 mm in diameter, pale or reddish brown. Ascospores uniseptate, ellipsoid or fusiform, 15–18 µm x 4.5–5.5 µm.</p><p>Chemistry (TLC,HPTLC):This species presents8strains which are summarized in Table8.Strain1. Homosekikaic, norstictic, ramalinolic (tr.), 4ˊ– O –demethylsekikaic and sekikaic acids. Strain 2. Homosekikaic and sekikaic acids (Morales 155–89). Strain 3. Homosekikaic, sekikaic and boninic acids (López-Figueiras 17152–B; Marcano 6109, Morales 122–89, 143–89). Strain 4. Homosekikaic, sekikaic, boninic, fumarprotocetraric, succinprotocetraric and protocetraric acids (Morales 135–89). Strain 5. Homosekikaic, sekikaic, 4ˊ– O –demethylsekikaic, boninic, fumarprotocetraric, succinprotocetraric and protocetraric acids (Marcano 148–92, Marcano 149–92, Morales 147– 89). Strain 6. Homosekikaic, sekikaic, ramalinolic and boninic acids (Cleef &amp; van der Hammen 4961). Strain 7. Homosekikaic, sekikaic, 4ˊ– O –demethylsekikaic and boninic acids (Vareschi 4499, Aguirre &amp; Sipman 5592). Strain 8. Homosekikaic, sekikaic, ramalinolic and 4ˊ– O –demethylsekikaic acids (Vareschi 6200, 9841).</p><p>Ecology and distribution: Ramalina pusiola is common and widespread in northern South America where it ranges from lowland to alpine altitudes. It is most abundant in lower montane forest and secondary forest at 1200 to 3800 m where it is epiphytic, on tree trunks and branches.Associated lichens in the montane forest include Teloschistes flavicans, Usnea durietzii Motyka (1938: 503), Ramalina cumanensis and R. celastri . In Colombia it is found growing on Ficus sp. and fruit trees in coffee plantations. It is known from East Africa (Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda) and northern South America (Brazil, Colombia and Venezuela).</p><p>Remarks: Ramalina pusiola is morphologically similar to R. calcarata but differs in having well-defined, orbicular to elongate, perforations on the lower surface; non spurred apothecia; long ellipsoid to fusiform spores; and sekikaic acid and its aggregates in the medulla. By contrast, Ramalina calcarata exhibits fibrose-reticulate perforations; spurred apothecia; ellipsoid spores (12–15 x 5–7 µm) and divaricatic, salazinic and protocetraric acids in the medulla. Ramalina pusiola produces homosekikaic, sekikaic and boninic, acids as major substances; and ramalinolic, 4ˊ– O – demethylsekikaic acids and the protocetraric acid complex as accessory substances (Table 8). In East Africa (Krog &amp; Swinscow 1974) R. pusiola synthesize sekikacic acid and aggregates while Kashiwadani &amp; Kalb (1993) reported the presence of homosekikaic, sekikaic, 4ˊ– O –methylnorhomosekikaic and norstictic acids (+/–) in the 15 collections of this species they examined.</p><p>Specimens examined: COLOMBIA: Risaralda: Municipio Santa Rosa de Cabal, vereda El Limbo, Finca Los Lajos, 1600 m, 20 September 1984, J . Aguirre &amp; H . Sipman 5592 (B) . Cundinamarca: Sasaima, finca San José, 1850 m, 20 July 1972, A . Cleef &amp; Th. van der Hammen 4961 (B) . VENEZUELA: Aragua: Near Colonia Tovar, 2000 m, Vareschi 9841 (VEN) . Miranda: El Volcán, 1400 m, 5 January 1957, Vareschi 6200 (VEN); El Volcán, 1430 m, 1 March 1956, Vareschi 4499 (VEN) . Mérida: Los Topes, Chiguará, 1200 m, 15 April 1988, A . Morales 122, 135, 143, 147 (MER); Las Playitas, near Bailadores, 1950 m, 14 April 1992, V . Marcano 3–92, 6101 (MER); San Juanito, Chiguará, 1200 m, 15 March 1989, A . Morales 155–89 (MER); Santo Domingo, Paramo de Mucubají, 3500–3800 m, March 1992, V . Marcano 148–92, 149–92 (MER) . Táchira: Near Pregonero, Garcia Lake, 1900 m, 14 April 1992, V . Marcano 6106, 6107, 6109, 6110 (MER); near Paramo Portachuelo, 2800–2900 m, 14 April 1992, V . Marcano 6111 (MER); Betania, Tama valley, near Villa Paez, 2400–2500 m, 14 April 1992, V . Marcano 6113 (MER); near Villa Paez, Delicias, 1900–2100 m, 13 April 1992, V . Marcano 6116– A (MER) .</p><p>. Ramalina rectangularis Nylander (Fig. 37)</p><p>Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie, ser. 2, 4: 121 (1870) . Type:― BRAZIL. Bahia, Blanchet (lectotype H–NYL 37509, syntypes PC, UPS, W).</p><p>Thallus corticolous, pendulous and dichotomously branched, pale yellow, up to 15 cm long, branching dichotomic anisotomic. Branches solid, rectangular in cross-section, rigid, flattened, not contorted, 2–3 mm wide, surface smooth, showing protuberances marginal. Isidial structures verruciformis, disposed along the margin of branches. Pseudocyphellae marginal, linear, concave or convex, continuous. Cortex distinct, 14–21 μm thick. Chondroid tissue distinctly cracked, continuous. Medulla whitish, loose. Pycnidia and apothecia not seen.</p><p>Chemistry (TLC, HPTLC): Strain 1. Usnic acid only (Vareschi 5504; Sipman &amp; Escobar 33849, Vareschi 5405). Strain 2. Salazinic acid (Morales 94, 95; Vareschi 3388, 5448). Strain 3. Norstictic, stictic (tr.) and salazinic acids (Marcano et al. 7217).</p><p>Ecology and distribution: This species is found growing on shrubs and branches, associated with Stereocaulon Hoffman (1796: 128), Hypotrachyna (Vainio 1890: 38) Hale (1974: 340) [ Everniastrum Hale ex Sipman (1986: 237)] and crustose lichens, in cloud forests and subparamo at 1250–3350 m. In Colombia it was found growing on rocks in a pastures on a steep slope. It is only known from South America (Colombia, Brazil, Venezuela).</p><p>Remarks: Ramalina rectangularis is a rare South American species, previously known only from the type collection from State of Bahiate, Northeastern Brazil (Kashiwadani &amp; Kalb 1993, Gumboski 2016). It is characterized by a pendulous and dichotomously branched thallus, a smooth surface showing marginal protuberances, and marginal, verruciformis isidial structures. Ramalina rectangularis resembles R. puiggari, but the latter species has a canaliculate and more flexible thallus, and lacks medullary substances. Ramalina rectangularis could also be confused with R. usnea, but this species has a contorted thallus (in the study area) and contains sekikaic acid and its aggregates. Ramalina rectangularis exhibits three chemical strains, one which lacks medullary substances and two with the βorcinol depsidones, norstictic, stictic and salazinic acids. Ramalina rectangularis from Brazil was reported to contain salazinic acid only (Kashiwadani &amp; Kalb 1993, Gumboski 2016).</p><p>Specimens examined: COLOMBIA: Antioquia: Municipio Medellín, El Boquerón, mountain pass, c. 10 km NW of Medellín on road to Santa Fe de Antioquia, 2500 m, 26 June 1986, H . Sipman &amp; M . Escobar 33849 (B) . VENEZUELA: Mérida: La Culata, Mucumpís road, 2800–3200 m, October 1993, V . Marcano, R . Vidal &amp; A . Morales 7217 (MER); El Paramito, Chiguara, 1250 m, 12 February 1984, A . Morales 94, 95 (MERF; B) . Miranda: Los Guayabitos, near la Mata, 1300 m, 20 June 1954, V . Vareschi 3388 (VEN) . Táchira: Paramo El Batallón, 3100–3350 m, 3 October 1956, Vareschi 5504, 5405 (VEN); Paramo El Pulpito, 3140–3300 m, 3 October 1956, V . Vareschi 5448 (VEN) .</p><p>. Ramalina reducta Krog &amp; Swinscow var. reducta</p><p>Norw. J. Bot. 23: 172 (1976). Type:― ETHIOPIA. Province Bale: Dinshu, Tapper 923 (holotype BM, isotype O).</p><p>Thallus corticolous, erect, dichotomously branched, 2–4 cm high. Branches compact, flattened, 2–3,5 cm wide, palmate, surface rugose, without a lower cortex (Fig. 16). Pseudocyphellae tuberculate, ellipsoid, sorediate, arising on the upper surface, 400–500 μm long, 300–350 μm wide. Soralia forming coarse granules. Chondroid tissue distinctly cracked. Medulla dense, exposed on the lower side where cartilaginous tissue forms a reticular structure. Pycnidia and apothecia not seen.</p><p>Chemistry (TLC, HPTLC): Strain 1. 2ˊ– O –demethylpsoromic and psoromic acids (Cleef 4849–C, 9984–E; Lopez-Figueiras &amp;. Morales 29648; Marcano 6630, 6635, 6636, 6637). Strain 2. Psoromic acid (Sipman 23612; Sipman &amp; Hollaender 34497).</p><p>Ecology and distribution: This species is an epiphyte in exposed habitats, growing on the branches of trees and shrubs where it is associated with R. celastri, R. pusiola, R. dictyota, Usnea spp., Hypotrachyna caraccensis (Taylor 1847: 163) Hale (1975: 26), H. ducalis (Jatta 1908: 407) Hale (1975: 33), Oropogon (Theodor Magnus Fries 1861: 49) spp. and Teloschistes flavicans . In Colombia R. reducta var. reducta grows on shrubs and branches in very wet Weinmannia, Vallea stipularis Linnaeous and Miconia forests well as branches of Espeletia at 1000–3885 m (Fig. 30). It is known from Australia, East Africa (Ethiopia, Tanzania, Uganda, Transvaal) and South America (Colombia and Venezuela).</p><p>Remarks: The morphological and chemical characters of this species in Venezuela have been described in detail by Marcano &amp; Morales (1993b). Ramalina reducta has two varieties, one characterized by the presence of psoromic acid ( var. reducta) and the other characterized by the presence of norstictic acid (sometimes with psoromic; var. colombiana; see below) as major medullary substances. Both varieties have disjunct distributions and occur in separate populations. In northern South America Ramalina reducta var. reducta is known mostly from Venezuela whereas var. colombiana is known only from Colombia. In East Africa (Krog &amp; Swinscow 1976) and Australia (Stevens 1987) this species produces psoromic acid only. Ramalina reducta resembles R. tucumanensis Räsänen (1949: 46), but the latter species lacks soralia and pseudocyphellae, has a different chemistry (viz. sekikaic acid as major medullary substance), and it is known only from Perú and Argentina (Kashiwadani 1987).</p><p>Specimens examined: COLOMBIA: Bogota: Paramo de Chisaca, along road Usme-Nazareth, 3500 m, 14 July 1986, H . Sipman &amp; M . Hollaender 34497 (B) . Cundinamarca: San Francisco, vereda Sabaneta, near Cueva Grande, 2500 m, 17 July 1986, H . Sipman, H . Cardozo &amp; M . Ballestreros 23612 (B); Valle Teusacá, 5 km SW La Calera, 2850 m, 9 July 1972, A . Cleef &amp; M . Cleef – van Rens 4849–c (B) . Boyaca: Sierra Nevada del Cocuy, Alto de la Cueva, 3885 m, 5 June 1973, A. M . Cleef 9984–e (B). Valle: Cali, University of Valle, 1000 m, 1986, J . Rubiano s/n– A (B) . VENEZUELA: Mérida: Paramo La Negra, 3000 m, M . Lopez-Figueiras &amp; Dana Griffin III 31582 (MERF); Paramo Las Lajas, 3200–3300 m, M . Lopez-Figueiras et A . Morales 29648 (MERF); Monte Zerpa, Serranía La Culata, 2200–2400 m, V . Marcano 5557 (MERF); Las Playitas, near Bailadores, 1950 m, V . Marcano 6630, 6635, 6636, 6637 (MERF) . Táchira: Laguna García, near Pregonero, 1900 m, V . Marcano 6601 (MERF) . Trujillo: Paramo El Morro, 2300 m, M . Lopez-Figueiras 28231 (MERF) .</p><p>. Ramalina reducta var. colombiana Marcano &amp; Morales var. nov.</p><p>Thallus ut in Ramalina reducta var. reducta sed acidum norsticticum continente differt.</p><p>Type:― COLOMBIA. Cundinamarca: near Valley of Neusa river, 3 km Southern, 26 May 1972, A . Cleef &amp; R . Jaramillo 4190–b (holotype B) .</p><p>Chemistry (TLC, HPTLC): Strain 1. Psoromic, norstictic and hypoprotocetraric acids (Cleef &amp; R. Jaramillo 4190–b). Strain 2. Norstictic and salazinic acids (Sipman &amp; Valencia 10297– A). Strain 3. Norstictic and connorstictic acids (Sipman &amp; Reyes 34453).</p><p>Ecology and distribution: This variety is found growing on branches and trunks of Xylosma in forests with Weinmannia and Vallea at 2700–2950 m. It is known only from Colombia.</p><p>Remarks: Ramalina reducta var. colombiana is distinguished of var. reducta by the presence of norstictic acid as the major medullary substance. This varieties shows three chemically distinct strains, all with various β-orcinol depsidones as accessory substances.</p><p>Additional specimens examined: COLOMBIA. Boyaca: Municipio Cucaita, ca. 10 km W of Tunja, alomng road to Villa de Leiva, 2950 m, 12 July 1986, H . Sipman &amp; O . Reyes 34453 (B) . Cundinamarca: Between Bogotá and Fusagasuga, c 5 km SW of roadtoll, 2700 m, 31 January 1979, H . Sipman &amp; H . Valencia 10297– A (B, COL, U) .</p><p>. Ramalina rigida Persoon ex Acharius</p><p>Syn. Lich.: 294 (1814). Type:―ST. DOMINGO (holotype H – ACH 1822) .</p><p>Thallus corticolous, decumbent. Branches terete or subterete, solid, 0.8–0.25 µm broad; surface smooth; apices tapering, often ending in granular soredia. Pseudocyphellae marginal, laminal, ellipsoid, punctiform, usually becoming sorediate. Soralia terminal or laminal. Cortex distinct, chondroid tissue cracked. Pycnidia not seen. Apothecia rare, subterminal, lateral, showing pseudocyphellate margins, epithecium 4–5 µm thick, hymenium 36–40 µm thick. Ascospores 1–septate, curved, 10–11 x 3–3.5 µm.</p><p>Chemistry (TLC, HPTLC): Strain 1. Homosekikaic (tr.), sekikaic (tr.) and salazinic acids (Vareschi 3448). Strain 2. Stictic and salazinic acids (Vareschi 6179).</p><p>Ecology and distribution: This species is found growing on Cereus near shore, on Leguminosae in dry forests, at 50–1400 m. It is known from the Caribbean (type collection) and South America (Brazil and Venezuela). Krempelhuber (1876c) recorded this species as corticolous from collections carried out by Glaziou (no. 1860, 1861, 1863–1865) in the Brazilian Amazonas, near Rio Janeiro, while Kashiwadani &amp; Kalb (1993) reported the species as saxicolous from collections in Rio Janeiro by Vainio distributed in his Lichenes Brasilienses Exsiccati.</p><p>Remarks: Ramalina rigida is rare in northern South America. It could be confused with R. tenella, R. dendriscoides and R. sorediosa, but these species have corticolous, erect and mostly shrubby thalli. Ramalina santanensis is also similar but has a knotty surface and lacks soralia. Ramalina rigida shows two distinct chemical strains with salazinic acid as the major medullary substance. In Brazil and the Caribbean (Kashiwadani &amp; Kalb 1993) this species contains salazinic acid only.</p><p>Specimens examined: VENEZUELA: Miranda: Los Guayabitos, 1200–1400 m, 1 January 1957, V . Vareschi 6179 (VEN) . Falcón: Near Tucacas, 50–100 m, 4 July 1954, V . Vareschi 3448 (VEN) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D1E63498667077C5D3FDCCFB9BF798	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Marcano, Vicente;Méndez, Antonio Morales;Prü, Ernesto Palacios	Marcano, Vicente, Méndez, Antonio Morales, Prü, Ernesto Palacios (2021): The genus Ramalina Acharius (Ascomycota, Lecanoromycetes, Ramalinaceae) in northern South America. Phytotaxa 504 (1): 1-77, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.504.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.504.1.1
03D1E634986A7076C5CDFF1CFDC9FC38.text	03D1E634986A7076C5CDFF1CFDC9FC38.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ramalina santanensis A. Morales & V. Marcano	<div><p>40. Ramalina santanensis A. Morales &amp; V. Marcano</p><p>The Bryologist 97: 31 (1994) . Type:― VENEZUELA. Falcón: Península de Paraguaná, Cerro Santa Ana, 400–600 m, 12 November 1985, A. Morales 112 (holotype MERF!).</p><p>Thallus saxicolous or terricolous, caespitose, intricately branched, erect to subpendulous, up to 2 cm long, without distinct, delimited holdfast. Branches pale yellow, subshiny, knotty, subterete to terete (Fig. 3), 0.35–0.45 mm wide. Pseudocyphellae lateral or laminal, ellipsoid, irregularly distributed (Fig. 8), sometimes developing into perforations. Soralia not seen. Cortical tissue paraplectenchymatous, 12–14 μm thick. Peripheral chondroid tissue discontinuous, up to 42 μm thick. Medulla dense. Pycnidia not seen. Apothecia lateral, subapical, discs flat, 3.8–4.0 mm diameter. Ascospores very short, ellipsoid, 7–8 x 3–4.5 um.</p><p>Chemistry (TLC, HPTLC): Salazinic acid.</p><p>Ecology and distribution: Ramalina santanensis is known only from the type locality, where it was abundant on soil and rocks. It is found in dry forests at 400–600 m (Fig. 30). It is known only from northeast Venezuela .</p><p>Remarks: Ramalina santanensis is a rare species distinguished from all other species by the knotty surface and small spore size. Ramalina santanensis somewhat resembles R. nodosa Krog &amp; Østhagen (1978: 55), known only from the Canary Islands (Krog &amp; Østhagen 1980). However, R. santanensis bears discontinuous chondroid cylinder; pseudocyphellae; knotty branches; and contains salazinic acid, while R. nodosa has a continuous chondroid cylinder; numerous and conspicuous nodules; lacks pseudocyphellae; and contains sekikaic and divaricatic acids.</p><p>Additional specimens examined: VENEZUELA. Falcón. Península de Paraguaná, Cerro Santa Ana, 1979, Lopez-Figueiras 19379–B (MERF) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D1E634986A7076C5CDFF1CFDC9FC38	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Marcano, Vicente;Méndez, Antonio Morales;Prü, Ernesto Palacios	Marcano, Vicente, Méndez, Antonio Morales, Prü, Ernesto Palacios (2021): The genus Ramalina Acharius (Ascomycota, Lecanoromycetes, Ramalinaceae) in northern South America. Phytotaxa 504 (1): 1-77, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.504.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.504.1.1
03D1E634986A7076C5CDFC34FD13F974.text	03D1E634986A7076C5CDFC34FD13F974.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ramalina sorediosa (Bouly de Lesdain) Landrón ex Kashiwadani & Kalb	<div><p>4. Ramalina sorediosa (Bouly de Lesdain) Landrón ex Kashiwadani &amp; Kalb</p><p>Lichenologist 25: 25 (1993) . – Ramalina dasypoga Tuckerman var. sorediosa Bouly de Lesdain, Rév. Bryol. Lichén. 7: 59 (1934). Type:― CUBA. Boqueron: Estación Naval, B. Hiorami (lectotype FH).</p><p>Thallus corticolous, shrubby, dichotomously branched, up to 4 cm long, whitish, growing from a common holdfast. Branches solid, mainly terete with irregular thickness in main branches, slightly flattened on main branches near the base, faveolated, 0.3–0.5 mm width, with cylindrical side branchlets, surface smooth. Soralia punctiform, terminal, lateral, forming coarse granules. Pseudocyphellae laminal, punctiform or short ellipsoid, very small, often developing into soralia. Cortex indistinct. Chondroid tissue not cracked, continuous. Medulla white, loose. Pycnidia and apothecia not seen.</p><p>Chemistry (TLC, HPTLC): Norstictic acid (López-Figueiras 25163).</p><p>Ecology and distribution: Ramalina sorediosa grows on branches and shrubs in rainforests at 1800–2000 m. It is known from the Caribbean, Central America, the Galápagos Islands and South America (Brazil and Venezuela).</p><p>Remarks: Ramalina sorediosa could be confused with R. rigida and R. cumanensis . However, R. rigida has a rigid, saxicolous thallus and contains salazinic acid, stictic acid, and sekikaic acid (and its aggregates) as major substances whereas R. cumanensis has a canaliculate thallus and lacks medullary substances. Kashiwadani &amp; Kalb (1993) and Aptroot &amp; Bungartz (2007) reported the presence of salazinic acid, sometimes together with sekikaic acid and its aggregates, in specimens of this species from Braziland the Galapagos Isles, respectively. This is the first report of norstictic acid for this species..</p><p>Specimens examined. VENEZUELA: Dto. Federal: El Avila National Park, near funicular station, 1900 m, 14 February 1981, M. Lopez Figueiras 25163 (MER) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D1E634986A7076C5CDFC34FD13F974	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Marcano, Vicente;Méndez, Antonio Morales;Prü, Ernesto Palacios	Marcano, Vicente, Méndez, Antonio Morales, Prü, Ernesto Palacios (2021): The genus Ramalina Acharius (Ascomycota, Lecanoromycetes, Ramalinaceae) in northern South America. Phytotaxa 504 (1): 1-77, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.504.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.504.1.1
03D1E634986A7074C5CDF970FAE4FD00.text	03D1E634986A7074C5CDF970FAE4FD00.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ramalina subcalcarata V. Marcano & A. Morales 2021	<div><p>4. Ramalina subcalcarata V. Marcano &amp; A. Morales sp. nov.; Mycobank #838607 (Fig. 38)</p><p>Thallus corticolus, ramificatione subdichotomo. Rami generaliter cavi sed saepe in parte compressi, subtus perforati, perforationibus coalescentibus. Soralia nulla. Apothecia terminalia. Sporae ellipsoideae. Acida usnicum, homosekikaicum, sekikaicum, boninicum, succinprotocetraricum, protocetraricum et fumarprotocetraricum continens.</p><p>Type:― VENEZUELA. Miranda: Los Guayabitos, 1200–1400 m, 1 January 1957, Vareschi 6173 (holotype VEN) .</p><p>Thallus corticolous, fistulose, 1–2.5 cm high, subdichotomously and intricately branched.Branches hollow and inflated, dorsiventral, 1–4 mm wide, with perforations on the lower side, smooth or rarely longitudinally grooved. Soralia not seen. Medullary layer dense, continuous, often with embedded strands of chondroid tissue in part originating from the disintegrating lower side. Pycnidia not seen. Apothecia common, terminal on main branches and on short branches, spurred, disc flat or convex, 0.5–3 mm in diameter, reddish brown; epithecium 8–9 µm thick; hymenium 34–40 µm thick; hypothecium 20–30 µm thick. Ascospores, 1–septate, colorless, short ellipsoid, 8–12 x 3–4 µm.</p><p>Chemistry (TLC, HPTLC): Strain 1. Homosekikaic, sekikaic, boninic, hypoprotocetraric, succinprotocetraric, protocetraric and fumarprotocetraric (tr.) acids (Vareschi 6173). Strain 2. Homosekikaic, sekikaic, boninic, succinprotocetraric (tr.), protocetraric (tr.) and fumarprotocetraric acids (Vareschi 6207–B).</p><p>Ecology and distribution: Ramalina subcalcarata is known only from the type locality, where it grows on shrubs in a moist forest at 1200–1400 m.</p><p>Remarks: Ramalina subcalcarata is very similar to R. calcarata and R. pusiola (Krog &amp; Swinscow 1974) . However, R. calcarata contains divaricatic acid, and R. pusiola sekikaic acid, whereas R. subcalcarata lacks divaricatic acid and contains substances in both the sekikaic acid complex and the the protocetraric acid complex. Further, R. subcalcarata has short ellipsoid spores (8–12 x 3–4 µm) whereas R. calcarata and R. pusiola have long ellipsoid spores (12–15 x 5–7 µm). SEM shows that the thallus of R. subcalcarata has a central cavity and a smooth, slightly sinuose upper surface (Fig. 18), as well as crystals of a lichen substance (probably usnic acid). The cross-section shows an outer cortex and an inner medullary tissue, with a deposition of crystals of lichen substances on the medullary hypha-walls (Fig. 21). The ellipsoid spores have a smooth epispore.</p><p>The name of this species refers to its similarity to R. calcarata .</p><p>Adittional specimens examined: VENEZUELA: Miranda: 8 January 1956, Vareschi 6207–B (VEN) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D1E634986A7074C5CDF970FAE4FD00	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Marcano, Vicente;Méndez, Antonio Morales;Prü, Ernesto Palacios	Marcano, Vicente, Méndez, Antonio Morales, Prü, Ernesto Palacios (2021): The genus Ramalina Acharius (Ascomycota, Lecanoromycetes, Ramalinaceae) in northern South America. Phytotaxa 504 (1): 1-77, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.504.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.504.1.1
03D1E63498687074C5CDFD5CFD48F881.text	03D1E63498687074C5CDFD5CFD48F881.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ramalina subfraxinea var. subfraxinea Nylander var. subfraxinea	<div><p>4. Ramalina subfraxinea Nylander var. subfraxinea</p><p>Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie II, 4: 139 (1870) . Type:― COLOMBIA. Turbaco: Nova Granata, 1844, Goudot s.n (lectotype PC, isotype H).</p><p>Thallus corticolous, erect or more or less pendulous, greenish, dichotomously branched, 2–5 cm long. Branches solid, canaliculate, surface subshiny, smooth, 0.5–1(–3.5) mm wide. Pseudocyphellae ellipsoid, laminal, present in the lower side, 200–500 μm long. Soralia not seen. Cortical tissue 10–12 μm thick. Peripheral chondroid tissue 70–80 um thick. Medulla dense. Pycnidia not seen. Apothecia numerous, marginal, subapical, disc concave, plane or convex, 3–4 mm in diameter, margin entire. Ascospores 1–septate, colorless, straight to curved, 11–12 x 5–6 µm.</p><p>Chemistry (TLC, HPTLC): Strain 1. Divaricatic, boninic, 2ˊ– O –methylsekikaic (tr.) and protocetraric acids (Sipman &amp; Reyes 34455). Strain 2. Sekikaic and homosekikaic acids (Cleef &amp; Jaramillo 4190–A). Strain 3. Sekikaic acid (Sipman &amp; Reyes 34400). Strain 4. Divaricatic, ramalinolic and salazinic acids (Steyermark &amp; Davidse 116542).</p><p>Ecology and distribution: This taxon is found growing on shrubs and trees in dry habitats, pastures and rainforests at 2750–2950 m. In Colombia it occurs on Xylosma trunks in Weinmannia, Xylosma and Vallea forests. It is known from northern South America (Colombia and Venezuela), India and Australia.</p><p>Remarks: Ramalina subfraxinea could be confused with R. africana and R. complanata . But both of the latter species have tuberculate pseudocyphellae. Additionally, R. subfraxinea is much larger than R. complanata . Further, R. africana has spurred apothecia and long ellipsoid spores (12–15 x 3–5 µm). Ramalina subfraxinea var. subfraxinea from Colombia and Venezuela exhibits four distinct chemical strains, with divaricatic acid or sekikaic acid and its aggregates as major medullary substances. Stevens (1987) recognized four chemical races as varieties in R. subfraxinea from Australia: var. subfraxinea, containing sekikaic or divaricatic acids; var. leoidea (Nylander 1870: 141) N. Stevens (1987: 207), containing boninic acid; var. confirmata (Nylander 1870: 138) N. Stevens (1987: 205), containing cryptochlorophaeic acid and var. norsticitica N. Stevens (1987: 208), with norstictic acid (Stevens 1987). In northern South America R. subfraxinea var. subfraxinea strain 1 contained a mixture of divaricatic ( var. subfraxinea) and boninic acids ( var. leoidea).</p><p>Specimens examined: COLOMBIA: Boyaca: Municipio Arcabuco, c 15 km on the road towards Tunja, 2900 m, 11 July 1986, H . Sipman &amp; O . Reyes 34400 (B) . Cundinamarca: Represa del Neusa, Valle Rio Neusa, c. 3 km S Represa, 2750 m, 26 May 1972, A . Cleef &amp; R . Jaramillo 4190 (B) . Boyaca: Municipio Cucaita, c. 10 km W of Tunja alonf road to Villa de Leiva, 2950 m, 12 July 1986, H . Sipman &amp; O Reyes 34455 (B) . VENEZUELA: Miranda: Cerros del Bachiller, near east end, between base and summit, above Quebrada Corozal, 20–700 m, 20–26 March 1978, J. A . Steyermark &amp; G . Davidse 116542 (MO, VEN) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D1E63498687074C5CDFD5CFD48F881	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Marcano, Vicente;Méndez, Antonio Morales;Prü, Ernesto Palacios	Marcano, Vicente, Méndez, Antonio Morales, Prü, Ernesto Palacios (2021): The genus Ramalina Acharius (Ascomycota, Lecanoromycetes, Ramalinaceae) in northern South America. Phytotaxa 504 (1): 1-77, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.504.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.504.1.1
03D1E63498687073C5CDF8DCFF3DFE4C.text	03D1E63498687073C5CDF8DCFF3DFE4C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ramalina subfraxinea var. confirmata (Nylander 1870) N. Stevens 1987	<div><p>44. Ramalina subfraxinea var. confirmata (Nylander) N. Stevens</p><p>Bull. Br. Mus. Nat. Hist. (Bot.) 16: 205 (1987) . – Ramalina fraxinea subsp. confirmata Nylander, Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie II, 4: 138 (1870). Type:― AUSTRALIA. Swan River: 1846, Verreaux s.n. (lectotype H–NYL! 37423).</p><p>Chemistry (TLC, HPTLC): Cryptochlorophaeic and 4’– O –methylcryptochlorophaeic acids (+/–).</p><p>Ecology and distribution: This species is found growing on exposed branches of trees and bushes in rainforests, asociated with R. dictyota and R. pusiola at 900–1400 m. It is known from Australia, New Caledonia, Timor (Zanzibar) and South America (Venezuela).</p><p>Remarks: In northern South America this varieties is only known from the Venezuelan Andes (Fig. 5). The morphological and chemical characters of this varieties have been described in detail by Morales &amp; Marcano (1994). Stevens (1987) reported the presence of minor quantities of paludosic acid in specimens from Australia.</p><p>Specimens examined: VENEZUELA: Mérida: Hacienda Los Topes, near Chiguará, 1300–1400 m, 12 February 1984, A. Morales 93 (B); Los Topes, San Juanito, Chiguará, 1200 m, A. Morales 93–b; 900 m, A. Morales 450, 451 (MERF) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D1E63498687073C5CDF8DCFF3DFE4C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Marcano, Vicente;Méndez, Antonio Morales;Prü, Ernesto Palacios	Marcano, Vicente, Méndez, Antonio Morales, Prü, Ernesto Palacios (2021): The genus Ramalina Acharius (Ascomycota, Lecanoromycetes, Ramalinaceae) in northern South America. Phytotaxa 504 (1): 1-77, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.504.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.504.1.1
03D1E634986F7072C5CDFDA8FDA7FC1D.text	03D1E634986F7072C5CDFDA8FDA7FC1D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ramalina subpollinaria Nylander	<div><p>45. Ramalina subpollinaria Nylander</p><p>Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie, sér 2, 4: 125 (1870) . Type:― PERÚ. Callao: Gaudichaud (lectotype H–NYL 37050).</p><p>Thallus corticolous (rarely saxicolous), erect or decumbent, densely and dichotomously branched, 2–6 cm long. Branches solid, canaliculate, surface smooth, 1–1.5 mm wide. Soralia apical, capitate, hemispherical or forming an imperfect helmet. Pseudocyphellae elliptic, marginal, having granular soredia. Cortical tissue 20–22 μm thick. Chondroid tissue distinctly cracked, 40–60 μm thick. Medula dense. Pycnidia and apothecia not seen.</p><p>Chemistry (TLC, HPTLC): This species presents 8 strains which are summarized in the Table 9. Strain 1. Homosekikaic, sekikaic, 4ˊ– O –methylnorhomosekikaic, boninic, 2ˊ– O –methylsekikaic, protocetraric and fumarprotocetraric acids (Vareschi 9843–A). Strain 2. Homosekikaic, sekikaic, succinprotocetraric and protocetraric acids (Vareschi 7454). Strain 3. Salazinic acid (Lasser &amp; Foldats 3185–B; Vareschi 3449). Strain 4. Homosekikaic, sekikaic, 4ˊ– O –demethylsekikaic and boninic acids (Cleef &amp; van Rens de Cleef 4849–B). Strain 5. Protocetraric acid (Morales 102). Strain 6. Homosekikaic, sekikaic, ramalinolic, boninic, 2ˊ– O –methylsekikaic and protocetraric acids (Sipman &amp; Valencia 10298, Aguirre &amp; Sipman 5842). Strain 7. Sekikaic, ramalinolic and 2ˊ– O –methylsekikaic acids (Sipman &amp; Reyes 34452). Strain 8. Sekikaic, ramalinolic, 4ˊ– O –demethylsekikaic and boninic acids (Boekhout 921, Cleef &amp; Jaramillo 4190–D, Sipman &amp; Valencia 10299).</p><p>Ecology and distribution: Ramalina subpollinaria is corticolous, or in shady places rarely saxicolous, and is associated with Teloschistes flavicans and several Parmeliaceae in rainforests and subparamo. In Colombia, R. subpollinaria grows on bushes and branches in very wet Weinmannia, Vallea stipularis and Miconia spp. forests but is also found in pastures with remnant trees. Ramalina subpollinaria is uncommon in tropical America occurring at 1000–3530 m; its global distribution includes México and South America (Perú, Colombia, Brazil and Venezuela).</p><p>Remarks: The morphological and chemical characters of this species have been described in detail by Marcano &amp; Morales (1994c). Ramalina subpollinaria resembles R. cochlearis, but the latter is distinguished by the helmetshaped soralia. Eight distinct chemical strains are recognized in this species with sekikaic, boninic, homosekikaic acid and ramalinolic acids as major substances and the protocetraric acid complex as accessory substances (Table 9). Kashiwadani (1987), Kashiwadani &amp; Kalb (1993) and Gumboski (2016) reported only two chemical strains from Brazil and Peru: a sekikaic acid strain and a salazinic acid strain.</p><p>Specimens examined: COLOMBIA: Boyacá: Municipio Cucaita, c. 10 km W of Tunja along road to Villa de Leiva, 2950 m, 12 July 1986, H . Sipman &amp; O . Reyes 34452 (B) . Cundinamarca: Represa del Neusa, Valle del Rio Neusa, 3 km S Represa, 2750 m, 26 May 1972, A . Cleef &amp; R . Jaramillo 4190–D (B); between Bogotá and Fusagasuga, c 5 km SW of roadtoll, 2700 m, 31 January 1979, H . Sipman &amp; H . Valencia 10297– B , 10298, 10299 (B, COL, U); Valle Teusacá, 5 km SW La Calera, 2850 m, 9 july 1972, A . Cleef &amp; M . Cleef – van Rens 4849–b (B) . Huila: Municipio La Plata, E-side of Cordillera Central, vereda La Candelaria, finca Merenberg, Volcan Merenberg, 2600 m, 2 October 1984, J . Aguirre &amp; H . Sipman 5842–g (B) . Tolima: Municipio Santa Isabel, Quebrada Totarito, 3530 m, 10 February 1980, T . Boekhout 921 (B, COL) . VENEZUELA. Aragua: Near Colonia Tovar, 2000 m, 5 November 1979, Vareschi 9843a (VEN) . Falcón: Medanos de Coro, 2–10 m, 4 July 1954, V . Vareschi 3449 (VEN); Near Churuguara, 22 August 1952, Lasser &amp; Foldats 3185– B (VEN) ; Sierra de San Luis, near La Chapa, road to Las Negritas-Uria, 1000–1400 m, 16 March 1979, López-Figueiras 19249 (MERF); Sierra de San Luis, alrededores de Uria, vía Las Negritas-Curimagua, 1400 m, López-Figueiras 19362 (MERF) . Mérida: Near to Timotes, 1900 m, 18 July 1960, V . Vareschi 7454– A (VEN) ; El Valle, around Mérida, 2000–2400 m, 13– October 1981, López-Figueiras 27154, López-Figueiras et M . Lindstrom 27168 (MERF); Monte Zerpa, Serranía La Culata, 2900 m, 4 Enero 1991, V . Marcano 5013 (MERF); El Paramito, Hacienda Luis Davila, Chiguara, 1350 m, 2 April 121984, A . Morales AMM–102 (MERF, B); Raiz de Agua, Parque Sierra Nevada, 2500 m, 16 May 2020, V . Marcano 20–48, 20–57 (herb. V. Marcano, VEN) . Táchira: Paramo El Portachuelo, 21 April 1992, V . Marcano 173–92 (MER); El Paramito, Hacienda Luis Davila, Chiguara, 1350 m, 2 April 121984, A . Morales AMM–102 (MERF, B) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D1E634986F7072C5CDFDA8FDA7FC1D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Marcano, Vicente;Méndez, Antonio Morales;Prü, Ernesto Palacios	Marcano, Vicente, Méndez, Antonio Morales, Prü, Ernesto Palacios (2021): The genus Ramalina Acharius (Ascomycota, Lecanoromycetes, Ramalinaceae) in northern South America. Phytotaxa 504 (1): 1-77, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.504.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.504.1.1
03D1E634986E7072C5CDFC58FD23F880.text	03D1E634986E7072C5CDFC58FD23F880.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ramalina tenaensis V. Marcano & A. Morales 2021	<div><p>4. Ramalina tenaensis V. Marcano &amp; A. Morales sp. nov.; Mycobank #838609 (Fig. 39)</p><p>Thallus corticolus, laxe pendulus, saepe spiraliter siccitate tortus, ramificatione dichotomo. Pagina superior verruculosa . Pseudocyphellae desunt. Soralia nulla. Apothecia lateralia. Sporae ellipsoideae. Acida divaricaticum, boninicum et 2ˊ–O–methylsekikaicum continens.</p><p>Type:― COLOMBIA. Cundinamarca: Municipio Tena, Laguna de Pedro Palo, 200 m, 23 september 1984, J . Aguirre &amp; H. J . Sipman 5673 (holotype B, isotype COL) .</p><p>Thallus corticolous, pendulous or subpendulous, pale yellow, more or less rigid, dichotomously branched, 15–25 cm long. Branches solid, flattened, contorted, 3–5 mm wide, with verruculose surface. Pseudocyphellae not seen. Soralia not seen. Cortical tissue paraplectenchymatous, 12–16 µm thick; chondroid tissue continuous; medullary layer dense, continuous. Pycnidia not seen. Apothecia abundant, lateral, non-spurred, discs flat to convex, 3–5 mm in diameter, reddish brown; epithecium 8–10 µm thick; hymenium 44–46 µm thick; hypothecium 16–20 µm thick. Ascospores 1–septate, colorless, short-ellipsoid, 8–10 x 4–4.5 µm.</p><p>Chemistry (TLC, HPTLC): Divaricatic, boninic and 2ˊ– O –methylsekikaic acids.</p><p>Ecology and distribution: Ramalina tenaensis is known only from the type locality where it was collected as an epiphyte on canopy branches of Quercus humboldtii in a cloud forest at 200 m. It is known only from Colombia .</p><p>Remarks: Ramalina tenaensis is distinguished by its strongly contorted branches with verruculose surface, its lack of soralia and pseudocyphellae and its uni-septate, short ellipsoid spores (8–10 x 4–4.5 µm). This species is very similar to R. usnea, R. bogotensis and R. chilensis –all with contorted branches– but it is distinguished from them by the shape and size of its spores and its verruculose surface. The other three species show long fusiform spores and branches with a smooth surface. Chemically R. tenaensis is very similar to R. usnea, but the latter species lacks 2ˊ– O –methylsekikaic acid while boninic acid occurs in only one chemical strain of this species (see below).</p><p>The name of the species refers to the type locality.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D1E634986E7072C5CDFC58FD23F880	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Marcano, Vicente;Méndez, Antonio Morales;Prü, Ernesto Palacios	Marcano, Vicente, Méndez, Antonio Morales, Prü, Ernesto Palacios (2021): The genus Ramalina Acharius (Ascomycota, Lecanoromycetes, Ramalinaceae) in northern South America. Phytotaxa 504 (1): 1-77, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.504.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.504.1.1
03D1E634986D7071C5CDFB29FAFBF8C2.text	03D1E634986D7071C5CDFB29FAFBF8C2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ramalina tenella Muller Argoviensis	<div><p>4. Ramalina tenella Müller Argoviensis</p><p>Flora, Jena 62: 162 (1879) . Type:― BRAZIL. Sao Paulo: Apiahy, 1877, Puiggari 152 (holotype G).</p><p>Thallus fruticose, caespitose, corticolous, rigid, weakly shrubby and small, up to 3 cm high, subdichotomously branched, with short lateral branchlets. Branches solid, pale yellow, thin, 0.6–0.8 mm width, main branches flattened, secondary branches terete. Pseudocyphellae linear, short, Soralia subcapitate, apical, lateral on main branches, sometimes with spinules. Pycnidia and apothecia not seen.</p><p>Chemistry (TLC, HPTLC): Salazinic and protocetraric (tr.) acids (Mägdefrau 26).</p><p>Ecology and distribution: This species occurs on branches in rainforests and paramo at 1350–3500 m. It is known from Africa (Kenya), Australia, New Hebrides and South America (Brazil and Venezuela).</p><p>Remarks: Ramalina tenella could be confused with R. dendriscoides, but the latter species is distinguished by a conspicuously shrubby, longer thallus (up to 10 cm high) and subterete or terete branches. Both species contain salazinic acid as the major medullary substance, but R. tenella contains accessory protocetraric acid (traces) whereas R. dendriscoides contains accessory sekikaic, ramalinolic, 4ˊ– O –demethylsekikaic and 2ˊ– O –methylsekikaic acids as well as substances in the protocetraric acid complex. Kashiwadani &amp; Kalb (1993) considered R. tenella to be synonymous with R. dendriscoides, but these taxa are chemically distinct. Stevens (1987) reported the presence of salazinic acid, protocetraric acid (tr.), three unknowns and usnic acid in specimens of this species from Australia.</p><p>Specimens examined. VENEZUELA: Miranda: Los Guayabitos, 1350 m, 25 December 1957, K. Mägdefrau 26 (VEN) . Mérida: Santo Domingo, Paramo de Mucubají, 3500 m, March 1992, V . Marcano 162a, b (MER).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D1E634986D7071C5CDFB29FAFBF8C2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Marcano, Vicente;Méndez, Antonio Morales;Prü, Ernesto Palacios	Marcano, Vicente, Méndez, Antonio Morales, Prü, Ernesto Palacios (2021): The genus Ramalina Acharius (Ascomycota, Lecanoromycetes, Ramalinaceae) in northern South America. Phytotaxa 504 (1): 1-77, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.504.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.504.1.1
03D1E634986D7070C5CDF81DFEEEFBA8.text	03D1E634986D7070C5CDF81DFEEEFBA8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ramalina tenuissima V. Marcano & A. Morales 1994	<div><p>4. Ramalina tenuissima V. Marcano &amp; A. Morales</p><p>The Bryologist 97: 31 (1994) . Type:― VENEZUELA. Mérida: La Carbonera, between Mérida city and La Azulita, 2200 m, 1 March 1975, Lopez-Figueiras &amp; Keogh 9236 (holotype MERF!).</p><p>Thallus corticolous, pendulous, soft, pale yellow, up to 32 cm long, dichotomously to iregularly branched. Branches filiform, filamentous, subterete, angular or flattened, 0.3–0.7 mm broad. Branchlets numerous, divergent terminating in soralia. Pseudocyphellae linear, longitudinally arranged (Fig. 9). Peripheral chondroid tissue forming discontinuous layers. Medulla dense. Pycnidia and apothecia not seen.</p><p>Chemistry (TLC, HPTLC): Strain 1. Sekikaic acid (V. Marcano 5263, 5264, 5266, 5267, 5268; Lopez-Figueiras 26179). Strain 2. Nil (Vareschi 6131–II). Strain 3. Ramalinolic and boninic acids (Aguirre &amp; Sipman 5235–A). Strain 4. Psoromic and salazinic acids (Aguirre &amp; Sipman 5414). Strain 5. Sekikaic and boninic (tr.) acids (Aguirre &amp; Sipman 5726–B). Strain 6. Psoromic acid (Cleef 4210–C).</p><p>Ecology and distribution: Ramalina tenuissima is found growing on trees and shrubs in very moist rainforests at subalpine altitudes (2200–3400 m). In Colombia, it occurs on dead treetrunks in pastures, as well as an epiphyte on Aragoa . It is known only from northern South America (Colombia and Venezuela).</p><p>Remarks: Ramalina tenuissima resembles R. usnea, and both species can contain sekikaic acid as a chemical constituent. However, R. tenuissima has a non-contorted, filiform, filamentous thallus, with sorediate and pseudocyphellate branches, whereas in R. usnea the branches are broader, contorted and lack both soralia and pseudocyphellae. Ramalina tenuissima shows six distinct chemical strains with sekikaic acid and its aggregates (strains 1, 3 and 5) or psoromic acid (strains 4 and 6) as major medullary substances. Strain (2) lacks medullary substances.</p><p>Additional specimens examined. COLOMBIA: Huila: Municipio La Plata, E-side of Cordillera Central, vereda La Candelaria, finca Merenberg, Volcan Merenberg, 2400 m, 30 September 1984, J . Aguirre &amp; H . Sipman 5842–g (B) . Risaralda: W-slope of Cordillera Central, municipio Santa Rosa de Cabal, ca. 500 m S of Finca La Sierra, 3750 m, 16 September 1984, J . Aguirre &amp; H. J. M . Sipman 5726– B (B, COL) . Cundinamarca: Between Cogua and San Cayetano, Laguna Verde, 3630 m, A . Cleef 4210– C (B); Municipio Supatá, Alto El Tablazo, along track from radar station to Supatá, 3400 m, 11–12 September 1984, J . Aguirre H. J . Sipman 5235 (B) . VENEZUELA. Mérida: Laguna Coromoto, 3400 m, 13 January 1957, V . Vareschi 6131–II (VEN) . Táchira: Paramo de Tamá, Hale &amp; Lopez-Figueiras 4537l (MERF, US) , V . Marcano 5263, 5264, 5266, 5267, 5268 (MERF). Betania, near Paramo de Tamá, Lopez-Figueiras 26179 (MERF) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D1E634986D7070C5CDF81DFEEEFBA8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Marcano, Vicente;Méndez, Antonio Morales;Prü, Ernesto Palacios	Marcano, Vicente, Méndez, Antonio Morales, Prü, Ernesto Palacios (2021): The genus Ramalina Acharius (Ascomycota, Lecanoromycetes, Ramalinaceae) in northern South America. Phytotaxa 504 (1): 1-77, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.504.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.504.1.1
03D1E634986C7070C5CDFBC4FBB9F870.text	03D1E634986C7070C5CDFBC4FBB9F870.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ramalina tovarensis V. Marcano & A. Morales 1994	<div><p>4. Ramalina tovarensis V. Marcano &amp; A. Morales</p><p>The Bryologist 97: 33 (1994) . Type:― VENEZUELA. Mérida: Tovar, 1000–1100 m, 25 November 1980 (holotype MERF!, isotype VEN!).</p><p>Thallus corticolous, erect, pale yellow, rugose, moderately to densely branched, up to 4 cm high. Branches shiny, dichotomously to irregularly flattened, weakly ridged and wrinkled, 2–4 mm broad, with sorediate, short secondary branchlets. Pseudocyphellae not seen. Soralia punctiform, raised on tubercles, abundant on upper and under surfaces. Peripheral chondroid tissue continuous. Medullary layer dense. Pycnidia not seen. Apothecia lateral, subapical or apical, discs flat or concave, 2.2–3.0 mm diameter, thalline exciple ridged. Ascospores 1–septate, short-ellipsoid, 10–10.5 x 4.8–5.5 um.</p><p>Chemistry (TLC, HPTLC): Strain 1. Sekikaic acid and cryptochlorophaeic acid (Lopez-Figueiras 24782–B). Strain 2. Cryptochlorophaeic acids and triterpenoids (A. Cleef &amp; Th. van der Hammen 5119–B).</p><p>Ecology and distribution: Ramalina tovarensis occurs on trees and shrubs in very moist rainforest or secondary forests at 850–1300 m. It is known only from northern South America (Colombia and Venezuela).</p><p>Remarks: Ramalina tovarensis could be confused with R. subfraxinea var. confirmata as these two species are morphologically very similar, and both produce cryptochlorophaeic acid as their major substance. However, R. subfraxinea var. confirmata lacks soralia. Ramalina tovarensis is also morphologically similar to R. africana but differs in having punctiform soralia, raised on tubercles, a weakly ridged and wrinkled surface; a lack of pseudocyphellae; and in possessing cryptochlorophaeic acid. By contrast, Ramalina africana has punctiform pseudocyphellae; a more or less rugose surface; a lack of soralia; and in producing sekikaic acid as its major medullary substance. Ramalina tovarensis shows two chemical distinct strains, both with cryptochlorophaeic acid as the major medullary substance.</p><p>Additional specimens examined: COLOMBIA: Huila: Finca Casa de Teja, ca. 8 km N Carzon, 850 m, 7 August 1972, A. Cleef &amp; Th. van der Hammen 5119–B (B) . VENEZUELA: Mérida: La Roncona, Los Topes, 1000–1300 m, A. Morales 135, 136 (MERF); Tovar. 1000–1100 m, Lopez-Figueiras 24782–B (MERF) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D1E634986C7070C5CDFBC4FBB9F870	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Marcano, Vicente;Méndez, Antonio Morales;Prü, Ernesto Palacios	Marcano, Vicente, Méndez, Antonio Morales, Prü, Ernesto Palacios (2021): The genus Ramalina Acharius (Ascomycota, Lecanoromycetes, Ramalinaceae) in northern South America. Phytotaxa 504 (1): 1-77, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.504.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.504.1.1
03D1E6349813700EC5CDFF1CFE25FC38.text	03D1E6349813700EC5CDFF1CFE25FC38.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ramalina usnea (Linnaeous 1767) R. H. Howe 1914	<div><p>50. Ramalina usnea (Linnaeous) R. H. Howe</p><p>The Bryologist 17: 81 (1914) . Type:― MARTINIQUE (lectotype selected in Imshaug 1972: 317, LINN 1273–27).</p><p>Lichen usnea Linnaeous, Mantissa 1: 131 (1767).</p><p>Thallus corticolous, pendulous, contorted, up to 1 m long, greenish or pale yellow. Branches solid, flattened, terete or subterete, often contorted, without soredia, surface smooth or weakly striate, up to 3.5 mm thick. Pseudocyphellae linear, marginal, laminal, flat or weakly convex. Chondroid tissue distinctly cracked, continuous. Medulla white, loose. Pycnidia not seen. Apothecia lateral; epithecium 4–6 µm thick; hypothecium 76–90 µm thick; hymenium 50–65 µm thick. Ascospores 1–septate, long-fusiform, 18–22 x 3–4 µm.</p><p>Chemistry (TLC, HPTLC): This species presents 8 strains which are summarized in the Table 10. Strain 1. Divaricatic and protocetraric acids (Bunting 5274; Steyermark et al. 123339; Berry et al. 3778; Liesner &amp; González 12160–A; Vareschi 317, 7757; Nee &amp; Mori 4028; Pannier 833; Pittier 10506; Mägdefrau 675; Zuluaga 1644–D; Morales 100–A; González 2128; Dennis 2213; Vareschi 5254; Tamayo 780). Strain 2. Homosekikaic, sekikaic (tr.), succinprotocetraric and protocetraric acids (Vareschi 6879). Strain 3. Sekikaic, 4ˊ– O –demethysekikaic (tr.), boninic (tr.) and protocetraric acids (Vareschi 5258–A). Strain 4. Norstictic, stictic, connorstictic and hypoprotocetraric acids (Aristeguieta 2265). Strain 5. Homosekikaic and sekikaic acids (Aristeguieta &amp; Vareschi 5792). Strain 6. Divaricatic acid (Marcano 163–92). Strain 7. Sekikaic, boninic, protocetraric and fumarprotocetraric acids (Cleef 6043). Strain 8. Homosekikaic, sekikaic, succinprotocetraric and protocetraric acids (Vareschi 3446).</p><p>Ecology and distribution: In Venezuela this species is found growing on Tabebuia sp., and other shrubs in deciduous forests on limestone; in Colombia, it grows on Quercus humboldtii in forests at 80–3500 m (Fig. 30). It is known from North America (Florida and Texas), the Caribbean (Jamaica, Martinique, Santo Domingo, Puerto Rico), México and South America (Argentina, Chile, Brazil, the Galápagos Islands, Paraguay, Uruguay, Colombia and Venezuela).</p><p>Remarks:. Ramalina usnea could be confused with R. chilensis and R. bogotensis but R. chilensis differs in having short-fusiform spores (12–14(–16) x 2–2.5 µm) whereas R. bogotensis has granular soredia. Ramalina usnea is also very similar to R. tenaensis but this latter is distinguished by the shape and size of its spores and its verruculose surface. Ramalina usnea shows eight chemical strains, with sekikaic acid and its aggregates and divaricatic acid as major medullary substance with substances in the protocetraric acid complex as accessory substances (Table 10). Strain 4 contains only β-orcinol depsidones. Rundel (1978) reported three strains (chemotype) from tropical and subtropical North and South America: strain 1, producing sekikaic and ± homosekikaic acids; strain 2, producing divaricatic acid; and strain 3 yielding usnic acid only (no medullary substances). Kashiwadani &amp; Kalb (1993) and Gumboski (2016) reported divaricatic acid and sekikaic acid and its aggregates as the major substances in specimens of this species from Brazil. Marcano &amp; Sipman (2020) reported the presence of sekikaic acid and its aggregates, and of the protocetraric acid complex as accessory substances in specimens of this species from the Venezuelan Amazonas.</p><p>Specimens examined: COLOMBIA: Cundinamarca: San Cayetano, hacienda Portugal, Quercus forests, 2750 m, 8 November 1972, A . Cleef 6043 (B). Chocó: Los Katíos National Park, Alto del Limón, 250 m, 10 May 1983, S . Zuloaga 1644–d (B, herb. INDERENA) . VENEZUELA: Amazonas: La Esmeralda, near Rio Orinoco, corticolous, submontane forests, 150 m, February-1994, L . Galiz &amp; V . Marcano AMA– s/n (TFAZ, VEN) . Aragua: Rancho Grande National Park, 7 July 1956, V . Vareschi 5254, 5258a (VEN) . Bolívar: Near Río Caroní, August 1957, F . Pannier 833 (VEN); Cerro Bolívar, near Ciudad Piar, 700 m, April 1954, L . Aristeguieta 2265 (VEN). Dto. Federal: Los Caracas, 200 m, 24 April 1971, M . Nee &amp; S . Mori 4028 (VEN); between Chichiriviche and Oricao, 400 m, 6 July 1958, Dennis 2213 (VEN); Los Caracas, 80 m, 10 July 1962, V . Vareschi 7757 (VEN) . Falcón: Cerro Cocorote, 16 September 1989, A . Gonzales 2128 (VEN); near Tucacas, 4 July 1954, V . Vareschi 3446 (VEN); Cerro Santa Ana, Peninsula de Paraguana, January 1939, F . Tamayo 780 (VEN); Near Coro, 200 m, 3 April 1958, Vareschi 6879 (VEN); near Coro, Medanos de Coro, 10 m, July 2003, V . Marcano 3439 (herb. lich. V. Marcano) . Miranda: Laguna Grande, 0–30 m, 27–28 May 1981, P . Berry, A . Hernandez &amp; D. Fernandez 3778 (VEN); Los Canales de Higuerote, 100 m, 116 December 1956, L . Aristeguieta &amp; V . Vareschi 5792 (VEN) . Sucre: Peninsula de Araya, ca 4 km west of Caimancito, 10 m, 20 May 1981, R . Liesner &amp; A . Gonzales 12160– A (MO, VEN) . Mérida: Santo Domingo, Paramo de Mucubají, 3500 m, March 1992, V . Marcano 163–92 (MER); El Paramito, Hacienda Luis Davila, Chiguara, 1300 m, 2 April 1984, A . Morales 100–a (MERF, B); Paramo La Vicyoria, Sierra Nevada de Merida, 3200 m, 25 January, 2021, V . Marcano &amp; L . Castillo 21–187 (MER, herb. lich. V. Marcano) . Zulia: between Maracaibo and Machiques, 14 October 1922, H . Pittier 10506 (VEN); near to Maracaibo, on Tabebuia sp., 100 m, 21 July 1977, G . S . Bunting 5274 (NY, VEN); Sierra de la Corbata, 3–4 km NNE parcelamiento Cachirí, 100–360 m, 5 June 1980, J . Steyermark, G . Davidse &amp; A . Stoddart 123339 (MO, VEN); near Maracaibo, 18 March 1951, V . Vareschi 317 (VEN); Maracaibo, Hacienda Trinidad, 4 April 1958, K . Mägdefrau 675 (VEN) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D1E6349813700EC5CDFF1CFE25FC38	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Marcano, Vicente;Méndez, Antonio Morales;Prü, Ernesto Palacios	Marcano, Vicente, Méndez, Antonio Morales, Prü, Ernesto Palacios (2021): The genus Ramalina Acharius (Ascomycota, Lecanoromycetes, Ramalinaceae) in northern South America. Phytotaxa 504 (1): 1-77, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.504.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.504.1.1
03D1E6349812700DC5CDFC34FC58FEDC.text	03D1E6349812700DC5CDFC34FC58FEDC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ramalina vareschii V. Marcano & A. Morales. A 1994	<div><p>5. Ramalina vareschii V. Marcano &amp; A. Morales</p><p>Tropical Bryology 9: 197 (1994) . Type:― VENEZUELA. Mérida: Las Playitas, near Bailadores, 2300 m, 14 April 1992, V. Marcano 4503 (holotype MERF!, isotype VEN!) .</p><p>Thallus corticolous, fruticose, ascendant, up to 2 cm height, yellow ochre, subshiny. Branches entere, solid in the base, subfistulose in the apices, flattened or terete, surface nodulose, 0.5–0.9 mm wide. Soralia terminal, helmet-shaped or clavate. Pseudocyphellae laminal (175–250 μm long), lateral (625–650 μm long), elliptic, punctiform or tuberculate, sorediate. Chondroid tissue discontinuous. Medulla white, loose. Pycnidia and apothecia not seen.</p><p>Chemistry (TLC, HPTLC): Strain 1. Homosekikaic, sekikaic and ramalinolic acids. Strain 2. Homosekikaic, sekikaic and protocetraric acids (Morales 134). Strain 3. Homosekikaic, sekikaic, 4ˊ– O –demethylsekikaic, boninic, 2ˊ– O –methylsekikaic and protocetraric acids (Sipman et al. 34114). Strain 4. Homosekikaic, sekikaic, 4ˊ– O –demethylsekikaic, boninic, 2ˊ– O –methylsekikaic and protocetraric acids (Sipman &amp; Reyes 34454). Strain 5. Homosekikaic, sekikaic, boninic and protocetraric acids (Sipman &amp;Aguirre 27676). Strain 6. Salazinic and consalazinic acids (Aguirre &amp; Sipman 5344).</p><p>Ecology and distribution: This corticolous species occurs on exposed places in disturbed and rainforests associated with R. celastri, Parmotrema spp., Pyrrhospora cinnabarina Somm. and Graphis sp. In Colombia it occurs on Fraxinus sp. in pastures and in dry, eroded mountain slope with scarce scrub at 1250–3000 m. It is known only from northern South America (Colombia and Venezuela).</p><p>Remarks: Ramalina vareschii is a common species known from the Colombian and Venezuelan Andes. Ramalina vareschii closely resembles R. escorialensis and R. cochlearis, and R. xalapensis from Mexico, but these species lack tuberculate pseudocyphellae. The morphological and chemical characters of these species are described in detail by Marcano &amp; Morales (1994c). Ramalina vareschii shows six chemical distinct strains with sekikaic acid and its aggregates and protocetraric acid as major substances (apart from strain 6, which contains salazinic and consalazinic acids as major substances). It closely resembles R. darwiniana Aptroot &amp; Bungartz (2007: 528), which has salazinic acid, rounded, irregular warts from which punctiform or sublinear pseudocyphellae develop, and it is known only from Galápagos Islands (Aptroot &amp; Bungartz 2007). However, R. darwiniana can be distinguished by the presence of pycnidia and apothecia, and by the absence of soralia.</p><p>Additional specimens examined: COLOMBIA: Tolima: E-slopes of Cordillera Central, 10 km E of Mariquita, near Hacienda El Bombon, 1250 m, 13 September 1984, J . Aguirre &amp; H . Sipman 5244 (B, COL) . Santander: Municipio Charala, corregimiento Virolin, Cañaverales along road to Duitama, 2300 m, 26 October 1988, H . Sipman &amp; J . Aguirre 27676 (B) . Antioquia: Municipio El Retiro, along road Medellín – La Ceja, between Las Palmas and El Retiro, Hacienda Fizebad, entrance of reconstructed farm, 2050 m, 6 J 1986, H . Sipman, M . Escobar &amp; J . Rubiano 34114 (B) . Boyaca: Municipio Cucaita, c. 10 km W of Tunja along road to Villa de Leiva, 2950 m, 12 July 1986, H . Sipman &amp; O . Reyes 34454 (B) . VENEZUELA. Táchira: Pregonero, proximidad a La Grita, 1750–1800 m, 21– Abril 1993, V . Marcano 4504 (MERF, VEN) . Mérida: Las Playitas, proximidad a Bailadores, 2300 m, 14– Abril 1992, V . Marcano 4501, 4502 (MERF); Paramo de Los Granates, Finca Los Granates, 3000 m, 20– Febrero 1985, López-Figueiras et D. Griffin III 31731 (MERF); near Chiguará, Los Topes, A . Morales 134 (MERF) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D1E6349812700DC5CDFC34FC58FEDC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Marcano, Vicente;Méndez, Antonio Morales;Prü, Ernesto Palacios	Marcano, Vicente, Méndez, Antonio Morales, Prü, Ernesto Palacios (2021): The genus Ramalina Acharius (Ascomycota, Lecanoromycetes, Ramalinaceae) in northern South America. Phytotaxa 504 (1): 1-77, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.504.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.504.1.1
03D1E6349811700CC5CDFE18FBC9FD00.text	03D1E6349811700CC5CDFE18FBC9FD00.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ramalina venezuelensis V. Marcano & A. Morales 2021	<div><p>5. Ramalina venezuelensis V. Marcano &amp; A. Morales sp. nov.; Mycobank #838610 (Fig. 40)</p><p>Thallus corticolus, erectus. Laciniae intricate ramulosae, canaliculatae, pseudocyphelliis linearibus instructis. Pycnidia non visa.</p><p>Apothecia subterminalia et lateralia vel terminalia et apicalia. Sporae ellipsoideae. Acida usnicum et psoromicum continens. Type:― VENEZUELA. Amazonas: Cerro La Neblina, 1850 m, 3 December 1984, L. Brako 7702 (holotype VEN, isotype NY) .</p><p>Thallus corticolous, erect, up to 3 cm long, tufted, originated from a holdfast, densely dichotomously branched. Branches pale green or pale yellow, subshiny, canaliculate to subcanaliculate, 0.9–1.5 µm broad, with dense, thin, secondary branches. Pseudocyphellae laminal or marginal, linear. Soralia not seen. Cortex paraplectenchymatous, 245–290 µm thick, of thick walled hyphae, peripheral chondroid tissue forming continuous layers, 155–175 µm thick, medulla dense. Pycnidia not seen. Apothecia subterminal and lateral or terminal and apical, long-spurred; disc convex to concave, up to 5 mm diameter; epithecium (8–)10–12 µm thick; hymenium (28–)40–50 µm thick; hypothecium (30–)40–60 µm thick. Ascospores 1–septate, ellipsoid, straight, elongate or strongly curved, 9–11 x (3.6–)4–4.5 µm.</p><p>Chemistry (TLC, HPTLC): Strain 1. Psoromic acid (Brako 7702; Vareschi 5198). Strain 2. Nil (Vareschi 5199; Dennis 2345).</p><p>Ecology and distribution: Ramalina venezuelensis has a wide distribution in Venezuela, where it grows on shrubs in moist rainforests at 1800–2000 m. It is known only from Venezuela.</p><p>Remarks: Ramalina venezuelensis is very similar to R. stenospora and R. cumanensis . It differs from R. stenospora in having canaliculate branches, with dense secondary branching, ellipsoid spores and psoromic acid as medullary compound. Ramalina stenospora, by contrast, has flat branches, fusiform spores, lacks secondary branching, and contains stenosporic acid. Ramalina cumanensis, by comparison, has marginal pseudocyphellae, long ellipsoid spores (10–14 µm) and lacks lichen substances. In Colombia and Venezuela, R. reducta, R. tenuissima and R. venezuelensis are the only Ramalina species containing psoromic acid. Under the SEM, R. venezuelensis shows a complanate thallus, with marginal pseudocyphellae (Figs. 14 and 15); the absence of soredia; a slightly smooth upper surface; diffuse, small, pore-like perforations (Fig. 14); variable cottony hyphae covered by a thin layer of secreted material (Fig. 20); a scabrose apothecial surface; and allantoid or curved spores.</p><p>The name of the species refers to the type locality.</p><p>Additional specimens examined: VENEZUELA: Dto. Federal: National Park El Avila, Dennis 2345 (K, VEN); Mérida: Valle Santo Domingo, near Las Piedras, 2000 m, 5 August 1956, Vareschi 5199 (VEN) ; Quebrada del Río Santo Domingo, near Las Piedras, 2000 m, 5 August 1956, Vareschi 5198 (VEN) ;</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D1E6349811700CC5CDFE18FBC9FD00	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Marcano, Vicente;Méndez, Antonio Morales;Prü, Ernesto Palacios	Marcano, Vicente, Méndez, Antonio Morales, Prü, Ernesto Palacios (2021): The genus Ramalina Acharius (Ascomycota, Lecanoromycetes, Ramalinaceae) in northern South America. Phytotaxa 504 (1): 1-77, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.504.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.504.1.1
03D1E63498107009C5CDFD5CFABDFC1D.text	03D1E63498107009C5CDFD5CFABDFC1D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ramalina victoriana V. Marcano & L. Castillo 2021	<div><p>5. Ramalina victoriana V. Marcano &amp; L. Castillo sp. nov.; Mycobank #838611 (Fig. 41)</p><p>Thallus corticolus, erectus. Laciniae intricate ramulosae, canaliculatae, pseudocyphelliis linearibus instructis. Isidia et soralia lateralia vel laminalia. Pycnidia non visa. Apothecia subterminalia vel terminalia et lateralia. Sporae ellipsoideae. Acidum usnicum continens.</p><p>Type:― VENEZUELA. Mérida: Sierra Nevada de Merida, Raiz de Agua, near Paramo La Victoria, 2650 m, 28 July 2020, V. Marcano &amp; L. Castillo 20–94 (holotype MER, isotype herb. V. Marcano) .</p><p>Thallus corticolous, erect, up to 8 cm long, tufted, originated from a holdfast, densely dichotomously branched. Branches closely canaliculate, smooth, pale yellow, sorediate. Pseudocyphellae continuous, marginal or laminal, linear, sorediate. Isidial structures cylindrical, originating from soralia. Cortex paraplectenchymatous, peripheral chondroid tissue forming continuous layers, medulla dense. Pycnidia not seen. Apothecia abundant, lateral, subterminal or terminal; disc concave to plane, up to 2.5 mm diameter. Ascospores 1–septate, long-ellipsoid, straight, 12.5–15 x x 4–5 µm.</p><p>Chemistry (TLC, HPTLC): Usnic acid only (V. Marcano &amp; L. Castillo 20–94).</p><p>Ecology and distribution: Ramalina victoriana is known only from the type locality where it was collected as an epiphyte in a cloud forest at 2500–2600 m (Fig. 30).</p><p>Remarks: Ramalina victoriana is very similar to R. camptospora and R. cumanensis . It differs from R. camptospora in having closely canaliculate branches, cylindrical isidial structures and straight spores. Ramalina camptospora has flat branches, which are rectangular in cross section, marginal isidial protuberances and strongly curved or curved ascospores (Kashiwadani &amp; Kalb, 1993), whereas R. cumanensis has marginal pseudocyphellae, shorter ellipsoid spores and lacks soredia. All three species lack medullary compounds. Ramalina victoriana could be confused with R. canaguensis but the latter can be distinguished by the dense, coralliform isidial structures on branchlets and the curved, multiseptate, shorter ascospores (10–11 x 5–6 µm). Interestingly, Usnea sp. lives lichenicolous on R. victoriana (V. Marcano &amp; L. Castillo 20–94).</p><p>The name of the species refers to the type locality.</p><p>Additional specimens examined: VENEZUELA. Mérida: Sierra Nevada de Merida, Raiz de Agua, near Paramo La Victoria, 2750 m, 15 January 2021, V. Marcano &amp; L. Castillo 21–65 (holotype MER, isotype herb. private V. Marcano) .</p><p>EXCLUDED SPECIES</p><p>1) Ramalina alludens Nylander</p><p>This species was reported by Vareschi (1973) from Silla de Caracas, Venezuela, but we were unable to examine this material as it could not be located in VEN.</p><p>2) Ramalina calicaris (Linnaeous) Fries</p><p>This epithet has been applied to specimens of R. cumanensis from Colombia. Ramalina calicaris is a polymorphic species known primarily from western European (Krog &amp; James 1977).</p><p>3) Ramalina complanata var. hypodectodes Nylander</p><p>This species was reported by Vareschi (1973) from Barquisimeto, Lara state, Venezuela, growing on Cereus sp. The material cited by him was not found among their collections deposited in VEN, However, we expect that it concerns a misidentified sample of R. aspera .</p><p>4) Ramalina ecklonii (Sprengel) Meyen &amp; Flotow</p><p>The examined specimens of this species deposited in VEN, so identified by Vareschi, belong to R. celastri .</p><p>5) Ramalina flagellifera Vainio</p><p>This species was reported by Vareschi (1973) from Los Guayabitos, Venezuela. We cannot confirm the presence of this species in Venezuela because the pertinent specimen was not found among their collections deposited in VEN.</p><p>6) Ramalina foveolaris (Müller Argoviensis) Vainio</p><p>The specimen collected by Dennis 1538 (VEN) and cited as R. foveolaris by Vareschi (1973) belongs to R. dendriscoides .</p><p>7) Ramalina inanis Montagne (= Cenozosia inanis (Montagne) A. Massalongo)</p><p>The specimen Vareschi 2835 (VEN), which is cited by Vareschi (1973) as R. inanis, is actually R. complanata .</p><p>8) Ramalina leptosperma Nylander</p><p>The specimen collected by Mägdefrau (Mägdefrau 673, VEN) and cited by Vareschi (1973) as R. leptosperma, is actually R. dendriscoides .</p><p>9) Ramalina pollinaria (Westring) Acharius</p><p>Ramalina pollinaria was reported by Vareschi from a specimen collected by Pittier 9283 (VEN). It is known from northern Europe (Krog &amp; James 1977), North America (Brodo et al. 2001) and East Africa (Krog &amp; Swinscow 1976).</p><p>10) Ramalina polymorpha (Acharius) Acharius</p><p>This species was cited by Alexander von Humboldt (1816 –1831) as Lichen polymorphus Acharius from Amazonas but probably refers to an an Usnea species in view of the absence of Ramalina in that biogeographic area. Ramalina polymorpha is widely distributed in the British Isles, extending northwards to the Arctic Ocean (Krog &amp; James 1977). Krog &amp; Swinscow (1976) also reported this species from East Africa.</p><p>11) Ramalina protensa (Nylander) Zahlbruckner</p><p>Vareschi (1973) cited this species based on his collection nos. 535–a, b from Los Guayabitos, Miranda State. These samples appeared are actually R. cumanensis (Vareschi 535–a) and R. canaguensis var. canaguensis (Vareschi 535– b).</p><p>12) Ramalina sorediantha Nylander</p><p>Vareschi (1973) cited this species on the basis of his collection no. 3449 (VEN) from Medanos de Coro, Falcón State, but this specimen belongs to R. subpollinaria . The specimens Vareschi 6205 and Dennis 1513–B were also cited by Vareschi under R. sorediantha . These specimens have now been reidentified as R. dendriscoides .</p><p>13) Ramalina subcalicaris (Nylander) Zahlbruckner</p><p>This species was reported by Vareschi (1973) from Los Guayabitos, Venezuela. The material cited by him was not found among their collections deposited in VEN. It is probable that it is actually R. cumanensis .</p><p>14) Ramalina tuberculosa Taylor</p><p>Vareschi (1973) cited R. tuberculosa based on his collection 3388 (VEN) from Los Guayabitos, Miranda State. This sample was examined by us, and we redetermined it as R. rectangularis .</p><p>15) Ramalina usnea (L.) Howe var. contorta Flotow</p><p>This taxon was reported by Vareschi (1973) from Chichiriviche, Falcón state, Venezuela. The material cited by him was not found among their collections deposited in VEN, so that we cannot confirm the record .</p><p>16) Ramalina usnea var. tenuis (Nylander) Zahlbruckner</p><p>This variety was reported by Vareschi (1973) from Bolívar State, Venezuela. The material was not found among their collections deposited in VEN, so we cannot confirm the record .</p><p>17) Ramalina usnea var. usnoidella Nylander</p><p>The specimen collected by Mägdefrau (Mägdefrau 674, VEN) and cited by Vareschi (1973) was redetermined as R. bogotensis .</p><p>18) Ramalina usneoides (Acharius) Montagne ex Gaudichaud</p><p>This epithet is now considered a synonym of R. usnea but was cited by Vareschi (1973) (Mägdefrau 675, VEN).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D1E63498107009C5CDFD5CFABDFC1D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Marcano, Vicente;Méndez, Antonio Morales;Prü, Ernesto Palacios	Marcano, Vicente, Méndez, Antonio Morales, Prü, Ernesto Palacios (2021): The genus Ramalina Acharius (Ascomycota, Lecanoromycetes, Ramalinaceae) in northern South America. Phytotaxa 504 (1): 1-77, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.504.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.504.1.1
